August 17, 2026 • 15 mins
In the midst of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte rode his hubris straight into an emperorship, but he was fated to fail. Learn how he came to power twice, why Waterloo was his downfall, and why he actually wasn't that short in today's episode of BrainStuff, based on these articles: https://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-figures/napoleon.htm; https://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/battle-waterloo.htm; https://history.howstuffworks.com/history-vs-myth/napoleon-short.htm
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Brainstuff, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey Brainstuff, Lauren Bogelbaum. Here,
have you ever heard the expression they met their waterloo,
as in the person in question met a crushing defeat
that ended their ambitions. It comes from what happened to
(00:22):
Napoleon Bonaparte near a village called Waterloo in Belgium on
June eighteenth of eighteen fifteen. The forty six year old
French general turned emperor lost this climactic battle of his
storied career at the hands of British Impressian opponents. The
battle ended Napoleon's attempt to make a comeback from exile
(00:43):
and quashed the short lived glories of France's first Empire. Today,
let's take a relatively short look at how Napoleon rose
and fell. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August fifteenth of
seventeen sixty nine on the island of Corsica, the son
of a prominent Corsican family. He was sent to mainland
(01:04):
France for school, where his Parisian classmates made fun of
his provincial accent. For the article this episode is based
on How Stuff Works. Spoke with Peter Hicks, a historian
and the manager of international affairs for the Napoleon Foundation
in Paris. He said, instead of calling him Napoleon, they
called him straw on the nose, mispronouncing his name in
(01:26):
French with a Corsican accent. When he met thirty two
year old Paris socialite Josephine du Buernet, Napoleon was six
years her junior. She already had two children. Their father
had been executed in seventeen ninety four during France's Reign
of Terror, part of the ongoing French Revolution that was
(01:47):
working to unseat the royal dynasty. Napoleon and Josephine married
in seventeen ninety six. Napoleon became stepfather to her children.
In the course of time, it was discovered that Josephine
couldn't have more children. Though Napoleon was said to have
loved her for the rest of his life, he would
divorce her in eighteen oh nine to marry the Austrian
(02:08):
Archduchess Maria louise A, banking on her to produce him
an air, which she did with the birth of a
son in eighteen eleven, who would eventually become Napoleon the second.
For about two weeks in eighteen fifteen, after his father's
second fall from power. But we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French army and
(02:30):
was promoted to major general after helping to quash a
royalist coup in Paris in seventeen ninety six, At just
twenty six years old, he was sent to Italy to
mount a last ditch campaign against France's bitter rival Austria.
He found the French troops there exhausted and unpaid, but
whipped them into excitement with promises of glory and riches
(02:52):
to be won. Despite being outnumbered almost two to one,
Napoleon used speed and cunning to separate the enemy forces
and ruthlessly attacked their weak points. An Italian officer complained,
they sent a young madman who attacks right, left and
from the rear. It's an intolerable way of making war.
(03:15):
Upon their surrender, Napoleon demanded payment in gold, which he
gave to his fighting men, sealing their loyalty. A word
of his exploits spread far and wide, Hicks said, everybody
wanted to know who is this guy. It didn't take
long for Napoleon to begin seeing himself as the French
(03:35):
incarnation of Julius Caesar or Alexander the Great. He could
have made a play for emperor in seventeen ninety seven,
but felt the moment wasn't quite right in Paris, so
he rallied his armies and set off for Egypt, where
he hoped to cut off British trade with India. There
he marched thirty five thousand troops across the desert from
(03:57):
the port of Alexandria towards Cairo and took the city.
But while Napoleon was daydreaming of conquest, he later wrote,
I saw myself founding a new religion, marching into Asia,
riding an elephant, a turban on my head and in
my hand the new Kuran. The British struck back, destroying
the French fleet docked in the Mediterranean. Thus stranded in Egypt,
(04:20):
Napoleon picked a few more fights, but by seventeen ninety
eight morel was low and a civil war was raging.
Back home, Napoleon saw an opening for his triumphant return,
so he abandoned his troops in Egypt and secretly made
for France. When he made it back in October of
seventeen ninety eight, he found his country in chaos. The
(04:44):
state coffers were empty, a coalition of enemies was on
the attack, and the French central government, led by a
five man Directory, was divided and crumbling. France needed a
strong leader, and Napoleon knew just the right authoritarian for
the job. In a matter of weeks, he plotted with
two of the directors and some wealthy backers to hatch
(05:06):
a coup de'tat. They convinced the legislature that another royalist
coup was eminent pretense for relocating the government to a
country palace and sending in troops to protect them. Then,
in a complicated series of political maneuvers, he convinced his
fellows to dissolve the Directory and create a new three
(05:26):
person council with himself at the head. Just five years
after the French Revolution ended, Napoleon took the title of
first Consul for life and decided it was time to
bring monarchy back. On December second of eighteen oh four,
after literally snatching the crown from the hands of the
Pope and placing it on his own head, Napoleon named
(05:49):
himself Emperor of France. While in power, he did spearhead
reforms that pulled the country out of chaos after a
pact with the Pope. A Napoleonic France recognized Catholics and
also welcomed Protestants and Jews on equal footing. France created
its first central bank, the franc was introduced, and taxes
(06:09):
were collected in a fair and timely manner. The messy
post revolution legal system was codified under what's known as
the Civil Code or the Napoleonic Code. On the flip side,
women lost almost all legal rights and slavery was reintroduced
in the French colonies. Hicks said government was settled along
(06:30):
a top down structure and it was very much one
man at the top. But Napoleon's reforms brought financial security
and also political and social stability. But Napoleon's rule of
France was dominated by non stop fighting over territory with
European rivals, chiefly Britain, the major economic and military power
(06:51):
of the day, along with Austria, Prussia and Russia. The
Napoleonic Wars spanned from seventeen ninety six to eighteen fifteen.
Hicks said Britain was happy to have Europe fighting itself
so it could run the rest of the world. Britain
paid other countries to do the fighting against France, but
the other guys didn't need much encouraging. They found Napoleon
(07:14):
France quite challenging. Napoleon was a master tactician. He won
more than fifty battles in his career. He was so
successful that by eighteen twelve he controlled most of the
European continent, but his military dominance didn't last, in part
because of his own hubris. He made what turned out
(07:36):
to be a disastrous decision to invade Russia in eighteen twelve.
The Russian Czar Alexander the First backed out of Napoleon's
blockade of British goods in eighteen eleven, and Napoleon was livid,
But he failed to prepare his troops for the harsh
Russian winter and ended up losing and estimated three hundred
thousand of the five hundred thousand soldiers in his force.
(07:58):
This was followed by another defeat, this time at the
hands of the British, Portuguese and Spanish forces. In the
Peninsula War of eighteen fourteen. They invaded France and seized Paris.
Napoleon's generals refused to follow him into a final battle,
and Napoleon abdicated his throne. In April of that year,
he was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Hicks
(08:22):
explained that this exile was kind of a joke, less
of a punishment for Napoleon than a strategy engineered by
the Russians to destabilize Austrian controlled Italy, and after less
than a year in exile, in February of eighteen fifteen,
Napoleon sailed from Elba with a thousand supporters and landed
on the French mainland. He issued a proclamation calling for
(08:45):
the French army to join him and restoring him to
power in the name of liberating France from foreign domination.
He promised them victory shell March in double quick time.
King Louis the Eighteenth, who had been installed by the
coalition allies in Napoleon's place, skipped town without a fight.
The emperor was back, but not for long. What followed
(09:10):
is known as one Hundred Days Campaign, Napoleon's last desperate
grasp of power. As the allies who opposed Napoleon gathered
troops at France's borders. Napoleon struck first, leading his forces
into Belgium, with the plan of beating the opposed armies
one at a time before they could coalesce against him.
(09:30):
He had some luck against the Prussians in a preliminary battle,
but that would be his final triumph. Napoleon sent a
third of his troops to chase the retreating Prussians. Meanwhile,
he led his remaining seventy two thousand men towards a
confrontation with an Allied force of sixty eight thousand soldiers
led by the British general Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington,
(09:53):
who was positioned near Waterloo, about a dozen miles or
twenty kilometers outside the Belgian city of Brussels. Hastuffworks also
spoke with Tom Makaitis, a professor of history at De
Paul University, but he said the first thing to bear
in mind is that even had he been victorious at Waterloo,
Napoleon would not have won the war. He faced a
(10:15):
coalition consisting of Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and several smaller powers.
Defeating Wellington would only have delayed the inevitable. With most
of Europe ranged against him, defeat was only a matter
of time. However, In the moment, Napoleon had a pretty
good chance of winning. The armies were fairly evenly matched.
(10:38):
You could say that fate intervened. There was a heavy
rainstorm the night before his planned attack on the British,
and the ground was so soaked the next morning that
the French had to wait until eleven am to move
their artillery into position. That deprived Napoleon of the element
of surprise. To make matters worse, Napoleon hadn't slept due
(11:00):
to some mysterious malady. Some biohistorians believe it was a
severe case of hemorrhoids, which may have made it excruciating
for Napoleon to sit on horseback that day as he
directed his forces. Whatever it was may have also made
it harder for him to think clearly at crucial moments.
Napoleon's plan was to break Wellington's line and force his
(11:23):
retreat before an incoming Prussian army could arrive and join
forces with the British, but he didn't count on Wellington's
expertise a defensive warfare. Napoleon's elegant plan degenerated into a
frontal assault. Still, the battle was a tactical draw until
the afternoon, when Napoleon saw the Prussian troops approaching in
(11:43):
the distance. The French cavalry desperately attacked Wellington's line of soldiers,
but they held. When the Prussians finally arrived, it was
the French line that collapsed. Over sixty percent of Napoleon's
army was killed, wounded, or wound up my mass in
action that day, the Emperor's comeback was over. He abdicated
(12:06):
for the second time four days later, and this time
it stuck. But even in defeat, Napoleon was still feared.
The Allies exiled him to Saint Helena, a remote island
in the mid Atlantic, thousands of miles from France off
the coast of Africa. He lived there in a ramshackle
estate called Longwood, a single prisoner, guarded by twenty eight
(12:29):
hundred men and a Royal Navy squadron of eleven ships.
Napoleon died there on May fifth of eighteen twenty one,
likely from stomach cancer, at the age of fifty one years. Reportedly,
Josephine's name was the last word on his lips. He
was buried on Saint Helena, but his remains were eventually
(12:49):
returned to France, where he was entombed at Les, A
valid among the great French leaders of all time. By
the way, he wasn't that short. The term Napoleon complex
dates to the nineteen twenties, a century after his death,
describing someone usually a guy who compensates for a lack
(13:10):
of physical height with a combative personality. A few things
seemed to have gone into the making of this insult. Certainly,
Napoleon did have an outsized ego for any human person,
but his contemporary critics often portrayed him as ill tempered. Also,
he was once given the nickname Le Petite Corporal, but
(13:33):
this was affectionate and based not on his size, but
rather his young age when he led that campaign in
Italy in seventeen ninety six. The real confusion here seems
to stem from a lack of standardization of measurements. At
the time of his death. The British and French used
the same terms for units of length, though the actual
(13:55):
lengths represented were different, So Napoleon stood five two inches
tall in French units. The French inch at the time
was about two point seven centimeters. The British inch, which
is the standard today, was just two point five four centimeters,
so Napoleon actually stood at what we would recognize today
(14:18):
as five feet six inches or one hundred and sixty
nine centimeters, which was just a smidge above average for
his time. Today's episode is based on the articles Why
did Napoleon Lose the Battle of Waterloo by Patrick J.
Kuiger and a Short History of Napoleon The Ambitious, Charismatic
(14:40):
Emperor of France by Dave Bruce, both on HowStuffWorks dot com.
Brain Stuff is production of iHeartRadio in partnership with house
stuffworks dot Com and is produced by Tyler Klang. Four
more podcasts from my heart Radio. Visit the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Welcome to Brainstuff, a production of iHeartRadio. Hey Brainstuff, Lauren Bogelbaum. Here,
have you ever heard the expression they met their waterloo,
as in the person in question met a crushing defeat
that ended their ambitions. It comes from what happened to
(00:22):
Napoleon Bonaparte near a village called Waterloo in Belgium on
June eighteenth of eighteen fifteen. The forty six year old
French general turned emperor lost this climactic battle of his
storied career at the hands of British Impressian opponents. The
battle ended Napoleon's attempt to make a comeback from exile
(00:43):
and quashed the short lived glories of France's first Empire. Today,
let's take a relatively short look at how Napoleon rose
and fell. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on August fifteenth of
seventeen sixty nine on the island of Corsica, the son
of a prominent Corsican family. He was sent to mainland
(01:04):
France for school, where his Parisian classmates made fun of
his provincial accent. For the article this episode is based
on How Stuff Works. Spoke with Peter Hicks, a historian
and the manager of international affairs for the Napoleon Foundation
in Paris. He said, instead of calling him Napoleon, they
called him straw on the nose, mispronouncing his name in
(01:26):
French with a Corsican accent. When he met thirty two
year old Paris socialite Josephine du Buernet, Napoleon was six
years her junior. She already had two children. Their father
had been executed in seventeen ninety four during France's Reign
of Terror, part of the ongoing French Revolution that was
(01:47):
working to unseat the royal dynasty. Napoleon and Josephine married
in seventeen ninety six. Napoleon became stepfather to her children.
In the course of time, it was discovered that Josephine
couldn't have more children. Though Napoleon was said to have
loved her for the rest of his life, he would
divorce her in eighteen oh nine to marry the Austrian
(02:08):
Archduchess Maria louise A, banking on her to produce him
an air, which she did with the birth of a
son in eighteen eleven, who would eventually become Napoleon the second.
For about two weeks in eighteen fifteen, after his father's
second fall from power. But we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Napoleon rose through the ranks of the French army and
(02:30):
was promoted to major general after helping to quash a
royalist coup in Paris in seventeen ninety six, At just
twenty six years old, he was sent to Italy to
mount a last ditch campaign against France's bitter rival Austria.
He found the French troops there exhausted and unpaid, but
whipped them into excitement with promises of glory and riches
(02:52):
to be won. Despite being outnumbered almost two to one,
Napoleon used speed and cunning to separate the enemy forces
and ruthlessly attacked their weak points. An Italian officer complained,
they sent a young madman who attacks right, left and
from the rear. It's an intolerable way of making war.
(03:15):
Upon their surrender, Napoleon demanded payment in gold, which he
gave to his fighting men, sealing their loyalty. A word
of his exploits spread far and wide, Hicks said, everybody
wanted to know who is this guy. It didn't take
long for Napoleon to begin seeing himself as the French
(03:35):
incarnation of Julius Caesar or Alexander the Great. He could
have made a play for emperor in seventeen ninety seven,
but felt the moment wasn't quite right in Paris, so
he rallied his armies and set off for Egypt, where
he hoped to cut off British trade with India. There
he marched thirty five thousand troops across the desert from
(03:57):
the port of Alexandria towards Cairo and took the city.
But while Napoleon was daydreaming of conquest, he later wrote,
I saw myself founding a new religion, marching into Asia,
riding an elephant, a turban on my head and in
my hand the new Kuran. The British struck back, destroying
the French fleet docked in the Mediterranean. Thus stranded in Egypt,
(04:20):
Napoleon picked a few more fights, but by seventeen ninety
eight morel was low and a civil war was raging.
Back home, Napoleon saw an opening for his triumphant return,
so he abandoned his troops in Egypt and secretly made
for France. When he made it back in October of
seventeen ninety eight, he found his country in chaos. The
(04:44):
state coffers were empty, a coalition of enemies was on
the attack, and the French central government, led by a
five man Directory, was divided and crumbling. France needed a
strong leader, and Napoleon knew just the right authoritarian for
the job. In a matter of weeks, he plotted with
two of the directors and some wealthy backers to hatch
(05:06):
a coup de'tat. They convinced the legislature that another royalist
coup was eminent pretense for relocating the government to a
country palace and sending in troops to protect them. Then,
in a complicated series of political maneuvers, he convinced his
fellows to dissolve the Directory and create a new three
(05:26):
person council with himself at the head. Just five years
after the French Revolution ended, Napoleon took the title of
first Consul for life and decided it was time to
bring monarchy back. On December second of eighteen oh four,
after literally snatching the crown from the hands of the
Pope and placing it on his own head, Napoleon named
(05:49):
himself Emperor of France. While in power, he did spearhead
reforms that pulled the country out of chaos after a
pact with the Pope. A Napoleonic France recognized Catholics and
also welcomed Protestants and Jews on equal footing. France created
its first central bank, the franc was introduced, and taxes
(06:09):
were collected in a fair and timely manner. The messy
post revolution legal system was codified under what's known as
the Civil Code or the Napoleonic Code. On the flip side,
women lost almost all legal rights and slavery was reintroduced
in the French colonies. Hicks said government was settled along
(06:30):
a top down structure and it was very much one
man at the top. But Napoleon's reforms brought financial security
and also political and social stability. But Napoleon's rule of
France was dominated by non stop fighting over territory with
European rivals, chiefly Britain, the major economic and military power
(06:51):
of the day, along with Austria, Prussia and Russia. The
Napoleonic Wars spanned from seventeen ninety six to eighteen fifteen.
Hicks said Britain was happy to have Europe fighting itself
so it could run the rest of the world. Britain
paid other countries to do the fighting against France, but
the other guys didn't need much encouraging. They found Napoleon
(07:14):
France quite challenging. Napoleon was a master tactician. He won
more than fifty battles in his career. He was so
successful that by eighteen twelve he controlled most of the
European continent, but his military dominance didn't last, in part
because of his own hubris. He made what turned out
(07:36):
to be a disastrous decision to invade Russia in eighteen twelve.
The Russian Czar Alexander the First backed out of Napoleon's
blockade of British goods in eighteen eleven, and Napoleon was livid,
But he failed to prepare his troops for the harsh
Russian winter and ended up losing and estimated three hundred
thousand of the five hundred thousand soldiers in his force.
(07:58):
This was followed by another defeat, this time at the
hands of the British, Portuguese and Spanish forces. In the
Peninsula War of eighteen fourteen. They invaded France and seized Paris.
Napoleon's generals refused to follow him into a final battle,
and Napoleon abdicated his throne. In April of that year,
he was exiled to the Mediterranean island of Elba. Hicks
(08:22):
explained that this exile was kind of a joke, less
of a punishment for Napoleon than a strategy engineered by
the Russians to destabilize Austrian controlled Italy, and after less
than a year in exile, in February of eighteen fifteen,
Napoleon sailed from Elba with a thousand supporters and landed
on the French mainland. He issued a proclamation calling for
(08:45):
the French army to join him and restoring him to
power in the name of liberating France from foreign domination.
He promised them victory shell March in double quick time.
King Louis the Eighteenth, who had been installed by the
coalition allies in Napoleon's place, skipped town without a fight.
The emperor was back, but not for long. What followed
(09:10):
is known as one Hundred Days Campaign, Napoleon's last desperate
grasp of power. As the allies who opposed Napoleon gathered
troops at France's borders. Napoleon struck first, leading his forces
into Belgium, with the plan of beating the opposed armies
one at a time before they could coalesce against him.
(09:30):
He had some luck against the Prussians in a preliminary battle,
but that would be his final triumph. Napoleon sent a
third of his troops to chase the retreating Prussians. Meanwhile,
he led his remaining seventy two thousand men towards a
confrontation with an Allied force of sixty eight thousand soldiers
led by the British general Arthur Wellesley, first Duke of Wellington,
(09:53):
who was positioned near Waterloo, about a dozen miles or
twenty kilometers outside the Belgian city of Brussels. Hastuffworks also
spoke with Tom Makaitis, a professor of history at De
Paul University, but he said the first thing to bear
in mind is that even had he been victorious at Waterloo,
Napoleon would not have won the war. He faced a
(10:15):
coalition consisting of Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and several smaller powers.
Defeating Wellington would only have delayed the inevitable. With most
of Europe ranged against him, defeat was only a matter
of time. However, In the moment, Napoleon had a pretty
good chance of winning. The armies were fairly evenly matched.
(10:38):
You could say that fate intervened. There was a heavy
rainstorm the night before his planned attack on the British,
and the ground was so soaked the next morning that
the French had to wait until eleven am to move
their artillery into position. That deprived Napoleon of the element
of surprise. To make matters worse, Napoleon hadn't slept due
(11:00):
to some mysterious malady. Some biohistorians believe it was a
severe case of hemorrhoids, which may have made it excruciating
for Napoleon to sit on horseback that day as he
directed his forces. Whatever it was may have also made
it harder for him to think clearly at crucial moments.
Napoleon's plan was to break Wellington's line and force his
(11:23):
retreat before an incoming Prussian army could arrive and join
forces with the British, but he didn't count on Wellington's
expertise a defensive warfare. Napoleon's elegant plan degenerated into a
frontal assault. Still, the battle was a tactical draw until
the afternoon, when Napoleon saw the Prussian troops approaching in
(11:43):
the distance. The French cavalry desperately attacked Wellington's line of soldiers,
but they held. When the Prussians finally arrived, it was
the French line that collapsed. Over sixty percent of Napoleon's
army was killed, wounded, or wound up my mass in
action that day, the Emperor's comeback was over. He abdicated
(12:06):
for the second time four days later, and this time
it stuck. But even in defeat, Napoleon was still feared.
The Allies exiled him to Saint Helena, a remote island
in the mid Atlantic, thousands of miles from France off
the coast of Africa. He lived there in a ramshackle
estate called Longwood, a single prisoner, guarded by twenty eight
(12:29):
hundred men and a Royal Navy squadron of eleven ships.
Napoleon died there on May fifth of eighteen twenty one,
likely from stomach cancer, at the age of fifty one years. Reportedly,
Josephine's name was the last word on his lips. He
was buried on Saint Helena, but his remains were eventually
(12:49):
returned to France, where he was entombed at Les, A
valid among the great French leaders of all time. By
the way, he wasn't that short. The term Napoleon complex
dates to the nineteen twenties, a century after his death,
describing someone usually a guy who compensates for a lack
(13:10):
of physical height with a combative personality. A few things
seemed to have gone into the making of this insult. Certainly,
Napoleon did have an outsized ego for any human person,
but his contemporary critics often portrayed him as ill tempered. Also,
he was once given the nickname Le Petite Corporal, but
(13:33):
this was affectionate and based not on his size, but
rather his young age when he led that campaign in
Italy in seventeen ninety six. The real confusion here seems
to stem from a lack of standardization of measurements. At
the time of his death. The British and French used
the same terms for units of length, though the actual
(13:55):
lengths represented were different, So Napoleon stood five two inches
tall in French units. The French inch at the time
was about two point seven centimeters. The British inch, which
is the standard today, was just two point five four centimeters,
so Napoleon actually stood at what we would recognize today
(14:18):
as five feet six inches or one hundred and sixty
nine centimeters, which was just a smidge above average for
his time. Today's episode is based on the articles Why
did Napoleon Lose the Battle of Waterloo by Patrick J.
Kuiger and a Short History of Napoleon The Ambitious, Charismatic
(14:40):
Emperor of France by Dave Bruce, both on HowStuffWorks dot com.
Brain Stuff is production of iHeartRadio in partnership with house
stuffworks dot Com and is produced by Tyler Klang. Four
more podcasts from my heart Radio. Visit the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
BrainStuff News
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