The Flying Gang

Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production
of iHeartRadio. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V.
Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. If you're watching this on Netflix,
it looks a little different from how it typically looks
because we are recording from the studio at Bahamar and

(00:24):
Nasau in the Bahamas. I thought, since we were in
the Bahamas, it might be nice to record something that
was specific to where we are, and that of course
led me to pirates because for a period during its history,
Nasau was a notorious hotbed of pirate activity. It is
coincidental that the Assassin's Creed franchise has literally just put

(00:48):
out a remaster of the game that is set both
here and during all the things that we were talking about,
because we're going to be talking about Nasa as a
pirate republic, particularly home to a maritime criminal network known
as the Flying Gang. And to start with a little

(01:09):
bit of background, today, there are about thirty inhabited islands
in the Bahamas, which has a total of about seven
hundred islands and more than two thousand keys. Prior to
the arrival of Europeans in the late fifteenth century. This
archipelago was home to the Arawakan speaking people known as
the Lukayo or Lucayan people. This name comes from their

(01:31):
own name for themselves, which is Luku Kairie, meaning island people.
They may have shared common ancestry with the Tainos who
lived in other parts of the Caribbean, and they're sometimes
called the Lucayan Tainos. They probably made their way to
the Bahamas from other parts of the Caribbean by the
year eight hundred, and in the late fifteenth century their

(01:53):
population totaled about forty thousand people. According to a twenty
fourteen paper titled Naming the Bahamas Islands History and Folk
Etymology by Wolfgang p Arns, the name Bahama is Lucayan.
It comes from their name for Grand Bahama Island that
was Bahama, meaning large upper middle land. New Providence Island,

(02:17):
which is where Nasau is located, was called Nimma or
a middle water. This paper references sixteenth and seventeenth century maps,
a lot of which include Lucayan names for all of
these islands and almost no Spanish ones, and that also
referenced a lot of earlier scholarship into history and linguistics
The first Europeans to arrive in the Bahamas were part

(02:40):
of Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the Americas. They made
landfall on Guanahani, known in English as San Salvador Island
in fourteen ninety two. Columbus and his crew captured and
enslaved some of the people they encountered in the Bahamas,
and other Europeans who arrived later in the fifteenth and

(03:00):
sixteenth centuries did the same. Lucayans also died of diseases
that were introduced by the Europeans and as the result
of violence, as well as while they were doing the
work that they were forced to do while enslaved. That
included diving for pearls off the coast of Venezuela and
working in silver mines. Over the course of this enslavement

(03:22):
and genocide in the sixteenth century, the Lucayan people ceased
to exist as a distinct cultural group. When Wamponcee de
Lyon arrived in the area in fifteen thirteen, he said
he encountered only one person in the northern Bahama Islands.
It is likely that some people were able to flee
to other parts of the Caribbean and to find homes

(03:44):
with other indigenous communities. There are definitely people with Tino
ancestry still living today, and in recent years there's been
a big resurgence in Tino identity in the Caribbean. There
are also other Ariwuakan speaking peoples in other parts of
the Caribbean and in South America today. Columbus of course

(04:05):
claimed all of the islands he encountered for Spain, and
in the seventeenth century other European powers, including Britain, France,
and the Dutch Republics, started claiming parts of the Caribbean
as well. In sixteen twenty nine, British King Charles the
First granted territories in America to Robert Heath, including quote

(04:25):
Bahama and all other isles and islands lying southerly there
or near upon the foresaid continent. Heath did not really
do much to try to settle or occupy the Bahamas,
and for a few decades after this other British efforts
to maybe establish some kind of settlement were largely unsuccessful. Then,

(04:45):
in sixteen seventy the British established Charlestown on the island
of New Providence. The Spanish raided Charlestown, and they burned
it down in sixteen eighty four. A little more than
a decade later, in sixteen ninety five, the British rebuilt
it and named it Nassau, after the House of Nasau,
which was a German aristocratic dynasty by that point. The

(05:08):
King of England was William the Third, also known as
William of Orange, who was descended from William the First,
also known as William the Silent or William of Nasau. Unsurprisingly,
considering that we just talked about Spain burning down Charlestown,
this whole period was full of ongoing fighting among the

(05:28):
European powers that were trying to claim and exploit various
Caribbean islands. They sent colonial officials and naval ships to
the islands, and they issued letters of mark authorizing privateers
to use their own ships to attack and capture enemies.
For the most part, privateers were not paid by the
government that authorized them to do this. Their income came

(05:50):
from the ships and cargoes that they captured along the way.
So this was not just about claiming islands territory. It
was interconnected with the European powers rivalries and their conflicts
with one another. The number of privateers surged during the
Nine Years War from sixteen eighty eight to sixteen ninety seven.

(06:11):
That was between France and the Grand Alliance, and the
members of the Grand Alliance included England. The North American
component of the Nine Years War was known as King
William's War. The War of the Spanish Succession started a
couple of years after the Nine Years War ended, and
that continued until seventeen fourteen. That war was between the

(06:31):
Spanish Habsburgs and the Spanish Bourbons and all of their
various allies. The War of the Spanish Succession also had
its own American component, and that was known as Queen
Anne's War. These wars and the hostilities among all these
nations were interconnected with the rise in piracy in the
Caribbean in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In theory, privateers

(06:54):
only attacked the ships that their letters of mark authorized
them to attack, generally the enemies of whoever it was
that issued the letter. But that could mean passing up
some of the most lucrative ships, so some privateers turned
to piracy because they could just make more money that way.
When wars ended or when letters of mark expired, privateers

(07:15):
were left without a legitimate source of income, and that
also led some to become pirates. Other pirates had previously
served in navies. When European powers scaled back their navies
after wars were over, these sailors were similarly left without
a job. Navies, especially the British Royal Navy, also were

(07:35):
notorious for very low pay, including long delayed payments, ruling hours,
terrible working conditions, and an intense culture of discipline. There
could sometimes be severe punishments like being flogged associated with
this discipline, so a lot of out of work sailors.
Once they were put out of a job, they did

(07:56):
not really want to go back to that life, even
if a job became available. Pirate ships, on the other hand,
were seen as an option that was both fairer and
more lucrative. Sometimes this is depicted in an overly romanticized way,
with pirate crews having this almost communal spirit and dividing
their loot equally, and a lot of this comes from

(08:17):
fictional depictions of pirates and a perception of them kind
of as folk heroes. But pirate ships of this era
did typically function under a written compact, which was created
when a captain was assembling a crew, or at the
start of a voyage, or if a new captain was
taking over. This compact outlined how plunder would be distributed,

(08:40):
what all the rules were, and how discipline would be
carried out. In most of the surviving compacts, everyone got
a share of the plunder, with officers getting a little
bit more. So the captain might get a share and
a half or two shares, while lower ranking officers usually
got more like a share and a half or a
share in a quarter. This was wildly different from the

(09:01):
way things worked on most other vessels, where the captains
and the officers got hundreds or even thousands of times
more than the ordinary sailors did. On many pirate ships,
disputes were settled and punishments were determined by voting. If
someone stole something from another member of the crew, or
was cowardly during a fight, or broke a relatively minor rule,

(09:24):
their punishment might be whatever the majority of the crew
thought was appropriate. That did not mean that everything went
smoothly or that everybody was satisfied with life or ships
all the time. These ships could still be incredibly violent places. Again,
these were criminal enterprises. Captains and officers could still be
unreasonable or cruel. Ships could still run aground, or run

(09:48):
out of provisions, or get into all kinds of misfortune.
Some ships codes outlined punishments that could still be severe,
including death or being marooned on an island somewhere. But
for the most part, for a lot of people, life
as a pirates still seemed better than the alternatives. Laps,
privateering contracts, and out of work navymen can't really account

(10:10):
for all of the pirates in this era. There were
also pirates who had previously been merchant seamen, who often
faced similar conditions to those on navy ships, but the
large majority of pirates had been one of the three.
Roughly a third were British and roughly a quarter were American,
and there were also pirates from all over Europe and

(10:31):
South Asia sailing in the Caribbean and the Atlantic. It's
likely that between a quarter and a third of the
sailors on a typical pirate crew were black, many of
whom had liberated themselves from enslavement. There were also pirates
who had enslaved people on their crew, or included slaves
as part of the loot to be distributed. We will

(10:53):
get to the rise in piracy around Nasau. After a
sponsor break around the time that Britain rebuilt Nassau in
sixteen ninety five, Sir Nicholas Trott was named governor of

(11:13):
the Bahamas. Nasau was the capital, but there were really
not many people there, and Trot did not have a
lot of support in defending Nassau. This was during the
Nine Years' War, and he was naturally concerned about the
possibility of a French attack on Nassau. So when an
arm ship arrived at port in March of sixteen ninety six,

(11:33):
with a captain calling himself Henry Bridgeman and offering Trot
a bribe to kind of look the other way, Trot
thought this ship's presence might work as a deterrent. In
addition to its armaments, the ship's crew doubled the number
of men in Nassau. Trot also thought it was possible
that if he denied entry to this ship, it might

(11:55):
leave and join the French side. That captain was really
pirate hen who we've covered on the show before. Six
months before this, he and other pirates had pulled off
what's been described as the most profitable pirate raid in history.
That was on a Mughal Empire fleet whose passengers included

(12:15):
members of the emperor's family who were returning from the Hajj.
This was a massive international incident, and there was intense
pressure on British authorities to find every and bring him
to justice. Eventually, someone told Trot whoevery really was, and
Every fled before he could be captured. By that point,

(12:36):
most of Every's crew had divided their spoils among themselves
and scattered. Trot was dismissed as governor later that year.
The War of the Spanish Succession started about five years
after this, and in seventeen oh three, a combined Spanish
and French fleet attacked the Bahamas. They raided Nassau. They

(12:56):
spiked all the cannons in the fort, and they took
about eighty people prison That included acting Governor Ellis Lightfoot,
who some sources call Ellis Lightwood. They also took British
soldiers and enslaved Africans captive. Lightfoot and some of the
other captives were later ransomed, but a lot of people
were killed during this raid. When the next appointed governor,

(13:20):
Edward Burch, arrived in seventeen oh four, he found Nassau
almost completely destroyed and virtually deserted, and he described the
few remaining survivors as not even having a shift to
cover their nakedness. Birch quickly went back to England. After
he left, no one replaced him in Nassau for years.

(13:42):
A second Spanish raid in seventeen oh six scattered the
few people who had made their way back to Nasau.
For all practical purposes, the Bahamas were ungoverned, with maybe
five hundred British subjects scattered around the islands and fending
for themselves. England's part in the War of the Spanish
Succession ended in seventeen thirteen with the Treaty of Utrecht.

(14:04):
This was one of a whole series of treaties that
ended this war, and there was a bunch of other
stuff going on in the treaty. Among other things, it
ultimately led to the expulsion of the Acadians from Nova Scotia,
which we've covered on the show before. The part that
is most relevant to this episode is that it ended
England's part in the war, and consequently it ended England's

(14:26):
need for so many privateers. This is often cited as
a big factor in the spike in pirate activity in
the Caribbean in the eighteenth century. As all of those
former privateers are not all of them, but a number
of them decided to turn to piracy, and that was
one part of it. But by the time the war ended,
Nassau was already full of pirates. They had started moving

(14:48):
in as soon as the British abandoned it. Privateers hired
by other governments had moved in as well, including ones
hired by the British colonial government of Jamaica. The big
draw Nasau's harbor. It was too shallow for the kinds
of large warships that the colonial powers were using, but
it was great for the smaller, faster ships that pirates

(15:09):
and privateers preferred. This was also true of other harbors
and bays in the Bahamas. There is a persistent but
incorrect idea that the name Bahamas comes from the Spanish,
thanks to Christopher Columbus calling the area Bahamar or shallow sea.
Two of the pirates who were working out of Nasau
in the seventeen teens were Benjamin Hornigold and Henry Jennings.

(15:33):
Sometimes people make it sound like the two of them
teamed up to spawn an entire world of piracy in
the Caribbean all by themselves, but they were more rivals
than friends. They sort of shifted between privateering and piracy
at different times, and at more than one point one
of them managed to capture one of the other's prizes.

(15:55):
It's also likely that there were at least a thousand
pirates operating in the Bahamas by the time each of
them turned to piracy, so this was not an ecosystem
that they just created. At the same time, most of
the pirate captains operating out of Nassau were connected to
what are the other of them? Most of the Caribbean
pirates who were not connected to them were connected to

(16:17):
George Lother or Edward Lowe, who largely operated out of
the Bay of Honduras on the coasts of Guatemala and Belize.
The pirates connected to Horneguld and Jennings became known as
the Flying Gang, and Nassau was nicknamed the Republic of Pirates.
The Flying Gang was the largest group of pirates in
the early decades of the eighteenth century and the biggest

(16:40):
threat to maritime trade between the Americas and Europe and Africa.
Pirates associated with the Flying Gang also terrorized local people
living in the Bahamas, including the few British subjects who
were still living in and around Nasau, and they attacked
coastal settlements all across the Caribbean and the Americas. The

(17:00):
Flying Gang was not really a formalized group with like
a clear hierarchy and organizational structure. It was more like
a loose confederation of ships and crews that were all
working under generally similar ideals. This confederation grew and expanded
over the course of its activities, so newly established pirate

(17:21):
crews often started with a couple of men who had
served together somewhere on the same ship and kept in
touch and got a ship of their own. If one
pirate ship captured another vessel, they would either kill its
crew or put them ashore and then take over that ship,
sort of splitting the two ships with two crews, bringing

(17:42):
on the second one and keeping any of the captured
crew that maybe did want to become pirates. Pirate activity
also surged after a Spanish fleet was caught in a
hurricane in seventeen fifteen and driven onto reefs off the
coast of Florida. These ships were traveling together along with
a French frigate. Due to fears about all of the

(18:03):
pirate activity in the area, ten ships, most of them
laden with silver and gold and other valuable cargo, were
run aground, capsized, or sunk, with only the French frigate surviving.
It's likely that at least fifteen hundred sailors died of drowning, injury,
or dehydration after managing to get ashore. Salvagers rushed to

(18:25):
this area from all over the Caribbean and eastern North America.
It was a massive series of shipwrecks in shallow water.
It was easy pickens for salvagers, and pirates moved into
salvage from the rexes well and to try to attack
and plunder the other salvage ships. Of course, Spain really
objected to all of this, since the rex and their

(18:48):
cargo were all considered Spanish property, and Spain demanded that
other nations that had sent the salvage crews withdraw. Governor
Archibald Hamilton of Jamaica commit Henry Jennings and John Wills
as privateers. Their commission was ostensibly to attack pirates, but
Hamilton encouraged them to salvage the Spanish wres he had

(19:12):
purchased shares from the ships, so he would be getting
part of that salvage. What Jennings and Wills actually did
was attack and plunder the storehouse where the Spanish were
storing the cargo that they had managed to pull out
of the wreckage. Hamilton eventually ordered the ships that he
had commissioned to return to Jamaica, and he barred British

(19:32):
subjects from the Rex site. This just led to more piracy, though,
as ships that had previously been operating under at least
his British authority just defied that order and kept doing
it and also attacking other Caribbean targets in retaliation for
having been barred from the shipwrecks. Hamilton wound up being

(19:53):
arrested for his role in all of this in October
of seventeen sixteen. Some of the most well known pirates
of the eighteenth century were connected to the Flying Gang.
One of Hornigold's officers was Edward Teach or Thatch, also
known very famously as Blackbeard. Another was Samuel Bellamy. Charles

(20:13):
Vaine had served under Henry Jennings and John Rackham aka
Calico Jack, had served under Charles Vain and Bonnie and
Mary Reid, who we have also covered on the show before,
served on Jack Rackham's ship. And there was also Steed Bonnet,
who we talked about in twenty thirteen, who was an
outlier in terms of how people came into piracy. He

(20:35):
was a wealthy planter who abandoned his wife and family
to become a pirate and fell in with Blackbeard. Because
of all of this pirate activity, people started describing Nasa
as another Madagascar. Madagascar was also a hotbed of pirate
activity that started in about sixteen fifty. Madagascar was also

(20:55):
home to the pirate utopia of Libertalia, although that might
have been more legendary than real. We did an episode
on that in twenty eighteen, and we are going to
talk about how the golden Age of piracy in the
Caribbean ended after we paused for a sponsor break. Through

(21:21):
the early seventeen hundreds and seventeen teens, a lot of
people were justifiably worried about piracy, from people living in
the Caribbean and coastal areas of the mainland, to the
captains of merchant vessels, to international governments whose economies and
whose colonial efforts really depended on being able to traverse

(21:42):
the oceans without being continually attacked and plundered, but for
a while British authorities in the Caribbean did not do
very much to try to stop it. That changed in
seventeen seventeen. On September fifth of that year, King George
the First issued a proclamation offering to pardon acts of piracy,
giving the pirates a deadline of the following September fifth

(22:06):
to surrender themselves to officials in Britain, Ireland or the colonies.
This proclamation also empowered British sea officers, governors, military commanders,
and others to quote seize and take such of the
pirates who shall refuse or neglect to surrender themselves. Accordingly,
it offered a reward for any such person who discovered

(22:28):
or seized any pirate who had not surrendered. The award
was one hundred pounds for commanders of ships or vessels,
and then it went down incrementally to twenty pounds for
every private man. There was also a bounty for crews
who turned on their captains, either delivering those captains to
the authorities themselves or causing them to be delivered to

(22:49):
the authorities so that they could be brought to justice
and convicted. The reward for that was two hundred pounds
for every such commander. As word of this proclamation spread,
sub pirates made their way to British governors or other
authorities to surrender. When Captain Vincent Pierce of the HMS
Phoenix arrived at New Providence Island in February of seventeen eighteen,

(23:12):
more than two hundred pirates surrendered to him. Some of
the pirates who accepted the King's pardon later returned to piracy.
The book A General History of the Pirates from their
First rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence to
the present time, which was published in seventeen twenty four,
described men going back to piracy quote like the dog

(23:34):
to the vomit, which is a turn of phrase that
I really love. But others took the money that they
had earned as pirates and started new lives in one
of the many, many parts of territory that the British
had claimed in the Caribbean and North America that were
considered thinly settled at that point. Henry Jennings may have
been one of those people, although his fate after surrendering

(23:56):
is somewhat unclear. Some of the former pirates turned pirate
hunter after being pardoned. One of those was Benjamin Hornigold.
He tried to bring in Charles Vain, but Vain's ship
was too fast. Some of his other efforts were more successful,
and on December ninth, seventeen eighteen, nine pirates Hornigold had

(24:17):
captured were put on trial in Nassau. They all pleaded
not guilty, and one of them, named John Hips, was
given a reprieve when he testified that he had only
been a pirate because he was forced to. Everyone else
was found guilty and hanged. Eventually, Hornigold had earned enough
trust that he was tasked with voyaging to Mexico to

(24:40):
try to establish a new trade route. But the ship
that he was on wrecked in seventeen nineteen, and Hornigold died,
either drowned in the wreck or after managing to make
it to an island. And of course, there were some
pirates who refused to surrender. One of the most dramatic
was Charles Vain, who accepted the king's pardon and then
just turned pirate again. Vain was a Jacobite, a supporter

(25:03):
of the Stewart claim to the British throne in the
seventeen teens, he corresponded with Jacobites in Britain, proposing that
he and his ships be put in service to James
Francis Edward Stewart. The antagonism between England and Spain was
also interconnected with the Jacobite movement, with Spain later backing
a Jacobite uprising. That is another way that these greater

(25:27):
international disputes were tangled up in the evolution of piracy.
In seventeen eighteen, when new colonial governor Woods Rogers arrived
in Nassau, there were British ships with him and they
trapped Charles Vain and his ships in the harbor. So
Vain filled one of his ships with gunpowder, set it
on fire, and pointed it at the awaiting British fleet.

(25:49):
Vain managed to escape as the British ships tried to
evade the fire ship that he had created. He left
several ships loaded with cargo behind in the harbor. Other pirates,
probably hoping that their own crimes would be overlooked, reported
this illicit cargo, which the British impounded. Vain continued attacking
and harassing ships, including working with Blackbeard off the coast

(26:13):
of North Carolina. He was eventually shipwrecked and captured in
seventeen twenty and then hanged in seventeen twenty one. Woods
Rogers was another big part of the effort to put
down piracy in the Caribbean. From seventeen oh eight to
seventeen eleven, he had been on a round the world
privateering expedition that also included slave trading and anti piracy

(26:36):
efforts around Madagascar. On this voyage, he encountered Alexander Selkirk,
who had asked to be put ashore off the coast
of Chile after a disagreement with his captain. Selkirk was
stranded there for four years and became the inspiration for
Daniel Dafoe's Robinson Crusoe. Rogers had earned about fourteen thousand

(26:57):
pounds during this voyage and had written a book about it,
which is called A Cruising Voyage round the World, and
that came out in seventeen twelve. So Rogers wasn't just
the governor. He essentially owned the Bahamas. He signed a
lease on the islands for twenty one years. He was
tasked with forming a government, rebuilding the Fort of Nasau,

(27:18):
and getting the colony functioning and was suppressing piracy, and
he carried a copy of that royal proclamation with him.
By the time he arrived on July twenty fifth, seventeen eighteen,
a lot of the most notorious pirates had already accepted
the King's pardon or maybe been killed, although the ones
that had not the ones that had returned to piracy

(27:40):
were causing ongoing issues. It is very tricky to put
an exact end date on the golden age of piracy
in the Caribbean, but between all of the surrenders, hangings
in shipwrecks, and the efforts of woods rogers to regain
control of Nasau and the rest of the Bahamas, most
of the pirates were either pardoned or dead by seventeen

(28:01):
twenty one. That included Samuel Bellamy, who was killed in
a shipwreck in seventeen seventeen, Blackbeard, who was killed in
a fight with the British Navy in seventeen eighteen, Steed
Bonnet who was hanged in seventeen eighteen, and Jack Rackham
who was hanged in seventeen twenty and Bonnie and Mary
Reid were both sent to prison rather than being hanged,

(28:23):
and their fate after that is not clear. The end
of the age of piracy had a huge economic impact
on the Bahamas, and it might not be what you're expecting.
Rogers had plans to start up a whaling industry and
to reinvigorate the salt trade. But while piracy had been
an active threat all over the Caribbean and all across

(28:45):
the Atlantic, fewer pirate ships meant less maritime traffic overall.
A lot of the time, pirates' illicit goods had also
been a lot cheaper than goods that were acquired and
shipped in under legitimate means. Rogers had that twenty one
year lease on the Bahamas, but he wasn't able to
make it profitable. He became exhausted and sick and eventually

(29:09):
went back to England, where he wound up in a
debtors prison. But things were apparently even worse under his successor,
and he was reinstalled as governor in seventeen twenty nine.
He continued in that role until his death in Nasau
on July fifteenth, seventeen thirty two. Of course, Nasau and
the Bahamas have a whole history after this point. For centuries,

(29:31):
Britain maintained a white minority rule over a predominantly black
population largely descended from enslaved people who have been brought
to the Caribbean. An independence movement evolved in the twentieth century,
and the Bahamas was granted limited self government in nineteen
fifty five and broader self government in nineteen sixty four.

(29:52):
The Commonwealth of the Bahamas was recognized as a sovereign
state on July tenth, nineteen seventy three. And that so
much piracy? Do you have so much listener mail? I
do have listener mail. It is from Andrea. And Andrea's
email was titled perfect Timing. Andrea wrote, Dear Holly and Tracy,

(30:13):
I just wanted to send my thanks for your incredibly
thoughtful and thought provoking subjects. I just returned from a
trip to Boston where we visited Bunker Hill. I did
see the blacard with the quote about the suffrage movement.
I've planned trips with specific stops to previous podcast subjects,
including this most recent trip. I was able to visit
the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum as well. I appreciated knowing

(30:35):
about the unique collection in the art heist. This made
history and art more relevant to me. I have a
PhD in SYMHC and have enjoyed listening to you for
long car rides and commutes. I would suggest George Eastman
as a podcast topic. He was a fascinating person. Holly
is nodding. For those of you who cannot see shortlist, shortlist, shortlist.

(30:57):
Uh yeah, Holly, we should reagree about that because I
might have some resources for you, okay, or if you're
already on it, it's on your shirt. I'm got on it.
I just as long as he happened. Yeah, I know
of some potential things. I'm including pictures of my adopted
kat Uriel. She is quite the lady. She was adopted
at age twelve when my brother moved overseas and could
not take her with him. She's truly spoiled in our house.

(31:20):
Thank you again for your delightful podcasts. Sincerely, Andrea. Since
we are not recording this from our laptops today, I
do not have the pictures to describe, but I did
look at them before we flew to the Bahamas and
they are indeed adorable. So thank you so much, Andrea
for this email. If you would like to email us,
we are at History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com. You

(31:42):
can find our show notes, including links to all the
resources that we used in this episode, at our website,
which is Missed Inhistory dot com, and you can subscribe
to the show on the iHeartRadio app, but anywhere else
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(32:05):
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