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May 6, 2026 13 mins

Kangaroos are the only marsupial to hop, which is pretty weird. We'll investigate why. 

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Speaker 1 (00:04):
Hey, and welcome to the Short Stuff. I'm Josh, and
there's Chuck and Jerry's here for Dave, where we're just
hopping along talking about kangaroos and how they hop.

Speaker 2 (00:12):
That's right. I want to thank our old colleague Kristin
Conger for writing this article from How Stuff Works back in.

Speaker 1 (00:19):
The day and creator of Unlady Like the podcast too.

Speaker 2 (00:23):
As well as Jennifer Horton wrote another article that I used.

Speaker 1 (00:27):
Great to hear Jennifer and then take.

Speaker 2 (00:30):
The San Diego Zoo website and nat Geo all pitched
in for this one.

Speaker 1 (00:36):
I thought this was a particularly well researched short stuff,
so I should have known that Jennifer Horton and Kristin
Conger had something to do with it.

Speaker 2 (00:43):
Yeah. So we're talking about kangaroos a little bit, mainly
going to get to how and why they hop, but
we should start out by talking about the fact that
rus are marsupials or pouched mammals, because they have a marsupium,
which is a little pouch where their little joey develop.

Speaker 1 (01:02):
Yeah. We talked to think a lot about this in
the Naked Mole Rat episode where essentially like the marsupial
fetus does not develop as long inside the body of
the mom as it does inside the pouch. Essentially, at
some point it's what you would call born, but really
it's just crawling out of the birth canal outside into

(01:22):
the world for a second, and into the pouch. And
then the little Joey latches onto a nipple in there,
and the nipple grows three times in size, just like
the grench's heart, and so the little Joey couldn't let
go of the nipple even if he or she wanted
to until they develop a little further. It's quite ingenious.

(01:43):
Hats off natural selection. That's a great one.

Speaker 2 (01:46):
Yeah, that's maybe the fact of the podcast for me.
That's kind of nutty.

Speaker 1 (01:50):
Oh, I'm sorry I took that. I didn't realize that
it was.

Speaker 2 (01:53):
What do I have to always take the fact of
the show?

Speaker 1 (01:56):
I like to, you know, I.

Speaker 2 (01:57):
Mean, I know it's in my contract and not yours,
but I'm willing to give every now and then.

Speaker 1 (02:01):
That's very generous of you, think you.

Speaker 2 (02:03):
All right, So Australia is obviously what people you know,
what comes to mind when you think of marsupials in general,
because koalas and kangaroos. But we have done a great
episode on the opossum, which live all over the place,
especially North Central and South America. But we're talking about
kangaroos and wallabies here because they don't have four legs

(02:25):
like our opossum friends. They have two big old feet
and two little littler arms.

Speaker 1 (02:31):
Yeah, that's a great way to think about it. They
don't have four legs. They have two legs and two arms.
And it makes sense like if you've ever seen a kangaroo,
or you just bring one to mind, if you're capable
of using your mind's eye. They're sitting on their feet
and they're standing or sitting up right, and they're little
almost Titanica arms are just kind of hanging out there,

(02:55):
not doing much of.

Speaker 2 (02:56):
Anything, Yeah, except boxing, probably the kangaroo. The first sightings
apparently traced back to a Dutch merchant named Francisco Pelsert
who got shipwrecked off the coast of Australian sixteen twenty nine,
and about one hundred and fifty years later they were
pretty well known throughout Europe and by seventeen ninety one

(03:16):
they had brought those things over to London.

Speaker 1 (03:17):
England, here's the fact of the podcast for me, Chuck, Okay,
can I take this one too? Or should I tee
you up?

Speaker 2 (03:24):
No? Double up? Baby.

Speaker 1 (03:25):
So the name kangaroo the word, as far as anyone
is able to say, we don't know for sure. It's
apparently an Aboriginal word for I don't know. Isn't that awesome?
I don't know.

Speaker 2 (03:39):
That's pretty funny, it is. Here's the deal, though, is
kangaroos are the only large mammals to hop. And that's
basically as like they're you know, bunnies will hop a
little bit, but the kangaroo moves around primarily by hopping,
and I guess you wouldn't consider a bunny a large
mammal anyway. Here's the deal. If you go back to

(04:01):
twenty five million years ago and look at the fossil record,
they didn't hop because Australia was a rainforest at the time.
So those kangaroos were climbing around for a long long time.

Speaker 1 (04:11):
Yeah, So they actually developed what ends up helping them
hop long before they actually started to hop. We called
it the fourth toe. If you look at a kangaroo's foot,
you can see how it's how it's hopping, and Chuck,
I think I've kind of set us up for an
ad break and we're gonna come back and finally talk

(04:32):
about how kangaroos hop. What do you think?

Speaker 3 (04:33):
All right, let's do it shop shop stop.

Speaker 1 (05:01):
Okay, where I left off, Chuck, I was talking about
the fourth toe, and this is the this is the
design element that allows the kangaroo to hop. Because if
you look at a kangaroo's foot, the first toe, looking
at the kangaroos foot from the inside of the foot outward,
the first toes pretty puny, might not even be there.
The second and third toes they're okay, they're like smallish

(05:24):
and they each have a nail, but they seem to
be fused together to like web toes. Almost Then when
you get oh, yeah, I didn't know she had web toes.
Is she a fast swimmer?

Speaker 2 (05:35):
That's what everyone always asked. It's just the second third
toe on one foot or had always been stuck together.

Speaker 1 (05:40):
But surely it would have to give you an advantage
to some degree. I don't know.

Speaker 2 (05:44):
I can't remember the last time I swam with her.

Speaker 1 (05:47):
Well, next time you get a chance to race her
and let me know how it turns. Out all right.
Finally we get to the fourth toe, and the fourth
toe is like this, this massive beast of a toe,
and it's in line with the the leg bones of
the kangaroo's legs, and this is where the actual hopping begins.

Speaker 2 (06:08):
Yeah, that's an actual adaptation, and like you said, that
preceded their ability to hop. So I'm not even sure
what the deal is with why they adapted that to
begin with. But I mean, maybe it's just because they
went from rainforest to sort of dry, grassy planes and
they needed to get around more, and they don't know
learned it eventually. They do have a fit though, we
should mention that provides a little bit of support. But

(06:32):
if you look up like the foot of the hind leg,
like you know, from behind, they have these really I
mean you can't see because it's on the inside, but
they have these really strong elastic tendons that store energy
up for those massive, massive jumps.

Speaker 1 (06:49):
Yeah, like a spring. When they go downward, all of
that tendon gets a bunch of energy, kinetic energy stored
in it, and then when they bounce upward, it gets
it's released, and it can send them flying. Chuck. I
had no idea how far they can hop and how
fast did you?

Speaker 2 (07:07):
Yeah, but it's always fun to relearn that, you know,
because it's pretty astounding.

Speaker 1 (07:13):
Okay, so they can go up to fifteen to twenty
miles per hour. Yeah, and for those of you in
Australia who don't know, that's about twenty four to thirty
two kilometers per hour. That's fast. That's like golf cart
speeds at top speeds.

Speaker 2 (07:26):
Even that's faster than a golf cart.

Speaker 1 (07:28):
Yeah, and then it can propel itself about twenty five
feet forward, almost seven or more than seven and a
half meters and six feet high. Yeah, nearly two meters high.
So we could jump right over either of us chuck.

Speaker 2 (07:42):
Yeah, absolutely. I mean you're taller than I am, so
you might get your forehead grazed.

Speaker 1 (07:48):
It could just barely clear me. I'm five foot eleven
and a half if I'm fully honest.

Speaker 2 (07:53):
Yeah, they would look at me and just be like,
no problem, shorty.

Speaker 1 (07:57):
They just free willy right over you.

Speaker 2 (08:00):
I used to be five to ten, now I'm more
like five to nine. I'm shrinking, as we all argue, yeah,
what is up with that? You shrink?

Speaker 1 (08:06):
You know are? But I mean does that mean our
vertebra are fusing together, or like our knees are getting shorter.
Have we compacted the shin bones and our legs and
that's what's doing it? That doesn't make any sense.

Speaker 2 (08:17):
To well, we should do an episode like a shorty
maybe on the shrinking as you age, because that's it's
definitely a thing. That's why, like you see an old
man that has these giant ears, they didn't always look
that way.

Speaker 1 (08:28):
Oh I didn't know that. Yeah, wow, what a development.

Speaker 2 (08:33):
All right, So back to the kangaroo, we need to
talk about their tails a little bit because they have
those huge tails that act as a counterbalance to the
hind feet. So if you look at a kangaroo hop,
that tail moves down like in mid air, that tail
is moving down to meet kind of where the feet are,
and when they land, the tail raises, so it kind
of just does this little opposite motion to balance everything out.

Speaker 1 (08:55):
And it makes a really satisfying, boring sound.

Speaker 2 (08:58):
Of course.

Speaker 1 (08:59):
So what's great about this? You said that the kangaroo
is the only land animal that or an only large
mammal that hops, and the reason why it hops is
because it's actually a tremendous adaptation for moving quickly across
land in a really efficient manner because the way that
the kangaroo is built, the bast they hop, the less

(09:25):
energy they have to expend. It's a pretty beautiful system.

Speaker 2 (09:28):
Yeah, it's pretty crazy and one of the most efficient
travelers in the animal kingdom overall. You know that, Like
you said, they had that great range. And part of
what's going on with their efficiency is is they have
a like when they're bending down to jump and then
leaping up, that's contracting and suppressing their respiratory system, which

(09:50):
actually is like makes it more efficient. It makes those
stomach muscles contract and expand and just forces air in
and out without like having to do so, you know,
by using your own energy.

Speaker 1 (10:02):
Yeah, and they also have to use less muscle energy
in their legs because when they jump really far high
and fast, when they land, those super elastic tendons that
help them hop just contract even further, and that means
that they expand or spraying i think is the technical term,
even further. So when they get going, they really can

(10:24):
just they can just keep going a while. They're also
their heart is really attuned to this kind of endurance
workout right. Yeah, it's when they're not going fast. When
they're just kind of hopping from place to place in grazing,
that's when it's harder and they have to end up
using their tail to kind of balance themselves as basically
like a well a third foot.

Speaker 2 (10:46):
Yeah yeah, why does it say fifth in here?

Speaker 1 (10:50):
That's so weird? I know, because they specifically said that
their two front arms.

Speaker 2 (10:56):
You know, hey, well maybe i'll get in touch with
the color. It gives me a good reason get in
touch with her. Say what the hell did you mean
this fifth leg thing all those years ago?

Speaker 1 (11:05):
You're going to ruin her week?

Speaker 2 (11:06):
She's like, who is this?

Speaker 1 (11:08):
Right?

Speaker 2 (11:09):
I guess we'll close quickly, just on a little you know,
I mentioned the wallaby the slight differences between the wallaby
and the rue. Mainly it's the kangaroo is just a
lot bigger. They have a lot more link between their
ankles and their knees, and they're just taller. They can
be like eight feet tall, whereas a wallaby is maybe
like three feet a little over.

Speaker 1 (11:30):
Can you really say it any other way than that?

Speaker 2 (11:32):
I don't think so.

Speaker 1 (11:33):
I mean, why would you anyway? Yeah, this is probably
long after your wheelhouse, But did you ever watch Rocco's
Modern Life.

Speaker 2 (11:40):
Never heard of it.

Speaker 1 (11:42):
It's a great cartoon. Yeah, it's a cute little cartoon.
It was on Nickelodeon and Rocco was a wallaby.

Speaker 2 (11:49):
Oh nice.

Speaker 1 (11:51):
Did you ever watch Dark Winged Duck?

Speaker 2 (11:53):
Never heard of it?

Speaker 1 (11:54):
No, that's not it. What was the Duck with Jason
Alexander as the duck?

Speaker 2 (12:00):
Oh, I don't think. I don't think I know of
such a show.

Speaker 1 (12:02):
It was like a raunchy com like superhero duck show that.
It's pretty good. Whatever the name of it was. Look
it up. Jason Alexander, George f and Seinfeld played the
main duck.

Speaker 2 (12:14):
Oh wow, and that was a good one too.

Speaker 1 (12:17):
Yeah. I think Dark Wing Duck is like a Duck
Tails spin off. That's not what I'm talking about.

Speaker 2 (12:22):
All right, Well, I mean if we're recommending animated shows,
I might as well. And we're in Australia, I gotta
recommend Bluie again. Still watch that?

Speaker 1 (12:28):
Okay? I never watched that one. Yeah, So, stepping out
of the animated shows, but continuing with the recommendation, I
watched the Jake Gillenhall movie Enemy last night. Oh yeah,
it was Denis. Have you seen it?

Speaker 2 (12:46):
Yeah, I saw back back then.

Speaker 1 (12:48):
Man, it is a good movie.

Speaker 2 (12:50):
Yeah, crazy ending, yes, but.

Speaker 1 (12:53):
So like it was one of those movies that I
was like just sitting there thinking about it afterward, and
so I love those If you go look them up online,
there are people who have given great thought to explaining
these things, and I found, I think, on slash Film
a really great explanation of what was going on. But
before warned if you watch Enemy, you may regret reading

(13:18):
the explanation of it. It's almost to me it was
better before I knew, and I just had to accept
it on its own terms.

Speaker 2 (13:26):
Yeah, love that movie.

Speaker 1 (13:28):
All right, Well that's it for Enemy, and that's it
for obviously kangaroo hopping. Right, that's right. Short, Stuff is that.

Speaker 2 (13:37):
You?

Speaker 3 (13:38):
Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio.

Speaker 2 (13:41):
For more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app,
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