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March 26, 2026 14 mins

Thank you to Emily Inouye Huey for walking us through the Japanese American experience between Pearl Harbor and Forced Removal to the camps.

In this addenda episode, we give an overview of the concentration camps: where they were, and what made each of them unique.


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SPEAKER_00 (00:01):
This is History for the Reckoning, a podcast that
dives deep into the historythat's hard to hear but critical
to understand.
Season one, AmericanConcentration Camps.
The story of World War IIJapanese Incarceration.
Welcome to another addendaepisode.
Huge thank you and shout out toEmily Inoue Huey for her amazing

(00:22):
description of the state ofaffairs between Pearl Harbor and
the forced removal to theconcentration camps, which we're
going to visit in our nextepisode.
What was life like inside ofthose camps?
But first I wanted to give you alittle introduction to how many
camps were there, where theywere, a little fact about each
one of them.
So the WRA or the War RelocationAuthority, the federal agency

(00:43):
that was tasked with housing allof these people that were forced
from their homes and forced intocamps, the ones that had to
administer the camps, build thecamps, see to it that the people
were kept inside of them, theWar Relocation Authority.
There were ten of these largecamps made by the WRA.
They had more camps than that,but the ones that are the most
famous, and the ones that we'retalking about, particularly in

(01:04):
the next episode, are these tencamps.
Each of them held around 10,000people, give or take.
Size fluctuated as things wenton and as circumstances changed.
We'll get to that a little bitlater.
So I'm going to describe each ofthe camps.
Well, I'm going to give you thename of each of the camps, where
they are, one fact about eachone of them, moving from east to
west.
Again, there's 10 of them.

(01:25):
So we're going to start inArkansas with Rower.
That's where the Takes werefirst incarcerated.
So you've already heard a littlebit about that one.
Next one, the second camp is inArkansas.
It's called Jerome.
It was the last of these largecamps to open and the very first
one to close.
Fun fact about this one is that,well, I guess both the camps in
Arkansas, is that after thedrafting and recruitment of

(01:47):
Japanese Americans had been doneby the U.S.
military, they were trained at abase in Mississippi.
And at one point, they knew thatthese young men needed to blow
off some steam, and they decidedto throw a dance for them.
And they invited girls fromJerome and Rower concentration
camps to be busted out to themilitary base to have a dance
with all of these young JapaneseAmerican men.

(02:09):
So it was a whole, whole bigparty for young Japanese
Americans in just the strangestcircumstances, as these young
men were about to go off to war,and these women that night would
have to return back to theirconcentration camps.
So next camp is Grenada inColorado.
It was the smallest of the campsby population.
It peaked at 7,318.

(02:29):
Fun fact about Colorado ingeneral is that the only state
that had a governor who waswilling to welcome in Japanese
Americans, both those who choseto move there when the West
Coast became restricted, andalso the only one who did not
oppose the creation of a camp inhis state.
He really saw it as this is ushousing fellow Americans.
He was open to it in a way thatno other Western governors were.

(02:51):
Alright, next up we've got HeartMountain in Wyoming.
This was the site of the mostorganized resistance to the
draft that we'll touch upon alot later.
And the fair play community wasthere.
That was part of this draftresistance.
I'm very excited to talk aboutthat, but that's a story for
another day.
But one thing I'd like to talkabout with them is the Heart
Mountain Eagles.
So one huge part of camp lifewas that kids still had to go to

(03:13):
school, kids still had to uhhave sports, athletics,
recreation, and they organized afootball team for their uh high
school kids, and they playedlocal high schools in football
in the Wyoming area, broaderthan that, too.
One very interesting fact isthat these children on the Heart
Mountain Eagles team, thisfootball team, were those who

(03:36):
were incarcerated.
They were forced to be there,they were not allowed to leave,
but there was one team that theyplayed from one of the local
high schools that was entirelywhite, except for one kid who
happened to also be JapaneseAmerican.
So this kid, his family had hadthe means that when the war
began, before the forcedrelocation, they were able to
move from the West Coast intoWyoming.

(03:58):
And so this kid was playing onthis high school team outside of
the camps against a team insideof the camps.
So just imagine being this kidand feeling like, oh, that could
have been me, except for a fewdifferent circumstances, maybe a
difference of a month or two.
It's just a really compellingstory.
Hope you look into that one.
Uh, there's a great book aboutit by Brad Pearson.

(04:19):
I think it's called The Eaglesof Hard Mountain.
Okay, moving west, we get toGila River, Arizona.
Uh, so this one's interestingbecause it's a site where the
soldiers from Hawaii were takento do kind of propaganda efforts
to influence recruitment as theywere trying to get Japanese
Americans to join the military.
So we're gonna cover this somuch in the future, but so as to

(04:42):
say the the experience of theJapanese Americans in Hawaii was
very different from those in themainland.
And so those that were in Hawaiiwere more likely to be already
signed up for the military or tojoin the military after the war
began.
And many of those soldiers werebrought over because they had a
better feeling toward theAmerican government than those
who'd been incarcerated, whichmakes a lot of sense.

(05:02):
A lot of these Hawaiian soldierswere seen as like poster
children.
They were taken to this camp inorder to show the the other
young men that they wanted to beyoung recruits.
Oh, look at these men who lookjust like you, they're already
in the army, they're having sucha great time.
But then imagine being theseJapanese Americans from Hawaii
who come to the mainland and getto see firsthand all these

(05:24):
people that look like them inone giant concentration camp.
It must have been a surrealthing.
Alright, our next camp isMinadoka in Idaho.
Uh I've been there, it's areally interesting site.
Hope you can make it.
Uh one thing that was struck methere is that there's still a
baseball diamond that theymaintain because recreation for
all people was very important inthese camps because they were

(05:45):
functionally towns, that therewere up to 10,000 people or
more, and they had to findthings to do with their time.
They also had to find ways tobond with each other, have fun.
So baseball, other organizedsports was huge.
So at Minadoka, they wouldorganize by blocks.
The people at these camps livedin barracks, the military style,
and those were organized intoblocks that were around like a

(06:07):
kitchen unit and a laundry andbathing facility.
So these blocks meant toorganize a baseball team, they'd
play other baseball teams.
It'd be a huge community affairwhen the baseball teams play
each other.
And of course, baseball is oneof the sports of choice because
these are American guys, theyabsolutely love playing
baseball.
Alright, the next one is the onein my backyard, Topaz, Utah.

(06:27):
So one big controversial storyhere, I guess controversial in a
way that I'll get to, but uhthere was a man there named Jane
Wakasa who was shot and killedby a guard.
So at first the camp tried toplay it off as though he was
trying to make his way outsideof the fence, but it turns out
he was actually feet away fromthe fence and he was facing the
guard tower from where the shotcame from.

(06:48):
And the young man, the soldierwho shot Mr.
Wakasa, was acquitted of allcharges.
He was not ever he was certainlynot found liable, much less
guilty of any crime.
And so the the camp wasobviously very concerned about
this event, made a stir, andthey set up a big memorial to
James Wakasa near the fence onthe site where he had actually

(07:10):
been shot.
The camp authorities weregetting really worried that that
was going to kind of fomentunrest within the camp at large.
Maybe there'd be a riot theywere worried about uh where it
might lead.
So the camp authoritiesinfluenced the people who'd put
up the monument to take it down.
So where it gets a little bitcontroversial is that now the
it's believed the site wherethat monument was has been

(07:32):
found.
And so there's an effort todecide what to do with the large
stone that was found at thatsite.
Uh should they remount themonument?
How should it be preserved?
Where should it go?
It's a really interesting story.
So I hope you'll look it up,engage with the history that's
playing out today.
Alright, next up we've gotPoston in Arizona.
So this was the largest camp byarea and was built entirely on

(07:54):
the Colorado River IndianReservation.
What's interesting here is thatthe tribal council that was over
the Colorado River IndianReservation completely objected
to a camp being put on theirland, but federal authorities
overruled them, put it thereanyway.
And just as interesting, there'sa series of stories where like
the locals who have been tribalmembers are interacting with

(08:16):
these Japanese Americans andlike the commonalities of
experience where the federalgovernment had forced them into
this area that they didn'tnecessarily want to go to and
they didn't know how long they'dbe there.
It's just really interestingstuff there.
I hope you'll look that up too.
Alright, moving west, our nextcamp is Manzanar in California.
So this is a lot that happenedat this particular camp.

(08:36):
Definitely worth looking up.
Probably the most dramaticevent, I'd say, is it was the
site of the Manzanar riots,which revolved around tensions
from working conditions and foodthat was being stolen from
residents and sold on the blackmarket.
There's a whole story there.
Then also tensions with theJACL, which we'll also talk
about in the future.
At one point, this huge mobforms, about I think they said

(08:58):
5,000 strong, and the campauthorities got spooked and they
fired into the crowd, ended upkilling two people.
So the probably the biggestunrest that happened outside of
the next camp that I'm going totalk about in a moment.
Really scary.

(09:21):
Preferential jobs were given tothose that were serving the
needs of the state and of thecamp authorities.
So there was a lot of tensionthere.
Uh it's just very interesting.
Uh the final camp and the mostnotorious camp probably is Thule
Lake in California.
So this one started out like allthe other concentration camps,
where it was just a place toconcentrate people.

(09:42):
There were barbed wires, therewere guard towers, the people
with guns, machine guns pointedin, searchlights, all of that.
But it was at the same level asall the other ones.
But a little bit into the war,they decided to turn it into a
maximum security camp.
And they took from all the othercamps those that the government
deemed to be uh troublemakers,particularly disloyal, the ones
that they thought were gonnastir up uh trouble in the camps.

(10:06):
So this became a prison within aprison, and then within Tully
Lake there was like a literalmaximum security facility, which
George Decay touched on in ourprologue.
Okay, to round out this addendaepisode, I'd like to introduce
you to a podcast I've reallybeen enjoying called Past Lives.
It's from Patrick Wyman, who'sbeen doing all kinds of history

(10:26):
content for a long time.
He does such an amazing job.
And this one focuses in on thedaily life of an individual from
history.
All different stories fromhistory, but through the
perspective of a single person'slife.
So you get to know the entirecontext of it, you get to know
this person.
And season one that I've beenlistening to that I've
absolutely loved has been thehistory of slavery.
So looking at differentcountries, different places,

(10:48):
different time periods, how theyrelated to slavery, but all
through the life of one of theseenslaved people.
So you really get a sense of uhhow they lived, what it was
like, and then the broadercontext of what everyone around
them thought of this horriblepractice called slavery.
So I'm gonna play their trailernow.
I hope you enjoy past lives.

SPEAKER_01 (11:09):
If you lived a hundred years ago, who would you
have been?
What about a thousand years ago,or ten thousand?
Well, I can promise you this.
You, yes, you, personally,wouldn't have been someone
you've ever heard of.
Our stories of the past revolvearound towering figures like
Alexander the Great, Napoleon,and Cleopatra.

(11:31):
When we learn about history inschool, we're mostly taught
through the lens of these greatpeople.
We memorize important names andthe dates of battles,
coronations, and imperialfoundations associated with
them.
Now, don't get me wrong, thesepeople matter.
We can learn a lot about thepast from what they did.
But they're not you.
Maybe you're rich, famous, andpowerful, but you're probably

(11:53):
not.
There's nothing wrong with that,most of us aren't.
But we, people like us, like youand me, are the raw material of
history, and we always havebeen.
Our forebears may have includeda king or queen or two, but the
vast majority of our ancestorswere the common clay of
humanity.
At best, they were advisors forthose famous kings, or military

(12:14):
officers, or members of thecourt.
Maybe they were merchants orpriestesses or administrators.
More of them weren't even thatelevated.
They were farmers clinging tothe edge of survival.
They were shepherds tendingtheir flocks and herds, worrying
about wolves and sudden freezes.
They were craftspeople breathingin the smoke from a forge or
digging wood splinters out oftheir fingers.

(12:34):
Most of those people, ourancestors, left only the barest
trace in the historical record,if they left any at all.
A single clay tablet recordingthe sale of a pair of enslaved
war captives in Assyria, anepitaph for a well-off Roman
merchant, an entry in a medievalaccount book, the rusted
fragments of an iron knife witha few bones in a 2,000-year-old

(12:54):
grave.
Yet each and every one of thosepeople was real, and they
mattered.
Past Lives is a show about thosepeople and their stories.
Every week we'll explore theexperiences and world of a real
person who lived at some timeand place in the past.
They were us, and we are them.

(13:14):
By understanding them, we betterunderstand ourselves and our
place in this huge, ongoingendeavor that we call humanity.
They mattered, and so do you.
The first season of Past Liveswill be available December 3rd.
Be sure to subscribe to the feednow so you get all three
episodes delivered straight toyou.
That's December 3rd.

SPEAKER_00 (13:40):
Season 1 of History for the Reckoning is made
possible by support from theJACL Mount Olympus chapter, as
well as generous financialsupport from the Takahashi
Family Foundation and the JACommunity Foundation.
The music was produced byPatrick Coffin.
If you want to support the show,follow us on Instagram at
History for the Reckoning.
Sign up for our newsletter atHistory for the Reckoning on

(14:02):
Substack, where you'll also findthe show notes for each episode,
or support us financiallythrough Patreon at patreon.com
slash History for the Reckoning.
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