AI in Education: Building Learning Systems That Elevate Rather Than Erode Human Capability, by Jonathan H. Westover PhD

Abstract: The integration of artificial intelligence into educational settings presents a fundamental challenge: how to harness powerful generative technologies without undermining the very cognitive capabilities required to use them wisely. This paper examines the pedagogical implications of AI adoption across educational institutions, drawing on cognitive science, instructional research, and emerging practice to propose evidence-based responses. Analysis reveals that 92% of British undergraduates now use AI tools, yet much of this usage exists in a zone of ambiguity that risks hollowing out critical thinking, domain expertise, and analytical reasoning. Rather than treating AI as either a threat requiring surveillance or a solution demanding wholesale adoption, this paper argues for a third path: embedding AI use within transparent, reflective frameworks that make technology a catalyst for deeper learning. Key recommendations include managing cognitive load through purposeful AI integration, explicitly teaching metacognition alongside AI literacy, celebrating intellectual risk-taking through collaborative sense-making, and redesigning assessment as ongoing conversation rather than one-time product evaluation. The evidence suggests that institutional success depends less on technological sophistication than on grounding innovation in longstanding principles of how humans actually learn—principles that become more rather than less essential as machine capabilities advance.