August 17, 2024 • 15 mins
(Josh) In 1527, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca set off as a part of the Narvàez Expedition to conquer Florida. The expedition ended in disaster for the Spanish after several encounters with Native Americans defending their lands. Using makeshift boats, Cabeza de Vaca and a handful of other survivors drifted across the Gulf of Mexico before landing near modern day Galveston, TX. Cabeza de Vaca and three other men would spend the next 8 years wandering what is now the Southwestern United States. Come learn about their voyages on this episode of Footnoting History.
Visit FootnotingHistory.com for further reading suggestions and additional information.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
In 1527, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca set off as part of the Narvàez Expedition to conquer Florida. The expedition ended in disaster.
(00:11):
Cabeza de Vaca and three other men would spend the next 8 years wandering what is now the Southwestern United States. Come learn about their voyage on this episode of Footnoting History.
Hey footnoters, Josh here with quite the tale for you today. I’m sorry to
say that this one’s a bit shorter than usual, but I promise you’re still going to have
(00:32):
a good time. Except for maybe the cannibalism part? But no spoilers!
I bring up one of my mentors, Matt Andrews at UNC-Chapel Hill a lot, because he had such
a profound impact on what I know about American History and how to teach and tell stories. Well,
Matt’s partially responsible for this episode, too, because he introduced me to Cabeza de Vaca.
(00:56):
When I was getting ready to graduate with my PhD, I was TAing Matt’s US History to 1865
class. I knew that I’d soon be off to El Paso, and within a few weeks of arriving, I’d be teaching my
own US to 1877 class. Matt was very generous and gave me plenty of notes and materials,
(01:16):
but he reminded me that I needed to make it fit my (new-to-me) local context. Sage advice, honestly.
He told me that he didn’t know much about the American Southwest, but there was this story that
I absolutely had to look into – Cabeza de Vaca. Matt said that he’d recently read a book by the
historian Andres Resendez, and that I had to check it out. Matt could have told me to stick my head in a
(01:42):
hornet’s nest, and I’d have listened and followed his advice, so I went and picked up a copy of
Resendez’s A Land So Strange. Bibliographical information is in the episode notes.
Friends, I am not what you’d call a fast reader. I’m easily distracted. But when I
got a copy of Rezendez’s book, I sat down to read the first chapter one morning,
(02:06):
and when I put the book down, it was some time at night, and I had finished the book. It’s GOOD.
A Land So Strange is kind of a novelization of the main primary source we have for
Cabeza de Vaca called “La Relación de Cabeza de Vaca.” And somehow I managed to Frenchify that, so congrats to me.After his travels,
(02:29):
Cabeza de Vaca wrote down all that he experienced. He had other sources to consult,
including a report of the failed mission to Florida that set the events in motion
that saw him travel to what would become the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
So who was this guy, and why should we be paying attention to him at all?
(02:52):
Well let’s start with a little bit of biography, namely his name. Hehehe, word play.
If you know Spanish, you know that “cabeza” translates to “head” in
English and that “vaca” means cow. The “de” of course is possessive. So yes,
translated to English, our dude’s name is “Cow Head.”
(03:12):
Who in their right mind would call themselves “Cow Head?” The answer is that we really don’t
know the origin of this name. There’s an apocryphal story that one of Cabeza
de Vaca’s maternal great-grandfathers, Martin Alhaja, earned the name “Cabeza
de Vaca” because he left a cow’s head as a marker for a secret path that a Christian
(03:36):
army could use to attack Spanish Muslims. Most historians do not believe this story to be true.
Whatever the name’s origin, our Cabeza de Vaca was born into a well-to-do hiladgo
family. So they were minor nobles, important but not really important if that makes sense.
(03:57):
In any case, Cabeza de Vaca followed in his grandfather’s, Pedro de Vera, footsteps – a military man.
After serving under a duke for the better part of two decades, Cabeza de Vaca was granted
an appointment to serve as treasurer for the conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez’s expedition.
Narvaez’s expedition was set to explore what is now the Southeastern US but didn’t make it past
(04:23):
Florida. And it wasn’t because they got snatched up by some gators, crocodiles, or invasive Burmese
Pythons (those weren’t in Florida yet!). Nor did Florida Man visit his chaos among them.
After stopping in Hispaniola, where Narvaez lost a good number of his crew due to them just NOPING out,
(04:44):
the expedition set off for Cuba. Cuba did not bring any reversal of fortune. A hurricane
struck the island, sinking two of their ships, killing sixty men and twenty horses.
When they finally did set off for Florida, the expedition got blown off course by
yet another storm. When everything had settled and they finally spotted land,
(05:06):
the Narvaez expedition was somewhere near what is now Tampa Bay.
Over the next several weeks, Narvaez and his expedition encountered, slaughtered,
and pillaged many native villages. There was resistance, and slowly but surely,
the Narvaez Expedition’s numbers began to thin.
The expedition numbered around 240 when the decision was made to abandon Narvaez’s
(05:30):
goals of gold and fortune and to try to make it back to Mexico. The main issue
facing these now marooned men was that they had lost their ships entirely. I don’t
know how you lose five whole ships, but these men did. And now they were stuck.
Nevertheless they persisted and the men quickly moved to fashion new boats. Honestly though,
(05:54):
calling these makeshift watercraft boats would be an insult to boats.
They also didn’t really have ship building tools. So they had to make them.
The men fashioned a bellows out of deerskin and hollowed-out wood,
which they then used to melt down their stirrups, spurs,
and other horse equipment to fashion the tools and parts that they needed.
(06:17):
The expedition was off again, this time on five what we’ll call rafts with approximately 50 men on
board each of them. And they followed the Gulf coast to the west. Things were going well-ish until the reached the mouth
of the Mississippi River. The current flowing out of the Mississippi pushed the rafts apart.
(06:41):
Cabeza de Vaca’s raft and one other landed on present-day Follet’s Island,
which is a bit to the southeast of the modern Texas city of Galveston.
As an aside, Galveston’s an interesting visit if you’re ever down towards Houston. There’s
all kinds of cool history in that city, even if the beach is, let’s say “unconventional.” Oh,
(07:05):
and there’s a giant Buc-ee’s between Galveston and Houston, so go get those beaver nuggets
and pay homage to the great beaver of Texas (and now Colorado and Tennessee).
Buc-ee’s, please sponsor us.
Once this motley group of Spaniards made landfall in Texas,
things didn’t get much better for them. It was wintertime, and while Galveston
(07:29):
isn’t Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, being exposed for that long on an island with
no shelter or reliable source of food is going to lead to some bad consequences.
And it’s not as if they could have put a bunch of provisions on the makeshift rafts anyway. So,
desperate times call for desperate measures. And to borrow a phrase
(07:51):
from one of my favorite true-crime podcasts, “That’s when the cannibalism started.”
There aren’t exactly a lot of details here – I’m sure that Cabeza de Vaca
would have rather forgotten about this terrible episode in his life,
but between the cannibalism and the disease that struck the castaways, only 13 survived the winter.
Cabeza de Vaca himself had actually left the island, which he refers to as “La Isla
(08:16):
de Malhado,” or the “Isle of Misfortune.” You could also translate that as the “Isle
of Doom,” which I think is more fitting honestly. Our cow-headed hero had made it over to the mainland
where he fell sick. He survived because the local indigenous people, perhaps the Capoque, cared for him.
(08:37):
Interestingly, the Capoque were deeply upset at seeing the cannibalism of the Spaniards,
while, at the same time, many of the Spanish were wary of any indigenous
peoples because the Spanish believed any Indigenous Americans to be cannibals.
Like I think I mentioned in the Alfred Packer episode,
it’s really interesting that cannibalism is almost a universal threshold for in-humanity.
(09:03):
Cabeza de Vaca did survive, though. Most of the Narvaez expedition had not. What
started as nearly 300 men dwindled to 242, to 13 on the Island of Doom,
and then only four survived (09:16):
Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso de Castillo, Andres Dorantes de Carranza,
and perhaps most interesting of all, an enslaved man named “Estevanico.”
Estevancio may have been the first Black person to ever step foot on what would
(09:38):
become known as the Americas. I don’t know if there’s enough material on him to do an
entire episode, but I’ll look into it because this is a fascinating story.Cabeza de Vaca and the other three men
became “enslaved” by several indigenous peoples. You can’t see them, but maybe you can hear them. I
(09:59):
put scare quotes around the word “enslaved.” Because of the tragic history of African slavery,
when we say “enslaved,” especially in the United States, we tend to think of chattel slavery.
But what these men experienced from the indigenous people of the Americas was
not chattel slavery. Of course, Estavanico experienced chattel slavery, but the Spanish,
(10:23):
namely Andres Dorantes de Carranza, had enslaved him. And Spanish slavery was chattel slavery.
Now to be clear about something: Cabeza de Vaca was on his own for (10:30):
undefined
a while. The other three men had left the Island of Doom after the winter
ended and were captured and enslaved by another group of indigenous peoples.
For Cabeza de Vaca himself, his enslavement involved becoming a merchant. But he also
developed a reputation as a healer. He would earn food by providing his services, which involved
(10:55):
blowing on the bodies of the sick and injured and praying Catholic prayers over the patient.
During his travels as a merchant and a healer,
he encountered another group of indigenous people called the Quevenes. These folks told
Cabeza de Vaca that there were three Spaniards just like him somewhere nearby.
(11:16):
Well those three Spaniards were Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevancio! The four men eventually
reunited and were enslaved again, this time by the Mariames people. They would work
as hunters and gatherers, but longed to return to their countrymen in Mexico.
In September of 1534, the four men made their escape. They left separately, but somehow managed
(11:41):
to find each other a few weeks later. They would later encounter the Avavares people,
with whom they stayed for 8 months. By Christmas 1535, the men had made their way back into Mexico,
and made it Mexico City by July of 1536. They had journeyed an estimated 2400 miles, all on foot.
(12:03):
While Dorantes and Castillo retired from conquistadoring (that’s not a real word,
but stick with me), Cabeza de Vaca did not. He eventually was appointed as a
governor in Paraguay. Things did not end up going well for Mr. Cow Head. He was
eventually accused of 32 specific charges of mistreating natives and was sentenced
(12:26):
to 5 years in a penal colony in North Africa and banished from returning to the Americas.
His sentence was commuted, however, and he lived the rest of his life in Spain.
Estevanico, of course, was returned to a life of chattel slavery. Because of his experience
traveling through Texas and Mexico, he was forced to guide an expedition that went ahead
(12:49):
of Coronado’s own travels in search of Cibola, one of seven mythical cities of gold. Spoiler:
no place existed and Coronado ended up in… Kansas. Tough break. Sorry, Kansans.
So what do we do with the story of Cabeza de Vaca? On one hand,
we get quite the story of survival and, I suppose, adventure. We get near ethnographical descriptions
(13:17):
of indigenous life in the American Southwest prior to full Spanish colonization. We see
a blending of indigenous tradition and Spanish Catholicism in Cabeza de Vaca’s “faith healing.”
But I think something else to keep in mind here is that much of what
information we do get from Cabeza de Vaca comes from a very particular lens,
(13:40):
and we have to keep in mind that he wrote “La Relacion” several years after the experiences.
I have no doubt that Cabeza de Vaca experienced most, if not all, of what he claims happened to
him and his compatriots, but we need to be critical, because we just don’t know what’s
(14:00):
been exaggerated or embellished, particularly when it comes to his description of the native peoples.
And I think there’s something to be said about the importance of historical figures
to certain regions as well. I grew up in Colorado,
and I never heard of Cabeza de Vaca until my mentor Matt Andrews told me about him in North Carolina.
(14:22):
And when I got to El Paso, Texas all of my students already knew something of his story
and looked at me weirdly when I was so excited by the novelty of Cabeza de Vaca's travels.
So I guess it’s fair to say that some footnotes are someone else’s main texts,
and some main texts are others footnotes. Maybe that’s obvious, maybe not. But it’s a
(14:46):
great outro for a podcast called Footnoting History. See you in the next one, folks!
Thank you for listening to this episode of Footnoting History. We are on Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Threads
as @Footnoting History. We love to hear from you. Please consider joining our Patreon and thank you if you're already a patron. We really appreciate your support. We hope to see you on the next episode,
(15:10):
but until then remember, the best stories are in the footnotes.
In 1527, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca set off as part of the Narvàez Expedition to conquer Florida. The expedition ended in disaster.
(00:11):
Cabeza de Vaca and three other men would spend the next 8 years wandering what is now the Southwestern United States. Come learn about their voyage on this episode of Footnoting History.
Hey footnoters, Josh here with quite the tale for you today. I’m sorry to
say that this one’s a bit shorter than usual, but I promise you’re still going to have
(00:32):
a good time. Except for maybe the cannibalism part? But no spoilers!
I bring up one of my mentors, Matt Andrews at UNC-Chapel Hill a lot, because he had such
a profound impact on what I know about American History and how to teach and tell stories. Well,
Matt’s partially responsible for this episode, too, because he introduced me to Cabeza de Vaca.
(00:56):
When I was getting ready to graduate with my PhD, I was TAing Matt’s US History to 1865
class. I knew that I’d soon be off to El Paso, and within a few weeks of arriving, I’d be teaching my
own US to 1877 class. Matt was very generous and gave me plenty of notes and materials,
(01:16):
but he reminded me that I needed to make it fit my (new-to-me) local context. Sage advice, honestly.
He told me that he didn’t know much about the American Southwest, but there was this story that
I absolutely had to look into – Cabeza de Vaca. Matt said that he’d recently read a book by the
historian Andres Resendez, and that I had to check it out. Matt could have told me to stick my head in a
(01:42):
hornet’s nest, and I’d have listened and followed his advice, so I went and picked up a copy of
Resendez’s A Land So Strange. Bibliographical information is in the episode notes.
Friends, I am not what you’d call a fast reader. I’m easily distracted. But when I
got a copy of Rezendez’s book, I sat down to read the first chapter one morning,
(02:06):
and when I put the book down, it was some time at night, and I had finished the book. It’s GOOD.
A Land So Strange is kind of a novelization of the main primary source we have for
Cabeza de Vaca called “La Relación de Cabeza de Vaca.” And somehow I managed to Frenchify that, so congrats to me.After his travels,
(02:29):
Cabeza de Vaca wrote down all that he experienced. He had other sources to consult,
including a report of the failed mission to Florida that set the events in motion
that saw him travel to what would become the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico.
So who was this guy, and why should we be paying attention to him at all?
(02:52):
Well let’s start with a little bit of biography, namely his name. Hehehe, word play.
If you know Spanish, you know that “cabeza” translates to “head” in
English and that “vaca” means cow. The “de” of course is possessive. So yes,
translated to English, our dude’s name is “Cow Head.”
(03:12):
Who in their right mind would call themselves “Cow Head?” The answer is that we really don’t
know the origin of this name. There’s an apocryphal story that one of Cabeza
de Vaca’s maternal great-grandfathers, Martin Alhaja, earned the name “Cabeza
de Vaca” because he left a cow’s head as a marker for a secret path that a Christian
(03:36):
army could use to attack Spanish Muslims. Most historians do not believe this story to be true.
Whatever the name’s origin, our Cabeza de Vaca was born into a well-to-do hiladgo
family. So they were minor nobles, important but not really important if that makes sense.
(03:57):
In any case, Cabeza de Vaca followed in his grandfather’s, Pedro de Vera, footsteps – a military man.
After serving under a duke for the better part of two decades, Cabeza de Vaca was granted
an appointment to serve as treasurer for the conquistador Panfilo de Narvaez’s expedition.
Narvaez’s expedition was set to explore what is now the Southeastern US but didn’t make it past
(04:23):
Florida. And it wasn’t because they got snatched up by some gators, crocodiles, or invasive Burmese
Pythons (those weren’t in Florida yet!). Nor did Florida Man visit his chaos among them.
After stopping in Hispaniola, where Narvaez lost a good number of his crew due to them just NOPING out,
(04:44):
the expedition set off for Cuba. Cuba did not bring any reversal of fortune. A hurricane
struck the island, sinking two of their ships, killing sixty men and twenty horses.
When they finally did set off for Florida, the expedition got blown off course by
yet another storm. When everything had settled and they finally spotted land,
(05:06):
the Narvaez expedition was somewhere near what is now Tampa Bay.
Over the next several weeks, Narvaez and his expedition encountered, slaughtered,
and pillaged many native villages. There was resistance, and slowly but surely,
the Narvaez Expedition’s numbers began to thin.
The expedition numbered around 240 when the decision was made to abandon Narvaez’s
(05:30):
goals of gold and fortune and to try to make it back to Mexico. The main issue
facing these now marooned men was that they had lost their ships entirely. I don’t
know how you lose five whole ships, but these men did. And now they were stuck.
Nevertheless they persisted and the men quickly moved to fashion new boats. Honestly though,
(05:54):
calling these makeshift watercraft boats would be an insult to boats.
They also didn’t really have ship building tools. So they had to make them.
The men fashioned a bellows out of deerskin and hollowed-out wood,
which they then used to melt down their stirrups, spurs,
and other horse equipment to fashion the tools and parts that they needed.
(06:17):
The expedition was off again, this time on five what we’ll call rafts with approximately 50 men on
board each of them. And they followed the Gulf coast to the west. Things were going well-ish until the reached the mouth
of the Mississippi River. The current flowing out of the Mississippi pushed the rafts apart.
(06:41):
Cabeza de Vaca’s raft and one other landed on present-day Follet’s Island,
which is a bit to the southeast of the modern Texas city of Galveston.
As an aside, Galveston’s an interesting visit if you’re ever down towards Houston. There’s
all kinds of cool history in that city, even if the beach is, let’s say “unconventional.” Oh,
(07:05):
and there’s a giant Buc-ee’s between Galveston and Houston, so go get those beaver nuggets
and pay homage to the great beaver of Texas (and now Colorado and Tennessee).
Buc-ee’s, please sponsor us.
Once this motley group of Spaniards made landfall in Texas,
things didn’t get much better for them. It was wintertime, and while Galveston
(07:29):
isn’t Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, being exposed for that long on an island with
no shelter or reliable source of food is going to lead to some bad consequences.
And it’s not as if they could have put a bunch of provisions on the makeshift rafts anyway. So,
desperate times call for desperate measures. And to borrow a phrase
(07:51):
from one of my favorite true-crime podcasts, “That’s when the cannibalism started.”
There aren’t exactly a lot of details here – I’m sure that Cabeza de Vaca
would have rather forgotten about this terrible episode in his life,
but between the cannibalism and the disease that struck the castaways, only 13 survived the winter.
Cabeza de Vaca himself had actually left the island, which he refers to as “La Isla
(08:16):
de Malhado,” or the “Isle of Misfortune.” You could also translate that as the “Isle
of Doom,” which I think is more fitting honestly. Our cow-headed hero had made it over to the mainland
where he fell sick. He survived because the local indigenous people, perhaps the Capoque, cared for him.
(08:37):
Interestingly, the Capoque were deeply upset at seeing the cannibalism of the Spaniards,
while, at the same time, many of the Spanish were wary of any indigenous
peoples because the Spanish believed any Indigenous Americans to be cannibals.
Like I think I mentioned in the Alfred Packer episode,
it’s really interesting that cannibalism is almost a universal threshold for in-humanity.
(09:03):
Cabeza de Vaca did survive, though. Most of the Narvaez expedition had not. What
started as nearly 300 men dwindled to 242, to 13 on the Island of Doom,
and then only four survived (09:16):
Cabeza de Vaca, Alonso de Castillo, Andres Dorantes de Carranza,
and perhaps most interesting of all, an enslaved man named “Estevanico.”
Estevancio may have been the first Black person to ever step foot on what would
(09:38):
become known as the Americas. I don’t know if there’s enough material on him to do an
entire episode, but I’ll look into it because this is a fascinating story.Cabeza de Vaca and the other three men
became “enslaved” by several indigenous peoples. You can’t see them, but maybe you can hear them. I
(09:59):
put scare quotes around the word “enslaved.” Because of the tragic history of African slavery,
when we say “enslaved,” especially in the United States, we tend to think of chattel slavery.
But what these men experienced from the indigenous people of the Americas was
not chattel slavery. Of course, Estavanico experienced chattel slavery, but the Spanish,
(10:23):
namely Andres Dorantes de Carranza, had enslaved him. And Spanish slavery was chattel slavery.
Now to be clear about something: Cabeza de Vaca was on his own for (10:30):
undefined
a while. The other three men had left the Island of Doom after the winter
ended and were captured and enslaved by another group of indigenous peoples.
For Cabeza de Vaca himself, his enslavement involved becoming a merchant. But he also
developed a reputation as a healer. He would earn food by providing his services, which involved
(10:55):
blowing on the bodies of the sick and injured and praying Catholic prayers over the patient.
During his travels as a merchant and a healer,
he encountered another group of indigenous people called the Quevenes. These folks told
Cabeza de Vaca that there were three Spaniards just like him somewhere nearby.
(11:16):
Well those three Spaniards were Dorantes, Castillo, and Estevancio! The four men eventually
reunited and were enslaved again, this time by the Mariames people. They would work
as hunters and gatherers, but longed to return to their countrymen in Mexico.
In September of 1534, the four men made their escape. They left separately, but somehow managed
(11:41):
to find each other a few weeks later. They would later encounter the Avavares people,
with whom they stayed for 8 months. By Christmas 1535, the men had made their way back into Mexico,
and made it Mexico City by July of 1536. They had journeyed an estimated 2400 miles, all on foot.
(12:03):
While Dorantes and Castillo retired from conquistadoring (that’s not a real word,
but stick with me), Cabeza de Vaca did not. He eventually was appointed as a
governor in Paraguay. Things did not end up going well for Mr. Cow Head. He was
eventually accused of 32 specific charges of mistreating natives and was sentenced
(12:26):
to 5 years in a penal colony in North Africa and banished from returning to the Americas.
His sentence was commuted, however, and he lived the rest of his life in Spain.
Estevanico, of course, was returned to a life of chattel slavery. Because of his experience
traveling through Texas and Mexico, he was forced to guide an expedition that went ahead
(12:49):
of Coronado’s own travels in search of Cibola, one of seven mythical cities of gold. Spoiler:
no place existed and Coronado ended up in… Kansas. Tough break. Sorry, Kansans.
So what do we do with the story of Cabeza de Vaca? On one hand,
we get quite the story of survival and, I suppose, adventure. We get near ethnographical descriptions
(13:17):
of indigenous life in the American Southwest prior to full Spanish colonization. We see
a blending of indigenous tradition and Spanish Catholicism in Cabeza de Vaca’s “faith healing.”
But I think something else to keep in mind here is that much of what
information we do get from Cabeza de Vaca comes from a very particular lens,
(13:40):
and we have to keep in mind that he wrote “La Relacion” several years after the experiences.
I have no doubt that Cabeza de Vaca experienced most, if not all, of what he claims happened to
him and his compatriots, but we need to be critical, because we just don’t know what’s
(14:00):
been exaggerated or embellished, particularly when it comes to his description of the native peoples.
And I think there’s something to be said about the importance of historical figures
to certain regions as well. I grew up in Colorado,
and I never heard of Cabeza de Vaca until my mentor Matt Andrews told me about him in North Carolina.
(14:22):
And when I got to El Paso, Texas all of my students already knew something of his story
and looked at me weirdly when I was so excited by the novelty of Cabeza de Vaca's travels.
So I guess it’s fair to say that some footnotes are someone else’s main texts,
and some main texts are others footnotes. Maybe that’s obvious, maybe not. But it’s a
(14:46):
great outro for a podcast called Footnoting History. See you in the next one, folks!
Thank you for listening to this episode of Footnoting History. We are on Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, Threads
as @Footnoting History. We love to hear from you. Please consider joining our Patreon and thank you if you're already a patron. We really appreciate your support. We hope to see you on the next episode,
(15:10):
but until then remember, the best stories are in the footnotes.
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