Great Women Who Changed History - Complete Documentary Pt. 1

In this episode, Step into a world where the echoes of time come alive through immersive audio documentaries. Together, we’ll uncover the lives of transformative figures, relive the moments that reshaped our world, delve into the complexities of war, and journey through the enchanting tales of ancient myths and legends. Let’s bring history to life, one story at a time.

Episode Transcript

(00:00):
The woman known to history as Hatshepsut was born in ancient

(00:08):
Egypt, in approximately 1507 BC.Her father was stood.
Most of the first, a pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty, who ruled
mainly from the city of Thebes, which is now in the modern city
of Luxor on the River Nile 500 miles, south of the
Mediterranean Sea. Sutton of the first was a
renowned military leader and oversaw.

(00:30):
The vast expansion of the ancient Egyptian empire
eastwards into the Levant and Southwoods into Nubia now,
Northern Sudan, and Southern Egypt, he was likely the son of
the previous Pharaoh Armin Hotel, the first and a secondary
wife, but the Egyptians did not create firmly trees.
So I identifying blood relationscan be difficult.

(00:50):
Her mother was a principal wife of footballs of the first, but
it is not known who are Moses parents were, although it is Is
highly likely that she was born into the royal family
egyptologists have argued that she was the daughter of pharaoh
amenhotep. The first making her the sister
and wife of foot Moser. Something that was common within

(01:13):
the royal family. However she was never given the
title of King's Daughter insteadshe was referred to as the
King's sister suggesting. She was the sister of either
amenhotep orthod Moser a and herhusband utmost of the first had
two daughters the eldest of whomwas Hatshepsut and no surviving

(01:35):
Sons which would become a problem for the dynasty.
Hardship. So it was only the second
historically, confirmed woman torule Egypt with the full titles
and power of a pharaoh. She belonged to the 18th Dynasty
which ran from 1507 BC to 1458 BC.

(01:56):
And she ruled for over two decades from 1478 BC to 1458, BC
had Shepard lived over 3,500 years ago and to put into
perspective. How long the period of ancient
Egyptian history is Hatshepsut lived over 1,000 years after the
building of the Pyramids of Gizaand 100 years before.

(02:17):
Tutankhamun 200 years before, Ramesses, and 1,400 years before
the most famous female pharaoh Cleopatra.
Little is known about Hatcher's childhood but her name, which
means for most of noble ladies, highlighted her prominent
position within the royal family.
She certainly would have had important Royal duties to

(02:39):
fulfill Including being involvedin religious rituals.
She is known to worship the cow goddess hathor, in particular
who was the goddess of love beauty music, dancing fertility,
and pleasure and was also the protector of women.
There were 42, State, gods and goddesses in total, in the
ancient Egyptian religion, the most important of which was

(03:02):
Amun, ra the Sun. God creator, who was later seen
as king of the Gods? As the eldest daughter of the
Pharaoh Hatshepsut would have been expected to marry.
The next Pharaoh a tradition, which aimed to keep the Royal
bloodline pure. And So at around the age of 12,
she married her half-brother foot mosa, the second becoming

(03:22):
his principal wife as footballers of the second was
younger than Hatshepsut. She perhaps, took over the reins
of power in her husband's name when their father foot MOS of
the first died in 1493 BC. By the time, had Shepstone came
to full power in around 1478, B.C e Egypt as a unified country

(03:42):
was already 17. Centuries.
Old as legendary, King Menace had first ruled a unified Egypt
in around 3,100 BC. As it is today, the land of
ancient Egypt was made habitableby the River Nile which cut
through the desert and gave the names to the two regions of
Egypt up Egypt, which was upriver in the South and Lower

(04:06):
Egypt Downriver in the north around the Nile.
Delta Region, the king or pharaoh ruled, both regions with
the title of king of Upper and Lower Egypt, lord of the two
lands but there were distinct differences between the two
areas, they had different protector goddesses nekhbet, the
vulture goddess in Upper Egypt and what jet the Cobra goddess

(04:29):
in Lower Egypt. The regions were all represented
by different symbols, the Lotus for the upper and the Papyrus
for the lower which were offeredtogether to symbolize unity in
those periods. When Upper and Lower Egypt were
United, there was huge prosperity and astonishing
cultural achievement. They were true, Golden Ages, the

(04:51):
first golden age occurred, During the period of the Old
Kingdom 2,649 BC to 2100 BC, this was the age of the pyramids
disintegration and competing dynastic families, brought this
golden age to a temporary end, aperiod called the first
intermediate period from 200181.BC to 2055, BC the Middle

(05:17):
Kingdom from 2013, BC to 1650. BC was the second Golden Age a
time when Egyptian culture and literature, flourished this
period of growth had begun with the reunification of Upper and
Lower Egypt by men to hot the second.
However, the beginning of the end of the Middle Kingdom, was
caused by a break in the Royal Line, female, pharaoh, Subic,

(05:41):
neferu died in 1802 BC with without any heirs, resulting in
the collapse of the successful 12th Dynasty.
The next two dynasties, which overlaps proved week.
The 13th dynasty was forced to retreat.
Southwards towards Memphis and fail to prevent a breakaway
Dynasty. Forming the Breakaway 14th,

(06:01):
Dynasty rain separately over theNile, Delta regions
simultaneously, The second intermediate period from 1650,
BC to 1550 BC, which followed saw Egypt once again divided in
the north. The hixson's dynasty arrived
from Western Asia and its six Kings ruled as the 15th Dynasty

(06:22):
in the South the kingdom of kushan early civilization in the
region of Nubia Northern Sudan expanded.
Its reach in the middle, sat theEgyptian Kingdom of Thebes or
the 16th Dynasty and the 17th Dynasty, it was during the 17th
Dynasty. That war was launched against
hixson's rule who were eventually pushed out of each

(06:43):
Egypt by the thebans of the 17thDynasty.
It was at this time that Upper and Lower Egypt were reunited by
ahms of the first of Thebes in 1550 BC and the third Golden Age
began this brought ancient Egyptfull circle as an other theeban
to hot. The second had United Upper and

(07:03):
Lower Egypt at the start of the Middle Kingdom, too?
also triggering a golden age in reunifying, the country ahmo's
became the founder of the New Kingdom and the first king of
the 18th Dynasty to which Hatshepsut also belonged As the
period of foreign rule, in Egypt, came to an end Egypt,
began to build up its own Empire.

(07:25):
During the second intermediate period, the kushites had raided
the south from the Egyptians to expand further, south into
Nubia. The kingdom of kush was firmly
pushed back, and a hatshepsut's father, that Moses the first
around 1500 BC, and the earlier defeat of the hexis during the
second intermediate period. Saw the New Kingdom of Egypt

(07:48):
expand into the Levant it was during this time just before
hatshepsut's Reign, the EgyptianEmpire attained its greatest
territorial extent. Hatshepsut was directly related
to these Empire expanding pharaohs as well as her father
that mosa, the first Hatshepsut was a blood relation of ahmose

(08:10):
of the first, the unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt and the
first ruler of the New Kingdom. But although they came from the
same Dynasty, tracing their family connections is difficult,
ahmos of the first son, amenhotep, the first was his
successor. But after that, the historical
record becomes unclear amenhotep.

(08:30):
The first was succeeded by the most of the first, but foot
Moser never used the title King's son, which puts a
question mark over his connection to arm and hotel.
Some egyptologists, have argued that foot.
Moses. Wife, Moses was amen.
Hotel tips, sister making foot mosa his son in law, rather than
biological son, or he might havebeen amenhotep son.

(08:54):
Born of a lesser wife, which would have restricted his use of
the title Kings. Sun.
It is also possible that foot mosa was a general chosen by the
airless, Armin hotel to rule, however, a violent coup can be
ruled out as an explanation as the record suggests a peaceful
transition of power occurred, Domestic problems did not come

(09:16):
to an end. After the accession of the most
of the first, a recurring issue,was that Sons born to secondary
wives and any female children were not considered ideal heirs
for most of the first and his principal wife, ahmo's, a had no
surviving son, only two daughters of whom had Shabbat
was the oldest foot. Most of the first did have a son

(09:38):
for most of the second with a secondary wife would not threat
and it was thought best according to tradition.
That thought most the second be quickly married to his
half-sister Hatshepsut. This would bolster the
credentials of the most of the second and preserved, the direct
Royal line egyptologists of the past have presented foot.
Most the second as weak and frail.

(10:00):
This presentation was not necessarily rooted.
In fact, it was fueled by a determination to present
Hatshepsut as domineering. A shrewd Hatshepsut was supposed
to have manipulated, her ineffective, husband, and
essentially, Ruled in his name however public monuments, paint
a different picture, a beautifulHatshepsut, his shown standing

(10:21):
behind her, husband showing appropriate field to him as the
Pharaoh, but the limited scale of the most of the second's
building program, hinders a deeper understanding of his
Reign and the power. His wife held But most of the
second ruled only for a short time after his father's death,
he was succeeded by his wife andhalf sister.

(10:42):
Had chep suit for the same reason.
He himself had almost been passed over the lack of a son
born of the principal wife just like his father thought.
Most of the second did have a son with a secondary wife Isis.
This child that most of the third could not immediately take
the throne because he was very young and like with the

(11:03):
accession of that Moses. The second there was some
concern over the child's status as the son of a secondary wife.
The weakening of the direct Royal Line was a concern that
could not be easily overlooked instead as tradition.
Indicated Hatshepsut, was to rule as co-regent for the young
boy a role, which soon grew to that, of a co-ruler.

(11:25):
They had been presidents of widowed.
Principal wives ruling as regions and dutifully handling,
the Affairs of the government for their young Sons, but the
short life span of Egyptians meant that young rulers and the
requirement for Regions Was Not Unusual and had Shepard's Royal
credentials as both daughter andwife of past.

(11:45):
Pharaohs were unimpeachable but most of the third was recognized
as king from the beginning of his co-regent period which ran
from 1478 BC to 1473 BC monuments from the time showed
the child King in the form of anadult.
As was traditional performing, Royal duties and rituals
Hatshepsut dressed in Royal female.

(12:07):
Garb is depicted after one site dimly watching over her stepson
but hat-shep-sut's rise to full power was not inevitable at the
start of their joint reign. It was only several years later
that Hatshepsut began appearing on monuments in the costume of
the male. Pharaoh indicating a change in

(12:28):
status. The first example, we have of
this gender swapping power dressing comes from the second
year of the co-regent period with Hatshepsut depicted in the
Karnak, Temple complex in Thebeswearing the Robes of a female
ruler but the crown of a male king, this slower adoption of
the symbols of the Pharaoh suggests that her rise to power

(12:48):
was gradual rather than an Abrupt coup.
But in around 1473 BC Hatshepsuttook on the title of king of
Upper and Lower Egypt, and the regalia and other formal titles
of the pharaoh of Egypt. This was a permanent promotion
Hatshepsut could not step down when put Moser came of age as

(13:09):
the role of pharaoh was a lifelong responsibility.
Pharos could not abdicate or rule temporarily, but even at
this time, when her power was atits height, she Ruled, as a
co-ruler with the Third. The reasons behind hatshepsut's
decision to take on the full titles of kingship are lost to

(13:30):
history. She may have been acting too.
Safeguard the throne for that, most of the third, as the deaths
of the Moses mother, Isis and hatshepsut's mother ahmo removed
the remaining links to the previous Royal generation and
perhaps left Hatshepsut feeling exposed, although 19 and 20th.
Century egyptologists were Keen to present Hatshepsut as an

(13:51):
ambitious, cunning woman with anunnatural hunger for power.
There is little evidence to support this view.
It was more likely that hatch. Episode's Instinct was to
continue to rule as co-regent inthe name of the most of the
third ruling with the full powerof the Pharaoh.
And in her own name, would have been a great risk given the
existence of a legitimate Heir and The Limited precedence of

(14:14):
female pharaohs. But a political crisis, perhaps
a threat from an alternative branch of the Royal Family
Force. Her hand.
She could not rule for that. With the title of King's mother
because he wasn't her son, his own mother.
Isis had been unable to take on the King's mother title because
she had no Royal Blood between her own gender.

(14:35):
For most of the third's young age and his limited legitimacy
as the son of a secondary wife, hatshepsut's options for
establishing stable rule were very limited in the end.
She was the best place to rule as the daughter and principal
wife of two pharaohs and the holder of the influential
religious title of God's wife. The title of God's wife of amoon

(14:59):
had given her Authority even before her elevation to code
region or co-ruler. It was this title that won her,
the support of the priests. The gods wife LED festivals to
the god Amun, one of the primordial Egyptian gods, who
was later merged with the ancient Sun, God to become a
moon Rah and assisted the high priest in his sacred duties, at

(15:22):
the Great temple of Amun at Karnak, she was held in high
regard because it was believed. She had Direct interaction with
Amun who was revered in Thebes as the Creator.
God and later, King of the Gods,the gods wife had enough
influence and power to dictate policy as ancient Egypt was a
priest LED Society where religion and government would

(15:44):
deeply intertwined. Hatshepsut was the last God's
wife for many decades, perhaps because the role bestowed
enormous power privilege and wealth on the woman who held
this title, hatshepsut's experience leading, religious
rituals, and working closely with the priests.
Stood her in good stead for the duties of a pharaoh, as well as

(16:05):
leading religious processions and festivals.
Had a more direct Divine responsibility.
Ancient Egyptians saw their pharaohs as a link between the
gods and the human race. Pharaohs would be responsible
for direct communication with the 42 State gods and goddesses,
and were charged with maintaining the cosmic order
established during creation called Maat.

(16:28):
In many cases, pharaohs themselves were seen as
semi-divine beings with some believed to be born of Amun ra
including habsetlnh As well as the support of the priests.
Hatshepsut would have relied on the favor of the royal family
and the courtiers arguments thatthe cunning Hatshepsut sought to

(16:52):
overthrow her stepson and Rule alone are undermined by the fact
that the ancient Egyptian royal family.
Relied on the support of other Elite groups, the risk of being
overthrown would have reminded Hatshepsut that she was
answerable to others. It seems likely that the
courtiers as well as the priestssupported suits.
Rise to power, only 70 years before her Reign Egypt had been

(17:15):
divided during the second intermediate period with large
regions ruled by other groups, including the Hixson in the
North, and the kingdom of kush in the South courtiers relied on
the royal family for their privileged positions.
On the loss of this Royal Line would have threatened, their
power and caused widespread turmoil stability and prosperity

(17:36):
with the aims of the day and Hatshepsut, along with The
Shining Legacy of her father foot MOS of the first Seemed to
offer just that. There is no surviving evidence
that suggests Hatshepsut faced any major challenges to her
Reign. Although she technically ruled
as a co-ruler with her stepson, it was clear that Hatshepsut was

(17:57):
in charge with her stepson, happy to lead her Army and not
use this power against her despite 19th and 20th Century
attempts to present this co-ruling Duo as in conflict.
With the Moses seen as embittered by his Stepmother's
Rising power. There is little evidence of this
the pieces of evidence, which have reached Us in the present

(18:19):
show, a harmonious working relationship.
While he grew up that Moser valued hatshepsut's experience,
a ruling including during her father's Reign, while he fought
in campaigns a guidance and her illustrious status as a direct
descendant of the Royal bloodline without the public and
Elite support at chipset had won.

(18:39):
It is possible that the infant at Moser would have lost the
throne to another It was perhapsthe fear of her royal line
losing the kingship, but encouraged Hatshepsut to become
Pharaoh. Her claim to more power was
supported and she received the official regalia of the Pharaoh,
including the cut head-cloth, featuring The uraeus, the

(19:01):
rearing Cobra, a traditional false beard and send it killed.
Many statues, survive showing had ships would in this
androgynous, Royal attire in reliefs, she is shown striding
forward and standing tall, as well as the traditional Pious
kneeling position. Rather than the demure postures
of Egyptian, female figures the feminine ankle, length dress and

(19:23):
closed. Feet stunts are rarely used in
images of Hatshepsut. Women could have high status in
ancient Egypt, and had legal rights to property.
Unlike in many other ancient andmodern civilizations.
There had been examples of powerful Egyptian, women
including hats own mother, Moserwho wielded great influence.

(19:44):
With the King's Daughter throughout ancient Egyptian,
history, many Mortal, women wereworshiped as goddesses and both
before. And after Hatshepsut, women
reigned as pharaohs, hent cows the first nitocris and Sobek
neferu had all ruled in some capacity, prior to Hatshepsut
and nefer and Pharaoh Artin twoset and Cleopatra were just

(20:09):
some of the important female rulers, who came after her, but
there was no word for queen, in ancient Egypt.
King's wife was the title given to those who married.
The Pharaoh, the ruler was called the king or Pharaoh, no
matter their gender and female pharaohs.
That is women who ruled fully under their own name, and with
the regalia and title of pharaohwere not common before

(20:32):
Hatshepsut. They had only been so back,
neferu who had reigned six inches before her and had taken
on the male title of King. As the office of pharaoh, was a
distinctly male one adaptation was necessary for female rulers,
the symbolism of ancient Egyptian, kingship the crook and
flail and the ureas, and masculine dress was designed for

(20:55):
male rulers giving that the roleusually passed from father to
son in the majority of the statues and works of art that
have survived until the modern day.
Hatshepsut is presented as a masculine King.
This was one of the reasons why it took egyptologists so long to
identify her hieroglyphic inscriptions said, female King

(21:15):
but the imagery was almost entirely masculine presenting
herself as a male king, wasn't deceitful, it was tradition,
Egyptian art, often presented things.
As they should be rather than how they are older Kings and
infant Kings. Like the most of the third were
also presented as having youthful trim, muscular in

(21:36):
physics. She presented herself as other
king State Relief scenes, show Hatshepsut.
Completing historic kingly rituals from making offering to
the gods and celebrating festivals to trampling foreign
captives in the form of a Sphynx.
Hardships did not completely hide her femininity.
As she took on the masculine attributes of the kingship.

(22:00):
She replaced the traditional male titles and epithets used on
hieroglyphic. Labels on statues and reliefs
with feminine variations. Her name was often followed up
with daughter of Rey and The Feminine word ending.
She used led to grammatical oxymorons like his majesty
herself in private spaces, statues of Hatshepsut, depicted

(22:21):
her with a mix of male and female attributes.
Two rare examples of these statues.
Now, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York show, her
with the masculine, headdress ofthe Pharaoh combined with an
obvious feminine silhouette or even in full feminine dress.
It was in public spaces such as on the processional way that her

(22:41):
statues presented her as a youngking in the prime of life when
in sinks form kneeling or standing hatshepsut's statues,
sought to portray her as the ideal male.
King. She also called on the religious
aspects of the Pharaoh to bolster her legitimacy.
She styled herself as Matt carremeaning, truth is the soul of

(23:03):
the sun god to emphasize her connection to Amun, one myth
even has her as the demigod child of our moon.
She aimed to highlight her moralresponsibilities as Pharaoh
Maat, meaning the truth order and Justice bestowed by the gods
referred to her ability as the legitimate pharaoh to
communicate with the gods. This title plainly said that she

(23:26):
was destined to help maintain myart and bring stability and
prosperity to Egypt Hutchinson's.
Legacy was further bolstered by the proclamation of the Oracle
of Amun. The Oracle declared that hatchet
suits rise to become Pharaoh was.
In fact, amun's will Hatchet promoted the words of the Oracle
by carving. The following Proclamation on

(23:47):
many of her grand monuments. Welcome my sweet daughter.
My favorite. The king of Upper and Lower
Egypt, Murad, Cara, Hats, episode Thou Art the Pharaoh,
taking possession of the two lands.
But even the oracles words did not make Hatshepsut lose sight
of the fact that she was a co-ruler.
She ordered a relief to be made to Showcase her rise to power

(24:10):
which showed both herself. And the most of the third this
relief was placed in the red Chapel, a sacred building in the
sanctuary of Amun, ra at the Temple of Karnak, which housed
the Usher Hut Amun, a golden boat used by the god amand to
travel around Boshi, and her co-ruler that mosa were
presented as men, but Hatshepsutnow took the place of

(24:32):
Precedence, the woods of a moon by the Oracle and this visual
representation of her pie in a place sacred to a moon,
emphasized her divine, right? To be Fair Oak.
To highlight her legitimacy at ships.
Put aloe emphasized her connection to her father.
Pharaoh thought, Moser. The first she appeared to
idolize, her father who had won Fame for his military victories

(24:56):
and expansion. When Hatshepsut was a young
child. He had returned from his victory
against the cushions in Nubia with the body of a Nubian
Chieftain. Displayed on the prow of his
ship, that Moses expansion of the Egyptian Empire had vastly
increased, its Prosperity by presenting herself as her
father's chosen successor, she tied herself to his illustrious

(25:18):
Legacy and to a long line of successful pharaohs of the 18th
Dynasty, however, historical evidence to support,
hat-shep-sut's claim of being her father's name.
Successor has not been found theclaim seems, especially dubious.
Give that episode was married toher half-brother foot Moses, the
second to strengthen his claim as are tradition.

(25:39):
Dictated that Sons. Even those of secondary wives
took precedence over. With daughters historically
women had only come to power, when no male successor was
available. So it seems unlikely that took
most of the first would have named Hatshepsut as his
successor. But Hatshepsut ensured that her
version of History would persevere by inscribing, her

(26:02):
claim on the walls of her Mortuary Temple at deir, El
Bahari, then his majesty said tothem, this daughter of mine, no
matter. What may she live?
I have a pointed as my successorupon my Throne, she shall direct
the people in every sphere of the palace.
It is, she indeed, who shall lead you obey her words, unites

(26:25):
herself at her. Command, the Royal Nobles, the
dignitaries and the leaders of the people heard this
proclamation of the promotion ofhis daughter, the king of Upper
and Lower Egypt. Matt Carey may she live
eternally visual representationsand inscriptions in buildings
were important parts of Egyptianhistory.
And successful, King Ship Without these architectural

(26:47):
Works, littlewood would be knownof ancient Egypt today, but more
importantly, building programs gave the Pharaohs, the
opportunity for sulfur Grand, Iceman, and Legend building.
The achievements of the Pharaohswould live on in their
architectural Works long after they were gone and Hatshepsut
understood this better than anyone.
Hatshepsut has been remembered predominantly for her influence

(27:10):
on the Arts, the reins or a cultural Renaissance.
That was to have a lingering effect on Egyptian art and
architecture for a millennium. She was one of the most prolific
Pharaoh Builders with thousands of projects throughout Upper and
Lower Egypt, and a city of Thebes.
Many temples were built to display her piety, and bolster
her claim to semi-divine status as the gods wife of amoon.

(27:33):
She also sought to promote her own accomplishments and show off
the wealth. Her policies had brought to
Egypt. It was a chance for her to write
her own story and ensure that she would not be forgotten.
Her buildings were of a much grander style than her
predecessors and was so impressive that later rule as
attempted to climb them as theirown, she ordered the production

(27:55):
of so much statuary that every major Museum in the world has
pieces from Hatcher's reign in their ancient Egypt collections
including a whole room dedicatedto her pieces at the new York
Metropolitan Museum of Art. The vastness of her building and
statutory. Projects has left us important
evidence about her as a ruler and about how she wanted to be

(28:17):
perceived the grandest of all hat-shep-sut's.
Building projects was as was traditional the mortuary Temple
of Hatshepsut which still exists, ancient Egyptian,
Mortuary temples were not so much about death as they were a
celebration of the eternal life of the Pharaoh and their Union
with the god Amun. A mortuary Temple was built for

(28:39):
Hatshepsut in the complex at Daya Al bihari on the West Bank
of the Nile River across the bank from the ancient city of
Thebes. And the modern city of Luxor, it
was built into the Cliff face looking towards the Karnak
Temple complex on the opposite side of the Nile where
prestigious temples and monuments had been built.
She chose a site that would add to her Prestige.

(29:02):
Her Temple was built next to that of men to hot up.
The second, the first king of the Middle Kingdom, and the man
who had reunified Upper and Lower Egypt.
The plot had originally been quarried for her father's tomb,
Hatshepsut linked her own Mortuary Temple to that of her
father's showing her Devotion tohim and tying their legacy
together to emphasize her legitimacy.

(29:24):
She sought to present herself asthe rightful successor and
dutiful daughter of foot mosa the first, she even created a
mortuary cult for him in her Temple and later moved his body
there. So that They would lie there
together. Hatshepsut and her father for
the first were not, the only Kings to designate their final

(29:46):
resting places in this region. Hatshepsut's Mortuary Temple was
so illustrious that future pharaohs built their own
Mortuary temples near to hers forming, what is now known as
the Valley of the Kings architectural, Innovation
dominated, the design of hatshepsut's Temple.
It began as a small project in the shadow of mental hot.

(30:07):
At the second two, the project grew into a large terrorist
monument. That had to be cut into the
Cliff face showing impressive architectural skill.
It was enormous almost the size of Two and a Half football
fields. It featured so many Colonnades
and Courtyards upon its Terraces, that it appeared to
rise up to the side of the mountain at ship.

(30:30):
Moved away from the Fortress like designs used by her
predecessors and pioneered, a more ornate aesthetically
pleasing. Look, her beautiful
architectural style Inspired many future building projects
and Mortuary temples. Although many of the intricate
elements of her original designer.
Now, missing there is enough evidence Left Behind to piece

(30:51):
together. What the temple would have
looked like in its Heyday. The lower levels of her.
Temple was softened, with luscious Gardens and reflective
pools. The Muir trees from the famous
trade Expedition. She sent to the semi-mythical
Land of Punt were planted here to highlight her link with the
gods and the wealth and exotic Goods.
She had brought to Egypt. The likeness of Hatshepsut

(31:15):
appeared in the Temple's design,many times over over 100 statues
of the female, pharaoh in the form of a Sphynx lined.
The processional way these Hatshepsut sphinxes were placed
here because the Sphinx was seenas a spiritual Guardian, this
form also had the benefit of removing any signs of gender.
The Sphinx was always the head of the Pharaoh, and the body of

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a lion sometimes with the addition of Falcons wings, more
images of Hatshepsut were placedon the Temple's Terraces.
Some of these statues were over 10 feet tall and were intended
to be seen from a great distance.
Several show Hatchet in devotional poses such as
kneeling amongst offerings to the gods were even taking on the

(32:00):
appearance of Osiris God of Resurrection.
The majority of the statues of Hatshepsut show her in a
masculine light, in the appearance of the traditionally
male Pharaoh. Many of them have survived
somehow. And some In fragments into the
present, the centerpiece of the project was the Jesus.
The holy of holies the center ofthe mortuary Temple, which was

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accessed, along a large Causeway.
It was a symmetrical multi-column structure.
Similar in appearance to the Parthenon, in Athens, which was
built nearly 1,000 years later. The Jesuit jezeru, sat back in
the Cliff face, and at the top of the grand Terraces in the
Jesus to Amun, ra, and to Hatshepsut where her cult were

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continued to worship her even after her death, as well as
their religious function Mortuary temples would glorify
the Pharaoh, the reliefs incite had suits Temple, celebrated the
achievements of her reign, The trading expedition to
semi-mythical punt on the Red Sea was represented on the
relief Sailors and Traders. Load exotic luxury goods onto

(33:08):
the Egyptian ships from Panther skins to frankincense, as well
as the Myrtle trees which were planted at the temple.
The accompanying inscription reads never were such things
brought to any King since the world was this relief showed
Hatshepsut as a successful economic and religious leader.
The trading mission to put was just one of many trade routes

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developed under her Reign and a Prosperity.
They brought to Egypt was a significant part of the third
Golden Age. Also showed suit as a successful
religious leader. As these new exotic goods were
thought to be, especially desirable to the gods.
Another significant relief showed hatshepsut's Divine
conception and birth Hatshepsut,encouraged the narrative that

(33:55):
she was the biological daughter of the god Amun who had appeared
to her mother. In the form of her husband, the
most of the first, the later trend for emphasizing of
Pharaoh's. Divine birth is believed to have
begun with Hatshepsut, who needed to legitimize her claim
to the throne. Hatshepsut sought to highlight
the sacred link between the Pharaoh and the Gods, in

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particular, her personal link with our moon.
It was the first time, a pharaohhad built, a mortuary Temple,
which was primarily a temple to the god Amun, as well as the
altar to our moon. New religious rituals were
established to celebrate our moon and his connection with the
Pharaoh. For example, during a festival
of the debt, the cult statue of our moon was sailed across the

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river to spend a night in hatshepsut's Tomb, the religious
rituals she created usually the privilege of male Kings, would
have been seen as important as the buildings she commissioned
and were clear evidence that shewas the legitimate Pharaoh, the
landscape of Egypt was fundamentally altered by
hatchet's building projects as well as her Mortuary temple in

(35:00):
deir. El Bahari, she added and
restored many more temples and monuments across Egypt monuments
were constructed at the Temple of Karnak, as was the tradition
under most pharaohs. The red Chapel was built here
which was a religious Chapel dedicated to Amun and featured
carvings showing key moments from hot chips, life of obelisks

(35:23):
were constructed to celebrate her 16th year as Pharaoh.
This momentous construction was commemorated on a relief, which
showed the 450 tonne obelisks being transported along the Nile
by 27 ships. As well as telling the story of
her Reign, the obelisks have allowed, archaeologists, a

(35:43):
glimpse at Hatshepsut and Architectural, design and
construction. The discovery of the unfinished
Obelisk, a broken version left in the Quarry in Aswan where it
was made shows the hard work, craftsmanship and Innovation,
which went into creating these monuments Hatshepsut, also
ordered the restoration of greatmonuments.
The precinct of mutt the mother goddess of Egypt, had been

(36:06):
sacked during the hexis occupation and was rebuilt and a
Hatshepsut. The new design, featured, twin
obelisks at the Temple's entrance that at the time, were
the tallest in the world. One of them still stands today
and is the second tallest ancient Obelisk, still upright,
the restoration of the mud Precinct was a building project.

(36:27):
So Magnificent, the later, pharaohs pillaged, it for
features to bolster their own projects.
Other important building projects ordered by Hatshepsut
included, the Temple of pack hats at Benny, Hassan south of
almina. The temple makes the cultures,
north and south of the area by being dedicated to both Bast and

(36:48):
sashmett two lioness War. Goddesses inside was a
denunciation of the Hicks. By Hatshepsut in it, she claimed
that the hexis occupation of Egypt had created a cultural
decline that was reversed by Hatshepsut hisself.
The huge underground. Temple was admired by the Greeks
when they occupied Egypt during the ptolemaic dynasty as a bore

(37:11):
resemblance to their own Hunter goddess, Artemis and was renamed
by them. The spears are to meet us as
with other impressive buildings.A later.
Pharaoh, this time, seti, the first of the 19th Dynasty,
attempted to White, hatshepsut'sname from the project and
replaced it with his own Hatshepsut.
Also devoted time and money to Public Works programs.

(37:33):
These works. Mainly focused on the area
around, thieves the dynastic andreligious center of the most
ERA. A network of roads and
sanctuaries were built, which encouraged access to religious
sites and were also used for Royal and Theological
processions. The transformation of the
physical and ritual landscape ofEgypt was not hatshepsut's only

(37:56):
accomplishment. She also brought huge wealth to
Egypt by bolstering. Its diplomatic and trading
links. And by being uninterested,
inexpensive Wars, this was important as her Innovations in
architecture and ritual art required, huge expenditure.
It also pleased, the elites who desired access to Exotic goods
and wealth in order to display their status.

(38:18):
Maintaining the golden age in short, the support and loyalty
she needed to Raw. Had shipped came from a line of
economically and culturally successful.
Pharaohs her ancestor. A Moses, the first had reunified
Egypt after the turbulent. Second intermediate period,
triggering a golden age. And her father foot MOS of the

(38:40):
first had strengthened Egypt, leaving her a prosperous, and
expanding Nation to rule spurredon by the economic growth and
stability of the last few deck. The Elites in hatshepsut's court
began to develop a Cosmopolitan Outlook, an interest in the
technological and luxury goods, in East, Africa, and Arabia,

(39:00):
belonged to the 18th Dynasty, period as a whole, but was
particularly significant under Hatshepsut.
There is archaeological evidencethe new Goods arrived in Egypt
during the early part of the 18th Dynasty from new musical
instruments to oil. Hatshepsut supported this more
outward-facing worldview. And the desire for foreign Goods

(39:23):
by building and reforming foreign ties.
She sent expeditions to foreign lands to the South, and the East
and encouraged foreign embassiesto visit with diplomatic gifts
which increased her Prestige. She built new trading links to
gain, access to desirable goods,from frankincense, which was
charred to make coal eyeliner tooil and the latest military

(39:45):
weapons. She worked to re-establish, the
trade networks disrupted by the hexis occupation of Egypt.
She was particularly interested in reopening ancient trade
routes as she sought to go back to the ancient traditions of
King, ship ritual and trade foreign trade was vital to a
pharaoh because luxury goods were assemble of royal power and

(40:05):
legitimacy. But also had an important
religious aspect exotic Goods such as frankincense, which was
believed to make a place Divine through its smell and Murr with
thought to impress the gods especially the god Amun whose
name was used to legitimize had Shepstone missions.
Towards the middle of her Reign Hatshepsut.

(40:27):
Sent a large trade Embassy Fleetto the semi mythical Land of
Punt. This fleet was made up of five
ships at 21 meters long, each with several sales and 210
Sailors. As punt was located somewhere on
the Red Sea, perhaps in East Africa or Arabia.
The fleet were required to Flat pack their ships and carry them

(40:48):
over 100 miles from the River Nile.
To the Red Sea. The expedition was successful
and returned with frankincense gold.
Ivory exotic animals, Panther skins and for the first time in
recorded history live trees. He expedition was commemorated
in a relief at her Mortuary Temple and in many other tombs

(41:09):
and temples on the West Bank of the Nile the prosperity which
resulted from Hutch's diplomaticand trading policies was
unhindered by military expenses.Although her father had won Fame
through military victories and expansion.
Hatshepsut pursued a peaceful For on policy, the only possible
exceptions to her peaceful. Reign were raiding, expeditions

(41:30):
to byblos and the Sinai, Peninsula and campaigns against
Nubia and Kanan an early successful, and short campaign
in Nubia is shown on a relief athatshepsut's Temple, though.
This militaristic relief does not take pride of place at
foreign policy was directed at diplomacy and trade.

(41:51):
An important element in hatshepsut's success was her
astute selection of loyal officials.
These hand-picked officials controlled the key government
posts that were essential for Effective, rule from diplomacy
to Monument building the most notable of these officials was
senenmut who among many other titles was the overseer of all

(42:11):
Royal Works. Senenmut came from a non-royal,
non-elite family. And perhaps had a military
background, he rose quickly within Royal circles.
After becoming the tutor of hatshepsut's daughter, nefarie
the number of his titles and responsibilities increased
dramatically According to some egyptologists, he had as many as

(42:32):
93 titles including the prestigious great Steward of a
moon. His responsibilities in this
important role included, taking care of the estate's of the god
Amun, which would have brought him huge material wealth as the
overseer of all Royal Works. He also played a leading role in
Hatshepsut's building projects including possibly designing her

(42:55):
Mortuary Temple. The trust, Hatshepsut had in him
is evident in the responsibilities, she gave him
regarding her daughter, her mostprized God and the temple in,
which she would be late to rest.Senate took advantage of his new
wealth and Prestige by building himself, two tombs, and at least

(43:15):
26 statues. More than any other non-royal,
the masses of images and texts about selling wood represented,
a huge diversion in the way non-royals were presented.
He even had images of himself, praying, placed in hatshepsut's
Temple though, they were hidden discreetly behind doors, which
would have been left open when the public could enter the

(43:37):
temple for ancient Egyptians, this merging of Royal and
non-royal effigies in a sacred Temple, would have been unusual
and even distasteful as Sin in mut.
Never married and had shipped didn't remarry after her
husband's death, it has been suggested that they were lovers.
Three somewhat unconvincing pieces of evidence have been

(43:59):
used to support this claim, firstly, the titles and honours
had bestowed on him despite his non-elite status, secondly, the
That Senate's name features in hatshepsut's mortuary Temple,
more than her husband's name, and thirdly a statue.
Now in the noise Museum, in Berlin showing sin and mutt

(44:20):
hugging a female, child believedto be hatshepsut's daughter.
Neferure, this third piece of evidence, certainly highlights
an unusual bond between sin and mutt.
His Royal 2 because non Aristocrats were not allowed to
touch royalty. However, there is no strong
evidence to support the argument.

(44:41):
That Hatshepsut and sennan wouldhad a physical relationship.
While an example of Temple. Graffiti showing a sexual
relationship between a man and awoman who may or may not be
wearing. The headdress of the Pharaoh has
been suggested as being Hatshepsut and selinunte, there
is no evidence to support this identification.
It is clear. That Hatshepsut trusted and

(45:04):
relied upon her advisor Senate and that he had successfully
Made a space for himself in the close knit.
Royal Family Circle. But there is no legitimate
evidence that they were lovers. After a long Reign, which
spanned, two decades, Hatshepsutdied in the 22nd year of her
rule, although the precise date of her death is unclear A

(45:26):
successor thought. Most of the third recorded, the
start of his Reign on the 16th of January 1458 BC in that year,
he took on the title ruler of mahat.
For the First Time signaling that Hatshepsut had died, she is
thought of died in her late 40s and had lived, what was
considered a relatively long life in ancient times?

(45:48):
No record of the cause of death has survived.
It is believed that Hatshepsut was initially in turned with her
father, that Moses the first as she had wished.
However, football, the first body was later moved elsewhere
by the most of the third. Hatshepsut's mummy was, perhaps
also moved at this time, with a new location, most commonly

(46:10):
believed to be in the Tomb of her nurse Citra in this change
was perhaps ordered by And hotel.
The Second Son of the Moser, thethird by a secondary wife as he
sought to secure his own uncertain legitimacy to rule.
Given this confusion hatshepsut's mummy has been
difficult for egyptologists to find her Mortuary Temple,

(46:33):
recorded as tomb. Kv20 did not contain any likely
candidates. But in 1902 archaeologist.
Howard Carter who found the tombof Tutankhamun, discovered a
second possible location, for hatshepsut's final resting place
tomb cave, 60, which had been the burial place of her nurse

(46:53):
Citra in this. Second Sight seems to fit in
with the story of her body. Being moved to a more discreet
location. By her successes inside this
tomb to female mummies were found.
And one was positively identified as had Shepstone
nurse the other was not identified.
It was not until 2007, that archaeologists zahi hawass

(47:16):
released. Statement to the scientific
Community, claiming that this second female mummy was indeed
Hatshepsut. The process of identification
was unconventional as the DNA had not survived well enough for
testing instead a missing tooth in a box with hatshepsut's name
on it was reunited with this mummy and it seemed to be a

(47:38):
perfect fit if this was had Shepherd's mummy.
It can shed some light on her mysterious death.
This mummy showed signs a bone cancer, perhaps caused by a
benzo pyrene, carcinogenic skin lotion found with the body.
Her family was sent to suffer from a genetic inflammatory skin
disease. So perhaps, the lotion had been

(48:00):
used to soothe this condition. However, the tooth may have
belonged to a later, Royal Lady of the same name from the 21st,
Dynasty equally, the hand position of the Mummy, was that
of a king's wife, not a pharaoh,which suggests it wasn't her in.
7, the identification of the missing tooth was proven to be
false. The tooth was a lower molar

(48:22):
while the mummy from KV. 60 was missing an upper molar doubt was
cast on how as his theory but calls for the DNA testing of the
tooth were halted by Haas and the Cairo Museum who wanted to
protect it against the destruction caused by the
testing process to further. Complicate matters, hatshepsut's
funerary Furniture has been found at several different sites

(48:46):
across the Valley of the Kings. These items included a wide
range of goods from a throne-like, bedstead to red,
jasper game pieces, all displaying her favorite lioness
symbol and a partial or funeral figurine, the true location of
hatshepsut's. Mummy, if her was his mommy is
to be discounted May simply never be found Hatshepsut's

(49:11):
resting place has been hard to find because after two decades
as Pharaoh, she disappeared fromhistory, she is missing from the
role of Kings and the scribes never mentioned her.
Her many monuments and temples were ascribed to later.
Pharaohs. And she appears in vague
references to a female ruler around that time, sometimes as
an amasses or an ammonium. But her name had vanished.

(49:36):
Hatshepsut was returned to history in 1822 ad.
When her name was found on a statue of what appeared to be a
male ruler by Jean, Francois champagne decipher of the
Rosetta Stone. The hieroglyphic inscription on
this masculine statue stated that it actually depicted a
female ruler. The statue had been found in the

(49:57):
inner chambers of hatshepsut's Temple at Daya, everything in
the public faceing areas had been completely erased.
Even when Hampshire should disappear in the historical
narrative around the 19th. Tree egyptologists often
described her as a usurper. She was seen as a manipulative
woman with an unnatural lust forpower at the expense of her

(50:20):
young stepson. She was interpreted as a vein
ambitious and unscrupulous Womanby Metropolitan museum, curator
William Hayes, in 1953 who excavated her funeral temple in
the 1920s alongside curator Herbert Winlock.
The scholarly consensus in the 19th and 20th, centuries was

(50:40):
that Hatshepsut. Had seized power rather than
inherited it. Discoveries of pits full of
broken Hub, shed, such statues in the 1920s.
And 1930s only encouraged the view that have shed Sut had
stolen the throne from the most of the third who later Avenged
himself upon her Legacy. The attack on hatshepsut's

(51:02):
image, seems brutal enough to bepersonal the heads of her
statue, had been severed and theCobra symbol of royalty hacked
from her forehead. The Pharaohs were regarded as
Godlike often as the physical representation of the Gods.
So this defilement was Blasphemous other powerful.
Women had been spared the treatment, but Hatshepsut had

(51:24):
ruled not as a King's mother as several other ancient Egyptian,
women had. But as a female King, these
Kings mothers were honored for Generations, often more so than
the principal wife showing that a woman holding Powell was not
inappropriate to the ancient Egyptian mine, but female Reigns

(51:44):
and female. Pharaohs were handed out of
History perhaps because they were succeeded, not by their
sons, but by others with weaker ties to the Royal Line and
limited legitimacy destroying. The public memory of these
female rulers would strengthen the position of these later
Kings. The attempted Erasure of

(52:05):
Hatshepsut from history was carried out.
Possibly towards the end of footMOS of the third's Reign and
more certainly during the reign of his son Ammon hotep.
The second the Erasure was carried out in a, haphazard way,
crude cover-ups and additions aimed to hide her name and image
by replacing her. With the most of the first
authored Moser. The second Her Image was

(52:27):
chiseled off stone walls. Her name was removed from
monuments and gaps left. In works of art.
A statues were pulled down and smashed in 1927.
When curator Herbert, Winlock discovered a pit full of
smashed. Hatshepsut statues.
He assumed this proved. She had used up the throne and
later been struck from history for this reason.

(52:48):
The real reason why this incomplete rewriting of history
occurred is unknown answers posed by archaeologists, have
included self-promotion and costsaving.
There was a tradition of rulers.Reusing the grand burial
monuments and Statuary of old Affairs for the themselves.
It has been argued that arm and the hotel.
The second, as co-ruler toward the end of his father's Reign

(53:12):
had ordered the defacing of hatshepsut's monuments.
His legitimacy was perhaps questioned by had ship's Legacy
as he was not related to her andshe held the pure line of
descent from the great old pharaohs.
He also broke from Royal tradition by not recording the
names of his wives and ending the powerful roles and titles of

(53:34):
Royal women, including that of God's wife, Boulder explanations
that fit, most of the third had co-ran with Hatshepsut
unwillingly and had attempted toerase her from history out of
bitterness, have since been overturned that Moser had the
power as leader of her Army to overthrow Hatshepsut if he had.

(53:55):
So wanted even after her death, her images remained in view on
public buildings for 20 years, during his Reign The Hub Hazard,
nature of the eurasians. Also challenges The View, that
that Moser was taking long, awaited revenge against hapsatou

(54:37):
temples were built. To honor the gods but also to
provide a home for the cult of that particular, Pharaoh The
Cult of the Pharaoh would continue to worship the Pharaoh
after they had died performing rituals which renewed the
pharaoh's Divinity, it was believed that after their death,
pharaohs became fully Divine andassimilated with Osiris, God of

(54:59):
reincarnation and ra god of the son, given this view of
Egyptian, kingship, whoever erased, Hatshepsut may have
deliberately avoided tarnishing,her divinity.
Another theory was that most aimed to relegate Hatshepsut to
the position of reagent, the traditional role of powerful
women in order to safeguard future royal succession

(55:22):
patterns. The achievements of hatshepsut's
Reign was evidenced that the traditional male role of pharaoh
could be successfully held by a woman Hatshepsut.
Proved more so than other ancient Egyptian female rulers
that a woman could rule during along prosperous and expansive
period. It would also have simplified

(55:42):
that most of the third's own claim to the throne by implying
that he inherited. It directly from foot MOS of the
second. The named heir of the most of
the first this would explain whyonly public celebrations of
Hatshepsut and her accomplishments were erased and
why her name was removed from King lists.
If the reinterpretation was an attempt to smooth the path for

(56:04):
his son's succession, this wouldexplain why the attack on
Hatchet. Only began towards the end of
footballs of the third's reign. Whatever the motive, the brutal,
but haphazard Erasure of Hatshepsut resulted in an
incomplete picture of her. When she was rescued from
history, the destruction of her image and monuments has been

(56:26):
dimly interpreted as evidence that she was a power-hungry
woman who deserved to be erased.But as cultural attitudes
towards women in power have changed.
So too have views on Hatshepsut instead of asking how she had
tricked her way to power and manipulated her stepson
historians today debate, the circumstances which allowed

(56:46):
Hatshepsut to come to power a relationship with her co-ruler
that most of the third, and why he might have tried to destroy
her memory 20 years after her death.
She broke tradition by ruling asRegent for a son who was not her
own. She was only the second woman to
become fairer and Rule under herown name.
She bolstered female King, ship and built.

(57:09):
Extensive temples to publicly celebrate her Reign many women
went on to Old positions of power including becoming Pharaoh
after her. But she was perhaps given this
power. Bi men seeking to further their
own wealth, and influence, her Heritage, and her record as the
gods wife. And as a placeholder ruler
while, her father was on Military campaigns, had perhaps

(57:31):
convinced Elites that she was uniquely placed to rule.
Egypt, at a time of prosperity, she was as historian karaki
States. The only woman to have ever
taken power as a king in ancientEgypt during a time of
prosperity and expansion and then she was a history, There is

(57:53):
evidence to suggest that Hatshepsut herself was conscious
that her Legacy might be deliberately buried on a second
pair of obelisks at Karnak. She had the following
inscription inscribed. Now my heart turns this way, and
that, as I think what the peoplewill say, those who shall see my
monuments in years to come and who shall speak of what I have

(58:16):
done, although she temporarily disappeared from history and was
not the most famous female pharaoh a distinction.
Reserved for Cleopatra had shipped arguably left, the
greatest cultural Legacy of any Pharaoh, her monuments and
temples inspired, thousands of architectural works even after
she was gone. Some of the greatest

(58:36):
architectural wonders of the ancient world, including her
Mortuary Temple were built during her Reign masses of
exotic Goods, artifacts artworksand monuments found from
hatshepsut's Reign show that shelaid the foundations of the
golden, Age of the New Kingdom ancient Egypt, undoubtedly

(58:56):
flourished under her rule. What do you think of Hatshepsut?
Was she an effective and legitimate ruler or was she a
scheming stepmother removed fromhistory?
Because she had stolen the throne.
Please let us know in the comment section and in the
meantime thank you very much forwatching.

(59:29):
The woman known to history, as Countess Elizabeth Bathory,
decked, All The Blood, Countess murder of 650.
Young, women was born on the 7thof August 1560 at her family
estate in nearby or in the east of the kingdom of Hungary. 146
miles from Budapest. Her mother was baroness Ana

(59:53):
Bartley of the, Sean Muir branchof the family and her father was
Baron George. The 6th battery of the exid
branch of the same family, whichmeant that her parents were
blood relatives. The family had a long history
dating back to 1310 and the direct translation of the name
Bartoli is good hero which is ironic given.
How Elizabeth has been remembered the term?

(01:00:15):
Good hero was a reference to a family Legend involving a
semi-mythical battery named Vitas, who slayed a dragon which
had been rampaging through the countryside in the year 900 and
was rewarded with the name. Barteri as well as X shed
Castle. The Family Estate which Baron
George the sixth came to inheritand which was not actually built

(01:00:37):
until the 1300s. The battery coat of arms
featured three bad, dragon teethon a blood red and white
background as a reference to this family myth.
Elizabeth. Barry spent her childhood at
etched Castle. Now known as nausea Chet or
great at jet in the northern great, plain region of Eastern.

(01:00:58):
Hungary near the modern border with Romania.
She was raised as a calvinist Protestant and was well educated
as was appropriate for a young noblewoman from an influential
family. She mastered many languages
including Latin German Hungarianand Greek and by many accounts
was intelligent and headstrong throughout her childhood.

(01:01:20):
She apparently suffered from seizures and complained of
headaches, possibly caused by epilepsy a condition which ran
through the battery family tree.But at the time, epilepsy was
not understood and although Renaissance Scholars began
investigating the idea that epilepsy was a manifestation of
physical illness. It was commonly seen as a moral

(01:01:43):
or a cult of fiction or as a sign of Madness and so it was
hushed up. Living at the cross-section
between the Middle Ages and modernity a period termed the
Renaissance by historians Elizabeth's life was full of
contradictions. She herself experienced a
Renaissance, style education as befitted a woman but science

(01:02:05):
could not yet, understand her medical condition.
She had taken up the relatively new Protestant Faith, but came
face to face with the lasting power of the Roman Catholic
church and the Holy Roman Empire.
The great power of the region. She was expected to embody the
Gentile idea of femininity but was exposed to the gore of

(01:02:26):
medieval punishment war and violence as a young child and
noblewoman. Elizabeth would have seen the
violent punishments, meted out on family servants.
And on those of a lower social order, violence was desensitized
in a way that could be hard to understand.
From the vantage, point of the modern era whipping was a common

(01:02:47):
form of punishment on landed. Dates and the law across much of
Europe handed down. Bloody punishments.
Often exceeding, the level of violence of the crime itself.
Limbs would be cut off for pettytheft.
Swimming suspected of which craft or unwomanly behavior,
were burnt alive or drowned and treason.
The most serious of all crimes was punished through grotesquely

(01:03:10):
inventive methods of torture intended to kill and cause
maximum pain. Only a few decades before
Elizabeth's birth a peasants Revolt in 1514 was brutally
suppressed and its leader was forced to sit on a burning
Throne wearing a heated iron Crown watching the chopping up

(01:03:31):
of his younger brother. Enduring, hot pliers, being
forced into his skin and finally, having his skin eaten
by the other Rebels who faced a brutal death.
If they refused before he finally died for lesser crimes,
however, punishments were decided at a local level Often
by the landlord. Meaning that Elizabeth and her

(01:03:51):
family were both responsible forand exposed to the violence of
medieval punishments. The battery family was very
prominent and Powerful in 16th and 17th century Hungary and
Poland, as well as her Baron andbaroness parents Elizabeth's,
uncle on her father's side. Andrew bonaventura battery was

(01:04:14):
the boy order, the highest ranking official of
Transylvania, as well as Chief, Justice of Hungary, and her
uncle on her mother's side, Stefan barteri married, the
queen of Poland, becoming the famous polish King, Stephanie in
1575 adding to his titles of Grand Duke of Lithuania of the
Polish, Lithuanian, Commonwealth, and Prince of

(01:04:37):
Transylvania, several members ofthe Bartoli family wore the
title of Prince of Transylvania throughout and after Elizabeth's
lifetime including two of her cousins sigismund and Gabriel
battery. The battery family owned land in
the Kingdom of Hungary. Now Hungary Slovakia and Romania

(01:04:57):
and were extremely So, wealthy that they lent, money to many
influential families, including the habsburgs of Austria.
The habsburgs were one of the most prominent royal families in
medieval and early modern Europewith a dynasty, which stretched
from 1282 to 1918 spanning a total of 636 years.

(01:05:19):
The core Habsburg lands were in East Central Europe with its
capital at Vienna in Austria. Although during Elizabeth's
lifetime, the hapsburg. Dynasty seat, was moved to
Prague from 1583 to 1611 but thehouse of hapsburg, produced
Kings of several countries including Hungary Croatia,
Bohemia Galileo, Spain and Portugal, which therefore

(01:05:44):
brought their respective colonies too under Habsburg
control. The habsburg's also claimed
though, later in history, several principalities in Italy
and the local countries as well as the 19th century Emperors of
Austria and Austria, Hungary Andeven an emperor of Mexico, the
family expanded its power through war and fortuitous

(01:06:05):
marriages. But split into several branches
most significantly in the mid-16th century when the
Spanish and Austrian branches were divided after Charles the
5th abdicated, the long-term Habsburg strategy of using
intermarriage to maintain close,diplomatic relations between its
family. Branches dangerously reduced the

(01:06:25):
family gene pool resulting in disabilities and deformities
including the infamously oversized Habsburg jaw.
The habsburg's reached the Zenith of their power in the
late 1500s during elisabeth's lifetime holding the title of.
Holy Roman Emperor for 368 yearsfrom 1438 to 1806 with only a

(01:06:49):
small Gap in between from 1740 to 1745.
The habsburgs. Were then the most powerful
royal family ruling over the most powerful state in Europe in
the Middle Ages. Although this single family
dominated the position for centuries, the Holy Roman
Emperor was actually elected. Admittedly only by the elites,

(01:07:09):
the prince elects though, the habsburg's did have a
significant advantage in that. Hapsburg land made up a large
portion of the Holy Roman Empire.
The Holy Roman Empire, encompassed modern day, Germany
Austria, Switzerland, the local countries, Slovenia and parts of
Eastern France, Northern Italy, Western Poland, and Northern

(01:07:31):
Croatia. The Empire saw itself as The
rightful inheritor of the legacyof Imperial Rome and promoted
the Roman Catholic, faith brutally throughout its
territories. It was in the Holy Roman Empire.
But protestantism first arose, when Martin Luther pinned his 95
Theses, or protests on a church door in Wittenberg in modern

(01:07:54):
Germany, in 1517, a country in East Central, Europe, in the
Middle Ages, like Hungary would have to contend with the great
power of the Holy Roman Empire and also that of the House of
Habsburg the lives of the Hungarian ability were often
blighted by the whims of these powerful Neighbors in the west.
And after 1453, another threat lay in the East throughout

(01:08:18):
Elizabeth's lifetime, Hungary suffered the consequences of
being surrounded by dangerous and Powerful Neighbors From the
menacing power of the House of Habsburg to the frequent
incursions from the ottoman Turks, in the 16th century
external. Events would dramatically impact
domestic events in Hungary. And as a result would have huge

(01:08:40):
personal consequences for the life of aliens.
In 1490 Hungarian, King Matthiascorvinus a Renaissance King who
was known as Matthias the just died and Hungary was left in
decline in 1453, the Turks had taken Constantinople bringing an
end to the Byzantine or Eastern Rowan.

(01:09:02):
Empire protector of the OrthodoxCatholic faith and the whole
region around the Balkans had been left shaken King Matthias
had created a mercenary Army known as the black Army to keep
Hungary strong during a period of huge uncertainty and tension.
But his death brought the progress achieved under his
Reign to an abrupt end. His successors, as king of

(01:09:24):
Hungary were selected by a diet or National Assembly of
important Nobles. The nobility preference for a
weak King that could be easily controlled provided the
opportunity for Turkish ruler Suleiman the Magnificent to
seize part of hungry. After a rousing victory at
mojache 1526 during which the City of Buddha was burned down

(01:09:46):
and the Hungarian King at the time Ula slow the second was
slain in battle. The Throne of Hungary was then
fought over between Ferdinand and the first Archduke of
Austria and later. Holy Roman Emperor, who wanted
to climb hungry for the HabsburgEmpire and yanush Zappo of
Transylvania and Commander of what remained of hungary's army

(01:10:09):
Archduke Ferdinand, relied on his impressive, aristocratic
connections to lay claim to the throne of Hungary.
He was the brother-in-law of theprevious King and brother to the
powerful, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the fifth yet.
The Hungarian ability would divided the two branches of the
battery family chose to support different sides in the struggle

(01:10:31):
for power. The show me, your barter is that
formed Elisabeth. Maternal lines supported young,
the boy order, while the exchange of Elizabeth's.
Father back the hapsburg arched Duke in the hopes of support
against The Turks, who hungry had been attempting to hold back
for over a century. Both yellowish and Ferdinand
were elected as King by rival factions of the Hungarian

(01:10:55):
nobility and lesser Gentry Elizabeth's father, George
swapped sides to support yanosh,perhaps, due to the rising
influence of Anna's, brother Stefan and the opportunity to
strengthen the power of the battery line.
The habsburg's strip George of his castle.
Boyack in retaliation, as Georgecemented, his new alliance by

(01:11:16):
marrying Anna. The two sides of the battery
family were now United, but the anger of the habsburgs at this
betrayal was to be long-lasting,yanosh ruled hungry through a
turbulent, period of peasant, uprisings, the capture Buddha
and seizure of Western hungry byArchduke Ferdinand and an
ill-fated alliance with the Turks.

(01:11:37):
When yahosh died in 1541, Hungary was partitioned into
three entities. Habsburg Royal Hungary, which
boarded Austria in the west, ottoman Hungary, which included
Central and Southern Hungary. And the semi-independent
principality of Transylvania in the East.
Elisabeth Bartley was born in the principality.

(01:11:58):
Of Transylvania where elected Hungarian princes ruled off,
often as vassals. Under either the ottoman Sultan
or the habsburgs and her life was greatly impacted by both
military conflicts against the Turks and by the machinations of
the habsburgs who continued to rule part and later all of
Hungary until 1918. Transylvania where much of the

(01:12:22):
battery families power was basedprospered despite the two
multi-use conditions, the princes of Transylvania had
their power guaranteed by a constitution and was seen as
representatives of the three historic Nations, the hungarians
Saxons and Hungarian. Speaking cyclists, although
trapped between the Muslim Turksand Catholic habsburgs.

(01:12:45):
Transylvania was also spared thereligious Strife, common in the
period as the country's princes.Often promoted religious
tolerance, the nobility and manyof its princes though.
Notably not Elizabeth's, Uncle Prince of Transylvania,
Stephanie, who was Roman Catholic were calvinist
Protestants and protestantism flourished in.

(01:13:05):
Transylvania, the Edict of tordain 1568 gave religious freedom
to the Roman Catholic, Lutheran calvinist.
And Unitarian churches, though the Romanian and its Greek
Orthodox, Faith were excluded, this edict represented the first
legal guarantee of religious freedom in Christian Europe, The

(01:13:27):
Royal House of battery officially came to power in 1571
when the first battery Stefan ruled as voy Voda, then as
prince in 1576 under first Ottoman and then Habsburg
suzerainty, it was during the battery Reign that the
principality of Transylvania became a semi-independent state

(01:13:49):
with relative Independence outside of Foreign Affairs,
which were controlled by its powerful, neighbors under
sigismund, barteri who served asPrince of Transylvania, several
times between 1586 and 1602. It entered the long Turkish war
from 1593 to 6906. Another stage of the two

(01:14:09):
century-long struggle known as the ottoman hapsburg War, which
lasted from 1526 to 1791. The country formed part of the
Christian Alliance against the Turks, but the conflict also
represented the four-way struggle with the habsburgs, the
Elements and another semi-independent region, were

(01:14:30):
luckier. Now, a region of Southern
Romania with Transylvania falling for a short time under
the control of Habsburg Rudolph.The first after 1601, who
attempted two Germans, the population and revive
Catholicism in the region, Rebellion against Habsburg rule,
led by Hungarian nobleman Stefanbachko, saw Transylvania in

(01:14:51):
large and re-empower but religious tensions and Military
campaigns between Transylvania and the habsburg's were not at
an end and holding power, in Transylvania was a dangerous
Balancing Act. As the battery family was Keen
to expand the family's influencefurther Elizabeth was engaged to
count parents. The second nourished there at

(01:15:13):
the age of 10 and sent as was the tradition of the time to
live with the family of her husband to be at Castle sarvar.
In West, Hungary near the Austrian border.
Now, known as the castle, it wasaround the time that she was at
sarvar in her young, teenage years that the first possible
controversy about Elisabeth surfaced, although the rumor

(01:15:36):
actually originated long after her death.
It was said that she had had a relationship with a man of lower
social status and had born a child out of wedlock.
When count nourished, a found out, he is set to have had the
man castrated and thrown to a pack of hungry, dogs to be tall
apart while he was still alive. The child, possibly a girl was

(01:15:58):
said to have been Spirited Away or even murdered at nanda's
orders. However, this story is made
questionable by Either contemporary letters, which
praised Elizabeth's Chastity particularly later in her life
when her husband was away at War.
And if the story was true, it tells us much about the power
and influence of the battery family to have successfully

(01:16:20):
forced through the union. Even after the damage to their
daughter's reputation, at the age of 15, Elizabeth was married
to count parents. A second, nourished her on the
8th of May 1575 at the palace ofrenovo, which is in eastern
Slovakia today. The marriage was a political
Arrangement between two old and important aristocratic families.

(01:16:43):
The importance of Elizabeth's own family.
As shown by the fact that she kept her own surname, Bartered
action, rather than becoming a NADA, the count and Elizabeth
had several children and it is commonly understood that many of
her children died before reaching adulthood and that only
two daughters on a son. Reached maturity Ana Catalina

(01:17:04):
and Paul. Elizabeth's children were
raised. As she herself had been by a
Governor's and there was a good reason for this.
It is a bet spent much of her married life managing her
husband's estate, as well as herown while he was away as a
commander of Hungarian troops. In the ottoman Habsburg Wars, a
war that Transylvania had again become involved in when it

(01:17:25):
renounced its vassal ship to theOttomans in the bid for full
Independence. As her husband left, in 1578 and
did not return for several years.
Elizabeth took on the full management of her husband's
business Affairs and their Estates and historical records
of shown that. Elizabeth was generally very
successful at this, her tasks involved defending her husband's

(01:17:49):
estate, which were on the route to Vienna an important Habsburg
City. Even though it was not at that
time. The dynastic seat, providing
medical care across the region and intervening on the behalf of
destitute women who had lost their husbands.
And therefore, their Financial Security in the war, assessing
the relations between landlords their tenants and the local

(01:18:10):
people can be difficult, but surveying surviving letters of
complaint and petitions is oftenthe best way to determine how
vassals and local people felt about their landlords these
written documents were the main form of complaint when
grievances arose, whether from petty theft, or something more
serious such as accusations of bodily, Harm.

(01:18:31):
However, no letters of complaintneither hinting at the torture.
She supposedly suggested local girls to nor over my grievances,
like the cost of the manorial taxes, paid to the Bartley and
the local people were content with her rule.

(01:18:52):
While away fighting in the ottoman Habsburg War.
Counted the built a reputation for Effective command and
fearless bravery assisting in the seizure of several ottoman
held castles including Edge decom on the hilly banks of the
Danube Northwest of Budapest in 1595.
He was also known for his Fiercecruelty to ottoman.

(01:19:13):
Prisoners of war with some stories.
Outlining his grotesque defilement of the corpses of
those who had died under tortureincluding playing catch with
their decapitated heads though the poor and violent treatment
of captured enemy competence. Particularly non-christians was
commonplace at these time upon his return from the war.

(01:19:35):
It is said that, NADA she taughtelisabete methods of torture.
He had perfected in his army days and advised her on dishing
out inhumane punishments to their servants, including a
young girl in Honey and leaving her outside to be bitten by ants
and putting lit. Old paper between her toes or
though undoubtedly inspired by her husband's.

(01:19:57):
Bloodlust the majority of the violent crimes for which
Elizabeth was accused were committed later after her
husband's death stories of the way, in which Elizabeth herself,
treated those who served her upper perhaps not surprising,
considering that relations between Masters and servants.
At the time was so often fraughtwith violence a tale of

(01:20:18):
Elizabeth striking. A servant for accidentally
tugging at her hair with a brush, is really not far out of
the common way and as a noble, Elizabeth legally had the right
to do as she wished to The Peasants under her rule, even
murdering a servant would only have resulted in a fine to allow
financial compensation to be offered to the victim's family.

(01:20:40):
Indeed once charges were broughtagainst Elizabeth, as we will
soon discuss. It was her responsibility for
the deaths of noble. Children.
Not violence against her servants or members of the
lowest Social classes, which wasseen as immoral crimes, and
formed the most serious of the judges.

(01:21:00):
This is not to say, of course, that Tales of Elizabeth's
cruelty to her, female servants were untrue.
They are just difficult accusations to prove given the
lack of evidence stories. Spread at the time, saying that
Elizabeth took pleasure in causing pain and had been
delighted by her husband's gift of a black claw, reminiscent of
the Dragon, which featured in her family's founding myth,

(01:21:23):
which she strapped to her hand to Claw at the skin of her
victims. She apparently also enjoyed
pushing needles under the nails of her poorest servant girls and
responded to any signs of laziness or ineptitude with
extreme violence, including breaking the arm of one search.
Unlucky, servant osota emphasized, that a woman could

(01:21:44):
not possibly commit, such acts of evil alone, elisabeth's
connections were caught up in the rumors.
There were unsubstantiated claims that she was taught about
Satanism and which craft by family members at a young age,
but it was not witchcraft. A common accusation against
rebellious women at the time which Elizabeth was to be

(01:22:05):
charged with but torture and murder.
One woman in particular was saidto have inspired Elizabeth's,
bloodlust another Warrior known as darwinia had long.
Been a servant of the Niraj de family, but Rose to a prominent
position in 1601. As Elizabeth's Confidant, it was
said that Darwin taught Elizabeth everything.

(01:22:27):
She knew about methods of inflicting pain and had
instructed the other servants onhow best to assist the Countess
in her torture sessions. These servants, later claimed
that when darwinia arrived, the lady herself became crueler and
crueler, it was around this timebut between the rise of Darwin's

(01:22:48):
influence and the slow decline of her husband's Health in the
early, 1600s that Elizabeth began luring.
Young girls from the Lesser Gentry to join her gyne.
See him or women's quarters. A guy in a sem in the 1500s was
not the same as the women's quarters of ancient Greece.
Where the term Jain originated from?
In ancient times, women would live the majority of their

(01:23:11):
married lives in private, their gyne.
See him, providing them with a completely separate spear from
men and a place for women of thehousehold to gather together.
Complete chores and leisure activities and learn important.
Womanly crafts. In 16th century, Hungary the
Jain was a place for the women of the household to gather.
But often also included unmarried young women who came

(01:23:35):
sometimes, great distances to learn in the women's quarters of
influential Noble, women, girls and young women would learn
courtly, etiquette be taught. The dance steps.
They would need to prosper in court and attract a respectable
husband. Learn how to manage a grand
household and practice foreign languages something which would
have been especially important in Hungary, give them that, it

(01:23:58):
was a country Sam which between powerful Neighbors, where
illustrious matches would require fluency in at least
German and Hungarian needle craft reading playing musical,
instruments games, and other leisure activities would also
have been part of the daily routine for the women.
Elizabeth, who had mastered at least four languages in her

(01:24:19):
Youth and had married. A very respectable man would
have been seen as the ideal noblewoman to instruct these
young women of the Lesser Gentry, but Elizabeth's kind of
see him had another function. It was said that she had lured,
these young women to her castlesto torture them.
No longer satisfied with torturing her servants and

(01:24:40):
running out of new victims. In the local area, Elizabeth
Drew, in the daughter's of the Lesser Gentry with her status
and Promises of social advancement.
Although it was certainly not out of the ordinary for an
intelligent noblewoman like Elizabeth to take in and educate
unmarried young women. What did Ray suspicion with the
Numerous deaths which occurred amongst the young women in her

(01:25:03):
care, stories of Cruelty, including starvation began to
spread as strange injuries, and disappearances plagued the Jain.
After several of the young women, their deed Elizabeth
announced that a cholera outbreak had been to blame, but
the number of bodies brought forburial in the local churchyard.
And the frequency with which thelocal priests were called made

(01:25:26):
an investigation into the matter, almost inevitable.
However, while her husband was alive, Elizabeth was shielded
from open criticism and accusations.
Count. Naddaha died on the 4th of
January 1604. After 29 years of marriage to
Elizabeth. He had suffered from
debilitating pain in his leg, perhaps caused by his wartime

(01:25:50):
experiences, which left him permanently disabled in 1603, or
the exact cause of his death is unknown.
The count left his widow and heirs under the care of George
tirso. Who was a powerful, Hungarian,
magnets, and Palatine of Hungary, which made him the
representative of the Monarch from 16:09 to 16.
Despite being given this responsibility of care for

(01:26:13):
Elizabeth and her children it was turbo who would eventually
lead the investigation into Elizabeth's crimes.
Tellingly Elisabeth had been left to manage the family's
wealth and lands as her son was still an infant, which made her
a lucrative Target elisabet's downfall began in 1602 when
rumors began to spread of the horrific crimes.

(01:26:35):
She had committed by 60. 2, the priests on her, Estates began to
question the number of servants and young ladies at her.
Jain, who would dying from what Elizabeth said was cholera,
Elizabeth reportedly, prevented the priests from examining the
victims bodies, allowing them only to look at the victims
faces, which fueled further rumors, nada's reputation.

(01:26:58):
And political connections had protected her before his death.
And even after 16:04 Elizabeth'sown power and wealth kept her
safe for a while, the first to speak out against a publicly was
a Lutheran Minister East Van magia, who denounced her both in
public and at the Habsburg Courtin Vienna soon.

(01:27:21):
The rumors were taken up as facts and words, spread that
Elisabeth was a serial killer and Tortura of young women in
October. 1610 it is about retreated to the isolated
Castle. Now called Chuck, TSA in the
mountains of Slovakia. Approximately 50 miles from
Bratislava. Presumably hoping.

(01:27:41):
But by the time moves were made to arrest her.
The Steep roads to be impossibledue to winter storms and snow
Elisabeth prepared to wield the considerable influence of the
battery family. If she was to be charged and was
already in correspondence with her cousin Gabrielle barteri the
prince of Transylvania from 6908to 1613.

(01:28:05):
A formal investigation into Elizabeth's crimes was launched
in 1610 when King Matthias the second asked terzo, his
representative as the Palatine of Hungary to investigate
Elizabeth letters and between terzo and the notaries on the
case and there was corus Turi and Moses Cherokee that 52

(01:28:25):
witness statements against Elizabeth were collected by
October 1610 and that this number had recent dramatically
to over 300 by 1611. There were of course, political
motivations behind the investigation into Elizabeth
historians of argued throughout the centuries about the crimes
of Elizabeth barteri and particularly in recent years as

(01:28:47):
to, whether she was the victim of a conspiracy, there are three
arguments commonly made, which suggests that Elisabeth was set
up, the first relating to money,the second and perhaps the most
convincing power and the third religion, it is possible that
Elizabeth's excessive Wealth andland ownership in the much
fought over principality of Transylvania and her relative

(01:29:10):
vulnerability as a Widow, made her an easy and lucrative
Target, but the financial motivewas even more personal for the
Habsburg Matthias has counted had lent.
Matthias predecessor a great deal of money and Matthias had
reluctantly inherited. The death, Elizabeth had
reportedly travelled to MatthiasCourt, several times in an

(01:29:32):
attempt to call in this debt a move, which irritated Matthias.
And to result in any payments. The fact that this debt was
canceled after. Elizabeth was arrested shows the
importance of money to the investigation.
Perhaps Berg battery relationship was extremely
strained. Even without the debt, the
influence of Elizabeth's family in the region, represented a

(01:29:56):
threat to the political interests of the habsburgs who
desired control over, Transylvania and sought to
lessen. The influence of both the
Ottomans and the powerful local nobility Matthias.
A second, a Habsburg and brotherof the Holy, Roman Emperor,
Rudolph the second and a future.Holy Roman Emperor himself had
been pronounced king of Hungary in 1608, but Hungary was still

(01:30:19):
partitioned and there were frequent attempts by local
Nobles to break away from Habsburg hegemony and revived
their rights to elect their own Kings.
One of these rebellions which had aimed to reassert
transylvania's, Independence hadbeen led by sigismund Bartley
Elizabeth cousin who was later jailed for conspiracy against
the emperor in 1610 to 1611 and Elizabeth had spoken out in

(01:30:44):
support of her cousin equally another.
Cousin Gabriel battery, then Prince of Transylvania had his
eye on, expanding his territory into Royal Hungarian lands and
Elizabeth had pledged to supporthim, financially and provision
him with troops. At the same time, as
investigating Elizabeth tutorial, was attempting to

(01:31:04):
negotiate, peace with Gabriel barteri and was well aware of
the damaging impact that removing Elizabeth from the
political field would have on her cousins course.
Perhaps Elizabeth's family were targeted because they were
Protestant at a time. When Protestant Catholic
tensions were escalating in the run-up to the 30s War which

(01:31:26):
lasted from 1618 to 1648, this war would see the future.
Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand the second attempt to
impose Roman Catholicism on his domains, including in
Transylvania, and would spark violent Rebellion from the
Protestants of Eastern and Central Europe.
The difference in religion may have heightened, the tension

(01:31:47):
between the barter's and the Catholic habsburgs, but several
of Elizabeth's relatives, including her uncle King
Stephanie of Poland were catholic and the suggestion that
the investigation was a CatholicHabsburg plot against the
calvinist Protestant. Elizabeth ignores, the fact that
the first accusations were made by a Lutheran Minister perhaps

(01:32:10):
religious differences. Can explain why few went to
Elizabeth's defense once accusations were made?
But this ignores the fact that religious toleration was much
more common in Transylvania at this time, than in the rest of
the region, the argument that the investigation against
Elizabeth was motivated by religious differences seems far

(01:32:30):
less convincing than the motivesof money and power on the 30th
of December, 1610 the investigation was ramped up and
torso, arrested Elisabeth and five suspected accomplices.
All of them servants at chaired to Castle for torture and
multiple murders, carried out between 1590 and 1610.

(01:32:51):
Although it was later said that tirso had caught Elizabeth in
the act of torturing, a young girl in her torture chamber.
Elisabeth was actually arrested while eating an evening meal at
the dinner table with several guests.
Despite tutorials declaration that he had caught her
red-handed Acclaim preserved through time in a letter, he had

(01:33:13):
written to his wife, Elisabeth had been arrested.
And detained before the discovery of any victims,
therefore, leaving open the possibility that she was set up.
Torsos open statement that he had found a dead girl, and
another kept alive as prey in the castle whipped up the
villages and spurred further rumors of Elizabeth's crimes

(01:33:35):
given that, no physical evidenceof.
This, bloody scene was presentedat trial.
It can be argued that torso deliberately misrepresented or
even completely fabricated. The horror scene of dead and
wounded patients, which he classified as Elizabeth's
victims tourism. Certainly had much to gain from

(01:33:55):
Elizabeth's downfall, not only the chance to seize her Estates
and wealth to which he had tenuous rights as the guardian
of her and her children as appointed by her dying husband.
But also to further his political career by January
1611, the case was brought to trial The witness testimonies

(01:34:16):
formed a central part of the trial, but the majority of the
witnesses gave only second-hand testimonies.
It was reported that the majority of Elizabeth's victims
had been girls aged 10 to 14 years old, who had as members of
the Lesser Gentry been sent to Elizabeth's, Jain to receive
instruction from the Countess, some witnesses named relatives,

(01:34:38):
who had died at the Jain or reported seeing traces of
torture on dead, bodies in the graveyards and other unmarked
locations of the three, first-hand testimonies offered
during the trial. Two came from two court
officials, Benedict, deseo and Jakob thiruchi who claimed to
have personally witnessed the Countess torture and kill young

(01:35:01):
servant girls, one of the Court officials stated that servant
girl had been found to have burns on her hands, but no
explanation or evidence was offered as to whether these
Burns were the results of a kitchen accident.
Or of malicious torture by A demented.
Mistress, no physical evidence or corroborating.
Testimonies were presented to confirm anything stated in these

(01:35:24):
reports, by the court officials.The third first-hand testimony
came from an injured. Girl, apparently found at the
scene named Anna who testified that the Countess had hurt her
and damaged her hand and arm butThe fact that she was later
awarded 50 gold pieces, 15 pounds of Wheat and a small

(01:35:45):
farming theater and had twice changed to story about how her
arm had been hurt. Casts doubt on her testimony.
At the trial of Elizabeth's accomplices.
It was reported that they had been 650 victims but this
statistic came solely from the testimony of a servant girl

(01:36:05):
named Susanna who claimed that Court official Jakob Ferrari had
seen the number in one of Elizabeth's, private books, but
could not confirm this herself. The book was never revealed to
the court and Phil Rossi himself, did not mention it in
his own testimony. The number of victims, more
commonly reported in the trial was between 50 and 60 that the

(01:36:29):
majority of the evidence came from hearsay and that no
physical evidence was presented.It can be hard to know whether
Elizabeth was actually guilty ofany or all of the crimes for
which she was punished further, confusion from The Trial was
caused by the testimonies of elisabeth's servants and
accomplices, two servants, Elona.

(01:36:50):
Yo, the former wetness for the Countess is children and her
friend, Tortilla Sanchez confessed onto torture to being
accomplices in Elizabeth's crimes.
However, these testimonies are invalid in Modern Eyes as they
were extracted under duress. Both women had their fingers
torn out with a pair of red hot pincers and were then buried

(01:37:11):
alive. Another servant yanosh olivarri
was executed though in a less painful manner, due to his Youth
and most likely his gender and his body joined that of Yo and
santesh on the pyre, a fourth servant Etsy mayorova, who was
denounced as a witch and apparently told Elizabeth to
lure young noblewoman for torture when she ran out of

(01:37:33):
local, victims was burnt alive after being recaptured,
following an escape attempt and a 5th kathren Arena Benicia, an
elderly washer woman, who was all.
An accomplice was only given a life sentence in prison.
After it was proved that she hadbeen abused by the other servant
women. The sixth and more Sinister

(01:37:55):
figure said to have been involved in the torture and
murders. Was Elizabeth's, companion,
Anna, darwinia, or darvalle, whohad died before the arrests were
made. But the other servants admitted
under torture, that it was Darwin, who had taught
elisabete, Witchcraft, and demonic methods of torture.
Any kernel of Truth to be found in these claims against darwinia

(01:38:17):
is hidden by the brutal tactics,used to extract this information
from the accused and it seems likely that the other serpents
simply found the deceased, darwinia an easy target to
blame. It was only later during the
torturous Integrations, that Elizabeth servants began to
blame the Countess herself for the horrific crimes while her

(01:38:40):
servants began pointing the finger of blame at her Elisabeth
aimed to clear her name by asking the mother of a deceased
girl from her Jain to make a statement that her daughter had
died from natural causes. After her claims that cholera
had killed the girls at her. Jain were rejected.
She had first blamed, one of thegirls for killing the others.

(01:39:01):
Then openly blamed, all unexplained deaths and injuries
on her servants claiming that their sadism was beyond her
control because even she was afraid of them yet.
It was too late to stop. The rumors that were swirling
against her. The second hand testimonies
detailing the torture methods, which Elisabeth used on the

(01:39:21):
young women in her care sparked further, rumors and gossip word
went around that Elizabeth, and her compasses had used hot
tongs, needles and freezing water to harm the young girls
and her own servants. It was said that Elisabeth talks
such pleasure from these tortures, that she would use her
teeth to tear away the skin of her victims, and bathe in the

(01:39:45):
blood of her young victims as a youth, in hansung, Beauty
regime, It was said that as her crimes escalated.
So too, did the network, which he used to facilitate them as
well as the servants implicated in Elizabeth's crimes Noble
women. Such as lady, Yuna velika, lady,
you did pogun, and Lady shell were also accused of luring

(01:40:08):
girls to Elizabeth's going to see him once her supply of local
female servants had dried up Elizabeth's, youngest daughter.
Kathleen was also alleged to have participated in at least
one torture session at Castle where it was rumored that.
Elizabeth had installed a torture chamber in the dungeons
yet. It was only the servants who

(01:40:30):
were ever called to trial. Elizabeth herself was never
called to trial. And although, two trials had
been held after her arrest to unpick her crimes and passed
judgment on her accomplices. On the second January, 1611 and
7th of January 1611. She was denied her rights as a
noblewoman to End Court lawsuitsand receive judgment instead,

(01:40:54):
her son Paul and two of her sons-in-law, Nicolas, zrinski,
and yerger Drew get negotiated with tirso to avoid the loss of
battery property to the crown letters between zorinsky and
terzo showed that the plan had been to send her to a nunnery,
but after the Scandal became public, it was decided that she

(01:41:14):
would be kept under strict house.
Arrest in her isolated castle attheater.
But King Matthias King to reducethe power of this powerful.
Transylvania family was displeased with this deal.
Although the king had initially wanted her to stand trial, so he
could seize her land and wealth,King Matthias finally agreed to

(01:41:35):
the punishment of house. Arrest tourism had worked hard
to convince the king that house arrest was the more prudent
punishment for a Hungarian, noblewoman of Elisabeth status,
and fame, given the nasty precedence, that a trial and
EXE. Could set including fertility
himself, who was from the Hungarian ability, and was also

(01:41:56):
a Protestant, wary of alienatingthe already rebellious nobility
of Transylvania, King retires agreed to house arrest rather
than a formal trial. If his debts to the barteri
family were canceled a request, which was complied with By
Elizabeth's, son, Paul? The conditions of Elizabeth's

(01:42:16):
house arrest are hazy. It was later said that she was
kept in a bricked up room but this idea is undermined by the
presence of a bodyguard in her apartment and rumors of an
escape attempt in many accounts where the confined to a bricked
up room or free to wander aroundthe castle Elizabeth's years
under house. Arrest were spent as her earlier

(01:42:38):
years had been in lavish surroundings with servants
attending to her needs. And once Elizabeth died on the
21st, of August 1614, aged 54, at a castle in the Kingdom of
Hungary, she died while still under house arrest and because
she had never been brought to trial succeeded in leaving.

(01:42:58):
Her estate lands and possessionsto her children other than the
historical damage to the family's reputation.
The greatest loss of the batteryfamily suffered over Elizabeth's
crime, was the forest renunciation of King.
Matthias is deaths, a sizeable amount of Money and interest
that was never prepaid to the battery family Elizabeth's.

(01:43:20):
Body was reportedly moved from the local Cemetery, at chete.
After the villagers caused an uproar at the presence of a
serial killer in their graveyard, the new location of
Elizabeth's body has never been discovered.
Perhaps she was interred in a nameless, grave in the battery
family, crypt at her, childhood home of exid Castle, or at her

(01:43:42):
birth home of nearby. Or perhaps, the rumors that she
was secretly reburied deep in the church area of the castle
art to be believed. However, when a possible grave
in the crypto church was opened in 1938, it was found to be
empty Elizabeth's final resting place.
Like the question of the extent of her guilt remains lost to

(01:44:05):
history. Saying it is difficult to find
out about the extent of Elizabeth's.
Alleged crimes is an understatement, the first
written accounts of Elizabeth's story were penned over 100 years
after her death. And the only first-hand evidence
used in the trials and later published came from George terzo
and his team to make matters even more complicated myths have

(01:44:28):
been added on top of myths were blood bathing and claims of
vampires and particularly obscuring.
The real crimes committed. The myth that she bathed in the
blood of her young victims to retain her youth.
First appeared in print in tragica Historia by Jesuit
scholar to Roti in 1729, which was the first written account of

(01:44:49):
the battery case. This myth seems to have
circulated amongst the superstitious local peasantry
and was written down. Uncritically by to Roti.
The myth was later, repeated andpublished much more widely
around Europe in Hungarian historian Matthias.
Sales account in 1742, which quoted directly from tarot's.

(01:45:11):
By the time that actual reports from the trial were published
for the first time in 1817, the tales of Elizabeth's unnatural
demonic first for blood had set in, although neither the blood
drinking, nor blood bathing werementioned in the trials, these
myths have lasted throughout history, the rise of batteries,

(01:45:32):
bloodthirsty reputation coincided with the Vampire
scares that wanted Europe in theearly 18th century.
Vampires had always had a prominent place in Eastern
European folklore since the medieval period, however, during
the 17th and 18th centuries, famine disease, and social
instability gave rise to new levels of fear and tension which

(01:45:55):
culminated in A Renewed belief in the Supernatural and in Old
superstitions. It may have been the Age of
Reason but the belief in Vampires was so wide-spread that
the austro-hungarian government undertook official reports on
vampire, outbreaks across Eastern, Europe and Scholars
wrote academic papers on the phenomenon which craft magic

(01:46:18):
miracles and possession by evil spirits.
Were other common explanations for the terrible things that
happened in this tumultuous period.
But it was the vampire, the activities of a living corpse
which inflamed the imagination of Eastern European people.
The first vampires to transcend the world of oral folklore and

(01:46:40):
appear in the pages of literary Works.
Appeared in 18th century poetry,and they soon became the central
figures of gothic fiction. When John William polidori
published his. The vampire in 1819, a short
story, which had come from the contest between polidori Mary
Shelley, Lord, Byron, and Percy Shelley the same contest from

(01:47:01):
which Mary, Shelley's novel, Frankenstein came the Macabre
tastes in literature in the 18thand early 19th.
Centuries resulted in a caricature of Elizabeth which
conceals as much about her, as it reveals the focus on vampire
ISM in retelling of her story, has led to the sexualization and

(01:47:22):
demonization of Elizabeth from rumors of lesbianism to the
determined tracing of satanic teachings through her family
tree and acquaintances, perhaps these stories of demonic Cults
and Sinister connections. Originated from the common
belief, at the time that women were not capable of violence,
for its own sake, or perhaps, thinking of her, has a

(01:47:43):
supernatural. And demonic monster was easier
to palate than the realization that an ordinary woman might
commit such crimes. As well as her gender
Elizabeth's class has certainly had an impact on the story of
The Blood. Countess the idea of a
noblewoman abusing her aristocratic power and literally

(01:48:05):
draining the blood of the poor would have struck a powerful
note with popular and National European movements at the time
the literary obsession with depicting Eastern.
European counts and countesses as bloodthirsty vampires in
their, Gothic isolated castles is so commonplace that it is
become a cliche. It is all been suggested that

(01:48:28):
Elisabeth provided inspiration for Bram Stoker's Dracula, along
with Vlad. The Impaler three-time voy voida
of Lucky Romania until her association with both
Transylvania and Crimes of the blood made, Elizabeth a natural
subject for vampire. Tales, there is no evidence that
she was truly an inspiration forDracula as there is no mention

(01:48:51):
of her in Stoker's notes. But her epithets, The Blood
Countess and Countess Dracula have determined her Legend.
The modern world seems determined to remember,
Elizabeth as the bloody Countessnumerous films are presented her
as a vampire, S-Type character from her appearance in
necropolis, in 1970 to Blood. Countess in 2015 and she was

(01:49:16):
labeled by Guinness World, Records in 2018 as the most
prolific, female murderer, despite the lack of physical
evidence and Reliance on hearsay.
The Gory Sensational and often sexualized.
Nature of Elisabeth story has often outweigh the search for
evidence her work, as an educator of young girls as a

(01:49:37):
countess and support of War widows and her own intellectual
achievements. Have been hugely overshadowed by
these rumors of barbarity. The can never be proved or
disproved while it is certain that Elizabeth lived at a time
when wealthy powerful and Isolated women would targeted
with accusations of Witchcraft and Demon worship the extent of

(01:49:59):
her supposed crimes. Seems almost too large to have
been entirely made up. Assessing Elizabeth battery is a
difficult task because much of what is known about.
Her is based on rumor and hearsay.
On the one hand, it seems likelythat Elizabeth was caught up in
a conspiracy. No physical evidence of torture

(01:50:20):
or murder was presented at the trials and Elizabeth herself,
never gave testimony, the trials, relied heavily on here,
say evidence and the investigation in the first place
was ordered and carried out by two men with much to gain from
Elizabeth's conviction, King Matthias, the second who wanted
his debts cleared and to increase his control, over the

(01:50:43):
semi-independent Transylvania and your stool who had his eye
on Elizabeth's wealth and Estates Elizabeth's.
Own story is overshadowed by thepolitical motivations of those
around her and little is known about her Beyond her supposed
crimes. On the other hand, it seems
incontrovertible that Elisabeth was unusually cruel to her

(01:51:05):
servants. And that too many young
daughters of the Gentry died in her care to have been caused by
accident or epidemic. Although, the figure 650 is
likely a gross, exaggeration of the number of women killed by
The Blood Countess. Perhaps the real figure is
closer to the 50 which was referenced more often in the
trial, making elisabete a prolific serial killer, but not

(01:51:28):
a mass murderer of Epic Proportions.
As she has sometimes been portrayed, the blood count test
myths that grew up around. Elizabeth have no doubt.
Flourished more because she was from Transylvania, the because
she was actually a blood drinking blood bathing Mass
murdering psychopath. But the answers to the questions
of who the real elisabete barteri was and how many people

(01:51:51):
she actually tortured and killedwill never be uncovered.
As Macabre rumors, have long filled the gaps left by limited
historical evidence. What do you think of Elizabeth
barteri The Blood Countess was she guilty of 600 Grizzly
murders or she merely an unusually sadistic but powerful

(01:52:13):
woman who had many enemies, please let us know in the
comment section and in the meantime, thank you very much.
The woman known to history as Catherine de Medici was born on
the 13th of April, 1519 in the City of Florence in Renaissance

(01:52:38):
Italy. Her mother was Madeline De La
Tour de Verne. Countess of Boulogne who came
from an aristocratic background and was descended from an
ancient and influential French family with links to the French
ruling Elite, her father was Lorenzo de, Medici ruler of

(01:52:59):
Florence from 1516 to 1519 and Duke of urbino.
Unlike his wife, Lorenzo did notcome from an aristocratic family
but the Medici family had risen to prominence in the 1430s after
making a fortune in banking and acquiring power, bi financing,

(01:53:20):
several European royal families.The medici's promoted, the
cultural Renaissance in Florida's and went on to rule
the city for over 300 years from1434 to 1737 many medicines
including Catherine made impressive.

(01:53:40):
Edges and several medici's were elected.
As Pope Catherine's parents had been married for a year before
her birth. Their Union had been planned as
part of an alliance between KingFrancis.
The first of France and Lorenzo's Uncle Pope Leo the
10th against their Mutual rival.Holy Roman Emperor.

(01:54:02):
Maximilian the first, as a result of her father's Heritage,
Catherine was perceived as a noblewoman but not as a member
of the upper echelons of the Italian aristocracy.
However, her family did wheeled,huge power, wealth, and
influence, which would be important and securing Katherine

(01:54:23):
and advantageous match when she reached matting age Catherine
was an only child and was orphaned, not long.
After her birth, her mother diedof either, Pure or fever caused
by an infection picked up duringchildbirth or the plague.
Only a few days after Catherine's birth, on the 28th

(01:54:47):
of April, 1519 a father died, 21days after his daughter's birth.
Possibly from syphilis on the 4th of, May 1519 at the Villa
Medici at karegi in Florence. He was buried in the dichi
chapel of Florence's Church of San Lorenzo which was adorned in

(01:55:08):
true, Medici Style. With Michael Angelo's, sculpture
Pinsir Oso, which represented the Duke Lorenzo's tomb has
often been confused with that ofhis illustrious Grant father,
Lorenzo the Magnificent, which also had a Michelangelo's
sculpture Catherine, spent her childhood.

(01:55:29):
Between various prominent relations including her paternal
grandmother alfonsina Orsini andafter she died in 1520 her aunt
clady's stomach dichi where she was raised along with her
cousins. She was raised as a Roman
Catholic and received an education, befitting a

(01:55:50):
noblewoman from nuns in Florenceand Rome in line with the
expectation that Catherine wouldmake an advantageous marriage,
possibly to a foreign Prince, she would have been taught to
speak fluently in Italian, French and Latin at the very
least. Grand plans for Catherine's
upbringing had been made by morethan just her grandmother and

(01:56:13):
aunt, King Francis. The first of France at wanted
Catherine to be raised at the French Court.
No doubt in order to see her married to a French Aristocrat
or even one of his own Sons. But Pope Leo, the 10th blocked
this scheme. As he planned to have her marry
ippolito. De Medici Lord of Florence,

(01:56:34):
Pope, Leo, made, Catherine, Duchess of urbino in line with
this plan. But then next most of the Dutchy
of urbino in the name of the Papal States, reducing a
stateless after the death of Pope Leo, the 10th in 1521,
Medici power and the Vatican wasinterrupted until Cardinal

(01:56:55):
Juliet. She was elected as Pope Clement,
the seventh in 1523, it was during this period, the tween
the Medici popes that Catherine status as Duchess of urbino Game
contentious, the title and landsof the Duke of urbino were given
to Francesca. Maria.
The first Della roveri by Pope Leo, successor, Adrian, the 6th.

(01:57:19):
The Florentine people continued to refer to Catherine as
duchessina. Meaning, the little Duchess
referencing her claim to the duchy of urbino.
During this time, Catherine stayed in the Palazzo.
Medici riccardi. The first Medici Palace.
The occasional workplace of great artists like Donatello

(01:57:40):
Michelangelo and Botticelli, andthe modern day seat of local
government in Florence. In 1527, the magic shoes were
overthrown and Florence by a faction, which opposed Pope
Clements representative CardinalSylvia patarini.
Catherine was taken hostage and moved from Convent to Convent

(01:58:01):
finally, she found consistency and peace at Santisima and
Museum. Today for three years A period
which she described as the happiest of her entire life.
This momentary interlude and a life defined by political
maneuvering must have seemed tranquil.
However the City of Florence wasnot permanently lost to the

(01:58:25):
medicis with an eye on europe-wide political events and
in order to gain support for therecapture of Florence, Pope
Clement crowned, the Holy Roman Emperor.
And king of Spain, Charles the fifth in an elaborate and sacred
ceremony in the San petronio. Basilica in Bologna, on the 24th

(01:58:47):
of February 1530, the coronationaim to heal the political and
religious divides, which had blown up.
When the mutinous Spanish Germanand Italian troops of Charles,
the fifth had sacked Rome in 1527 the alliance would also be
used against the threat posed bythe ottoman Turks, who was

(01:59:07):
seeking dominance in Eastern Europe and Had reached Vienna an
important Royal City in the HolyRoman Empire in 1529 Charles the
5th's Military Support in Florence was well rewarded.
As Charles the 5th was the last.Holy Roman Emperor to be awarded
the honor of being crowned by a pope.

(01:59:30):
The retaking of Florence began in October 1529 and lasted until
the city surrendered on the 12thof August 1530.
During The Siege. There were calls for Catherine's
execution and even for her nakedexposure and used by the troops
for sexual gratification, but this period of Siege and her

(01:59:52):
residence in santissima and use yatta De La Mirada ended for
Catherine. When Pope Clement called her to
Rome in 1530 in order to find her a husband while in Rome at
the bequest of Pope Clement, Catherine, had many suitors.
The most illustrious of her suitors was King James, the 5th

(02:00:13):
of Scotland, who sent the Duke of Albany to arrange the
marriage on two separate occasions, while in April 1530
and again, seven months later inNovember, although Catherine did
not marry the eager. Scottish King their stories
would later become. Entwined when Catherine helped
to raise his daughter. Mary Queen of Scots a second.

(02:00:35):
Influential shooter was Henry Duke of olya Second Son, a king
Francis, the first of France andthe Future.
King Henry, the second Henry belonged to the valuer dynasty
which had ruled France since the14th century by early 1533 Henry
was openly courting her and he was to be a fortuitous match for

(02:00:59):
the wealthy but common born Catherine.
Catherine de Medici and Henry Duke of Orleans were married at
eglise. Saint Ferrell, Liz, Augusta in
Marseille on the 28th of October1533 when Catherine was 14.
The wedding was an extravagant affair with a grand display of

(02:01:21):
gift-giving and festivities which went on late into the
night, the couple and their distinguished guests, celebrated
with dancing and feasting and Henry jostad.
His favorite pastime for his newwife's hand.
After leaving the ball, the couple consummated, their
marriage, a patently under the watch of King Francis.

(02:01:42):
The first who was determined to see the union properly joined
that morning. The couple were visited and
blessed in their medical bed by Pope Clement.
In the first year of marriage Catherine saw little of her
husband. Who openly took Mistresses it
was said that Henry was gloomy and introverted.

(02:02:02):
Because he had spent four years as a captive in Spain during the
formative years of his youth that Catherine's intelligence
wit and keenness to please made favorable Impressions on the
ladies of the French Court. However, this favorable start to
her life, in France was quickly.Reversed the death of her uncle

(02:02:23):
Pope Clement on the 25th of September 1534 undermined
Catherine's position and influence at court, the
situation, worsened when Pope Clement successor Alessandra.
Finesse broke off the alliance with France and ceased to pay
Catherine's, large Dowry King Francis.

(02:02:44):
The first apparently lamented Catherine's reversal of Fortune
and the marriage which had once seen.
So fortunate by announcing, the girl has come to me Stark naked,
As well as her tenuous position as a, no Dowry less Foreigner.
Catherine was also under huge pressure to provide the valuer

(02:03:06):
dynasty with the air and spare which would ensure that
dynasties survival. The stakes were even higher in
France as under salic law an ancient Frankish.
Civil law code only males, couldAscend the throne, Catherine,
greatly desired, a son, a blessing, which would cement her
position in France. But in the first 10 years of

(02:03:29):
their marriage, the couple had no children at all.
The pressure to conceive built. When Henry's older, brother, the
dofar of France, Francis died ofthe fever in 1536, rumors began
to spread that either Kathryn orthe Holy Roman Emperor.
Charles, the 5th had poisoned, the Doha Catherine became the

(02:03:51):
sole Target of blame for the lack of a legitimate Heir.
When Henry publicly Knowledge does affair with Philippa Dulce
and the birth of his daughter Diane in 1537.
It was at this time that divorcewas discussed and many clamored
for Catherine to be sent back toItaly in a period when

(02:04:12):
witch-hunting was reaching its peak rumors that Catherine
practiced witchcraft began to circulate feeding into the image
of her as the black queen which has persisted to today as a
woman's role was viewed in termsof her ability to create and
sustain life in Fertile, women were seen as unnatural and as

(02:04:33):
witches with the opposite power that of destroying Health, life
and fertility, Catherine's connection with the astrologer
and Ciara, Nostradamus, and evenmore suspiciously brothers, who
it was believed in engaged, in necromancy, and the Black Arts
did little to help Catherine's reputation.

(02:04:54):
After trying every natural and superstitious remedy for
inducing pregnancy. Including drinking, mules urine,
Catherine, finally gave birth toher first child and Son France
on the 19th of January 1544. She went on to have a daughter,
Elizabeth on the second of April1545 and a further eight

(02:05:19):
children, seven of whom survivedinfancy.
She succeeded in providing the dynasty with five boys.
Who could inherit the throne? The future Frances the second
Louis. The future Charles, the 9th, the
future Henry, the third and Francis Duke of orgy, the future
of the valuer. Dynasty, was now secure?

(02:05:41):
But Catherine's pregnants did nothing to improve her marriage.
Her husband was devoted to his favorite at mistress dye under
Poitier. Who was 19 years.
His senior Catherine's influencewas Rooted solely in her
motherhood as her husband ignored her.
And she would later become very skilled at presenting herself as

(02:06:03):
the devoted mother of future kings and of France itself.
The death of King Francis. The first on the 31st of March
1547 made, Catherine, Queen consort of France.
She was crowned at the Basilica of Saint Denis, the resting
place of many French Kings and aformer medieval abbey church in

(02:06:27):
Northern Paris on the 10th of June 1549.
But she was to enjoy no political influence as Queen
consort, besides wielding, the nominal power of regent during
her husband's travels abroad, the days of Catherine's power,
and influence, were all still ahead of her.
Instead of utilizing the wisdom and skill of his wife, Henry

(02:06:50):
promoted the influence of his mistress.
Diane de poitiers, giving her, the Chateau it was even reported
by the Imperial Ambassador that Henry would sit on Diane's,
lamp, discuss politics with her and stroked her breasts.
When in company, Diane did not see Catherine as a threat.
Having already essentially usurped a position and

(02:07:13):
privileges as the wife of the king, Diane actually encouraged
Henry to spend time with Catherine and to sire more
legitimate children with her. In 1556 Catherine almost died in
childbirth. The Royal surgeons only saved
her life in a terrible exchange for the life of one of her.

(02:07:34):
Twin girls Joan, who died in thewomb while Victoria survived,
but only for seven more weeks asthe king's physician, advised
Henry against having any more children with Catherine, he
stopped visiting her. And instead spent all of his
time with his long-term mistress, Diane Catherine would

(02:07:57):
have no more children along withher own children.
Catherine played a role in raising Mary Queen of Scots
daughter of her. Once you to James the 5th of
Scotland mayor is Mother. Mary of geese was the sister of
Henry's Boyhood friend Francis Duke of geese and herded King
James, the 5th, of Scotland in 1538.

(02:08:19):
Mary of geese, ruled Scotland? As Regent for her daughter, Mary
who Had taken the throne when she was less than one week old
Mary, Queen of Scots lived at the French Court from the age of
five and was promised in marriage to Catherine's oldest
son. The dofar Francis Francis and

(02:08:39):
Mary were married on the 24th ofApril 1558.
When Francis was 15 years old and Mary was 17 years old.
They would be married for only two years due to the premature
death of Francis. In 1559 Catherine's eldest

(02:08:59):
daughter, Elizabeth became the second among her children to
marry the marriage. Like Catherine's own was part of
a political Alliance. After the death of Catherine's,
father, Lorenzo de Medici in 1492, the balance of power and
economic growth of Catherine's Home Country, Italy collapsed,

(02:09:20):
this combination of wealth, and political instability Drew in
Italy's enemies. And for over 50 years, from 1494
to 1559 the Italian Peninsula became a Battleground between
the French Valor Dynasty. The habsburg's, the ottoman
Turks, and the English. These long Italian Wars.

(02:09:44):
Sometimes called the Habsburg valois wars were brought to an
end on the 3rd to the 4th of April 1559.
When Henry, the second signed the peace of cateau.
Cambria's with Philip the secondof Spain and Elizabeth.
The First of England, the treatywas sealed with the marriage of
the 13-year-old, Elizabeth to King Philip the second of Spain,

(02:10:07):
a fellow Select the union was celebrated in Paris on the 22nd
of June 1559 with 5 days of jousting festivities, balls and
masks a form of courtly entertainment from Italy, in
which participants dance and exchange gifts with their host.
While in Disguise, despite the lavishness of the

(02:10:30):
entertainments, the marriage wasonly a proxy wedding as the
couple themselves were not present.
Henry took part in the celebratory, jousting boldly
wearing his mistress Diane's black and white colors.
He was Victorious against his friend, the Duke of geese and
the Duke of Nemours, but was knocked off his saddle by

(02:10:51):
Gabriel Delores, the Earl of Montgomery in an honorable
joust. Insisting on writing out again
against Montgomery. Henry's face was shattered by
Montgomery's Lambs reeling from The Clash with blood pouring
down his face and large. Splinters buried deep in his eye
and head Henry was carried away,Catherine, Diane, and Francis.

(02:11:16):
The doffer are said to have all fainted at the terrible sight,
after the, splinters were removed from his eye and brain
at the Chateau de tonnelle the king lay in a shifting State,
Catherine stayed with him. But Diane stayed away for fear
of being expelled by the queen over the next 10 days, Henry sat

(02:11:39):
up to dictate letters and listened to music but began to
lose his sight speech. And reason finally dying on the
10th of July 1559 at the age of 40, From this day, Catherine
adopted the broken, Lance as heremblem inscribed with the words,

(02:12:01):
La Creme hink hink dolor, meaning from this, come my
tears, my pain and warming blackfor the rest of her life.
In memory of her husband, Catherine recognized, that image
cultivation was an important part of successful kingship and
worked to promote an image of herself as a faithful Widow and

(02:12:26):
a voted mother. In 1559 at 40 years old,
Catherine took her first steps into the political Spotlight.
After her husband's death, she insisted on being called Queen
Mother rather than Dowager, which solidified the image of
herself. She wanted to project that of a

(02:12:46):
loving and devoted mother and the title, Amplified her
closeness to the next Monarch her son Francis.
Francis the second Catherine's oldest son, became king of
France. At the age of 15, his coronation
was held in rim, on the 21st of September 1559.

(02:13:08):
It was said that the crown was so heavy that Francis couldn't
hold it up alone and required trusted Nobles to help hold it
in place on his head. It was rumored that France's was
frail and of ill health. He had married Mary, Queen of
Scots the year before. And in what has been called a
coup d'etat Francis, the Duke ofgeese and his brother, Charles

(02:13:32):
Cardinal of Lorraine seized power, moving themselves into
the Louvre palace with the youngcouple, the house of geese was
stunned supporters of the Roman Catholic cores.
But after failing to Aid the catholic's in Scotland, the Auld
alliance between Catholic France, and Scotland was
dissolved causing the geezers tofocus their Catholic campaign

(02:13:55):
on. France out of necessity.
Catherine worked with the geysers because she was not
guaranteed a role in francis's government.
As he was deemed old enough to rule alone in France.
The Royal age of majority was 14yet she was to wield greater
power. As the mother of the king, then

(02:14:16):
she had done as the wife of the king king Francis, the second
official acts began with this being the good pleasure of the
queen, my lady mother. And I also approving of every
opinion that she holdeth am content and command, that
Catherine exploited, her new found or authority.
She forced Diane de poitiers to hand over the crown jewels and

(02:14:39):
vacate, the Chateau before proceeding to undo, all of
Diane's building work there all those at the court and in
government, who had been patronized by Diane were
quickly, replaced including yourBertrand Keeper of the seals of
France. Who Was succeeded by Chancellor,
Olivier, who had been dismissed by Diane a few years previously.

(02:15:04):
As the gays brothers and the newFrench government set to
policymaking the issue of the religious conflict, was becoming
desperate religious divisions had grown across the whole of
Europe. As the Protestant Reformation
ignited by Martin Luther's criticism of the Roman Catholic
Church Unleashed a complex political and religious storm,

(02:15:27):
which engulfed the whole of Europe and France.
In particular. The valois royal family were
catholic but France, had a growing Protestant population
and its neighbors, including Great Britain, the Netherlands,
Scandinavia and parts of Germanywere turning to protestantism
the huguenots were a group of French Protestants who followed

(02:15:49):
the reformed or calvinist Protestant Faith.
They made up almost 10% of the French population and practiced.
Their religion publicly, the huguenots were vocal in their
criticism at the Catholic Church.
Denouncing the pope as a Currentholding false sway over God's
creation. Religious violence was played

(02:16:09):
out on the streets of France, lynchings, and murders had
religious, motivations churches were sacked.
Sacred texts were destroyed and the bodies of saints were dug up
and burned. Clearly the government had to do
something, but the policies of the geese brothers, did not at

(02:16:30):
all fit with Catherine's, preferred course of action.
The geese Brothers began, persecuting Protestants, but
Catherine adopted a more moderate stance and spoke out
against the persecution though. She had been raised as a Roman
Catholic and had been related toseveral popes.
The depth of her religious conviction was questioned.

(02:16:52):
As she prioritized piece over religious principles, whether
her conciliatory policy was rooted in her lack of religious
conviction, a belief in freedom of worship, desire for peace at
any cost. Or more likely her political
Acumen. Catherine, succeeded in
crafting, a place for herself inthe political sphere in

(02:17:14):
opposition to the Jesus. The hard line starts taken up by
the geese Brothers, fueled the conflict, the huguenots looked
to Antoine de bourbon king of Navarre and then to his brother
Louie Deboer, Prince of Conde, for support to topple, the
geysers with the rise of religious violence.

(02:17:36):
The Royal Court was moved to theFortified Chateau of ambua in
the luau Valley in central France, the Duke of geese, then
launched a surprise attack on the Hugo in the woods, nearby
and killed many, including the Hugo's Commander, La, Renault d
as Catherine and her Court watched many of the rebels were

(02:17:57):
slain drowned in the river or was strung up around the
battlements. Catherine found an ally for her
strategies for defending the lawin the face of the growing
Anarchy. When Chancellor Michelle
Michelle was appointed in June 1560, neither Catherine, nor the
new Chancellor agreed with the practice Pursuit.

(02:18:17):
Put by the geese brothers or punishing Protestants who were
peaceful and worshiped, privately, Catherine and
Chancellor de la Patel, put their policy at conciliation to
an assembly of the privy councilat Fontainebleau on the 20th of
August 1560 historians have seenthis stroke of effective

(02:18:38):
diplomacy as an early example ofCatherine's talent for
statesmanship. As she set her policy for peace
in opposition to the geese Brothers.
Meanwhile, the prince of kondos army began attacking towns in
the south of France in the Autumn of 1560.
Catherine ordered the prince of Conde to the Royal Court.

(02:19:00):
And when he arrived, had him imprisoned tried for offenses
against the crown and sentenced to death, his life was saved by
the timely death of the king, the result of an ear infection,
or abscess in his brain showing her astuteness, Catherine
recognized, that her son's deathwas imminent and made a pact

(02:19:21):
with Antoine de bourbon. A Hugo, no leader to the benefit
of her second son. Charles, Antoine de, Burgh,
agreed to renounce his right to the region of the Future.
King Charles, the 9th in return for the release of his brother.
So when Francis the second die on the 5th of December 1560,

(02:19:42):
Catherine was appointed, governor of France by the privy
Council, for the first time she Was to have sweeping powers.
After her rise into the government, Catherine wrote a
letter to her daughter, Elizabeth expressing her views
about power. My principal aim is to have the

(02:20:04):
honor of God before my eyes in all things and to preserve my
authority. Not for myself, but for the
conservation of this Kingdom andfor the good of all your
brothers, the coronation of Charles, the 9th saw Catherine's
influence solidified, the nine-year-old.
Charles, the 9th is said to havecried through his coronation,

(02:20:28):
Catherine kept in closed, duringthe start of his Reign
reportedly sleeping in his chamber and certainly presiding
over his Council policy making State business.
And patronage Charles was not just vulnerable due to his
youth. Like his older brother, he was
not a healthy child, the Venetian Ambassador reported,

(02:20:50):
that Charles was an admirable. Child though.
He is not robust, he favors physical exercises.
That is too violent for his health.
For he suffers from shortness ofbreath.
The Frailty of the boy, on the throne was compounded by the
volatile situation, in France, at the time.

(02:21:11):
Catherine seized the reins of power for her frail son, but she
never controlled the whole country as France was engulfed
in a civil war large swathes of the country were ruled by
noblemen and religious divides impeded political power,
Catherine summoned. The church leaders from both

(02:21:31):
sides of the religious divide tosolve their doctrinal
differences leaders of the Catholic and Protestant churches
in France, met on Catherine's instructions, to find a
compromise between their religious convictions.
Despite Catherine's optimism, the color of Prussia as this
meeting was called failed. And on the 13th of October 1561,

(02:21:55):
the meeting dissolved itself with oat, her permission
politics had blinded Catherine to reality.
She had failed to understand thereligious divides, which were
impeding the functioning of political power.
She believed That getting the religious leaders to agree,
would resolve everything and completely underestimated, the

(02:22:18):
strength of religious convictions.
In an attempt to make a success of her conciliation policy.
Catherine issued, the edict of Sanjay men in January. 1562 the
edict aimed to promote tolerancebetween the religious groups and
pacify, the Protestants, however, the massacre of vassy

(02:22:41):
on the first of March 1562 Undead, all her efforts, the
Duke of geese and his men attacked worshiping.
Hugo nose in a barn at vassi, killing 74, and wounding. 104,
geese was treated as a hero by the Parisian population.
The Hugo's called for Revenge For the next 30 Years, France,

(02:23:06):
flitted between states of outright Civil War and an uneasy
truce within a month of the infamous Massacre of vasi Hugo
knows, Louis de Bourbon and Admiral Gaspard.
De Coligny had raised an army of1,800 and formed a useful
alliance with England. The Duke of geezers Hardline

(02:23:29):
policy towards the Hugo's fuel, Hugo victories, who began
seizing tone after town, Catherine met with Admiral
colony to find a compromise, butthe talks reached a stalemate
and Catherine resorted to meeting violence with violence.
The Royal Army struck swiftly laying Siege to Hugo held raw

(02:23:52):
Kathryn. Visited the field herself
against the warning of her advisors and attended the
deathbed of Hugo. No leader, Antoine bourbon king
of Nevada. When he Was fatally wounded but
the Catholic Triumph was short-lived as on the 18th of
February. 1563, a spy Potro de Meri, killed the Duke of geese

(02:24:16):
with an archibus. The first gun fired from the
shoulder and resembling a rifle at the siege of olya triggering
a blood Feud, amongst the aristocratic families on either
side of the religious divide, Catherine was delighted a
giese's death. As his hand, was removed from
her son's government. She reportedly told the Venetian

(02:24:39):
Ambassador that if miss you to gears, had perished sooner peace
would have been achieved more quickly.
Finally, the war was brought to an end on the 19th of March,
1563 with the signing of the Edict of Amber's also known as
the Edict of pacification. But France's problems were not

(02:25:00):
over as the English retained. A power base on the French
Coast. So Catherine.
Rallied both, Hugo know and Catholic forces to retake Leve
from the English. These successors did not change.
The fundamental fact that Catherine's power was not her
own on the 17th of August 1563. It was declared that the

(02:25:23):
parliament of raw that Charles the 9th had.
Now reached majority age and could rule alone, but Charles
continued to show little interest in the technicalities
of ruling and Catherine continueto steer him intent on Reviving
loyalty to the crown. After a two mues period.
Catherine took a long Tour of France, with Charles, from

(02:25:46):
January 1 5. Before to May 1565 she aimed to
bolster the Edict of amwas the hard one piece and promote
unity. And to this end, she held talks
with Jean Del Rey, the Protestant queen, regent of
Navarre wife of the late Antoine, de Bourbon and mother

(02:26:06):
of King Henry III of Navarre that her attempts at Unity.
Were not received with praise from everyone, when visiting her
daughter, Elizabeth her son-in-law the devotedly,
Catholic Philip of Spain refusedto see her and instead sent the
Duke of Albert to tell her to tackle heresy, more brutally

(02:26:26):
advice which Catherine ignored Catherine's conciliatory.
Policies were failing to bring the religious conflict to an end
on the 27th of September 1567, the huguenots attempted to
Ambush the king an event known as the surprise of Moe and the

(02:26:47):
Civil War continued, the French Court fled to Paris to escape
the encroaching violence. Bloodshed and civil unrest
continued. Well, after another piece
settlement was agreed. The piece of Linger on the 22nd
to 23rd of March 1568, the surprise of Moe marked a turning

(02:27:07):
point in Catherine's policy towards the huguenots.
She finally abandoned her policyof compromise for one of
repression once, the Hugo knows had targeted at the king in June
1568, she told the Venetian Ambassador that the Hugo's were
traitors and praised the Duke ofAlbus reign of terror in the

(02:27:28):
Netherlands, where Calvinists and Rebels were executed in
their thousands. The royalist Army forced the
hugues to retreat to the Fortified stronghold of Lahore
shell on the west coast where Gene Del Rey and her 15 year old
son, Henry of Navarre joined them around this time.

(02:27:49):
Jean wrote to Catherine expressing her desire to die
rather than abandon her God and religion.
Catherine, who had always underestimated the religious
conviction of the huguenots decree jar AS the most Shameless
woman in the world. Catherine saw John's decision to
Rebel as a deliberate dynastic threat rather than a move fuel

(02:28:13):
by religious conviction. But despite Catherine's anger
fighting on, was no longer an option on the 8th of August
1570. The piece of Sahara, Maine or
lay was signed, because the Royal Army had run out of money.
Despite Catherine's decision to pursue a more Hardline policy.

(02:28:34):
This latest Piece actually conceded.
Wider Toleration to the huguenots than ever before.
Whether this was the result of the throne's weak negotiating
position or part of Catherine's old and preferred conciliatory
policy is unclear. With a temporary piece in place,
Catherine sought to bolster valois interests and Power by

(02:28:58):
setting up several Grand dynastic marriages in 1570.
King Charles the 9th married Elisabeth of Austria daughter of
Maximilian the second Holy RomanEmperor in a proxy wedding in
speyer in modern-day Germany. Catherine also sought a match
between one of her sons and England's Elizabeth the first,

(02:29:20):
but this idea never took off. She worked to replenish the
family's connection with Philip,the second of Spain, after his
wife and her oldest daughter. Elizabeth died in childbirth in
1568. She planned to marry her
youngest daughter. Margaret to Philip, and also
sought a union between Margaret and Henry of Navarre.

(02:29:41):
The son of Del Rey to combine and bourbon interests.
However, Margaret was secretly involved with Henry of geese.
Son of the late Duke of geese, which resulted in a beating from
her mother, Catherine and her brother the king, when they
found out. Catherine, succeeded in luring

(02:30:03):
Jong to court and convinced her to agree to a marriage between
Margaret and Jean's son, Henry with the caveat that Henry be
permitted to remain a Huguenot. The wedding that took place on
the 18th of August 1572 at Notre.
Dame Paris was overshadowed somewhat by the recent death of
jaw who was taken ill upon her arrival in Paris.

(02:30:27):
It was said that Catherine had murdered her with poisoned
gloves. The rumor that Catherine had
killed Jean Del Rey was not the most damaging rumor about her
circulating that summer in 1572,Catherine's reputation was to be
stained by the events of the sunBartholomew's Day Massacre,
which began only days after her daughter Margaret's wedding on

(02:30:51):
the 21st of August, 1572, 3 daysafter The Royal Wedding, which
had brought influential Hugo's to Paris Admiral Colony.
The Hugo leader was shot. While walking home from the
Louvre a smoking aquabus was discovered in a window, but the
culprit escaped colony was treated by surgeon Ambrose

(02:31:14):
parlay Who removed the bullet from his elbow and amputated a
damaged finger with a pair of scissors, Catherine made a
tearful visit to Colony despite apparently receiving the news of
the attack with out any display of emotion and promised revenge
on his attacker. Several historians have blamed

(02:31:35):
Catherine for the attack on Colony.
Others have pointed to the geese, family, or to a Spanish
people plot to end kali's influence on the king, whatever
the truth, the bloodbath that followed grew quickly, out of
control. Two days later on the 23rd of
August 1572, the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre,

(02:31:57):
broke out, Roman Catholic mobs. Murdered Protestant Hugo's or
mass Innocents were targeted. Including children the elderly
and pregnant women bodies were thrown into the river saying and
corpses were hung in the streets.
Painting of the Carnage on the streets of Paris, show
unimaginable Horrors and often such as the painting by

(02:32:20):
Protestant painter, France were Dubois the black clad figure of
Catherine looking coldly, a promof violence.
It was said that Catherine was party to Charles the 9th
decision to kill them all, as heaimed to strike first against an
expected Huguenot Revenge attackfor the shooting of colony.

(02:32:41):
The slaughter lasted for a week and spread outwards from Paris
across much of France where it lasted into the Autumn becoming
a season of Slaughter as historian, Joule Michel'le put
it in total. Approximately 3,000 Protestants
were killed in Paris and a further 70,000 across the whole

(02:33:02):
of France. After the Bloodshed finally
abated in Paris, Catherine's reputation was in tatters, but
she was not dumb. Cast her son-in-law Henry of
Navarre note at an altar, as a Roman Catholic, on the 29th of
September having converted to avoid death and as the

(02:33:23):
ambassadors reported Catherine had laughed triumphantly at the
site. At the legend of the wicked
Italian, The Black Queen spread.From this moment, she was
accused of being a disciple of Machiavelli of using the tactics
of his Treatise, the prince. Move all of her enemies in one,

(02:33:43):
deadly blow. It was a well-targeted criticism
given that Machiavelli had dedicated.
The prince to Catherine's fatherLorenzo The huguenots responded
to the massacre with propaganda,a tactic made doubly effective
by their Mastery of the relatively new art of printing

(02:34:03):
with a printing. Press within weeks, propaganda
papers were produced and distributed or mass and
Catherine was their natural Target in 1575 a particularly
influential manuscript by an anonymous author, titled
discourse Murphy, de la vie action, Air Depot, Mount,

(02:34:25):
Catherine for the massacre and announced her as the epitome of
female evil, the manuscript, became a best seller, and
triggered an avalanche, a propaganda and accusations
against Catherine, her reputation as a devoted Queen
Mother was permanently blackenedand old prejudices against her

(02:34:47):
as a duplicitous, Florentine andpower hungry.
Meteor resurfaced, the black Clothes.
She was an ongoing sign of her loyalty to her late.
Husband were turned into the costume of an Angel of Death.
The document had achieved its aim of preventing Catherine from
consolidating her power after the death of her second son,

(02:35:10):
Charles the ninth, some even called for her to be put on
trial for the murder of the huguenots.
The debate over the level of responsibility, Catherine held
for the horrific events of SaintBartholomew's.
Day is still ongoing, some historians have argued that
Catherine, perhaps ordered the assassination of several

(02:35:33):
Protestant leaders, while they were together in Paris for the
wedding. But that the scale and
unpredictability of the actions of the mob could not have been
ordered or controlled by anyone yet.
Catherine had almost always opted for a conciliatory path.
She wanted unity and peace for the sake of political stability

(02:35:54):
and the longevity of the Valor Dynasty.
She had organized the wedding between her own daughter and
Henry of Navarre and had invitedprominent Hugo to the
celebrations in Paris. It seems unlikely that she would
then set out to ruin this opportunity for Unity, which she
herself had created by calling forth of violent mob to

(02:36:17):
Massacre, the Hugo know. And She continued to act in line
with her policy of conciliation,well after the massacre and its
aftermath, but the Protestants and anyone who had become tired
of Catherine's moderate policies, remained convinced
that she was to blame for the massacre.
As with the painting by Protestant painter, Francois Du

(02:36:40):
Bois and the Discord nervier manuscript, the criticism of
Catherine would play out. Loudly on the public stage and
in the realm of the Arts, And Catherine would not take it,
lying down, Catherine believed as many Renaissance princes and
Scholars. Did that power depended as much
on cultural display as on Force?She had inherited them.

(02:37:05):
A dichi family is taste for FineArt and became a patroness of
the Arts bolstering. French culture, as much as her
family had in Florence, in an age of declining loyalty to the
monarchy, she used the Arts to increase The Prestige of the
valuer dynasty. Launching an artistic patronage
program, which lasted for three decades, she tapped into the

(02:37:28):
rising popularity of portraitureby inviting resident, portrait
artists to the French court and commissioning thousands of
portraits of her family. Although, she spent enormous
sums of money on the Arts, therewas little permanent Legacy of
her work, the festivals and entertainments, she arranged,

(02:37:48):
and the school of artists, she patronized did not live on after
she was gone, only her love for architecture, left a lasting
Mark, including several restored, Royal palaces two new
palaces, she had built in Paris the Twila and the hotel DeLorean
as well as the Italian Renaissance style tomb in which

(02:38:10):
she and her husband would lay. Two years after the events of
the Saint Bartholomew's. Day Massacre, another dynastic
crisis threatened to unseat Catherine and the valois line
King. Charles the 9th died at the age
of 23, of tuberculosis apparently calling out
Catherine's name with his last dying.

(02:38:33):
Breath leaving. No are Charles was succeeded by
his brother. Henry Duke of orgeo.
Henry was recalled from the Polish Lithuanian, Commonwealth,
where he had been elected King the year before abandoning this
throne for the crown of France. Henry came to the throne as an
experienced and grown man. Unlike his two older brothers

(02:38:56):
although Catherine was grieved by, Charles's death, writing to
Henry that she was grief-stricken to have witnessed
such a scene and the love which he showed me at the end.
It was said that Henry was her favorite at son.
She added a letter to him that her only consolation to see you
here soon as your kingdom requires and in good health for

(02:39:20):
if I were to lose you I would have myself that it alive with
you. Despite the advantages of
experience maturity and health. Henry, proved to be as equally
fitful as his brothers. When it came to displaying
interest in the tasks of government Henry's disinterest
in ruling was perhaps rooted in his religious devotion.

(02:39:42):
He showed much more interest in displays of piety pilgrimage and
flagellation than in the politics of ruling just as
Francis and Charles had Henry relied heavily on Catherine when
it came to the practicalities ofruling.
So even though Catherine did nothave the formal powers of a
region as she had, when Charles had ruled as a minor, she

(02:40:05):
continued to hold huge power andinfluence over the government.
Henry's coronation was held at rennes Cathedral on the 13th of
February 1575 and todays later, he married Louise de la reine
the demo, his choice thwarting, Catherine's plans for a
political marriage to A foreign princess.

(02:40:27):
This marriage was a childless one which had deep consequences
for Catherine's, family Henry. The third's heir was his younger
brother Francis Duke of Alonso but in stead of fulfilling his
duties as dofa Francis exploited, the Anarchy of the
Civil Wars to his own Advantage,despite Catherine, summoning him

(02:40:48):
for a six-hour telling off abouthis subversive behavior.
In March 1578, Francis would notbe stopped and The Valor Dynasty
looked set to crumble Francis allied with the Protestant
princes against the crown and his brother Henry, the third and
besieged Paris in the spring of 1576, the resulting piece of

(02:41:13):
Monsieur francis's nickname, andEdict of beauly was granted by
Catherine on the 6th of May 1576and represented a huge
concession to Hugo demands Protestants were now permitted
to Worship in public. Build their own churches and
were guaranteed representation in the strongly Catholic

(02:41:35):
Parliament. A guarantee which would later be
rescinded by the state's generalof blur and caused the return of
Henry of Navarre to his calvinist religion.
And to Leading armed Rebellion, there was also to be
compensation for the families ofthe victims of the Saint
Bartholomew's Day Massacre, it was said that Francesca forced

(02:41:56):
Catherine and Henry to pass the ACT.
Many Catholics were extremely op.
To these concessions and particularly to the recognition,
given to Protestant political organizations and formed their
own political organization called the Catholic league in
protest, as well as deepening religious grievances.

(02:42:16):
The peace treaty also failed to bring an end to France's
dangerous Behavior Francis's Army launched a disastrous
intervention in the low countries in the middle of 1584.
But in June of that year Francisdied of consumption, despite
their differences, Catherine. Then wrote, I Am So wretched to

(02:42:40):
live long enough to see so many people die before me.
Although I realize that God's will must be obeyed.
That he owns everything and thathe lends Us only for as long as
he likes the children, whom he gives us the death of her.
Youngest son was a dynastic Calamity.
She had no more living sums to inherit the throne and any

(02:43:04):
surviving daughters were not eligible to rule due to their
gender. The Hugo King Henry, the third
of Navarre now became heir presumptive to the French crown
Although Catherine had wisely, married her.
Youngest daughter, Margaret to Henry of Navarre.
She could rely on her daughter Margaret.
Little more than she could rely on her Troublesome son.

(02:43:28):
Francis Duke of Alonso, Margarethad returned to the French Court
without her husband in 1582 and Catherine was overheard berating
her daughter for taking lovers after being sent back to her
husband Margaret fled, again in 1585 retreated to her property
at Azure and begged, her mother for money.

(02:43:50):
Catherine sent only enough moneyfor food in an attempt to force,
Margaret to return home, but Margaret moved on to the
Fortress of Carla and took another lover, a nobleman called
dobia Catherine, demanded that Henry of Navarre act to resolve
his medical difficulties before shame was brought upon the all

(02:44:13):
and in October 1586 he Locked Margaret up in the Chateau.
De Beek was executed though, notas Catherine had wished in front
of Margaret. Catherine cut Margaret out of
her will and never saw her again.
Catherine's control over the crown had reduced since the

(02:44:35):
reign of her Elder two sons but she still functioned as Henry's
chief executive of government. And as a traveling Diplomat, she
traveled widely across the kingdom, enforcing his authority
and trying to head off war in 1578 at the age of 59.
She embarked on an 18-month Journey, around the south of

(02:44:57):
France to meet, Hugo know leaders, her efforts.
One, Catherine knew respect fromthe French people and on her
return to Paris in 1579. She was greeted outside the city
by the Parliament and large crowds the Venetian ambassador
of Catherine, she is an indefatigable, princess born to

(02:45:21):
tame and Governor people. As unruly as the French, they
know, recognize her Medics, her concern for Unity and are sorry.
Not to Have appreciated her sooner, Catherine herself.
However was under no Illusions about the desperate situation
facing the Volvo Dynasty. And on the 25th of November

(02:45:42):
1579, she wrote to the king. You are on the eve of a general
Revolt. Anyone who tells you differently
is a liar As Catherine had predicted, many leading Roman
Catholics were appalled by her attempts to appease the
huguenots and in particular by the Edict of bewley which had

(02:46:05):
furthered Protestant rights. Local Catholic leagues, were
formed with the aim of protecting the Catholic religion
and Catholic privileges from rising protestantism.
After the death of Francis, the dofa in 1584, the Duke of geese
assumed the leadership of the Catholic league in order to
block the succession of Hugo Henry of Navarre and put Henry's

(02:46:30):
Catholic, Uncle Cardinal child de born on the throne in Stead
geese recruited powerful Catholic princes Nobles and
Bishops formed a union with Spain under the tree of suave
and raided for war against the Heretics by 1585 King Henry.
The third had to face the reality of war against the

(02:46:51):
Catholic League, who was stirring up the Civil War once
more Catherine a patently consulted Henry on the delicate
nature of the situation, but also warned him that piece is
carried on a stick. She wrote to her favorite son to
take care, especially about yourperson.
That is so much treachery about that.

(02:47:14):
I die of fear. Trapped in a difficult
situation, Henry was unable to fight, both the Catholics and
the Protestants, at the same time, both of whom had larger
and better resourced armies thanhis own Henry decided to
initially seek peace with the Catholic.
And on the 7th of July 1585 signed the Treaty of nemour

(02:47:38):
agreeing to meet all of the League's demands even paying its
troops, then driven by his religious convictions, Henry
retreated into hiding to fast and pray taking with him his
personal bodyguard, a loyal Force known as the 45 and
leaving, Catherine to find a resolution to what was quickly.

(02:48:01):
Becoming a constitutional crisis.
The Wawa monarchy had lost control of the country to make
matters, worse, a europe-wide Catholic backlash, against the
Protestants, was on the rise in 1587.
The Stability. In France forced Henry the third
and Catherine to refuse assistance to England.

(02:48:22):
After the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, on the 8th of
February 1587, caused Fury, amongst the Catholic world, and
the Spanish prepared to launch its Armada against England,
recognizing the vulnerability ofroyal power in France.
The Spanish Ambassador apparently told King Philip the

(02:48:43):
second of Spain that the absus was about to burst the Catholic
League honored, their treaty with the Spanish and seized
control of much of northern France to allow the Spanish
Armada access to French ports. With his rule, completely
undermined by the Catholic league and widespread religious

(02:49:06):
divisions Henry, then made several mistakes seeing that
Paris was vulnerable. Henry hired Swiss troops to help
him defend the city and himself,but the parisians took it upon
themselves to defend the city and built barricades in the
streets on the 12th of May 1588.They refused to take orders from

(02:49:27):
Henry and announced that they would take orders only from the
Duke of geese, Catherine reportedly forced her way
through the barricades to mass. The people acquiescing to her
passing and then as Chronicle lest World reported, cried all
through, lunch. She later wrote to statement and

(02:49:48):
future Chancellor pompon to Bel-Air, never have I seen
myself in such trouble or with so little light by which to
escape acting upon his mother's Sage.
Advice Henry, fled Paris just intime and signed the act of Union
on the 15th of June 1588 giving in to the League's, latest

(02:50:10):
demands to give himself the chance to fight against another
day. Then Henry made his second
mistake on the 8th of September 1588.
Henry dismissed, all of his ministers without warning as the
French Court gathered, for a meeting of the Estates
atypically, he had not conferredwith Catherine about this

(02:50:33):
decision. And she was kept in the dark
about the events while she suffered from a lung infection
Henry's mistake and the even greater one which followed
effectively ended Catherine's days of power and The Valor
Dynasty at the meeting of the Estates Henry thanked,
Catherine, for everything. She had done calling her mother

(02:50:54):
of the king and mother of the state, then on the 23rd of
December 1588, Henry, invite theDuke of geese to visit him at
the Chateau de Bois again, without converting, with
Catherine and react to resolve, all of the problems facing him
and made his third great mistake.

(02:51:15):
As geese entered the king's chamber for the proposed meeting
the 45 Henry's, bodyguard, stabbed geese to death
symbolically at the foot of the king's bed.
Simultaneously, Henry's men, captured 8, members of the geese
family, including the Duke of giza's brother and the Cardinal

(02:51:36):
of geese, Louis the second who was later hacked to death in the
palace. Dungeons once the murders were
complete Henry, finally shared his decisions with Catherine
begged, her for forgiveness and excused, his Brash and violent
scheme. As an attempt to prevent geese
doing the same to him. Although Catherine's initial

(02:51:58):
reaction to these events cannot been known her son's actions had
certainly not reflected her own cautious and shrewd diplomacy on
Christmas day. She prayed with a friar and
lamented. Oh Wretched, Man.
What has he done? Pray for him.
I see him rushing towards his ruin when she visited her.

(02:52:21):
Old friend Cardinal Debo on the first of January 1589, a promise
that he would be freed. Soon was met with the Cardinals
to Vision. As he responded, your words,
Madame have led us all to this Butchery.
Catherine died. Only a few days later on the 5th

(02:52:42):
of January 1589 at the age of 69, it is likely that she died
from pleurisy, an inflammation on the lungs, the condition,
which had kept her bed bound in December and which had perhaps
in courage to her son to move against the Duke of geese
without conferred with her first.

(02:53:03):
It was generally believed that Catherine's life had been
shortened by the stress and by her anger at her son's rash
actions as Paris was still held by enemies of the crown.
Catherine could not be bedded there with her husband.
Instead, she was initially betted at the Sasso bird to blur

(02:53:23):
Church in Blair, near the Chateau Royale where she had
died. Her body was later.
Moved to the Basilica Cathedral of Saint Anne.
In Northern Paris. The traditional resting place
for french monarchs of the Period and placed next to her
husband Henry. The second this re-interment was
a Henry, the second's illegitimate daughter with

(02:53:47):
Philippine duci, Diane de Franceduchess's of Angola.
The tomb of Henry and Catherine.And elaborate temple-like
structure with four statues representing.
The cardinal virtues of prudenceJustice fortitude and Temperance
was desecrated during the FrenchRevolution in October 1793 like

(02:54:09):
those of many other kings and queens of France.
However, the tomb was saved by archaeologists Alexander and
were and preserved at the Museumof French monuments.
During the second bourbon restoration, between 1815 and
1830. The tomb was returned to the
Basilica of Saint Denis. Catherine was not outlived by

(02:54:33):
her son for that long as Henry. The third was stabbed to death
by Jacques Claymore. 8 months after Catherine's initial
burial, when he was killed, Henry had been besieging Paris
with Henry of Navarre who went on to succeed him.
As King Henry, the fourth of France, the death of Catherine's

(02:54:53):
last son, represented, the end of almost three, centuries of
Valor Rule, and brought the house of bourbon to power.
Catherine had outlived all of her children, except Henry who
died, only months later and Margaret who she had disowned
King Henry, the fourth later said of Catherine his mother in

(02:55:14):
law and enemy. What could a woman do left by
the death of her husband with five little children on her arms
and two families of France who were thinking of grasping the
crown our own and the geezers was she not compelled to play?
Strange parts to deceive first one.
And then the other in order to guard, as she did her son's, who

(02:55:38):
successively reigned through thewise, conduct of that shrewd
woman. I am surprised that she never
did worse. Catherine had risen to become
the most powerful woman in 16th century Europe, Born Into The
prominent Medici family, then the rulers of Florence and
famous patrons of the Arts. She Rose to become the queen of

(02:56:01):
France by marriage to King Henry.
The second and wielded immense power as the queen mother of
three French Kings Francis the second Charles, the 9th and
Henry the third, the last FrenchKing of The Valor Dynasty.
But her Legacy has been mired byattitudes towards powerful women
and foreigners and by the controversies which coincided

(02:56:24):
with her time. As the power behind the French
Crown, the complexity of the civil and religious wars, which
are three sons ruled through. Make assessing her difficult
Catherine's influence over her, son's their governments and
their policy-making made her an easy target for blame the blame.

(02:56:44):
She carried with a justly or not?
For the persecutions carried out, under her son's Rule and
especially the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre of
1572. When thousands of huguenots were
killed tainted, her memory, Catherine has been remembered as
the black queen as a follower ofMachiavelli's, Cutthroat,

(02:57:06):
political theories, rather than as a queen mother, who pursued
policies of conciliation patronized the Arts and above
all worked to save The Valor Dynasty.
Catherine's ruthlessness is not a fabrication of historians as
it comes through clearly in her letters.

(02:57:27):
And in the words of those who knew her, that is much more to
her story, like many female rulers before.
And after her, she has been flattened out by his history,
made into a two-dimensional character as her moniker The
Black Queen shows. While the complexities of her
character and the situation are ignored.

(02:57:48):
Her Authority was hugely limitedby the effects of the Civil Wars
and in the context of the political and religious turmoil.
Her policies appear to simply bedesperate, measures to keep the
vollwerth. Monarchy on the throne from her
policy of conciliation with the human and marriage of her own

(02:58:09):
daughter. To the Hugo known leader, Henry
of Nevada, to her patronage of the Arts in an attempt to
glorify the monarchy without Catherine.
It seems. Unlikely that her son's would
have held onto the throne in their lifetimes.
What do you think of, Catherine,dichi, while she the black queen

(02:58:29):
that history has remembered her as or was?
She the devoted mother and politically astute woman which
she hoped to be remembered. As please let us know in the
comment section and in the meantime, thank you very much
for watching. The woman known to history as

(02:58:56):
Empress Maria. Theresa was born on the 13th of
May 1717 in the hofburg palace in the center of the city of
Vienna as Maria Teresa vulgar. Amalia Christina Her father was
Emperor. Charles the sixth ruler of the
Holy Roman Empire, arched Duke of Austria, king of Hungary, and

(02:59:18):
Bohemia, and head of the House of Habsburg.
As such Charles was one of the most powerful rulers in early
18th century Europe. Maria today is mother was
Elizabeth. Christina of Brunswick.
A daughter of the Duke of Brunswick Volvo.
One of the most powerful German Lords of the day.

(02:59:38):
She had married, Charles in 1708and 3 years later, he succeeded
his brother Joseph. The first as head of the House
of Habsburg and the Holy Roman Emperor at that time Charles and
Elizabeth still did not have anychildren, perhaps partly owing
to Charles's homosexuality. However, his accession as
emperor in 1711 placed, an onus on the pair to produce an heir.

(03:00:01):
A son Leopold was born in 1716 but the child was Ill from birth
and died just over six months later.
Thus, when Maria, Theresa was born the following may.
She was her parents. Only surviving child, another
daughter. Maria Anna would follow in
September. 1718 a third daughter.

(03:00:22):
Maria Amalia was born in 1724 but she died in 1730.
No further. Sons were born.
A fact, which would have a significant bearing on Maria
Teresa's life. Maria Teresa's childhood was
typical of a princess during the18th century, a period of lavish

(03:00:42):
Court ceremonial and pageantry as such much of her education
centered on learning to dance saying play music and engage in
the other Pursuits which were The Preserve of the Austrian
Court as well as other European courts in a profoundly Catholic
country. It was perhaps unsurprising that
her tutors were members of the Society of Jesus or Jesuits.

(03:01:05):
It was from these tutors that she learned the course of
subjects of the humanist educational curriculum, which
had been disseminated around Europe during the Renaissance.
Latin rhetoric grammar, poetry history and moral philosophy.
However, that was supplemented by new subjects addressing the
emerging Sciences following, theScientific Revolution of the

(03:01:29):
17th century. Much of her time would have been
spent away from her family, as was typical of the Courts of the
time and spent instead with her own household staff.
Additionally, her relationship with her.
Father was poor in large part. Owing to the fact that Charles
had yearned for a son as an heir.
And as a replacement for the deceased, Leopold, and he was

(03:01:51):
devastated. When a daughter was born in
1717, nevertheless Maria, Theresa was his Heir.
And in 1731, when she was 14 years old and deemed to be
entering her adult years by the standards of the time.
Her father began allowing her tosit on meeting of the government
Council, though. He never consulted her on policy

(03:02:13):
matters. The nation, which Maria Theresa
was destined to one day rule over had emerged as one of
Europe's great powers in The Strangest of ways.
It was based entirely around thehouse of Habsburg the family
which carved out Austria as its own fiefdom.
The family was descended from a relatively minor lord of the

(03:02:33):
Alpine region who had built a fortress in Switzerland, in the
11th century which was known as the Habsburg Castle later.
The family adopted this name, they gradually expanded their
landholdings into Austria in thehigh Middle Ages and from 1452
down to the mid-18th century. Every Holy Roman Emperor, hailed

(03:02:54):
from the house of Habsburg this combined with the shrewd series
of marriage, alliances saw the territory, which the habsburgs
ruled directly expand to cover. Most of modern day Austria, the
titles of Duke and then arched Duke of Austria.
Followed later Ferdinand of Habsburg succeeded as king of

(03:03:14):
Hungary and Bohemia further. Territorial Acquisitions in.
What is now Belgium and NorthernItaly, ensured that, by the time
of Mariah Carey's birth, the austrians control the territory
approximating to modern-day Austria, Hungary, the Czech
Republic, Croatia, and much of Slovakia, as well as the duchy

(03:03:35):
of Milan and the kingdoms of Sardinia and Naples in Italy.
The habsburg's ruled Austria as absolute monarchs in line with
the absolutist principles which had emerged in countries like
France, Russia Austria and Prussia in the 17th century.
This approach was the opposite of that of countries like
Britain, and the Dutch Republic,where parliamentary bodies were

(03:03:58):
becoming more powerful by way ofcontrast in Austria.
The state was governed by the head of the House of Habsburg.
As Holy Roman Emperor, arched Duke of Austria and king of
Hungary and Bohemia. The ruler.
In this case Maria Teresa's Father, Charles the sixth
appointed a narrow collection ofall powerful ministers, who

(03:04:18):
managed the government on his behalf.
Austria was also one of the mostmonolithically Roman Catholic
States in Europe. Although it did have a number of
important religious minorities, notably a substantial Jewish
population, many Protestants in Bohemia, and Hungary, and both
Eastern, Orthodox, Christians, and some Muslims, in the Balkan

(03:04:39):
territories. Economy of Austria was
underdeveloped by comparison with countries like England.
The Dutch Republic and Sweden being primarily based on
agriculture while it was also well.
Behind its Western European rivals in terms of its education
system. Furthermore, its military was no
rival for its northern neighbor Prussia.

(03:05:00):
Whose military was the most effective in Europe and whose
King Frederick William. The first had transformed the
nation into a major rival of Austria's in Central Europe.
This was the realm which Maria Teresa would rule.
One day, her father had made plans to ensure this even before
she was born when he had become Archduke and Holy Roman Emperor

(03:05:25):
in 1711, Charles was the last male in the direct line of the
House of Habsburg Austria. At the time followed the salic
law which prohibited women from succeeding to the throne.
But in order to widen the base of possible, heirs and ensure
that the habsburg's territories did not pass to another European
royal family. When he died, Charles had what

(03:05:47):
is known as the pragmatic sanction passed in 1713 this
stipulated that all of the territories, which he ruled in
Central Europe, the low countries and Italy could pass
undivided to a female are thus increasing the possibility that
the hapsburg line would not die out.
It was a fortuitous decision forwhen he died many years later,

(03:06:10):
Charles would only leave behind female Heirs of whom Maria.
Theresa was the oldest. However, as we will see, the
pragmatic, sanction was not accepted unequivocally by
others, who had a cling to the Habsburg territories.
When the day came from Maria Teresa to succeed, her father

(03:06:30):
Already in the mid 1720, extensive consideration had been
given in Vienna to Maria Theresa's.
Potential husband. One possible Contender was
Leopold, Claymore heir to the duchy of Lorraine in eastern
France, and a Scion of the French Royal House of bourbon.
However, his premature death from smallpox, in the summer of

(03:06:51):
1723 ended speculation on this front.
Another Suitor was Prince Frederick of Prussia the heir to
King, Frederick William. The first who was just a few
years older than Maria Teresa, amarriage alliance with the
prussians was viewed as favorable at the Austrian Court
as it would potentially neutralize Prussia as a threat

(03:07:12):
to Austria in Central Europe. But Russia was a solidly
Protestant State and the match was ultimately unacceptable to
the Roman Catholic establishmentin Vienna as a result.
Charles betrothed his daughter and heir to Prince Charles of
Spain, a younger son of Philip, the 5th, the King of Spain from
1724 onwards, the match which carried the possibility of

(03:07:36):
Austria and Spain being ruled byhusband and wife a scenario
which would have hugely Disturbed, the balance of power
amongst Europe's. Great States, was unacceptable
to countries like Britain and France and under pressure from
these nations. Charles the sixth abandoned the
arrangement in the late, 1720 inthe event.

(03:07:56):
The other powers were correct tobe concerned as Prince.
Charles of Spain did eventually become king of Spain in 1759
following the death of his childless brother, Ferdinand the
sixth, In response to these developments.
Charles increasingly looked towards Francis.
Stephen, the younger brother of the deceased Leopold to

(03:08:17):
Claremore of Lorraine as a potential husband for Maria
Teresa. The house of Lorraine was
particularly favored by the Austrian ability for their Ultra
Catholic credentials and Francis, Stephen had been
brought to the Austrian Court inVienna all the way back in 1723
in order to observe him as a possible marriage partner.
Other suitors came and went in the 1720s but when the

(03:08:42):
possibility of marrying Prince Charles of Spain fell through in
the late, 1720 Francis Stephen was increasingly viewed as
Maria's likely husband, he became a more attractive,
Prospect owing to the fact that he was potentially going to
succeed. The childless Grand Duke of
Tuscany in Italy. Janga stole the Medici.

(03:09:03):
This would potentially make Maria Torres Duchess of Tuscany
one day. Further cementing, Austria's
control over the Italian Peninsula, by the mid-70s.
It was clear that Maria would marry Francis and they were
finally officially betrothed in January 1736.
They married just two weeks later, it would be a tempestuous

(03:09:24):
relationship in, which Maria, Theresa was possessive of her
husband, but he never betrayed any sense that he had married
her for any reason other than the political Ambitions of
himself and his family. While Maria Teresa's, marriage
to Francis, Stephen was being negotiated.
And then agreed in the 1730s Austria was involved in two

(03:09:47):
Wars, which had a significant bearing on Maria's future Reign,
the war of the Polish successionwas fought between 1733 and
1735. It was sparked by a civil war,
over the succession to the Polish Lithuanian.
Commonwealth following the deathof King, Augustus.
The second in 1733 most of Europe's major Powers became

(03:10:09):
involved in order to further their own Ambitions Austria,
supported the claim of augustus's son, Augustus, the
third who eventually became kingthe fighting ended in 1735, but
full peace terms, were not agreed until the signing of the
Treaty of Vienna in sudden, 1738through this Austria's preferred

(03:10:29):
candidate for the throne of Poland.
Augustus, the third was recognized as the ruler of the
Commonwealth by the other European powers.
But in return, Austria was forced to see the kingdom of
Naples in Italy to Spain while Maria's new husband.
Francis also had to renounce, his claim to the duchy of
Lorraine in France. Thus Austria gained influence to

(03:10:53):
the east in Poland, but lost influence to the West in eastern
France, and southern Italy, morebroadly, the war confirmed.
Both the weakness of Poland, as well, as how its politics were
now determined by its neighbors.Paving, the way, for the
gradual, carving up of his territory and division amongst
its neighbors, many years later,Another conflict which had

(03:11:15):
broken out in 1735 just as the active fighting in the war of
the Polish succession was comingto an end was the russo-turkish
war between the 15th and 17th centuries.
The Ottoman Empire had been the pre-eminent power in the Balkans
expanding aggressively and even placing Vienna under a major
Siege in 1683 which under other circumstances might have

(03:11:39):
resulted in the conquest of the city yet by the 18th century.
The Ottomans were entering a period of steep decline as they
fail to keep Pace with the technological and Military
advancements underway, amongst Europe's christian powers as
this occurred Austria and Russia.
The Ottomans 2 northern Neighbors in the Balkans and the
Black Sea engaged in a series ofWars to wrest control of

(03:12:03):
territory. From the Turks, the conflict,
which erupted between Russia andthe Ottomans.
In 1735 was one such war of Adventure, Russia, overround the
Ottomans. Possessions in the Crimea within
a few months following which Charles II decided to enter the
war on Russia's side against theTurks, however his armies lost a

(03:12:24):
series of engagements in the Balkans in 1737 and 1738
highlighting the weaknesses of the Austrian military.
And when the Treaty of Belgrade was signed in 1739, it did not
result in territorial gains for Austria.
However, the war set the template for Russia and Austria
to begin dismantling, the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

(03:12:47):
and the Black Sea, a process which would continue throughout
Maria Teresa's, long range, and well into the 19th century.
The Treaty of Belgrade was one of the last major acts of the
reign of Maria Teresa's. Father, Charles the sixth died
on the 20th of October 1740, most likely from having consumed

(03:13:07):
poisonous mushrooms, while on a hunting trip, in Hungary upon
his death, Maria succeeded in line, with the pragmatic
sanction to become the first female ruler of the House of
Habsburg archduchess of Austria,queen of Hungary, and Bohemia
and shortly afterwards. The first emperor of the Holy
Roman Empire. Her accession was formally

(03:13:29):
recognized five weeks later. When the Austrian estate's paid.
Homage to her in Vienna on the 22nd of November the previous
day. She had appointed France's as
co-ruler to assuage doubts aboutAustria having a female ruler
and he would co-rule with her asFrancis the first of Austria,
all the Maria would wield greater Authority during their

(03:13:51):
reign. However, there was no time to
enjoy her accession. Her father had been a poor ruler
who had left the Austrian treasury.
Deeply mired in debt as a result, the Austrian military
which had been weakened as a result of the Polish and Turkish
Wars of the 1730s was unpaid andthousands of men had begun to
Desert. However, Charles had to train

(03:14:14):
his daughter in matters of statecraft and she had no
experience of ruling when she ascended a problem, which was
compounded by the incompetence of several of Austria's leading
government ministers at the time, These problems were
further added to within weeks when several of the European
powers made it clear that they would not accept Maria.

(03:14:35):
Teresa's accession calling into question the legal validity of
the pragmatic sanction which Charles had passed in 1713,
allowing a daughter of his to succeed to all of his
territories in particular. Charles of Bavaria the ruler of
the electorate of Bavaria as Prince elector and head of one
of the most powerful German states had a claim to the

(03:14:57):
Habsburg territories. If the validity of the pragmatic
sanction was to be questioned. He also appealed to the scores
of other German states and free cities to refuse to accept a
female ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.
As with so many other European conflicts of the 18th century, a
number of other powers soon joined in the conflict to

(03:15:18):
further their own in asstastic and territorial Ambitions.
As a result within weeks of Maria's accession, the war of
the Austrian succession had erupted, Pitting Austria,
Britain, the Dutch Republic and Hanover against Bavaria, France
and Prussia it would last for eight years.
And in due course, Spain and Sweden allied with Bavaria.

(03:15:40):
While Russia joined the war on Austria's side.
The war had an international dimension for powers like,
France, Britain, Spain and the Dutch Republic, which each had
extensive overseas colonies. But for Maria Theresa and her
government, the fighting was largely confined to Central
Europe. Her forces were on the back foot

(03:16:02):
from the beginning. Frederick, the second who had
succeeded his father as King of Prussia, in May 1740 had been
preparing for the inevitable succession at Maria.
And he invaded Austria in mid-December 1740, the Prussian
Army was the greatest fighting force in Europe in the 18th
century and it easily overran much of Austria's Northern

(03:16:23):
Territories in the final weeks of 1740 in particular, Frederick
was able to occupy the prince ofsciencia.
This was a long contested regionwhich straddled the borders
between Prussia Austria and the Polish Lithuanian.
Commonwealth it is rich in minerals and Frederick wanted
possession of its valuable Minds.
Thus his Quick occupation of Silesia in the winter of 1740

(03:16:47):
was a major victory to begin with and he would secure the
province at the end of the war, this was probably the former
most result of the conflict for Austria and Prussia as it
tilted. The economic equilibrium within
Germany in favor of the prussians going forward.
The Wider War lasted until 1748 though.

(03:17:09):
The bulk of the fighting was over by 1745 after which time
the main antagonists entered into peace, negotiations, at the
city of aachen near cologne in Western Germany, the resulting
Treaty of Exile Shapiro was primarily negotiated for Austria
by Britain and Maria Teresa severely resented her virtual

(03:17:30):
exclusion from the peace talks. Some of the terms were favorable
to her nonetheless, for instance, all site, to greet, to
accept the legal validity, of the pragmatic, sanction, and so
recognized Maria, as the rightful ruler of all the
Habsburg territories. And as Holy Roman Empress, the
male title of which had briefly been held by Charles of Bavaria

(03:17:51):
during the war and in three centuries of uninterrupted
Habsburg holding of that title. However, in return for her
formal recognition as empress arched, Duchess of Austria and
queen of Hungary and Bohemia. Maria had to see Silesia
officially to Prussia. While also relinquishing some of
her territories in Italy to Spain and recognizing the

(03:18:13):
independence of the Duchess of moderna and Genoa there.
The other terms primarily concerned, Britain and France,
and their overseas colonies. As such Maria had gained formal
recognition of her right to rulefrom Europe's Powers.
But at the loss of Austrian influencing Italy and the
province of So easier, the latter of which was a

(03:18:34):
particularly bitter pill to swallow and which Maria would
obsess over recovering for the remainder of her reign.
Maria's determination to oversee, the war effort from
Vienna in the 1740s, was complicated by her almost
continuous pregnancy. Within weeks of marrying France
in 1736, she was already pregnant and she remained.

(03:18:56):
So for most of the next 20 years, eventually, giving birth
to 16 children between 1737 and 1756, 11 girls and five boys.
One of her daughter's died during birth while both of her
first two daughters Maria Elisabeth.
And Mariah carolyna born in 1737and 1740 died.

(03:19:18):
In infancy of the other 13 children, several more would die
before reaching their adult years.
Charles Joseph, Maria and Maria Sefa or being Carried Away by a
smallpox wave which devastated Austria in the 1760s.
Consequently only 10 of her 16 children survived into their

(03:19:39):
adult years but they would generally lead.
Long lives by the standards of the time.
A male Heir arrived in the spring of 1741, in the shape of
Archduke Yosef. While three more Sons, Leopold,
Ferdinand, and Maximilian Francewould all outlive their mother.
And Maria was assured that therewould be no further succession

(03:20:00):
crises pursuant from her own passing, as we will see.
Later a number of her daughters would also play important roles
in the dynastic politics of Europe.
During the second half of the 18th century.
Despite their growing brood of children, Maria Teresa's
marriage to Emperor. Francis was never a happy Union.
Although Maria was initially determined to forge a close and

(03:20:23):
happy Union with her husband, henever warmed to his Austrian
wife and became a Serial adulterer as the years went by
some of this was open knowledge at court, which must have caused
considerable distress for Maria.For instance, when the Countess
Maria vilhelmina from nepi arrived to the Austrian Court in

(03:20:43):
Vienna in the mid-70s as a 17 year old maid of honor to the
empress Francis quickly, began an affair with her to despite
being 30 years older than her. This particular infidelity
lasted for several years and France's was Indiscreet enough
that foreign dignitaries to the court of Vienna wrote about it
when reporting to the government's back in London,

(03:21:06):
Paris and Madrid these issues aside.
Francis had a very good businessmind, and while Maria oversaw
Most aspects of the governance of her Realms herself.
She delegated oversight of the Austrian treasury to France's
over the course of a quarter of a century.
He transformed Austria for one of Europe's, Most indebted

(03:21:26):
Nations to one of its most financially sound States.
Maria's own style of governance was reflective of the
government's system. Espoused by absolute monarchs
throughout Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries while such
rulers in France, Austria, Russia, and other absolute.
Monarchies were effectively all powerful.

(03:21:47):
And did not defer to any Parliament or legislative
assembly. They nevertheless left
responsibility for the day-to-day running of government
in the hands of a clique of ministers who they appointed to
run the country. Often with a very powerful chief
minister, overseeing Affairs at the Austrian Court.
These leading officials were known as the kaheem rat kaheem,

(03:22:09):
meaning secret and as such the heimat would be the closest
political Confidant of the monarch similar to a secretary
of state in England. During Maria's Reign, the most
powerful guy. Heimbach was Wenzel Anton Prince
of Khan's Rose to prominence as Austrian ambassador to France
and became state. Tesla and Minister for foreign

(03:22:33):
affairs in 1753 posts. He would effectively monopolize
for the next 40 years much of his foreign policy.
Mirrored Maria's inclinations inseeing Prussia and its ruler.
Frederick the second as Austria's former's Nemesis, he
was the most powerful politicianin 18th century Austria though
other counselors such as Matthias France, Grafton ski

(03:22:55):
Bishop of brno and his. Turinsky relatives also played
important roles in the governance of Maria's Realms.
She was never far from Affairs either.
And while count, its and others manage the data day business of
government, the empress was consulted regularly and
ultimately had to sanction. All major domestic reforms and
foreign policy decisions. Some of the foremost domestic

(03:23:19):
issues facing Austria during Maria's Reign concerned
religion. The house of Habsburg were
amongst the great champions of Roman Catholicism in Europe
during the early modern period and had fought hard to prevent
the rise of protestantism in Austria itself with success but
Maria's forebears had inherited and conquered territories since
the 16th century, which had large religious minorities

(03:23:42):
within them in particular, Bohemia and Hungary were a
patchwork of Catholics Jews and various types of Protestants
including Lutheran's hussites, Calvinists and moravians as a
zealous. Roman Catholic, Maria aimed to
convert her Protestant subjects or at least Creator religiously,
pure core to her territories. In line with this, she exalt

(03:24:05):
thousands of Protestants who were living in Upper Austria to
the remote Transylvania region in the Eastern extremities of
the hapsburg lands around. What is now Western Romania in
tandem work. House's were established in
Hungary and Bohemia to forcibly.Inter Protestants in them and
try to convert them to Catholicism.

(03:24:26):
This was just the latest effort by a hapsburg monarch to convert
the Protestants of these regionsto Catholicism and like all her
predecessors before her Maria's policies, failure processed an
minorities remained, a feature of both Hungary and Bohemia
through to Modern Times While Maria Teresa's approach towards

(03:24:47):
her Protestant subjects was to attempt to forcibly convert
them. She adopted an altogether
different policy regarding the Jews of the Habsburg
territories. Tens of thousands of Jews had
settled in Austria, Bohemia and Hungary in the late medieval
period. Following their expulsion from
countries like England and France.
There was a sizable Jewish population here as a result by

(03:25:11):
the 18th century. Maria exhibited the anti-semitic
views, which would typical of many zealous Catholics during
the early modern period, and sheactively persecuted them for
much of her Reign. For instance, in 1747, a
toleration tax was issued aimed primarily at the Jews of Hungary

(03:25:31):
where the greatest concentrationof Jews in the Habsburg lands
was to be found this imposed, a heavy tax on Jews in towns.
Like Buddha with the threat of force to expulsion from the
Habsburg lands. If they did not pay this many A
porter Jews were consequently, forced to migrate, eastwards to
the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth, which had a long

(03:25:52):
history of Toleration of the Jewish people.
Others remained and paid the tax.
It was lightened as the years went by and Maria Teresa's
anti-semitic. Policies were loosened in
general from the late 1750 onwards.
As the empress was influenced bythe courtier Abraham Mendel
table. The Unofficial leader of the
Jewish community in Hungary, whogained considerable influence at

(03:26:15):
the court in Vienna, at the time, in time, the Toleration
tax was removed, altogether in the 1790s and cities, like
Vienna and Budapest would retaintheir significant Jewish
communities through to the 20th century.
The war of the Austrian succession was far from the only
conflict which Austria became embroiled in during Maria's long

(03:26:37):
Reign. When that conflict ended, a
general realignment of the European balance of power began
for decades Austria, and Britainhad been allied with each other
to check the growth of French power on the continent.
But the war of the 1740s had convinced King George, the
second's government in England that Austria was no longer
capable of doing so militarily. Therefore in the late 1740s and

(03:27:01):
early 1750s, Britain had begun cultivating Prussia as a new
continental Ally. This is in turn led to Austria
drifting towards a French alliance with the ultimate goal
of re-acquiring. Silesia in a new war with
Prussia counties was the architect of this new Forum
policy, the Maria actively supported him.

(03:27:21):
The end result of all this maneuvering was the Diplomatic
revolution of 1756. The two prongs of which were a
formal Anglo Prussian Alliance and a rifle agreement reached
between France and Austria that same year under the terms of the
first Treaty of Versailles, thisin turn pulled Austria and
Prussia into a war which had been underway between Britain

(03:27:44):
and France since 1754 primarily over their respective colonies
in North America, where France, still controlled the region
around Eastern Canada and the British colonies covered.
What is now? The east coast of the United
States the entry of Maria Teresa's nation and others like
Prussia into the conflict in 1756 commenced what is known as

(03:28:06):
the Seven Years War which would last down to 1763 Here as with
the war of the Austrian succession.
Before it, the Seven Years War was primarily fought between
Britain and France and on this occasion, the fighting extended
to their colonies in North America, the West Indies and

(03:28:28):
even India leading, many historians to call this, the
first global war Austria's role in it was largely confined once
again to Central Europe were advised with Prussia for control
of parts of Germany. Frederick the second had overrun
the electorate of Saxony in northeastern Germany, in the
first weeks of the conflict in 1756, an action, which angered

(03:28:50):
many other European powers such as Sweden.
And Russia, as Russia had not declared war on Saxony.
And these are the Northern and Eastern European powers were
worried about pressure required too much power in Central.
Europe to quickly. Hit Austria could not respond
immediately give its inferior military accordingly.
A second treaty was agreed with France in 1757 whereby, the

(03:29:14):
French government agreed to sendtroops to Aid Austria against
Prussia and provided 12 million in funding.
It also provided for Austria, Sweden and Russia to divide
prussia's Territory between them.
If they secured complete victoryin the war in return, Maria
agreed to relinquish some of herterritory in the Austrian

(03:29:35):
Netherlands around modern-day Belgium to the house of bourbon
which ruled, France and Spain. With this agreement.
In place, Austria went on the offensive with aid from Sweden
and Russia against Prussia Maria's armies won a significant
victory over the prussians at the Battle of Colin in Bohemia
in the summer of 1757. While further successes followed

(03:29:59):
at the battles of hock, Kirk in Saxony in October 1758 of kuna's
dwarf in Brandenburg in August 1759 and of Lunsford in the
summer of 1760, with these Maria's armies were able to
launch rates against the Prussian capital of Berlin and
even briefly occupied the city. But diplomatic realignments in

(03:30:20):
the early 1760s changed, the face of the conflict in Central
Europe again, in 1762 Russia agreed to the Treaty of Saint
Petersburg with Frederick. The second of Prussia following
the accession of Tsar Peter, thethird in Russia, in the first
weeks of 17602 Sweden made pieces as well soon afterwards

(03:30:40):
with both powers. Agreeing to end the conflict
without taking any territory from Prussia.
This was a major diplomatic coupfor Frederick which left Austria
alone to fight Prussia in Germany.
In this changed situation, Frederick was able to launch a
new offensive against Maria's armies and soundly defeated the
austrians at the Battle of Becker's dorf in.

(03:31:02):
What is now Southwestern Poland on the 21st of July 1762?
The Wider war between France andBritain was also drawing to an
inexorable conclusion and with defeat at Berkeley's daf the
Austrian and Prussian governmententered into concerted, peace
negotiations. The seven years war came to an

(03:31:24):
end. In 1763 numerous treaties were
agreed between the different powers.
The Treaty of Paris was the mainagreement between Britain and
France and was effectively a victory for Britain which
secured control over New France,laying the foundations for
British Canada, Britain also emerged as the predominant
European colonial power in India.

(03:31:45):
The main treaty which involved Maria Theresa, and Austria was
the Treaty of whoever's Burke. This was primarily with Prussia,
but also involved a number of other German states,
particularly Saxony, the terms of it, but rather simple.
It largely returned the borders of Prussia Austria and Saxony to
where they had been at the commencement of hostility in

(03:32:07):
1756. It could therefore, be viewed as
a failure for Maria Teresa as she and counted had brought
Austria into the war. With the goal of retaking from
Prussia, however, in reality, Austria was the victor.
Start of the conflict. Pressures Army was so Superior
to Austria and saxon's that it would have reasonably expected

(03:32:30):
to acquire significant new territories at the expense of
Saxony. Had it done.
So it would have acquired a predominant position in Germany
sooner than it did, but through shrewd diplomatic and military
alliances with France, Sweden, and Russia and the victories,
which are armies won against Russia between 1757 and 1760.

(03:32:51):
Maria's government managed to curb Russia's Ambitions for the
time being At the end of the Seven Years War Maria.
And her counselors realized thatthere was little chance of
recovering Silesia from Prussia and that the wars which Austria
had engaged in for 15 of the first. 23 years of her Reign had
been largely fruitless consequently, she would focus

(03:33:14):
primarily on domestic reform within the Habsburg lands for
the remainder of her life. This was a period of pronounced
change in the governments societies and economies of
Europe driven by the ideas of the Enlightenment.
The enlightenment was a general intellectual movement of the
18th century which followed fromthe Scientific Revolution of the

(03:33:35):
17th century during it writers like Voltaire.
So John Locke, David Hume, Emmanuel Kant, Adam Smith,
Thomas Paine and Benjamin Franklin began.
Questioning The Valleys of theirsocieties and governments in
Britain. France, the British colonies in
North America and Prussia the morality of Established Society

(03:33:58):
was questioned as were its political systems, while many
called for a rational approach to economic progress and
scientific investigation in time.
The ideas of the Enlightenment would lead to the American and
French revolutions and major reform movements in countries
like Britain, Austria did not have a major domestic

(03:34:19):
Enlightenment and there are no Austrian writers and thinkers of
the 18th century to rival Voltaire Rousseau or pain.
The religious, and political environment of the Habsburg
lands was simply too conservative and two, wedded to
Catholicism to welcome these ideas openly.
However, the ideas emerging in France, Britain, and elsewhere.

(03:34:40):
Nevertheless, seeped into Austrian society and as a
consequence, Maria Teresa's Reign is seen as marking of
moved towards enlightened despotism.
Whereby an absolute monarch initiated a considerable reform
program despite the overt conservatism of the ruler and
the society in question. One element of this enlightened

(03:35:04):
despotism concerned, reform of the internal workings of
government in Vienna Maria's natural inclinations when it
came to the institutions of government were conservative,
but she was aware. That changes needed to occur to
modernize Austria following the weakness of her father's Reign.
Therefore, she initiated a wide-ranging overhaul of her
government's bureaucracy one, which was overseen by three,

(03:35:28):
Wilhelm from hog Vitz by 1760, from hog Vitz, had established a
wide-ranging civil service, which employed over 10,000
officials across the Empire, this streamlined be
implementation of government directives and improved the
government's ability to collect taxes and customs duties where
previously, the more remote parts of the Habsburg dominions

(03:35:50):
in parts of Croatia, Eastern, Hungary and Transylvania, had
barely experienced, any government oversight for
Generations. All the she was hampered by a
wide range of traditional. Villages in Hungary and
elsewhere, which Exempted the Nobles.
There from most taxes, the central Administration was
reformed in tandem particularly the chancellery while a

(03:36:14):
councilor states, which acted asa Cabinet of ministers.
Advising Maria. Theresa was in existence from
1760 onwards finally, the operation of the Law Courts and
the judicial system was standardized through the
compilation of the Codex. Today's anus, a compendium of
existing Austrian and Bohemian laws named after the empress,

(03:36:35):
although Hungary continued to operate under its own distinct
legal system. These institutional advances
were supplemented by extensive economic reform, much of this
was spearheaded by Maria Teresa's.
Husband Francis in the 1740s and1750s who in association with
the Finance Minister Franz JosefTusa sought, to Foster the

(03:36:59):
growth of joint stock companies in Austria, which by the
mid-18th century was lagging farbehind the more advanced trading
and Commercial nations of Western Europe, notably Britain,
and the Dutch Republic, this along with increased taxation
revenues, and greatest savings, and efficiency in the running of
the court and government in short that Austria went from a

(03:37:23):
severely indebted Nation. When Maria Teresa succeeded her
father in 1740 to 1, which was running a surplus. 40 years
later, this improved financial situation, allowed Maria's
government to begin investing inimproving and modernizing the
Austrian military a Switch was also delegated to Van Hagar his

(03:37:45):
leadership. A standing army of over 100,000
train troops was created, but these still remained inferior to
the average Prussian Soldier, further economic and social
reforms followed. In the 1770s, a census of the
Habsburg Realms. At the start of the decade,
allowed Maria's ordinary subjects to express their
Grievances and many revealed theonerous burden of serfdom across

(03:38:09):
the Habsburg territories, with many serves or as they were
known in. Bohemia Roboto, a Czech word
from which the word robot is derived revealing that they
worked. Seven days a week for poor
wages, all while living in considerable poverty.
Maria introduced further reformsas a result to break up the

(03:38:29):
greatest states of the Austrian and Bohemian Nobles and
distributes some of their lands amongst the peasantry.
But her subjects would have to wait until the reign of her son
before served him was officiallyabolished in the Habsburg
territories. Another medieval Legacy, which
was gradually eradicated from Austrian Society in the course

(03:38:50):
of Maria's Reign was the widespread belief in witchcraft
beginning in the 14th century. When the arrival of the Bubonic
plague to Europe had led to an increase in the belief that
malevolent agents of the devil were living in communities all
over the continent. The number of witch hunts, had
increased particularly in Germany, Switzerland and

(03:39:10):
adjoining countries. Tens of thousands of alleged
witches. Most of the women were murdered
as a result of this frenzied, witch, craze in the 16th and
17th centuries. But as greater Russia nality
entered Society following, the Scientific Revolution, the
belief in witches and the willingness to prosecute people

(03:39:30):
for alleged of cult activity declined.
Nevertheless, there were still instances of extreme violence,
the prolonged saltzburg which Trials of the 1670s and 1680 had
resulted in 29 people being executed for witchcraft in this
particular Austrian City while Maria was inclined to believe in

(03:39:52):
the Supernatural. She was nevertheless of the use
of torture to extract supposed confessions from alleged
witches, when Magda logo mayor, a herbalist from the town of
cliffs in the Habsburg Croatian territories was accused of
Witchcraft in 1758 and subsequently tortured, and
condemned to death. Maria intervened.

(03:40:15):
Personally, to order that she beacquitted on the grounds that
her confession. Had been extracted, under
duress, local mail was consequently allowed to return
home and the case set a major president in the prosecution of
which is in the hapsburg. Dominion's henceforth, rational
arguments and evidence would have to be presented to gain a

(03:40:35):
conviction and the use of torture to extract confessions
was effectively prohibited with this.
The Witch Trials. Effectively came to an end.
While the use of torture was officially prohibited in the
Habsburg dominions in 1776. While certain elements of Maria
Teresa's Reign were Progressive in line with Enlightenment

(03:40:57):
principles, other aspects of herdomestic policies, favored
overt, social control in line with zealous Roman Catholicism.
One notorious example of this was establishment at Maria's
Express, order of the koish, heights commission, or Chastity
Commission. In 1752 this sought to suppress

(03:41:18):
any form of sexual activity, which was deemed to be at odds.
With Catholic teaching, prostitution was curtailed in
the major cities and sexual liberality was viewed as scans
at the court. Despite the actions of the
empress's own husband in deed, this opposition to adultery was
extended throughout the Habsburg, dominions and fines

(03:41:39):
and other penalties were imposedforth with homosexuality was
also widely condemned and prohibited.
As were sexual relations betweenadherence of different
religions. Harsh punishments were imposed
on. Anyone found guilty of these
offenses, including public, flogging deportations.
And even the death penalty for serious.

(03:41:59):
Offenders to inform these laws of form of morality.
Police was established one, which monitored libertarian
Social Clubs in cities like Vienna.
While many of Maria's domestic policies were of debatable
success or wisdom her approach towards improving education in
Austria and The Wider. Habsburg dominions was truly,

(03:42:22):
enlightened in 1746, she established the theresianum in
Vienna and Academy for training young Austrian men in the
Sciences languages and other subjects such as mathematics and
history as training for them to staff the growing professional
bureaucracy which was emerging in Austria during her Reign.
But her major success is in thisrespect.

(03:42:43):
Primarily came in the 1770s after the census of 1770 to 1771
revealed the scale of illiteracyin Austria and further afield in
Bohemia Hungary and the other Balkan territories in response
to this Maria ordered, the creation of a universal system
of primary education. Whereby children from across her

(03:43:06):
dominions would receive schooling between the ages of
six and 12. Teacher training academy for
established in tandem to providemore instructors yet.
Maria would not live to see the fruits of these Endeavors as it
was the 7080 and 1790 before literacy levels in Austria and
other parts of the hapsburg territories began to increase

(03:43:28):
considerably nevertheless. If there was a policy area where
Maria Theresa was truly an Enlightenment ruler, it was in
the field of educational reform.The same might also be said at
Maria's approach, towards the medical Revolution, which was
occurring across Europe, in the 17th and 18th centuries.

(03:43:49):
As a corollary to the ScientificRevolution.
In this case, her enlightened approach was informed by her own
personal experiences and tragedies as smallpox was the
most brutal disease of the 18th century.
This virus is a much more hazardous cousin of chickenpox
and cowpox smallpox generally incubates for two weeks, then

(03:44:12):
leads to 405 days of initial symptoms, followed by a week and
a half. When the rash begins then
worsens and leads to pus-filled sores and then finally a week
and a half in which the fever breaks and the sufferer begins
to either recover or else dies, upwards of 20% of those who
contracted the disease died fromit and the 18th century.

(03:44:34):
This resulted in early half a million deaths across Europe
every year while even for Those who survived many were often
left with Dreadful scarring on their skin.
Once the disease abated, much ofit on the victim's face in the
1760s. Austria was hit by a
particularly virulent wave of smallpox one which killed three

(03:44:56):
of Maria's children. She contracted the disease
herself in 1767 and while it didnot kill her.
The devastation it caused for her family, ensured that Maria
became a prominent advocate of medical reforms thereafter.
Back in 1745 Maria, Theresa had employed the Dutchman here at
Vaughan Sweden as the Royal Physician.

(03:45:18):
Now in the mid-1760s, she instructed him to begin
gathering information on what the best practices were for
combating smallpox trials. Had been underway for years in
Britain and elsewhere to develop.
What would eventually become known as a vaccine for the
deadly disease. And although it would be some
time. Before Edward Jenner
successfully produced a smallpoxvaccine the basic principles for

(03:45:42):
how to produce, one were known by the 1760s.
Fontein was skeptical that a method being trialed by Robert
Sutton and his son, David in England would prove effective
but it was successfully demonstrated to provide immunity
to the disease, to several dozenchildren in Austria in the late
1760s. Consequently like King George

(03:46:04):
the third and Queen Charlotte inBritain.
Maria, Theresa was an early patron of vaccination
experiments, other medical reform. which she pioneered
included, the establishment of aMedical Academy under fonse,
Wheaton's directorship, the regulation of apothecaries and
other purveyors of drugs and theprohibition of let as a
substance from, which drinking vessels could be made as

(03:46:26):
knowledge, concerning lead poisoning, grew The death of
her. Three children was not the only
fatality, which struck Maria, Teresa's family in the 1760s, on
the 18th of August 1765. While returning in his Carriage
from the Opera at Innsbruck, herhusband, Francis died, suddenly,
he was just 56 years of age and his death may have been the

(03:46:50):
result of a major heart attack. Despite his cereal infidelity
over the years Maria, Theresa was devastated by his passing.
She remained in mourning attire for the rest of her life and had
the walls of her apartment in the hofburg palace painted,
black France's death. Also had extensive implications
for the governance of the Empireand the hapsburg territories.

(03:47:12):
While Maria had been accepted asthe ruler of the Holy Roman
Empire in the 1740s. It was always assumed that a man
should be co-ruler with her. And so, when Francis died
Maria's eldest son and Heir was effectively promoted to become
co-ruler with Her acquiring the title of Holy Roman Emperor and

(03:47:34):
the other titles attendant on the head of the House of
Habsburg Maria was still the more senior of the pair.
But Yosef played an active role in the governments of the
Habsburg dominions for the last decade and a half of her life.
It would be a tempestuous co-rule with Yosef frustrated.
By both his mother's overly conservative approach to

(03:47:55):
domestic affairs and her seeminglack of ambition for Austria on
the international stage. As all of these events were
occurring in the 1760s. Maria was also managing the
marital Affairs of her. Many daughters.
The Sons and Daughters of Royal houses were bargaining chips in
the early modern period used to forge alliances with other

(03:48:17):
states. Moreover, in the case of the
House of Habsburg judicious marriage, alliances were watered
it to rise from a minor Noble family with Holdings in the Alps
region to one of Europe's most powerful royal families.
Consequently Maria was determined to pursue an
advantageous dynastic policy through her daughter's

(03:48:37):
marriages, but Mariah carolino. For example, was married in 1768
to Ferdinand the fourth king of Naples and Sicily.
While Maria, Amalia was betrothed to the Duke of Parma.
Both marriages were designed to restore Habsburg influence in
some of the Italian territories which it had relinquished

(03:48:57):
control over following the war of the Austrian succession.
Another daughter. Maria Cristina with whom Maria
Theresa was particularly close married Albert, Casimir Duke of
tension in 1766, the marriage fail to produce children who
lived into adulthood and Christina like her Father Was a

(03:49:18):
Serial adulterer. Easily, the most significant
marriage porn. In Maria, Teresa's, use of her
daughters as part of her dynastic, strategy was her
youngest daughter. She was born as Maria Antonia in
1755, but the world knows her primarily by the name.
She would adopt later in her life Marie Antoinette.

(03:49:38):
In order to further cement the alliance which had been
established between Austria and France back in 1756.
Maria, Theresa and King Louis. The 15th of France agreed to
marry two of their children in the 1760s, in 1768, when Maria
Antonia was just 13 material. Jacques de Vermont a member of

(03:50:01):
Louis, the 15th Court, arrived to Vienna to begin tutoring.
Antonio in French and the culture of the French Quarter at
Versace, by the time it had beendetermined that she would marry
the heir to the French throne. The dolphin Louis August who was
just a year older than her. There were finally wed in the
early summer of 1770 when he was15 and Antonia was 14, the

(03:50:24):
marriage was initially problematic.
And Lewis is believed to have suffered from some sexual
dysfunction, but in the Years following his accession as King
Louis, the 16th in 1774, they became closer and eventually had
four children but Marie Antoinette.
She became known was always an unpopular figure in France and

(03:50:45):
she became a lightning rod for discontent with the monarchy
there in the 1780s. Maria Teresa would die many
years before had daughter. Ultimately ended up in prisoned
by the Revolutionary government of the country which Maria
plotted to make her queen of Thelatter part of Maria Teresa's

(03:51:05):
Reign was also significant in initiating one of the most
profound political and territorial changes which would
occur in Eastern Europe in the early modern period one which
would have implications down to the 20th century for many years,
the Polish Lithuanian. Commonwealth had been the sick
man of Europe. This vast State once covered a

(03:51:26):
geographical area equivalent to modern-day Poland, much of
Western Ukraine and Western belarusia and parts of the
Baltic states like Lithuania andLatvia as well as portions of
Slovakia. However, after peaking in power,
in the 16th century, it had lostGrand to its neighbors Russia
and Austria during the course ofthe 17th century hamstrung by an

(03:51:51):
overly powerful aristocracy and a backwards economic system, the
war of the Polish succession, a few years before.
But Maria Teresa became empress and head of the House of
Habsburg a demonstrated. Exactly.
How weak the Commonwealth was, as the other European powers
determined, who would rule Poland between the 1770s and

(03:52:12):
1790s the Commonwealth's three major neighbors, Austria, Russia
and Russia. Would affectively divide up the
polish-lithuanian Commonwealth between them in a process known
as the partitions of Poland The driving force behind the first
partition of Poland, which occurred in 1772 was Frederick.

(03:52:33):
The second of Prussia. His motive was a desire to have
Russia concentrate on expanding its territorial Empire in
Poland, rather than, by acquiring more territory from
the Ottoman Empire. Maria Theresa's government
despite its conflicts with Prussia over the years, was
inclined to favor this approach.And so in the late 1760s, the

(03:52:55):
three powers began applying pressure on King Stanislaus.
The second Augustus of Poland and the Polish, same, or
Parliament, to allow them to take some of the Commonwealth
lands from it. Some of the Polish religious,
and political establishment, formed themselves into an
opposition group known as the bark Confederation and tried to
resist this through armed opposition.

(03:53:17):
But this had fail by 1772, and the first partition of Poland
ensued in this Russia acquired extensive territory.
In what is now Belarus, including the city of the tesk
Prussia seized a smaller but more valuable chunk of land
along. What is now the border of
Northeastern Germany? One which Consolidated its

(03:53:38):
control of the important Baltic trading Port of Danzig, while
Maria Teresa's government obtained, a stretch of land in
South, Eastern Poland, and Western Ukraine, including the
city of leviv. This new territory was formed
into the kingdom of Galicia and lodomeria Austria would remain
in control of these territories for a century and a half.

(03:53:59):
Although Maria Teresa would not live to see it.
The first partition of Poland was followed by a second
partition in 1792 and a third in1795 the latter of which brought
the Polish Lithuanian, Conwell to an end and left Austria
Prussia and Russia. As the three hegemonic powers in
Eastern Europe. After this Austria, controlled

(03:54:23):
nearly half of Poland, includingthe cities of Lublin, And
krakov. Poland was not the only area
where Austria acquired new territory in the final decade of
Maria Teresa's Reign while the empress was determined to avoid
involving Austria in another major, pan-european war in the
aftermath of the Seven Years War.

(03:54:44):
She was nevertheless concerned to expand Austrian influence in
the Balkans. Russia had entered a new war
with the Ottoman Empire. In 1768 one, which lasted for
six years down to 1774. But unlike the war between the
two states back in the 1730s, this new Russo, Turkish war
ended in a major victory for Catherine, the Great of Russia.

(03:55:07):
Under the terms of the Treaty ofCatcher, which was agreed in
1774. Russia was left in complete
possession of the crime in Peninsula and also acquired
territory in what is now the southern Ukraine and parts of
Moldavia and Northern Romania. The treaty made clear exactly
how weak the Ottoman Empire was by the 17.

(03:55:28):
Not to be outdone Maria's government.
Immediately began applying diplomatic pressure on the
Sultan's regime in Constantinople to be granted the
territory of bukovina, a part ofMoldavia, a scenario which the
Sultan's government agreed to in1775, this pointed towards the
growing rivalry in the Balkans, to replace the Ottomans as the

(03:55:51):
dominant power a rivalry, which would continue for the next
century and a half. In the last years of her Reign
Maria was pulled directly into aconflict in southern Germany.
In large, part owing to her son's machinations, Joseph had
said eyes on the electorate of Bavaria in the 1760s with the
current ruler. Maximilian, the third of the

(03:56:12):
House of wittelsbach was the last of his line and his
marriage had proved childless assuch.
When Joseph married, Maximilian sister Maria josepha in 1765, it
was with the goal of potentiallyacquiring Bavaria someday.
Now, in December 1777. Maximilian died.
Resulting in a succession dispute.

(03:56:33):
Yosef immediately sought to divide the electorate between
the house of HubSpot and Charlotte Dora, a cousin of
Maximilian. However, another cousin of the
electors Charles are gust had anequally strong claim and wished
to succeed, Maximilian as ruler of all of Bavaria war in sued a
conflict known as The War of theBavarian succession in which

(03:56:57):
Shall August soon called upon the aid of Frederick.
The second of Prussia who invaded Bohemia.
However, before the war could expand into a more destructive
conflict. Catherine, the Great of Russia
intervened, sending Joseph a warning that if he did not drop
his claims to Bavaria, she wouldsend 50,000 troops to Aid
pressure against him, Yosef promptly desisted.

(03:57:20):
And in the ensuing Treaty of teshan, received the territory
of, in theater, in the Border region between Austria and
Bavaria, hence, the war did end in some limited territorial
games for the house of Habsburg Maria had largely allowed Yosef
to act unhindered in his pursuitof Bavaria despite having

(03:57:40):
considerable reservations about the wisdom of his strategy.
Indeed there was a pattern here of the empress allowing her son
and heir to determine a large number of policy Matters by the
1770s. As her health failed, Maria had
never fully recovered after her brush was smallpox years earlier
and her health deteriorated further thereafter by the time

(03:58:03):
of the war of the Bavarian succession.
She was suffering from chronic fatigue, insomnia, and chest
issues, which may have been partial bronchitis.
She had also gained considerableweight, although it is unclear
to what extent, this was obesityor swelling owing to a demo a
condition which causes chronic fluid retention given all of

(03:58:25):
this. When she fell ill in late
November, 1780 many believed, itwas just the latest episode in
her ongoing record of poor health.
But in the days that followed itbecame clear that she was
nearing death on the 28th of November.
The last rites were administeredand the following day.
Maria Teresa, the only female ruler of the House of Burg in.

(03:58:47):
Its 650 year history died. At 63 years of age, following a
considerable State funeral. She was interred in the Imperial
Crypt, in Vienna next to her husband Francis.
Upon her death Maria, Teresa's son, Joseph finally, became Holy
Roman Emperor and ruler of Austria in his own right over

(03:59:10):
the next 10 years. He engaged in a wide-ranging
program of Reform which eclipsedhis mother's, own efforts one
which has led him to being viewed as a paragon of
enlightened despotism through his and his mother's rule
Austria had emerged as one of the great European powers.
By the time the French Revolution broke out in 1789 as

(03:59:32):
the French people reacted to a series of crises in France
during the 1780s and made Marie Antoinette.
The subject of much of their anger Austria would form a huge
part of the Grand Alliance of the European powers, which
resisted from France's expansionthroughout the 1790s and a
Napoleon in the 1800s yet. It could not prevent Napoleon

(03:59:56):
abolishing the Holy Roman Empirein 1806.
Nevertheless, in advance of this.
Decision the ruler of Austria. At that time, Francis the second
Maria Theresa's, grandson had himself declared emperor of
Austria in 1804 in due course, Austria would emerge as one of
the major Victors of the Napoleonic Wars and the Austrian

(04:00:18):
Empire, which Maria Theresa had done much to lay the groundwork
for in the 18th century would control much of Italy.
For the first half of the 19th century engaged in a race with
Russia to replace the declining Ottoman Empire, as the
preeminent power in the Balkans and challenging Prussia as the
nation, which would unite Germany under its rule Maria,

(04:00:42):
Theresa was the longest serving Monarch of the Habsburg lands
during the 18th century and her Reign was accordingly a very
significant one. It is difficult to know whether
to assess her time as empress archduchess and queen as a
success or not on the one hand, there is no debt that Austria
lost its hegemonic status in Central Europe, during her Reign

(04:01:05):
and Prussia emerged as a great rival for power in Germany.
But Maria can hardly be blamed for this development seeds of
which was sown in the emergence of the Prussian military as the
greatest fighting force in Europe.
In the early 18th century and which was augmented by the
accession of Frederick. The second one of the most
capable rulers anywhere in Europe.

(04:01:27):
In the early modern period Maria's achievement, was in
slowing. The rise of Prussia by forging a
new alliance with France. In the mid-70s.
Similarly Maria's Reign might beviewed as a failure for
Implementing enough reforms in line with the ideas of the
Enlightenment, but she was the ruler of a profoundly

(04:01:49):
conservative country one, which she, nevertheless began to
reform, Paving the way for greater successes during the
reign of her son Joseph. Moreover Maria Teresa slowed,
the rise of Prussia and began reforming Austria, despite the
negative attitudes towards her, which led to her being viewed as
an illegitimate Sovereign, for much of her reign in the end.

(04:02:13):
Her success was to stabilize Austria.
And leave its stronger when she died in 1780 that it had been
when she first succeeded to the throne, 40 years earlier, all of
which was achieved in spite of the impediments placed in front
of her. What do you think of Maria?
Theresa was she a strong willed female ruler?

(04:02:34):
Who was more than a match for the male monarchs of her time or
should she be considered a calculating Tyrant of the
Habsburg Osceola regime? Please let us know in the
comments section and in the meantime thank you very much for
watching. The woman known to history as

(04:02:59):
Marie. Antoinette was born on the
second of November 1755 at the hofburg palace in Vienna.
Her parents, Holy Roman Emperor.Francis, the first and Empress
Maria, Theresa of Austria, gave her the name of Maria Antonia
josefa Johanna. Her birth was welcomed but not

(04:03:19):
particularly celebrated. As she was the second to last of
16 children, ten of whom would survive to adulthood, since each
of her sisters, as well as her mother were also named Maria.
The 15th child of the emperor and Empress of Austria was
called, Madame, Antoine and sometimes Antoinette within the

(04:03:41):
family, despite her illustrious Habsburg lineage few, including
her own parents, imagined that her life or experiences would be
a specialty. Consequential.
Certainly not more than her own mother, who strength
intelligence and skill at statecraft and diplomacy had
made her one of the most celebrated Queens ever to rule

(04:04:02):
in Europe. It is unlikely that anyone could
have predicted that Madame Antwan The youngest Arch Duchess
of Austria would ever attain greater notoriety all that she
would in fact become one of the most famous and Infamous women
in his history. ANH Tuan was born during a
period of notable diplomatic andgeopolitical tension in Europe.

(04:04:25):
Austria had recovered control ofmost of the territories lost or
challenged during the war of Austrian succession, a decade
before, say for Silesia, which was still held by Maria
Theresa's in veteran enemy Frederick.
The great of Prussia, when Prussia signed a treaty with
England, France's greatest rivalin both Europe and the overseas.

(04:04:46):
Colonial World, Austria immediately turned to France as
a potential ally despite the long history of weary hostility
between the two countries. When Antoine was just six months
old, her parents cemented their new alliance with King Louis,
the 15th of France by proposing her betrothal to the king's
grandson Louis, August Duke DeBary, who was just one year

(04:05:09):
older than Antoine the marriage,which was not officially
approved. Until the two children were 12
and 13. Respectively would figure
prominently in a series. of crises, which would spark
Revolution and War and not just in France, but throughout
Europe, Antoine was born on whatis known as All Souls day or the

(04:05:30):
Day of the Dead in various Catholic traditions because it
is a day of mourning associated with death.
The Austrian royal family alwaysobserved Antoine's birthday, the
day before on All Saints. Day, Not only was the day of her
birth in auspicious but that very same day a massive
earthquake, reeked Untold destruction and caused 30,000

(04:05:52):
deaths in Lisbon Portugal. The king and queen of Portugal
who had been asked to serve as Antoine's.
Godparents were forced to flee, their ruined Capital naturally.
These coincidences were not really observed or remarked upon
for years. The communication, barriers of
the time period meant that weekselapsed before word of the
disaster reached Vienna, and neither were the Portuguese.

(04:06:14):
King and queen actually expectedto arrive for Antoine's
christening. Since baptisms were invariably
performed within three days of birth and proxies almost always
stood in for Royal God. Parents.
But upon reflection during the decades and centuries following
Marie Antoinette's death, one could be forgiven for remarking
on the implied for boating surrounding her birth.

(04:06:36):
Especially given the ultimately tragic course of her life and
Mana of her death from the beginning.
An ill fate seemed to follow thelittle princess Despite her
obscure place in her family on Twan, seems to have had a fairly
happy childhood, although her early life is not particularly
well documented. Her eldest siblings were nearly

(04:06:59):
two decades older than she, but five of them were close enough
to her in age, to be both Playmates and schoolroom
companions while Antoine loved all of her brothers and sisters.
She was, especially close to hersister.
Charlotte, who was three years, older.
She also enjoyed a strong relationship with her eldest,
brother. Yusuf the future.

(04:07:19):
Holy Roman Emperor, despite the vast difference in their ages.
Maria Teresa's children seemed to view her with a mixture of
love and fear. She was committed to her family.
Loved her children and took her responsibilities as a mother,
very seriously. But as empress of Austria and
queen of Hungary, and Bohemia inher own, right?

(04:07:41):
She also had the stewardship of an Empire where he had to raise
his father. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles
III had enacted, a special International treaty in 1713,
known as the pragmatic sanction,which recognized his eldest
daughter as his Heir. In the absence of a son, he then
arranged Maria Teresa's marriageto the former Duke of Lorraine

(04:08:03):
Francis, Steven after the death of Charles, the sixth Maria
Teresa. Acceded to the hereditary rule
of Austria, Bohemia and Hungary.While securing her new husband's
election to the position of HolyRoman Emperor, since the title
could not be held by a woman. It was the empress herself,
however, who wielded the real power and shouldered.

(04:08:23):
Most resp Reportedly continued to read and sign important state
papers while in her child birth,birthing bed.
So, Lowes was she to waste time historians of observed that the
empress's vast responsibilities,gave her a brush and hard
quality even with those closest to her, despite her, noted

(04:08:46):
encouragement of a close family life.
She was also constantly criticalof her children and especially
insistent upon arranging their marriages with the greatest
possible benefit for the Austrian Empire.
In mind, the Latin motto of the Austrian habsburgs, Bella
guerrant, Ali to Felix, Austria nube translates to let others

(04:09:09):
wage war. The happy Austria marry
virtually, none of Maria. Teresa's children were permitted
to choose their own spouses and all were expected to do their
Duty and married to strengthen the dynasty.
Maria Amalia, and Maria, carolinii known within the
family as Charlotte had both been required.
To marry Royal suitors of dubious character, or capacity

(04:09:31):
for the benefit of Austria on the eve of Charlotte's wedding,
to the mentally unstable, king of Naples.
The Empress Maria Theresa wrote so long as she fulfills her Duty
towards God and her husband, andearns her salvation.
Even if she is unhappy, I will be satisfied.
Even Maria. Stina.
Her mother's favorite. Had to concede Maria, Teresa's

(04:09:53):
harder qualities, you know, the manner in which she loved her
children. She wrote a few years after her
mother's death. Mixed in with her love.
There was always a dose of mistrust at a coldness palpable
as for the young Antwan, like most of her siblings her own
love for her. Mother was always Complicated by
the empress's criticism. And by her generally lower

(04:10:16):
opinion of Antoine's, attitude, intelligence and capabilities,
the little Arch Duchess had a much closer and warmer
relationship with her father. Francis.
The first did not have much in common with his wife.
His noted pursuit of pleasure, contrasted sharply with her firm
work ethic, and he seemed more interested in amusements like

(04:10:37):
hunting gambling and Mistresses than in ruling Francis seemed
content to hold his largely ceremonial position.
However, and while it is true, that Maria Teresa held, the real
estate power, she relied heavilyon Francis to manage Austria's
financial affairs, considering the financial precariousness of
many of Europe's Royal treasuries, during the mid to

(04:10:59):
late 18th century. France's actually acquitted
himself quite well, in these duties, the most unfortunate
aspect of France's and Maria Teresa's marriage was that she
almost certainly loved him more than he loved her Francis.
The young Duke of Loren had beenquote adopted into the Austrian
Court at the age of 14 as Emperor.

(04:11:21):
Charles 6 in to marry his eldestdaughter and Heir Maria.
Razor was said to have loved Francis from the very beginning
feelings, he did not return. Although he did seem to hold a
genuine affection respect and liking for her.
He unfortunately proved to be compulsively Unfaithful during
his marriage and his incurable and often Indiscreet for landing

(04:11:44):
sad and his wife. Nevertheless, as a group, his
family seemed to adore him. He was described as cheerful
Lively, teasing and playful whenrelaxed in the company of his
children, and he showed them all, including his youngest
daughter, Antoine the sort of affection and warmth, which
their own mother often did not. The Austrian royal family had

(04:12:07):
several residences and pleasure palaces, but lived primarily at
the, hofburg palace during the colder months.
And at the schonbrunn palace during the warmer months, both
of these palaces were formal Royal residences where politics
and diplomacy were regularly formulated and powered.
Dually exercised, courtiers ambassadors bureaucrats and

(04:12:30):
other dignitaries visited these palaces daily and interacted
formerly with the royal family. However, both palaces had been
constructed and improved over time with a view to preserving a
sphere of privacy for the family, unlike other mid-18th
Century. European Royals, the Austrian
habsburgs maintained a noted distinction, between the public

(04:12:52):
and the private in contrast. The French royal family was on
display every hour of the day. Even their bathing and dressing.
Routines might be attended by government ministers and
France's greatest Nobles. Each of Whom was fully convinced
of their right to have such access to the Royal Family.
In contrast Austrian Royal palaces were built with much

(04:13:15):
sharper, distinctions between public Chambers for official
receptions and audiences and private Chambers, which were
accessible only at the express, invitation of the royal family.
As a result Antoine and her siblings grew up enjoying a
relaxed informal Family Life, which was quite different to
their European. Royal contemporaries naturally,

(04:13:36):
the children of Maria Theresa and Francis.
The first were expected to be present and play their Royal
roles in public functions, but they also regularly had
opportunities for family Recreation, out of the public
eye, the Austrian habsburgs in joyed outdoor activities
together, such as sledding in the winter months, and riding,
and hunting in the warmer months.

(04:13:59):
Vienna was one of the richest cultural centers in Europe.
And so naturally, the whole family were lovers and patrons
of the Arts, whether it was in public for the entertainment of
the court or in private for their own Amusement, the royal
family, particularly enjoyed music, dancing, and staging
amateur theatricals together from an early age, Antoine had

(04:14:21):
been exposed to the performance and tutelage of some of the
greatest musicians composers anddancers in Europe.
She had the privilege of meetingthe six year old Prodigy
Wolfgang. Mozart, who was just two months
younger than herself. When he visited Shenron Palace
to play for the royal family, inOctober, 1762 her dancing

(04:14:42):
instructor was one of the greatest ballet masters of the
day. Jean Georges Nouveau and her
music teacher was the famed composer.
Christopher, Ville, Globe, who, secured, the official patronage
of Maria? Theresa the same year, Antoine
was born. Naturally the Arts formed a
major part of Antoine's education and she proved to be

(04:15:02):
quite talented in multiple artistic Pursuits.
She was a particularly fine dancer and was described by
contemporary observers as exceptionally graceful and
poised, even as a small child onto an also, proved to be a
fine musician. She was Adept at the harp and
the harpsichord she could cite read music at a professional

(04:15:24):
level. By the time, she reached at a
lesson and she was said to have had a lovely singing voice, but
beyond her noted artistic accomplishments, she was not a
particularly good student. She eventually came to enjoy her
history lessons but remained uninterested in any other
academic subjects. When her new tutorial, derived

(04:15:46):
from France in 1768 to assess her previous education and begin
to prepare her for her role. As the wife of the dolphin.
He was shocked and horrified to discover But the 12 year old
princess could scarcely write inher own native language.
This is rather surprising considering that the Austrian
habsburgs had access to the verybest educational resources to be

(04:16:09):
had in Europe. And several members of Antoine's
immediate family were quite wellread and scholarly.
Additionally Vienna was one of the foremost cities in Europe
for intellectualism sophistication, and a
Cosmopolitan approach to learning a sizeable proportion
of the Viennese. And several of the habsburgs
themselves would try lingual regularly speaking German which

(04:16:31):
their local subjects spoke Italian because they ruled
several regions in Italy as welland French because it was the
lingua Franca of 18th century Europe at barely 13 years of
age. On Twan only spoke her first
language. French with any fluency though
her speech was overlaid by a great, many German linguistic

(04:16:52):
elements and she spoke with a strong German accent.
A number of potential factors may have contributed to her
generally unimpressive academic,performance, onto one's father,
the emperor was the former Duke of Loren whose first language
was also French, although he became emperor of Austria,
albeit in a largely ceremonial position.

(04:17:14):
He steadfastly refused to speak or even to learn German
Behavior, which might well have influenced his daughter.
Additionally Antoine's, principal Governors was
described by some sources as having been rather neglectful of
her young people on Tuan always disliked reading and it is
possible that she was permitted to neglect those lessons.

(04:17:36):
She did not enjoy further onto one's parents, might not have
considered her. Poor education.
Important in enough to rectify until it became virtually
certain that she would wet the dolphin France.
No one at the Austrian Court seemed to care much about
Antoine's education or training,perhaps because until her
marriage to the Future. King of France became assured.

(04:17:58):
No one thought her particularly worth teaching for any purpose
other than being a pretty ornament to a Royal Court.
Her tutor Abey de Vermont wrote that his pupil had a tendency
towards laziness and frivolousness, which is
unsurprising in a child was. So little structure or
consistency in her Early Education, he expressed

(04:18:19):
confidence. However in what he perceived to
be her natural intelligence despite the gaps in her
education, Antoine proved to be a quick learner Vermont noted
that when sufficiently motivatedto learn she grasped new lessons
quickly and used reason admirably to suggest solutions
to problems under his tutelage. Antoine's literacy and learning

(04:18:42):
capacity improved quickly and dramatically Though the Austrian
Habsburg appeared to lead the most Charmed of lives, even for
a royal family, they would have their share of tragedy.
It is quite remarkable for 18th century, Europe that in a family
of 16 children. Only three did not survive
infancy. Another Scourge was to visit.

(04:19:04):
The Austrian royal family repeatedly that of smallpox six
members of Antoine's immediate family.
Contracted the disease at one time or another during the late
1750s and 1760s, including the empress herself.
This spurt, Maria, Teresa to Mountain inoculation campaign in
Vienna and both Antoine and her younger brother.

(04:19:27):
Maximilian received the new procedure which involved
introducing biological material from people infected with the
virus. This early vaccine method was
exponentially more dangerous than modern methods but luckily
both children survived and with that scarring, three of
Antoine's older. Siblings Charles Maria Johanna

(04:19:48):
and Maria yosefa died of the smallpox virus during the 1760s.
The family suffered, another cruel blow with the sudden death
of Emperor, Francis the first inAugust of 1765 from either a
stroke or a heart attack. Empress Maria.
Theresa was devastated going at once into deepest morning she

(04:20:10):
wore only widows black for the rest of her life nine-year-old.
Antoine was as shattered as the rest of the family Legend has it
that prior to his final departure for Innsbruck, he bit
his family farewell but turned back on impulse to embrace his
youngest daughter. Once more Francis, the first
died just days later in his Carriage while returning from

(04:20:31):
the Opera in a memorandum to hiswill he admonished his children
to be careful on whom they bestowed their friendship and
not to be too hasty to place their trust in others.
He further in joined them to avoid gambling and other
dissolute behaviors those, with the benefit of hindsight, might
claim that all of this was good advice, for young Antoine and

(04:20:54):
many Historical commentators have condemned her for seeming
to have ignored it in the in years.
In April of 1770, an anxious, 14year old Antoine said, farewell
to her family, her friends and her country, her mother urged
her to conform herself to her new husband, and his family, and

(04:21:14):
to use all of her charm. And Amy ability to win the favor
of the French Court. Do so much good to the French
people, she wrote that they can say that I have sent them and
Angel, King Louie, the 15th and her fiance the dolphin Louis met
once. Carriage at comprehend near, the
Austrian border with France before being presented to her

(04:21:35):
new family. Antoine first went through a
ritualistic change of attire, which was entirely symbolic on
an island in the Rhine River. The traditional border between
Austria and France on twan's attendance helped her remove all
of her clothing and jewelry brought from Austria and dressed
her in French garments. And jewels, despite the fact

(04:21:56):
that the grand caught costume she had been wearing previously,
was also designed in the French Style the most popular fashion
in Europe, Maria Antonia Madame Antoine.
The hapsburg princess of Austriawas no more.
She was now to be known as MarieAntoinette.
Madame a French princess. Apprehensive and immediately

(04:22:18):
homesick. She wept as her Austrian
attendance bid, her farewell, but tried to collect herself,
sufficiently to be presented to King Louis and her fiancee, the
donphan Maria. Theresa and Antoine's eldest,
brother Yosef the new, Holy Roman Emperor had impressed upon
her. The great importance of
Austria's alliance with France, the knowledge that

(04:22:39):
responsibility for nurturing. The tenuous New Alliance rested
with her must have been daunting, indeed.
On the 18th of May 1770 Marie Antoinette.
And Louis Augusta Burbon were married in the Royal Chapel at
Versailles. If his bride was nervous Lewis,
who was just a year older at 15 was equally?

(04:23:00):
So observers noted that his posture remains stiff throughout
the service and that his hands shook as he placed the ring on
his bride's finger, sadly, theirapprehension was warranted.
Their first, several years of marriage will be strained, and
difficult and would have a lasting impact on their public
reputation. But first Marie, Antoinette was

(04:23:22):
dazzled by the Grandeur and magnificence of the French
Court. Versailles had become the gold
standard for palaces in Europe and was endlessly copied by
other European Royals. In fact, schonbrunn Palace in
Antoine's, native Vienna was constructed very much, like a
miniature Versailles but the princess was impressed by the

(04:23:42):
scale and exquisite detail of the original.
She quickly learned that fashionaesthetic appeal, refinement wit
and charm were key to earning the admiration of the French
aristocracy and Royal Court and accordingly set out to please
determined to be the most fashionable charming and sought
after woman in France, Marie Antoinette was initially quite a

(04:24:06):
success at Versailles. King Louis.
The 15th took an instant liking to her for her warmth
vivaciousness and impressive musicianship, because the king
liked her, the do funds, early experience at the French Court
were promising. And it may have been King
Louie's favor which kept certaincriticism of the young princess
in check for a Time. Despite the admiration, which

(04:24:29):
her beauty and Youthful energy inspired, she was still just a
young teenager and Ill trained for the role at which she was
immediately expected to excel, like many 14 year, olds might
have done, she mishandled relationships with several
important, political figures at court, including lectured, the
Kings elderly sisters, who considered themselves, the

(04:24:50):
Arbiters of conduct at the French Court.
Marie, Antoinette was taken aback by the utter lack of
privacy involved in being a member of the French royal
family. Having grown up a custom to a
clear distinction between public, political spaces, and
private spaces enjoyed only by family members, she was
horrified to find that she was virtually never permitted to be

(04:25:13):
alone or to carry out the minutest personal tasks for
herself her resistance to Royal protocol and her sometimes open.
Mockery of it made her husband'selderly, great aunts, dislike
her. Additionally, she managed to
alien. courtiers from powerful aristocratic families when she
removed them from her household service in favor of younger

(04:25:34):
Lively, others who she liked better, Marie Antoinette also
made an enemy of Madame du Barry, the Kings, official
mistress whom she refused. Even to politely acknowledged
during her first months at Versailles.
Moreover, most of King, Louie's advisers had opposed an Austrian
match for The Duffer and distrusted the princess on

(04:25:56):
General principle. Those at Versailles who feared
the potential influence. She might exert over the dolphin
on Austria's behalf, scathingly nicknamed her, the Austrian,
sadly, and Wynette's, new husband had been firmly
indoctrinated by his tutors withthis.
Same suspicious, distressed of both the Austrian Alliance and

(04:26:17):
his new bride, making an alreadydifficult marriage, between two
young and inexperienced teenagers, more complicated,
still Louis August and Marie Antoinette.
Where is different from one another?
As two people could possibly be,they were both blue-eyed and her
ash. Blonde hair was just a few

(04:26:37):
Shades Darker than his. But that was where their
similarities ended where she wasLively and extroverted.
He was shy and awkward. He struggled with indecision,
while she was Resolute and quickto act.
He loved to read a Pastime. She had never enjoyed even his
great height contrasted sharply with her slight statue.

(04:27:00):
For Lewis stood, six feet, four inches tall, which was quite
impressive for a 18th century France.
Although he admitted privately that he eventually came to love
his wife after a fashion and didindeed find her beautiful.
He continually refused to consummate the marriage, a state
of affairs, which remained unchanged for the first seven

(04:27:21):
years of the Union. The initial lack of consummation
is hardly surprising consider. During the extreme Youth of the
bride and groom who were only 14, and 15 years old
respectively, since sexual matters were rarely discussed,
even amongst family members, when the young couple were left
alone on their wedding night. They likely, did not know what

(04:27:42):
to do. They were almost certainly
terribly nervous. And had only just met one
another, a few days before. Lewis wrote in his diary, that
he simply went to sleep on his wedding night, as well as the
following two nights. With verse, I being the least
private place in all France, this for the royal family, the

(04:28:03):
lack of consummation between thedolphin and the Delphine was
immediately public knowledge an unconsummated marriage meant
that there was not yet any possibility of Royal children
and heirs to safeguard the French throne.
Since this was an important matter of state, courtiers were
quick to bring the news to King Louis, the 15th, the Old King

(04:28:24):
was formed of both his grandson and his granddaughter in law and
seemed to show some understanding.
He insisted that no one should try to press the issue with the
dolphin and express confidence that the young couple would
settle into their marriage. In time Empress Maria.
Theresa was not nearly as patient with what she viewed as

(04:28:45):
her daughter's mistakes and shortcomings.
The correspondence between Maria, Theresa and Marie
Antoinette during her. First several years at
Versailles strongly highlights. The difficult relationship
between mother and daughter, kept well, informed by her spies
at Versailles. The empress constantly
criticized ANH Tuan for alienating members of the French

(04:29:07):
court for her excessively luxurious and extravagant
lifestyle, and most of all for failing to cajole or entice her
husband into finally consummating, the marriage
Maria. Theresa scolded, her daughter
for allowing herself to become the focus of French tabloid.
Gossip for her frivolity and flightiness.
She castigated on Twan for failing to pursue

(04:29:30):
self-improvement. Encouraged her to read, more and
warned her that she did not havethe intelligence, the talent,
the culture, all the character, to withstand the much worse
criticism. The empress believed would
certainly follow. Marie Antoinette.
Often responded defensively to these letters, expressed sorrow

(04:29:51):
and hurt. That her mother should believe
the worst about her and is short.
Maria Teresa that she did indeedhave the best interests of
France and the Austrian Allianceat heart as her mother
predicted, it did not, take verylong for Marie, Antoinette to
develop a reputation, for frivolous extravagance
historians and biographers have speculated that her ostentatious

(04:30:14):
and decadent taste, which she had developed in the early years
of her marriage. As after she became Queen, were
partly an attempt to compensate for her unhappiness.
Not only did she remain physically unfulfilled but also,
emotionally distanced from her husband, who persisted for
several years, in weariness of his wife and suspicion for her

(04:30:37):
Austrian loyalties. On the 10th of May 1774.
King Louis, the 15th succumbed to smallpox dying in his bed at
Versailles at the age of 64. He was highly unpopular towards
the end of his Reign and few. Besides his grandson seemed to
mourn him in any genuine fashion.
The French people now looked to Louis the 16th with both hope

(04:31:01):
and optimism. The new King was young just 19
and while he did not have the Panache or the commanding
presence of his grandfather, Louis the 15th or his third
great grandfather, Louis the 14th.
He was perceived to be a kind genuine bright and conscientious
young man. All promising qualities for a

(04:31:22):
potentially great and fair ruler.
Queen Marie Antoinette was initially quite popular with the
French people as well, renowned for her beauty style and charm
but for more years passed without a consummation of the
royal marriage and the longer the situation remained
unchanged, the More the public image of the king and queen
began to suffer. Louis the 16th and Marie

(04:31:46):
Antoinette grew even further apart as husband and wife.
After they ascended, the French throne Louis early, attended to
the business of the day and wentto bed.
Early onto one on the other hand.
Loved to stay up late and reallyRose earlier than 10 or 11 in
the morning. He enjoyed reading, riding and

(04:32:06):
hunting and tended to be shy andsoft-spoken in company.
She loved the gate and distraction of evenings in
Paris, attending the theater, the Opera or masked balls.
She spent lavishly on fabulous clothes and jewelry wearing wigs
as high as three feet tall, often dressed with towering

(04:32:26):
puffs of netting and plumes of feathers, she adored gambling
and frequently lost exorbitant sums at paris's gaming tables,
this Behavior earned. Her the very uncommon tree
nickname of Madame deficit amongthe French public who were
becoming increasingly Convinced that her spending was
contributing as much as anythingto France's economic problems.

(04:32:49):
If Marie, Antoinette, was compensating for loneliness and
unfulfillment in her marriage, then perhaps Lewis was doing the
same after he became King Louie,gifted his wife with the estate
known as La Petite, Triana in the grounds of Versailles, which
had once belonged to Louis the 15th official mistress, Madame
de pompadour knowing that Marie Antoinette found the total lack

(04:33:13):
of privacy at Versailles, Tyson and confining, Lewis gave her
the estate as her private Haven.She could receive only Those
whom she wished to invite and she could renovate and improve
the house and grounds at her. Pleasure, the king also
regularly settled all of his wife's considerable debts
quietly. And without censoring her, it is

(04:33:34):
possible that a sense of guilt may have played a role in Lewis
remarkable Indulgence of his Queen's every whim, In the
summer of 1777 on twan's elder brother.
Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II visited France, quietly and
unofficially on his mother's behalf to ascertain.
The health of the French Austrian Alliance and in

(04:33:57):
particular, his sister's traveling marriage.
He and Lewis apparently got on well, so much so.
But Lewis took Joseph into his confidence about his sexual
problems. Historians long, supposed that
Louis the 16th might have had some sort of physical condition
which made sexual activity unpleasant or painful.
Such as phimosis the theory thatthe king underwent circumcision

(04:34:20):
to address such a condition has been mostly rejected by more
recent historians rather, they point to the letter that Jose of
the second wrote to his mother and brother Leopold which
indicate that Lewis sexual impediments were cycle and
probably arose from embarrassment at his lack of
knowledge and experience. And from an intense anxiety or

(04:34:41):
fear of Sex itself. It did not help the situation
that her husband's reluctance inthe marriage bed made Antoine
frustrated. Resentful and far less willing
to attempt any supported. Persuasion Joseph's, visit and
interventions between the king and queen of France did after
all bear fruits, so to speak a few weeks after his departure

(04:35:05):
for Vienna, Marie Antoinette, happily informed her mother in a
letter that after seven years, her marriage had been quote,
finally, and perfectly consummated.
I do not think I am pregnant yet.
She wrote, but at least have thehope of being so very soon.
The queen was, right, the following year on the 19th of

(04:35:25):
December 1778. Marie Antoinette gave birth to
her first child, a girl who she named Marie Terrace.
Charlotte after her mother, and her favorite sister, the birth
of a child and the progress theyhad made in their marriage,
helped the king and Queen build a closer more trusting
relationship and although their first child was not a son, the

(04:35:48):
royal family enjoyed a rise in popularity for a Time the birth
of a daughter meant that there might soon be a doe found for
France as well. 100 or more years earlier, these
developments might have been enough to improve political
stability and reduce criticism of the monarchy, but France.
In the mid to late. 18th centurywas undergoing dramatic, social

(04:36:11):
political and ideological changes teetering on the cusp of
a new world. Whose values were utterly
incompatible with the traditional images and
prerogatives of royalty Louis XIII and Marie Antoinette had
both been raised in the rarefiedatmosphere of the European
royalty. Neither one of them knew

(04:36:31):
anything about how the people oftheir countries lived and
remained almost completely insulated from the deep cracks
forming in the Bedrock of Frenchsociety.
But France's strictly higher archaeal and deeply unequal.
Social system was subjected to intense economic pressure during
the mid to late 18th century. Largely thanks to the costs of

(04:36:52):
War, Francis conflicts, with herEuropean neighbors, during the
previous few decades, and Leave the 16th generous support of the
American Revolution with the aimof weakening Britain had pushed
the French treasury to the very brink of financial ruin.
At the same time. The French people were suffering
through periodic waves of hungerdue to multiple consecutive poor

(04:37:15):
harvests, High food prices and persistently high taxes caused
alarming. Bouts of civil unrest as enraged
and desperate people struggled simply to house and feed their
families. In addition, to these serious
structural problems, the ideas of the Enlightenment had begun
to thoroughly permeate, French society.

(04:37:36):
Making Republican simplifies us out of some Aristocrats, many
members of the bourgeoisie and of Working Class People alike
inspired by the American Revolution and by the
increasingly valued Notions of government accountability, the
abolition of noble privilege andthe intrinsic rights held by
each individual person, the ideas of philosopher and

(04:37:58):
revolutionaries threatened, the power and legitimacy of the
French monarchy at the moment ofits greatest weakness.
Marie Antoinette. Gave birth to three more
children during the 1780s. A dolphin for France.
In December 1781, Kristen, Louisiana and two more children.

(04:38:19):
Louis showell in March, 1785 andMarie, Sophie, Ln bertrix in
July of 1786, despite the appearance of Greater stability
and Thomas deity within the royal family, the public
reputations of Louis, the 16th and Marie Antoinette continued
to decline the years during which their marriage had

(04:38:39):
remained, unconsummated had taken their toll on the public
perceptions. Of both the king and the queen
Lewis was perceived as weak ineffective.
And his sexual shortcomings wereequated with an inability to
govern competently. The queen was viewed as Dominion
greedy. And exploitative of her
husband's weakness in the scarless libel or Scandal sheets

(04:39:03):
circulating through France. Louis the 16th Was sometimes
depicted as a castrated Pig. Smiling dumbly and lazily.
Marie, Antoinette was often lampooned in the tabloids for
her luxurious extravagant and suspected political domination
of her husband on Austria's behalf.
But more than this the public attacks launched against the

(04:39:25):
queen in the libel tended to be sexual in nature.
And they became increasingly darker more obscene and more
threatening. The closer.
France came to the 1789 revolutionary watershed During
the years in which her marriage had remained unconsummated
rumors had begun to circulate that she must have enjoyed many.

(04:39:47):
Even countless lovers, This is highly unlikely, but some
historians now, believe there issufficient proof to confirm that
Marie Antoinette. Had at least one intimate love
affair during her marriage with the Swedish count.
Axel van the count was handsome.Dashing an adventurer who upon
his return from fighting the British, in the American

(04:40:09):
Revolution devoted himself to Marie Antoinette remaining her
closest adviser and friend, fursten was a frequent guest at
La Petite Anno during the 1780 and the queen gave him the bed
chamber just above hers. It is perhaps worth noting that
her husband Louis. The 16th, it's believed to have

(04:40:30):
never spent even one night at Liberty Triana.
Although he occasionally spent the day there with his family at
his wife's. Action.
Traditionally historians have reserved judgment about the
nature of the relationship between count Ferguson and Marie
Antoinette due to the fact that the majority of their
correspondence has either been lost purposely destroyed or

(04:40:53):
heavily redacted later on, however, in 2016 historians
working in French and Swedish archives claimed to her found
and finally decoded multiple letters which verify that
person. And the queen were indeed,
intimately involved and deeply in love for many years, because
of the existing public stain on her moral virtue.

(04:41:15):
Becoming a mother did nothing torepair.
The Queen's reputation, heard attractors were quick to suggest
that none of her children, not even the Doha were fired by the
king. Was meant to be a Haven of
freedom from the court for MarieAntoinette.
She probably did not realize that her activities, there did

(04:41:37):
much to undermine her reputation.
Queens of France did not traditionally enjoy privacy the
pursuit of which only gave the public reason to believe that
the queen might have something to hide sexual immorality was
the vice most often imagined. However the way that the queen
renovated, the property was alsocontroversial.
She spent extravagantly to create a rustic Farm Retreats on

(04:42:01):
the estate. Even hiring a peasant family to
10 livestock and produce food. Meanwhile, she her friends and
her children dressed in simple. White Muslim, lounged over
picnics and acted in amateur theatricals together in which
they played peasant roles such as milkmaids and shepherdesses.
The idea of the queen spending huge amounts of money, play

(04:42:24):
acting and being a peasant. While the real People at the
bottom of France is social ladder, was starving.
Seemed an example of cruel ignorance and disregard for all.
But Royal women consequence Marie Antoinette likely never
thought about how her actions appeared to others until it was
too late. Following the birth of her

(04:42:47):
children. Marie Antoinette began to
withdraw from the social World, which had characterized her
first years as dofan and queen of France.
But it did little to repair her extremely negative Public Image.
She began to take a more active interest and role in politics
and Lewis seemed increasingly open to her advice particularly

(04:43:07):
surrounding bureaucratic, and Military appointments her
tendency to intercede for Austria.
However, did nothing to endear her to those at court who had
always distrusted the Austrian Alliance.
Additionally, she was seen far less often in Parisian ballrooms
or a gaming tables and had begunto show much more restrained in

(04:43:28):
her fashion choices and a more economical approach to her
demands on the treasury. But many of these efforts were
too little too late. The period between 1787 and 1789
featured a Confluence of Economic and public relations
disasters. Which LED France's, monarchy the
oldest in Europe to the very edge of collapse. 1787 was a

(04:43:53):
difficult year for Marie, Antoinette, and Louis.
The 16th Madam Sophie. The infant daughter succumbed to
tuberculosis at just 11 months old, a few months later, the
queen still mourning, her daughter was approached by the
Parisian Jewelers Burma and besant and offered the chance to
purchase a fabulous. Diamond necklace originally made

(04:44:15):
for Louis. The 15th mistress Madame de Bari
it featured a staggering, 600 and 647 diamonds of incredible,
Clarity, and cut and would be worth approximately 7 million
Euros or 8 million US dollars totoday.
The queen admired, the necklace,but promptly declined to buy it.
When a group of Thieves hatched to conspiracy to steal the

(04:44:38):
necklace, they duped a gullible aristocratic Kartel in to
believe in the Marie Antoinette,wished him to quietly by the
necklace for her and that she would reimburse him later
desperate to rise in the Queen'sfavor.
The Cardinal eagerly consented when the money became due the
king and queen were outraged. Two of the thieves had fled with

(04:44:59):
the necklace, which of course, they never delivered to Marie
Antoinette and Louis, the 16th ordered the Cardinals arrest.
As a co-conspirator since the Cardinal came from one of
France's most powerful noble families.
It is hardly surprising that thePalomar of Judges, who were all.
So overwhelmingly aristocratic found him not guilty on all

(04:45:19):
counts. Marie, Antoinette was
devastated. The proclamation of the
Cardinals Innocents, implied. That the theft must have been
the Queen's fault for covered inthe necklace and indeed the
affair, the colour delaun, or the affair of the Queen's
necklace. As the debacle became known
deed, more than anything else todestroy her reputation.

(04:45:42):
During the period between 1787 and 1789, the mental and
physical health of Louis the 16th began to deteriorate.
He confronted stress by drinkingheavily and overeating.
He lapsed more and more frequently into about.
So crippling depression out of necessity Marie Antoinette now
became more directly involved inFrench politics and exercise

(04:46:06):
more power than she ever had before, with her husband, on the
verge of a nervous breakdown. She began to attend Kings
Council meetings were Lewis Chief ministers, struggled to
address the economic crisis, threatening to bankrupt France.
She was unfortunately ill-prepared to step into such a
role and knew little about politics or economics.

(04:46:27):
Still her actions demonstrate a determination to hold her family
and the French monarchy together.
Having had Role Models like her mother Marie Antoinette.
Perhaps could not help but believe it heard duty to rise to
the occasion she was Instrumental in the appointment,
and dismissal of several Finance, ministers each for

(04:46:47):
various reasons, unable to find a way out of the debt crisis,
which was slowly crushing. The country efforts were made to
enlist the help of France's Nobles, but not enough of them
were willing to give up their trade monopolies or tax
exemptions to help rescue the economy.
Finally, in desperation, the king called a meeting of the
Estates General. The closest thing to a

(04:47:09):
parliament or national legislature that France had ever
had Louis's summoning of the Estates General was quite
unprecedented representatives ofthe three, Estates of French
society. The clergy, the nobility, and
the common people had not met since 1614.
Because the participants were pursuing such different goals

(04:47:30):
during the proceedings of the Estates General, nothing was
accomplished. The Third Estate representing
the overwhelming majority of theFrench people advocated for the
creation of a constitutional French Republic while neither
Louie. The 16th normally Antoinette
could ever imagine sharing powerwith elected politicians.
The conservative nobility defended their traditional

(04:47:53):
privileges while numerous othersdemanded solutions to France's
bread crisis, which was starving, the urban and rural
poor alike. The talks went nowhere a month
after the opening of the EstatesGeneral on the 4th of June 1789.
The seven-year-old Doha died of tuberculosis because all France

(04:48:14):
was preoccupied with the next meeting of the Estates General,
there was little public discussion or acknowledgment of
the Royal Family's loss. Louis the 16th and Marie
Antoinette would devastated, my poor little boy.
Is dead, the queen wrote just stays later and the nation
hardly seemed to notice on the 20th of June, when the king and
queen were still in mourning fortheir son.

(04:48:36):
Representatives of the Third Estate arrived at Versailles to
find the door to their meeting room.
Locked believing that the king had ordered them locked out.
They moved instead to a nearby tennis court where they
collectively declared themselvesFrance's national assembly and
vowed. Not to disband until they had
formulated a constitution. The newly formed National

(04:48:59):
Assembly began at once to propose debate and Institute,
reforms alarmed about the way these developments continue to
proceed without the sanction of the monarchy Marie Antoinette,
convinced the king to move a contingent of Swiss troops
closer to Paris. This led to riots in the city,
as the fearful populist, wondered if their own government

(04:49:20):
would launch an attack against them and against the changes
proceeding in the National Assembly, on the 14th of July,
the rage boiled over resulting in the storming of the ancient
Fortress known as the Bastille. The release of its Prisoners,
the rate of its Armory and the murder of the prison's Governor
Paris haddock exploded into chaos and violence at 2:00 in

(04:49:44):
the morning. The King was abruptly awakened
in their side and informed that the Bastille had been taken.
Is it a Revolt? The king asked.
No, sire came the reply, it's a revolution.
After the fall of the Bastille Royal Authority quickly,
unraveled a great Fear Rose Among Aristocrats across the

(04:50:04):
country. That further, uprisings of the
people were imminent and many began to quietly.
Leave France, most of the extended royal family and many
high-ranking courteous departed varsai in the following days.
Marie Antoinette was also strongly in favor of flight.
But when Louis the 16th stated firmly that he would not

(04:50:24):
consider leaving, she resolutelydecided to remain at the side of
her husband, and children eventsbegan to move more swiftly in
the coming months. The National Assembly worked
tirelessly to enact their new Constitution and reforms, but
the far more urgent. Food crisis, was causing unrest
all over France, on the 5th of October rumors were circulating

(04:50:48):
in Paris about a Grand Banquet being given at Versa for the
high-ranking members of the king's Swiss guard anger
exploded among the women in the Street Markets of the city.
Why should they be feasting and plenty of Versailles, while
bread remained unaffordable for most parisians and their own
children. Staffed armed with knives

(04:51:09):
pitchforks, Cleavers clubs, whatever.
They could lay their hands on several hundred, women, marched
to Ward, Versailles, to demand bread.
They were joined by a great manyother men and women later in the
day and in their numbers, they overwhelmed the palace guards.
A mob Rampage through their sidedirectly toward Marie

(04:51:31):
Antoinette's, bed chamber, killing two of her Gods.
She heard them coming. And escaped through a secret
door, just seconds before they burst in and fled to her
husband's bedchamber howling with rage, to find her gone.
The mob, destroyed the Queen's bed, the Marquis De Lafayette
arrived. Just in time at the head of the

(04:51:51):
National Guard to restore order at Versailles that night Louis,
the 16th Marie Antoinette and their two children, Departed.
The palace for the last time, never to return.
They were escorted by the mob and members of the National
Guard to the twillery Palace in the center of Paris, where they
could be more closely watched and guarded.

(04:52:13):
The enormous pressure under which the royal family.
Now found themselves had opposite effects on Louis the
16th and Marie Antoinette Louis slipped deeper into his
depression. And in decision, while his wife
became more motivated to action than she had ever been before.
The next two years saw an extraordinary learning and

(04:52:33):
maturation process for the queenwho found that it had now fallen
to her to hold the monarchy together if at all possible.
Since the death of her son, a few months before she seemed to
have grown up overnight and in the coming months, she would
play the dangerous game of double agent.
On the one hand, she worked closely with members of the

(04:52:55):
National Assembly and later, France's legislative, and
constituent assemblies to influence policy.
It was largely, thanks to Marie Antoinette's intervention.
That Louis the 16th retained, his power to declare war and
veto legislation, despite her perception of France's new.
Vertical power Brokers as a packof Mad Men.

(04:53:15):
She tried to work with Republicans like the Compton
Mirabal, the mayor of Paris, Sean, Silva, and Bay and the
Marquis De Lafayette, whom she despised as much as he lows her.
But at the same time as she, collaborated, with the leaders
of the Revolution, earning theirrespect for her determination
bravery intelligence and dignity.

(04:53:37):
She also stayed up late night, after night secretly writing,
coded letters to Monica's alliesthroughout Europe, particularly
to her family in Austria. She covertly kept these contacts
informed of developments in France.
It is unclear now exactly what her ultimate intentions were,
but she appeared determined to keep channels of potential.

(04:54:00):
Escape open and also perhaps thepossibility of one day retaking
France from the revolutionaries.It is possible that Marie
Antoinette and Louis, the 16th might have been able to rise to
the challenge of a constitutional monarchy.
But there was little, they coulddo about the Deep divisions,
which were forming among revolutionary leaders and among

(04:54:22):
the people of France in general no longer content with a
constitutional monarchy and the end of noble and clerical
privilege, many were now in favor of dispensing, with both
the monarchy and the church altogether.
After the death of Mirabal her greatest Ally among the
revolutionary leaders Marie. Antoinette began to contemplate
escape from France, more seriously.

(04:54:44):
The Revolution was radicalizing more every day.
The queen managed to convince her husband to flee before their
freedom of movement was restricted.
Any further and Escape became impossible late at night on the
14th of June 1791, the royal family slipped quietly into a
carriage outside the trailer, hePalace less than an hour later

(04:55:06):
they had escaped Paris. And were on the way to the
Austrian border with count, Axelperson who had helped Marie
Antoinette, orchestrate their escape, driving the carriage.
Once they were Far Enough From Paris, Louis ordered the count
to leave ostensibly. Because he did not want to seem
to be accepting the assistance of a foreigner to flee.

(04:55:29):
France. However, it is just as likely
that he was eager to send his wife's lover away for his own.
Peace of mind, the royal family made it as far as varen were
Lewis who had stepped out of thecarriage.
Only for a moment was recognizedby the local postmaster.
Incredibly the man had only everseen the king's face on his

(04:55:50):
coinage. It is a testament to how poorly
executed the Escape was the Lewis was recognized, their
Carriage clothing and Luggage would two luxurious and
expensive and worse. When they belongings were
searched the king's Royal regalia and Crown were found as
well. Now truly prisoners reviled by

(04:56:10):
their own people who believed that they would have brought
Austrian armies to invade France.
The royal family were escorted by the National Guard.
Back to Paris, the crowds liningthe roots of their Carriage were
eerily silent on pain of death from General Lafayette, but
watched the king and queen pass with hostile accusing eyes.

(04:56:33):
The following year. So the revolution become more
radical still as a Jacobins Roseto power, Marie Antoinette made
a final attempt to work for the promotion of the constitutional
monarchy notably by establishinga correspondence and policy
collaboration with Antoine baranov, probably the most
moderate and influential member of the constituent assembly at

(04:56:55):
that time. However, by April France had
declared war on Austria, the mood in Paris, grew more tense
and competitive throughout the summer, fear of an Austrian
Invasion to restore the, monarchy spurred and attack.
On the thrillery palace by September.
The assembly had abolished the monarchy only weeks later.
There was a Citywide Massacre ofall royalists, suspected

(04:57:17):
sympathizers and counter-revolutionaries then
being held in paris's jails, theroyal family was moved to much
more secure and heavily guarded quarters in the Fortress known
as the temple. The family had a few months of
piece together, but In December,the former Louis, the 16th now
known as citizen Luigi was put on trial for treason.

(04:57:40):
He was found guilty and sentenced to be executed by
guillotine in January 1793. He was permitted to say a
private goodbye to his family before going to his execution.
The next day with dignity and quiet courage.
The loss of her husband made Marie Antoinette's cleave all

(04:58:00):
the closer to her children, but within a few months, her son,
Louis sharl and her eldest daughter, Marie Therese would
take away from her. Also, the dofa was viewed as a
serious threat. A potential King in Waiting, his
jailers subjected the seven yearold Prince to terrible,
emotional, and physical abuse, doing everything possible to

(04:58:21):
indoctrinate him with the idealsof the Revolution, Marie,
Antoinette's daughter would eventually escaped to Austria,
but poor Louie Shah would die inthe temple of tubercula fever at
the age of 10. Marie Antoinette was now
entirely bereft and on the eve of the announcement that she
would be put on trial for treason.

(04:58:42):
She was moved to a bear. Squalid dark cell in the
dilapidated Fortress known as the concierge Marie Antoinette's
trial was a fast. She was accused of conspiring
with Austria, against France of careless profligacy with the
country's Treasury and of moral and sexual degeneration.
It is now known that the queen did indeed regularly provide

(04:59:04):
intelligence to Austria and to other European allies.
But at the time of her trial, there was absolutely no evidence
that she had lacking any concrete evidence, the
proceedings turned into a rehashing of all the baseless
rumors which had been published about her in the Scandal, sheets
over the years, her judges even tried to add an accusation of

(04:59:26):
incest to the list of charges. Louisa Charles yallahs had
somehow coerced him to accuse his own mother of molesting him
When asked why she did not respond to the charge?
Marie, Antoinette replied. Stoney nature refuses to answer
such a charge brought against a mother.
I appeal in this matter, to all mothers present in the court,

(04:59:47):
there was an abashed and shameful silence and then
several women called out to her in sympathy and support the
judges. Pursued, the incest charged.
No further, but found Marie Antoinette.
Guilty of treason. Nonetheless.
When asked, if she had anything to say, she replied, I was a
queen and you took away my crown, a wife, and you took away

(05:00:12):
my husband, a mother, and you took away my children, my blood
alone remains take it if you wish, but do not make me suffer
long. On the morning of the 16th of
October 1793 Marie Antoinette changed from her one remaining
black dress into one of shabby white, brought to her by her.

(05:00:33):
Jailers, her hands were bound behind her and she was led from
her cell in the concierge. To the Courtyard were a small
open cart waited as it wound slowly, through the streets of
Paris, the crowds jeered and shouted.
Obscenities at the still silent figure in white.
She looked decades older than her 38 years, but kept her head

(05:00:54):
up and her bearing at expressiondignified journalists who turned
out to watch Marie Antoinette's execution later, wrote that she
bore herself with all the Unapologetic haughtiness of the
most unrepentant, criminal, yes,if she had wept and whales and
begged for her life, the same commentators likely would have

(05:01:15):
denigrated her for being a coward.
The queen went to her death withIncredible courage on a platform
in the Middle of the plasterer Revolution.
The guillotine stood waiting surrounded by a crush of people
noisily exhorting, very Antoinette to her execution.
She climbed the few steps without faltering or hesitating

(05:01:36):
and accidentally trodd on The Executioner's foot.
The last words she spoke seemed to encapsulate everything she
had experienced from the day. She had arrived in France to
this terrible final moment. Pardon me sir.
She said quietly, I did not do it on purpose, resolutely she
knelt. Before the block the blade fell,

(05:01:57):
there was an eerie silence for an instant and then a Roar as
the Executioner held up the Queen's head before the baying
crowd. For more than a century
following, her death Marie Antoinette's Legacy.
Had been one of unapologetic andluxurious success of completely,
tone-deaf conduct and governance, and disregard for

(05:02:19):
the suffering of others. These charges are merited to a
certain extent, especially if one considers what it cost for
us to support the royal family in the decadent style, in which
they had always lived, it is true that as Queen she had made
many mistakes, but more and morehistorians in recent decades
have begun to rehabilitate Her Image and to assert that she did

(05:02:42):
not deserve what happened to her.
She had been ill-prepared and ill-trained to fill the role
that had been thrust upon her when she was little more than a
child, nothing more than a Pawn on her.
Mother's dinner, chessboard, shehad done what she believed was
expected of her as Queen of France, but being completely
insulated from the changing World outside, she had no idea.

(05:03:07):
That such a thing, as public sentiment was now powerful
enough to destroy her. She had been a scapegoat and it
was a testament to the deep and dark streak of misogyny.
Running through French society that people could believe that
her supposed greed, sexual voraciousness, and domination of
her husband had been solely responsible for the king's

(05:03:30):
weakness. His failure to embrace the
Revolution and for France is collapse as tragic as it was the
execution of Louis. The 16th made a terrible kind of
sense in the context of the Revolution.
As long as the king remained alive, there would be plots to
restore him to the throne and the new constitutional French

(05:03:50):
Republic would never be safe. Yet.
It is difficult to view, the execution of Marie Antoinette,
as similarly necessary, all authority had been vested in
Lewis, not his Queen, she had nopower any longer to pose a
threat to the revolutionaries who held her prisoner rather
than an act of Justice Marie Antoinette's, sham trial, and

(05:04:14):
execution resembles an act of public rage far more than the
king. It was she who was the most
hated person in France, regardless of what could or
could not be proven about her. Very few of the accusations
leveled against her in the libeland the public rule had any
basis. In fact, not even the most

(05:04:34):
famous misquote from the queen, let them eat cake as she was
believed to have replied. When told the French had no
bread to eat Marie Antoinette's execution was a symbolic
sacrifice to the revolution. Her blood would be an expiation
to show that for France. There could be No, Going Back.

(05:04:56):
What do you think of Marie, Antoinette was?
She truly a doomed woman caught in historical circumstances,
which she could never have controlled.
Did she waste opportunities to work with reformers and help?
Keep the revolution moderate, orwas the fall of France's
monarchy, the radicalization of the Revolution and the coming of

(05:05:16):
the terror, all inevitable. Please let us know what you
think in the comments section. And as always, thank you very
much for watching. The woman named her history.

(05:05:38):
As Queen Victoria was born on the 24th of May 1819, at
Kensington Palace in London. Her mother was Princess Victoria
Marie Louise of Saxe Coburg, Southfield from the Royal House
of Saks Coburg and go to, in modern East Central.
Germany, the daughter of a Duke and a contest.

(05:06:00):
She had been married to Charles Prince of linen, a small state
in modern Bavarian, in southern Germany and from her husband's
death in 1814. She served as Regent for her
young son, from her first marriage.
Carl in 1818, Princess Victoria gave up the region to marry

(05:06:21):
again this time to Prince Edwardof Britain.
Victoria's father was Prince, Edward Duke of Kent and
strathearn fourth, son of King George.
The third Edward was from the house of Hanover a royal line,
which originated from northern Germany.
And his father was king of both Britain and Hanover although

(05:06:43):
George, the Third never visited Hanover and spoke English as his
first language when they marriedin 1818.
Princess Victoria became Duchessof Kent and together.
They had one child, Victoria, her father, died of pneumonia in
1820. Only eight months.
After the birth of his only child Victoria's mother had

(05:07:06):
given birth to the Future Queen at 4:48 a.m. in the dining room
of Kensington Palace, a strange decision that was actually on
rational thinking, as hot water could be easily brought up from
the kitchen. She was also unusually delivered
by a female doctor. Charlotte.
Hidden Reich. Von siebold.

(05:07:27):
Who? Coincidentally?
Also delivered her future husband Prince.
Albert. At the time of her birth,
Victoria was fifth in line to the British crown.
She was privately christened by the Archbishop of Canterbury
Charles manners Sutton on the 24th of June 1819.

(05:07:49):
In the cupola room at KensingtonPalace, she was baptized as
alexandrina Victoria alexandrinaafter one of her godparents
Tsar. Alexander the first of Russia
and Victoria after her mother, while her royal title was her
Royal Highness. Princess, Victoria of Kent.
She was described as a studious,thoughtful, and quietly, serious

(05:08:13):
child qualities, which would stand her in good stead.
When she became Queen in 1837 the house of Hanover to which
Victoria belonged had ruled Britain since 1714 the first two
Hanoverian monarchs George, the first and George the second
ruled as King of Great Britain and Ireland in addition Into the

(05:08:35):
separate title of king of Hanover but Victoria's
grandfather. George the third was the first
to rule the United Kingdom of Great, Britain, and Ireland.
After the official Union of the two kingdoms, on the first of
January 1801, the hanoverians like their predecessors.
Since the Glorious Revolution of1688 were constitutional

(05:08:58):
monarchs, which meant they had limited power with lawmaking in
the hands of the elected House of Commons and House of Lords.
And a very in Britain was a political anomaly in Europe.
Were absolute monarchies reignedVictoria's grandfather, George
the third had overseen moments of huge transformation both for

(05:09:20):
Britain and the world under George.
The third, the British Empire began a rapid expansion that
would reach its peak under Victoria, though.
Many of Britain's North Americancolonies were lost when the
United States of America, gainedits freedom after victory in the
American war of independence conflict on European Shores,

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reduced after multiple Wars against revolutionary and
Napoleonic France, led to the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
in, 1815 the Hanoverian era saw industrialization, a demesne
social change, transform Britain, and the world in
Avengers. Like the engineer is embarked
Kingdom Brunel inventor of the first computer, Charles Babbage,

(05:10:06):
and inventor of the telephone Alexander, Graham Bell belonged
to this period. The fires of the Industrial
Revolution were kept lit by the work of Brunel in particular.
As through the start of the 19thcentury brunelle, the roads
Railways, and the first, or ironsteamship, the SS Great Britain

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that connected Britain's industry and Commercial
Networks. Before Victoria came to the
throne in 1837 goods and people moved around Britain by
Stagecoach at an average speed of 12 kilometers per hour.
During her Reign, the building of the railways, increase this

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to 30 kilometers per hour by the1830s and to 80 kilometers per
hour by the 1850s raw materials came to Britain on steamships,
feeding the hungry cotton Mills of the north and bringing new
goods and exotic foods to the British Market.
The face of Britain was changingas Agriculture and import

(05:11:11):
supported a huge growth in the population, from 11 million at
the start of the 19th century, to 37 Million by the end of
Victoria's reign in 1901. This growing population became
increasingly urbanized, living in the growing and Industrial
tiles and working in the factoryis Mills and mines.

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The powered the Industrial Revolution.
By the end of the Victorian era,the town's streets and factories
of Britain were thriving and uniform in appearance, due to
the cheap importing of building materials.
Town planning had to adapt to the swell of urban dwellers and
by 1900 Pavements and Street lighting improved, many towns

(05:11:57):
and most new build homes had electricity running water.
Drainage indoor avatars and gas for cooking with the rise of
industrial progress, came demands for social change, trade
unions became the voice of the exploited workers and
campaigners began to call for political reform although women

(05:12:20):
could still not vote, several political reforms were passed
during Victoria's reign which opened up pollutants.
Secret voting was introduced in 1872 to prevent voter
intimidation and laws were passed to prevent the bribing of
the voters in 1883 but MPS were still not paid until 1911.

(05:12:43):
Meaning that working men could not get elected to Parliament
without financial support from donors or trade, unions
education, improved when the 1870s, the government took
responsibility for educating children, aged 5 to 10 and by
1900 90% of children regularly attended School, although

(05:13:06):
children in rural areas were often pulled out of school to
help with the Harvest. Religion, was also a major topic
of debate in Parliament, at thistime.
In particular about laws, controlling what people could do
on Sundays, new churches, can continue to be and not just once
belonging to the Church of England.

(05:13:26):
Catholic, churches were Are built in this period as
religious toleration was on the rise.
But underneath the progress Innovation and prosperity, the
Britain of the Victoria and her Hanoverian predecessors was a
place of harsh, poverty laws, Rife crime, and over punitive

(05:13:47):
punishment pollution, prostitution, slums and begging
Victoria herself was deeply, socially, conservative and
believed that people should not move out of the social class
into which they were born Victoria, even opposed.
Women being given the vote, describing the idea as a mad and

(05:14:07):
wicked Folly. It was during Victoria's reign
that the British Navy ruled the Seas and the British Empire
reached, its peak. The Victorian age was to be
remembered as a golden era for Britain.
At the time of Victoria's birth,it seemed unlikely that she
would become Queen at all. She was only Fifth and line for

(05:14:31):
the throne. But by the time she turned 18,
she had become the heir to the throne due to the quick
succession of deaths of her relatives.
When Victoria was born, her Uncle, George Prince of Wales
was acting as Regent. While King George.
The third was suffering from a debilitating mental illness,
which grew worse towards the endof his Reign.

(05:14:53):
Her uncle ruled as Regent for nine years, and finally
ascended, the throne in 1820 becoming King George, the
fourth, even after the death of the incapacitated George, the
third, the problems for the British Monarchy were far from
over George the fourth married, the Catholic Widow Maria and
fitzherbert in 1785, in a secretand illegal ceremony.

(05:15:18):
And each children, they producedwould not be viewed as
legitimate and So George was finally persuaded to marry
Princess Caroline of Brunswick in 1795.
This second marriage though, legal and approved by the elites
and public alike. Did not have a happy ending, the
couple had one child a daughter,princess Charlotte together

(05:15:41):
before separating causing a public Scandal George.
The fourth had already proved unpopular due to his spoiled
nature greed, and dissolute Behavior.
Then in 1817 George, the fourth's, only daughter princess
Charlotte died while giving birth to a stillborn son, two
generations of heirs had vanished and a desperate race to

(05:16:04):
produce a legitimate Heir began between the king's unmatted
Brothers. The second oldest brother,
Frederick Duke of York had already matted.
Princess Frederica, Charlotte ofPrussia, but the couple had no
children and Frederick died in 1827, the third brother, William
Duke of Clarence later, King William, the fourth abandoned,

(05:16:26):
his long-term, Mrs and married. Princess Adelaide of Saxon after
Fredrick's. Death William was next in line
to the throne and any legitimatechildren.
He had would become his heirs ahead of his younger brother,
Edward the Fourth, son, that William had no legitimate
children. Victoria's father, Edward Duke

(05:16:50):
of Kent, was the fourth son of George the third and he quickly
married Victoria's mother Princess Victoria in 1818.
In order to continue the line ofsuccession.
The widowed Victoria already hadtwo children from a previous
marriage. Her daughter, princess Theodore
would become Victorious. Beloved half-sister and

(05:17:13):
companion upon her birth. Victoria took her place in the
order of succession behind her. Uncle William the fourth, any of
his surviving children and her own father, at 8 months, old
Victoria's world was overturned when her father died, suddenly
in January 1820, the family wereleft with large debts and found

(05:17:36):
themselves under the controllinghand of Sir, John Conroy,
Edwards equity, and an ex-officer, and the Royal
household artillery, who claimedthat the Victorious, father had
asked Him to take care of his widowed wife and child.
When she turned four, Victoria began her education under the
tutoring of Reverend George Davies.

(05:17:58):
Her new tutor was said to be patient and polite and
encouraged her to develop her talents.
She completed her lessons according to a strict timetable
and was particularly good at languages learning to speak,
French German Italian and Latin as well as the English which
used at home. She also benefited from the

(05:18:19):
guidance of a singing, teacher the opera singer Luigi, leche
and drawing lessons from a steamed painter.
Richard westall, a rigorous education was not.
The only hardship in Victoria's childhood her childhood was
strictly regimented by her mother.
The Duchess of Kent and John Conroy, a mother in depended on

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the controlling Conroy partly because of the limitations of
her English Conroy was highly ambitious and exerted his
influence Over The Duchess and Victorious with the The
intention of controlling the throne, a tactic that would have
been especially effective if Victoria were to ascend the
throne under the age of 18. And so require her mother to act

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as Regent. The Regency Act of 1830 had made
provision for Victoria's mother to rule as Regent.
If King William, the fourth diedbefore Victoria reached majority
age a decision, which displeasedWilliam.
As he distrusted The Duchess Conroy said about attempting to
increase the popularity of The Duchess who was unpopular

(05:19:28):
amongst the wider royal family. Strict rules were established to
govern the Royal household and Victoria in particular rules,
which became known as the Kensington system.
As a result of these rules Victoria grew up in isolation,
and naivety, all forms of Independence were frowned upon,

(05:19:49):
and she was constantly supervised.
She wasn't allowed her own bedroom and had to sleep on a
small bed in her mother's room. She was not even permitted to
walk down the stairs without holding someone's hand in case
she fell Victoria later, described her childhood at
Kensington Palace as isolating and demoralizing given this

(05:20:12):
isolation. The child.
Victorian had very few friends and was left to entertain
herself. Some of the Victoria's favorite
at childhood Hobbies included drawing writing stories and
making costumes for her collection of dolls with her.
Beloved Governors, baroness laser, She also kept a diary and

(05:20:33):
wrote over 60 million words across her lifetime.
She spent hours playing on her own, or with her little dog, the
King Charles Spaniel Dash and even had trousers made for him.
She referred to this time as oneof the loneliest of her life and
had only her equally loved governess and her dog for

(05:20:53):
company, although Victoria grew to resent her isolation and the
rules created by Conroy. They did in some ways work in
her favor, her mother and Conroy's, determination to keep
her weak and dependent on them. By keeping her away from people.
They thought undesirable including her father's family
and especially King William the fourth who had several

(05:21:16):
illegitimate children. Had backfired her absence from
court ensured, she wasn't associated with her unpopular,
uncles and predecessors George, the fourth, and William, the
fourth Equally archival researchby the historic.
Royal palaces curators has suggested that Victoria's later.

(05:21:37):
Recollection of her unhappy childhood was misremembered,
that is plenty of evidence, thather mother loved her deeply and
spoiled Victoria. She was surrounded by her
beloved governess and supportivetutors.
She even enjoyed trips to the coast the theater, and the
ballet, which she loved the most.
She also went on several Royal tours around the country between

(05:22:01):
1830 and 1835. An avid writer, she recorded
these excursions and noted down her impressions of the country.
She wrote of her shocked after seeing the black country, in the
West Midlands, so named because of the smog caused by Iron
making and coal mining on one ofher earliest trips.
The country is very desolate everywhere.

(05:22:23):
Smoking and burning coal heaps intermingled with Richard Hutson
cuts, and Little ragged childrento William the fourth annoyance
Victoria was greeted warmly by crowds of people at every point
of her Journeys, William disliked the way that these
tours seem to present Victoria as his rival rather than his

(05:22:45):
Heir and compared them to Royal progresses, a medieval Royal
tour, in which the king would begreeted.
At every town. He stopped in with formal
ceremonies and festivals, Victoria 2, disliked these tours
partly because of their exhausting nature and partly
because of William's disapprovalthat her mother forced her to

(05:23:08):
continue with them. In 1835 Conroy, made his biggest
attempt to solidify his control,over the future, queen during
another touria. Contracted a severe fever while
at Ramsgate, a Seaside town in southeast, England and Conroy,
and her mother took advantage ofher state to Badger her into

(05:23:30):
making Conroy. Her private secretary, but
Victoria resisted as she had during all of Conroy's previous
attempts to get himself, an official position on her staff.
As her uncle, the king finally approached, the end of his life.
Victoria was viewed as the nation's.
Hope she emerged from her isolation and from the strict

(05:23:53):
rules of her mother and Conroy. As a bright, New Prospect, a new
start. For the monarchy on the 20th of
June 1837, the Victoria was awoken early at 6 a.m. to
receive some unexpected visitorsat Kensington Palace.
Who were batting important news.She went downstairs and

(05:24:14):
unusually saw these visitors alone, and while still wearing
her dressing up Chief among her visitors was Lord Cunningham the
Lord Chamberlain, the most senior officer of the royal
household, who told her that heruncle, the king had died at 2:00
a.m. Victoria was now Queen and at

(05:24:37):
age 18, she was old enough to rule alone.
One of the first actions that Victoria took was having her bed
removed from her mother's bedroom.
This was not the only step. She took to break free from the
influence of her mother and Conroy.
That day, the day of her accession Victoria dressed in

(05:25:00):
mourning black to honor her uncle and made her first public
appearance as Queen alone stepping confidently, out of her
mother's Shadow. Her first official appearance,
was a success, 97 counselors cabinet ministers and officials
arrived in the red Saloon at Kensington Palace for their

(05:25:21):
first meeting. With the new Queen, the Duke of
Wellington later described this Gathering of the accession
council and noted that despite the new Queen's petite size
Victoria was only five foot one.She had not only filled her
chair, she filled the room flushed with the success of her

(05:25:42):
first appearance Victoria set about a searching her influence
and crafting a new life for herself.
She fled the confinement of the Kensington system and left
Kensington Palace itself for Buckingham Palace, which became
her main residence. She dismissed Conroy and kept
her mother at arm's length, by installing her in a distant

(05:26:05):
apartment in Buckingham Palace and later in a house in belgrave
square, a Governor's baroness lesson was invited to live in
Buckingham Palace as Victoria's companion.
It was around this time that Victoria dropped her first name,
alexandrina and went solely by Victoria.

(05:26:27):
Despite her outward confidence Victoria did admit to feeling
nervous on her coronation day. Held on the 28th of June 1838.
The coronation Drew thousands ofpeople out onto the streets to
catch a glimpse of the young newQueen Victoria later wrote in
her diary that the site of the cheering and waving crowd from

(05:26:50):
her, carriage calmed her nerves Hope.
Road. I thought to be queen of such a
nation, the coronation itself did not run smoothly.
The bishop fumbled his lines andcalled the ceremony to an end,
to early an elderly peer had a fall and the coronation ring was
placed onto the incorrect finger, but the elated public

(05:27:14):
would not remember these mishapsas they enjoyed fireworks and
Affair at Hyde Park, as well as free access to the theater's
across London as with many important moments in Victoria's
reign. Care was taken to allow the
public a glimpse of the Monarch,and a chance to celebrate the
monarchy. Unlike her coronation the first

(05:27:36):
year of Victoria's reign passed,without any serious missteps,
her Youth and distance from her unpopular predecessors
encouraged a rose-tinted view ofher Reign.
Many people looked forward to a new and hopeful era under her
rule, her petite size youth inexperience and gender resulted

(05:27:58):
in people. Underestimating her, her gender
had barred her from taking up the Throne of Hanover upon which
her predecessors had sat becauseancient select law excluded
women from Hanoverian succession.
Instead, her father's unpopular young younger brother, Ernesto
Duke of Cumberland became king of Hanover as well as Victoria's

(05:28:21):
are, until she had a child. That Victoria was determined to
succeed as Monica Britain writing in her diary I shall do
my utmost to fulfill my duty to towards my country.
I am very young and perhaps in many all the not all things
inexperience that I am sure thatvery few have more real good

(05:28:46):
will and more real desire to do what is fit.
And right, then I have Her Rosie.
First year was followed by a harder.
Second one partly. As a result of her
over-dependence on her favorite administers and advisers,
particularly prime minister Lord, Melbourne of the Whig

(05:29:06):
party and King, Leopold of Belgium Victoria's Reliance on
Melbourne and their close relationship caused rumors to
spread that the new Queen was under the prime minister's
influence. And even despite a large age,
gap of 40 years, that they were having a secret romantic
relationship, a rumor that has never been proven.

(05:29:28):
It seems more likely that the inexperienced Victoria relied on
Melbourne for advice and looked up to him as a father figure.
Give him that Melbourne was widowed and childless many
including Aristocrat and died athis child's gravel noted that he
was passionately fond of her as he might be of his daughter if

(05:29:49):
he had one. In the year, 1839 to political
scandals, threatened, to tarnishVictoria's reputation.
The first was a court Intrigue involving lady Flora Hastings.
A lady in waiting to Victoria's mother who it was rumored was
expecting an illegitimate child with Conroy and abdominal growth

(05:30:13):
later. Proved in a post-mortem, to be a
large tumor on the liver fueled.These rumors Victoria who Harbor
deep resentment against Conroy, and her mother for her
restricted. Childhood believed the rumors
and demanded evidence lady Flora, initially refused to
submit to an intimate medical examination.

(05:30:35):
Only acquiescing to an examination in February, which
proved that she was a virgin, the Hastings family Conroy and
the opposing Torres, turned the press against the queen claiming
that. She had spread false rumors
about lady flora and Victoria was hissed at during public
appearances. To make matters worse.

(05:30:58):
Another political Scandal, quickly, succeeded the first,
the bedchamber crisis of 1839. Lord Melbourne had resigned as
prime minister, after the liberal radicals and tories
voted against a bill to suspend the Constitution of Jamaica.
The bill passed by a narrow majority and removed.

(05:31:20):
Political power from the plantation owners who had
resisted the abolition of slavery.
A Tory government was to be formed under Robert peel but
Victoria's refusal to allow peelto appoint her ladies of the bed
chamber. As was the political custom
caused, a political crisis. When peel refused to govern

(05:31:41):
under the restrictions Victoria,had imposed Melbourne returned
to office and many questioned Victoria's ability to rule as a
constitutional Monarch. A figure who should sit above
and apart from the politics of parliament.
When support For Melbourne, and the House of Commons.
Finally dried up in 1841, the ladies of the bedchamber, most

(05:32:03):
associated with the Whigs were replaced.
As peel became prime minister during the 1841 general
election, Just as the dominance of her mother and Conroy.
Had waned Lord Melbourne's influence over Victoria was also
to come to an end. Her next Confidant and chief

(05:32:24):
political adviser was to have the greatest impact on her life
and Reign. Her husband German Prince Albert
of saxe-coburg and gotha Victoria and Prince.
Albert had first met in May 1836Albert who was also Victorious.
Cousin was invited to visit Kensington Palace by Victoria's

(05:32:46):
mother and under the encouragement of his uncle King,
Leopold of Belgium, a union between them had been planned by
their families, almost from birth.
Despite King, William the fourthdisapproval he had wanted to
avoid another Coburn, Royal match, and preferred Prince
Alexander of the Netherlands. As a Suitor Victoria and Albert

(05:33:08):
had already become friends during Albert's visit in 18. 6.
But it wasn't until 1839. That Victoria decided.
She was ready for marriage on the 23rd.
Of November 1839 Victoria summoned.
The privy Council to Buckingham Palace to declare her intention
to marry Albert. She had carefully evaluated the

(05:33:31):
parade of eligible princes, which had been sent her way and
concluded that Albert was extremely handsome with a most
delightful continents. She had already written to
Albert's, Uncle King Leopold at the age of 17 before she was
ready for marriage, thanking himfor the prospect of great

(05:33:51):
happiness. You have contributed to give me
in the person of dear, Albert, he possesses every quality, that
could be desired to render me perfectly happy.
Victoria's decision to marry. Albert was complex as Queen
love, could not be the only motivator for marriage though.

(05:34:13):
Victoria did love Albert. She decided to marry partly
because she needed support with her royal responsibilities and
partly to win public approval. When on the 15th of October
1839, she proposed to Albert as Royal protocol demanded Victoria
gushed at his acceptance. The couple embraced and Victoria

(05:34:38):
later wrote Joy in her diary. Oh how I adore and love him.
I cannot say Victoria and Albert's wedding on the 10th of
February. 1840 was a public Affair.
It was the first Royal Wedding which had been planned with
public enjoyment, in mind. The people of London enjoyed a

(05:34:59):
view of Queen Victoria in an open, carriage ride on her.
Way to the ceremony at the chapel Royal at St.
James's Palace Victoria wore a fashionable.
White Satin Court dress instead of Royal robes appearing as the
woman. She was as well as a queen.
The style has been copied by bride.

(05:35:20):
Since she also wore an orange blossom, wreath over her veil, a
brooch made by Albert and earrings and a necklace made of
Turkish diamonds. Prince Albert wore the uniform
of a British Field Marshal photographs were taken of the
happy couple and their wedding clothes and were shared widely

(05:35:40):
Victoria's wedding. The white dress, carriage ride
through the streets, the cheering crowds set the pattern
for all future. Royal weddings involving the
main line of descent of the royal family, a fan of trumpets,
announced the bride's processionLord Melbourne headed the
procession with the queen following on the arm of her.

(05:36:03):
Uncle Prince or gustus. Frederick Duke of Sussex who
took the place of her late father.
Victoria reveled in her marriage.
It became a true love match. She wrote in her diary, that her
wedding day had been the happiest day of my life.
The couple enjoyed a short, but sweet honeymoon and proceeded

(05:36:26):
happily into married life together despite Victoria's
status as Queen, both Albert andVictoria were traditionalists.
They both believed that the man should be the dominant one in
any marriage yet Albert proved to be a devoted husband and
Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, helped to ease the

(05:36:47):
situation as her pregnancy. Progressed Albert supported her
reading her, the daily dispatchers from the government.
When she wasn't well enough to get up, they worked closely
together on side by side desks at Buckingham Palace.
And Albert gradually became in effect, Victoria's private
secretary taking on more of her responsibilities as she

(05:37:11):
Approached, the end of her pregnancy and began.
Increasingly, devoting herself to Motherhood and her family.
Albert had encouraged Victoria to work towards improving her
relationship with her mother andit was while the pregnant
Victoria. And Albert were on route to
visit The Duchess that 18 year old Edward, Oxford attempted to

(05:37:34):
assassinate her as she passed inher carriage Oxford's.
Gun was fired twice, but either the bullets missed, or as he
later claimed, the gun was not loaded.
He was tried for high treason found not guilty.
On the grounds of insanity was committed to an insane asylum
and later deported to Australia in the aftermath of the attack

(05:37:58):
Victorious. Popularity rose, and the
Hastings Affair, and bed chambercrisis were forgotten.
But this assassination attempt, and the acquittal of Oxford
encouraged further attacks including in 1842 1849, 1850
1872. And 8082 later in life.

(05:38:21):
Victoria showed great bravery when after dodging, an
assassination attempt while out riding along the mall and London
on the 29th of May 1842. She agreed to ride out again on
the following day. So that John France's the would
be assassin. Could be heard out and caught in
the act by playing clothed policeman.

(05:38:45):
But Victorious, popularity amongher subjects was most rooted in
her motherhood and the perfect image of the royal family.
She created Victoria and Albert were devoted parents and were
thrilled by the arrival of theirfirst child.
Princess Victoria or Vicky theirfamily quickly.
Grew despite the difficulties Victoria experienced during

(05:39:08):
pregnancy. Their first child Vicky was
followed by Albert Edward. The future, Edward the seventh
Alice Alfred Helena Louise, Arthur Leopold, and Beatrice
Victoria suffered post-natal, depression.
After many of her pregnancies and their mentally disliked
breastfeeding by the time of her8th and 9th pregnant's.

(05:39:30):
She promoted the use of chloroform as pain relief,
despite the protestations of theclergy who saw it as against
biblical teachings and some members of the medical
profession who thought it was dangerous.
The royal couple. Shared a great interest in their
children and took great pleasurein raising and educating them.

(05:39:50):
They presented an image of a happy family to the world
sharing their Joy on holidays and birthdays with the public
through the new Illustrated newspapers.
Albert took an active role in parenting spending.
Lots of time playing with his children.
Unlike many aristocratic fathersat the time.
Victoria happily described her husband's, wonderful

(05:40:12):
relationship with their children.
And her diary, he is so kind to them and romps with them
delightfully. Albert crafted, joyful scenes of
domestic Christmases, popularizing festive Traditions
such as decorating, a Christmas tree, which have survived into
present day British homes. The image of the happy domestic.

(05:40:33):
Royal family added to Victoria'spopularity, she became a symbol
of radical Harmony and domestic Bliss, widely known to be driven
by strong. Moral convictions which made her
very popular with the rising middle classes, her financial
Prudence meant that she successfully, cleared her

(05:40:54):
father's debts and she ran a relatively simple home for a
royal in sharp contrast to the excesses of her predecessors.
Victoria recognized that public opinion Rose when she openly
devoted herself to her children and letting Albert take over
some of her royal duties proved to be a wise decision upon their

(05:41:17):
marriage. Albert had been granted the
formal title of hrh Prince Albert but had been popularly
known as hrh Prince consort a title which Victoria formalized
on the 29th of June 1857, the effective working partnership
between Victoria and Albert was summed up by Charles gravel in

(05:41:38):
1845. When he wrote, they are one
person and he likes and she dislikes business.
Albert aimed to create a new powerful role as Prince, consort
recognizing a rival and influence over his wife, Albert,
persuaded Victoria to send her confidence.
That anus laser, back to Germanyfor a quiet retirement.

(05:42:01):
After the death of prime minister Melbourne in 1842
Victoria became entirely dependent on Albert.
Albert's wise, guidance and connections, proved invaluable
to Victoria. But she still took ownership
over decisions which were important to her as the Great

(05:42:23):
Famine, tore through Ireland, killing over a million people
and displacing, another million Victoria was denounced as the
famine, Queen in Ireland. In January 1847, she donated
2,000 pounds of her personal money to the British relief
Association, and amount worth several million.

(05:42:44):
In today's money, the greatest donation made by any individual.
She supported the repeal of the Corn Laws, which were keeping
the price of grain artificially high and fueling the devastating
impact of the famine for Irish people, she boldly ignored
Protestant opposition to supportthe increase of an annual Grant

(05:43:05):
from the British government to Saint Patrick's College
Maynooth, a dilapidated CatholicSeminary, In Ireland, later
rumors of Victoria's Cold and different to the plight of the
Irish and the story that she hadonly donated five pounds to the
relief and had given the same amount to Battersea dogs.
On the same day were fabricated Victoria's.

(05:43:27):
First visit to Ireland in 1849, when the famine was almost at an
end, was a success though, it had no lasting impact on the
growth of Irish nationalism. Victoria and Albert both took a
keen interest in Europe and especially in improving foreign

(05:43:47):
relations between Britain and France.
Victoria became the first British monarch to visit a
French monarch since King Henry,the 8th had visited King
Francis, the first of France, in1520 through Albert Victoria,
was related to the house of all year via the coburg's and
visited King, Louis Philippe. The First in Norman D twice in

(05:44:10):
1843 and 1845, when Louisa Leep returned the visit in 1844, he
became the first French King to visit a British sovereign.
And when he was deposed to during the revolution of 1848,
he sought Exile in England, demonstration is an England by
the charters and Irish nationalists failed to attract

(05:44:34):
the widespread support that revolutionary movements was
seeing on the European continent.
Albert was also responsible for the great exhibition of 1851,
which was designed as a public celebration of technological
innovation. And the growth of trade Albert
was very intelligent and highly interested in trade industry Art

(05:44:57):
and Science. The great exhibition, featured
over 100,000 exhibits from a world and even displayed, the
famous Kohinoor diamond from India.
As Albert was socially, a conscious, perhaps more so than
his wife. The great exhibition was fairly
priced to allow anyone to visit the top price season.

(05:45:20):
Ticket of three Guinness was equivalent to over 2000 pounds
in today's money. But there were also cheap day
tickets. Available at the reasonable
price of one shilling over, six million, people visited, the
great exhibition, it gave many people.
Their first taste of The Wider world and was widely lauded as a

(05:45:41):
huge success. Victoria herself was so
enthralled by her husband's project that she visited the
exhibition almost every day for three months.
The great exhibition also had foreign admirers Napoleon, the
third of France, invited Victoria and Albert to the
expositional universal in August1855, after visiting the royal

(05:46:04):
couple in London, earlier that year, they were also guests of
honor at an extravagant ball at the Palace of Versailles and
visited the tomb of Napoleon, the First on their trip.
Victoria and Albert also, soughtto bolster relations with
Albert's German Homeland in 1858Albert's.

(05:46:25):
Favorite child, Vicky their first born was married at age 17
to Prince, Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia the future Kaiser of
Germany on the 25th of January 1858.
At the Royal Chapel of Saint James's palace in London.
Albert hoped that the liberal education he had given his

(05:46:45):
daughter would help her steer Prussia and later.
The German Empire into a liberalconstitutional monarchy based on
the British model, but he hugelymiscalculated.
Overestimating the strength of the various small middle class
in Prussia and underestimating the popularity of conservatism
Vicky was not to have the happy life, which her father had when

(05:47:10):
he married into a foreign. Royal family Vicky was
criticized for overly British views on monarchy.
And her English Origins. She was ostracized by the Royal
House of the Huns. The conservatives at the Berlin
court, and her Rising political opponent, Otto von Bismarck as

(05:47:30):
tensions. Deepened between her childhood
nation and the nation of her marriage Vicky became very
unpopular and suffered Through the fortuitous, managers of
their nine children. Victoria and Albert successfully
made connections to foreign royal families across the

(05:47:50):
European continent. Many of the thrones of Europe,
belonged to all were closely related to Victoria's nine
children and her 42 grandchildren of the eight
grandchildren, which their eldest child Vicky gave them.
Sophie went on to marry a Greek Prince becoming queen of Greece.
The manage of their second child.

(05:48:12):
Prince, Albert to princess Alexandra of Denmark, resulted
in connections with Denmark and when their own child moored
married, the king to Norway several connections were formed
with the German States, including through the marriage
of their third child, Princess Alice to Grand Duke, Louis the
fourth of the German state of Hesse, their daughter.

(05:48:35):
Alex went on to marry the last tsar of Russia.
Nicholas The second connections with Russia had already been
formed. When Victoria's fourth child,
Prince Alfred was married to theGrand Duchess Marie daughter of
Tsar. Alexander the second, their
fifth child, princess helayna. Married Prince Frederick

(05:48:56):
Christian of schleswig-holstein further solidifying relations
with the German states. However, their sixth child.
Princess Louise broke the mold by marrying.
A commoner John Douglas Sutherland Campbell who became
the Duke of Argyll a prominent MP and governor general of

(05:49:16):
Canada this unique marriage actually had the support of
Victoria British prime minister Disraeli and the general public
as many feared yet another German marriage Prince, Arthur
Child. Number 7, and a military
Enthusiast. He had risen to the rank of
field. Marshal, married, Princess Luis,

(05:49:37):
Margarita of Prussia their 8th child and youngest boy, Prince,
Leopold married. Princess helayna Frederica of
Walter compartment. Another German State, all
though, he died. Two years after this, happy
Union was formed due to hemophilia a genetic condition,
which spread through Victorious,network of descendants across

(05:49:59):
Europe, a condition, which particularly harmed, the Russian
royal, Family, when the soul heir to the throne Alexei, the
son of Victoria's granddaughter,Alex and Saint.
Nicholas was found to Harbor theoften deadly disease as
Victorious. Husband Albert had died when
their ninth and last child. Princess Beatrice was four years

(05:50:22):
old Victoria rejected any potential suitors.
And kept her clothes, as a companion.
At the age of 27, Beatrice finally met her love match,
Prince Henry of battenberg at a family wedding and although
Victoria remained opposed to thematch for eight months.
The couple eventually wore her down and they married with her

(05:50:46):
blessing under the condition that they live in Britain.
Their daughter Victoria would marry into the Spanish royal
family introducing the hemophilic gene into another
European Dynasty on the whole Victoria and Albert had
succeeded in their aim of building.
Connections across Europe with the managers of their nine

(05:51:06):
children and 42 grandchildren but their goal of Europe.
Why piece failed enormously as the first world war broke out
even with three cousins on the Rival Thrones of Britain Russia
and Germany. Victoria's life and her happy
family were blown apart in 1861 when her mother died, although

(05:51:30):
they had not had a perfect relationship, Victoria felt huge
grief when she discovered and her mother's papers that she
had, in fact deeply loved her. Daughter worst tragedy followed
when the person she depended on most for support and strength.
Her husband Albert also died. Albert Fell ill of typhoid fever

(05:51:53):
and died on the 14th of December. 1861 at the young age
of 42 Victoria was heartbroken and never moved Beyond her
grief. She wrote to her uncle Leopold
that my life as a happy one is ended.
The world is gone for me. A royal duties and the carefully

(05:52:13):
honed image of the royal domestic family came under
threat during a privy council meeting three weeks after
Albert's death Toria was so fullof grief that she couldnt speak
consumed by Deep grief, Victoria, warm warning, black
and minimal jewelry for the restof her life and withdrew from

(05:52:35):
public gaze, which was disastrous for her Public Image,
her depression caused her to puton weight, which further
discouraged her from making public appearances.
She became very lonely and overcompensated by dominating
her children's time and obsessively keeping the memory
of their father alive. Victoria is seclusion LED people

(05:53:00):
to assume that she was incapableof doing her job.
She lost her confidence and avoided public appearances,
other than her official government duties retreating
Behind the Walls of her favoriteRoyal residences Balmoral and
Scotland Osborne house on the Isle of Wight and Windsor
Castle. The public began to lose respect

(05:53:22):
for the queen and some even began to call for the abolition
of the monarchy doctors who cameto see Victoria feared that she
was mentally ill. She remained in self-imposed
seclusion until the early 1880s when her family in particular
her uncle Leopold confidantes and prime minister Israeli.

(05:53:43):
Finally convinced her to appear more in public under their
encouragement. She agreed to visit The Gardens
of The Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and to
take a drive through London in an open.
Carriage. But it was really two men, John
Brown and Abdul. Kareem who succeeded in pulling

(05:54:04):
Victoria out of her grief enoughto fully repair Her Image and
become involved in the politicalsphere.
Once more John Brown, a plain speaking Highlander and
Victoria's manservant became oneof her favorites in 1861.
Victoria described his constant presence as a real Comfort but

(05:54:28):
not everyone approved of his influence over the Queen.
The Press suggested that the twowere secretly married and brown
became very unpopular within theRoyal household.
A fact, which did not dissuade Victoria in the slightest Brown
helped Victoria deal with her deep grief and treated her as a

(05:54:48):
woman rather than a queen in 1866.
Victoria stepped back in to the political sphere, attending the
state opening of parliament for the first time since Albert's
death and openly supporting the Reform Act of 1867, which
extended voting rights to many Urban working men.
The second of Victoria's confidence was even more

(05:55:11):
unpopular with the court than John Brown.
Abdul Kareem was Victorious. Personal servant and munshi your
teacher from India from 1887 to the end of her life, Kareem
perhaps attracted more Prejudiceand jealousy than brown due to
ideas of racial superiority, which were widespread at the

(05:55:32):
time and because he was from a low social background.
But as with brown, Victoria did not listen to the advice and
jealous, mutterings of others, Kareem taught Victoria the Urdu
language, which she became fluent in and about Indian
culture, which fascinated her Victoria's notes from her

(05:55:53):
lessons. Still survived along with many
of her other writings. The queen became increasingly
interested in the British Empireand the latter part of her Reign
and devoted much time and energyto promoting the expansion and
glorification of the Empire by the end of Victoria's reign.
The British Empire covered More Than A 5th of the world's land

(05:56:17):
mass and included nearly one in four people, including the
entire Indian subcontinent, as well as large parts, of Africa.
And several Caribbean islands between 1815 and 1914,
approximately 400 million peopleand 10.
Million square miles were added to the Empire, the majority of

(05:56:40):
which occurred during Victorious, long Reign, the wars
of Victorious era were often once fought on distant Shore's,
an exception being the Crimean War which was fought against
Russia in 1854 to 1856. It was during this war.
That the First Victoria Cross was awarded.

(05:57:01):
It was the first official honor,granted to ordinary servicemen
for bravery, the British Army and Royal Navy were involved in
conflicts in Afghanistan China. India Ghana against the Ashanti
people in eastern southern Africa against the Zulus Egypt,
and in South Africa. Against the boers Victoria was

(05:57:24):
not naive about the cost of Empire.
She was very much in favor of expansionism and the Empire and
deeply approved prime minister disraeli's, expansionist foreign
policy. If we are to maintain our
position as a first-rate power, we must be prepared for attacks
and Wars somewhere or other. She saw the expansion of the

(05:57:47):
British Empire as necessary for civilization and for protecting
native people from aggressive rulers.
On the first of May 1876, Victoria was crowned Empress of
India, a title bestowed on her by parliamentary vote.
Although she had been both interested and involved in the

(05:58:08):
ruling of India long before then, in the 1840s, she had
registered her disgust at the behavior of the East India
Company, a semi-private corporation that ran the British
territories in India, and profited hugely from trade, in
the region, in 1856. She wrote, I always feel sorry

(05:58:28):
for those poor deposed Indian princes.
Victoria had actually met one ofthe men deposed by the British
duleep Singh. The last Maharaja of the Sikh
Empire who had been deposed by the British in 1848 and was
invited to meet Victoria and Albert in 1854 after he had

(05:58:49):
converted to Christianity, despite an attempt to return to
Lahore and take back, the thronein later.
Life. He was reconciled with Victoria
in 1890 when she gave him a full.
Pardon Victoria would become theGodmother to sings daughter
Princess, Sofia, Alexandra duleep Singh, who became a

(05:59:10):
prominent English suffragette, and campaigned for women's
rights outside Hampton Court Palace, where Victoria had
allowed her family to live, despite her interest in India,
her Mastery of the Urdu languageand her friendship with Abdul.
Karim Victoria never visited India.

(05:59:30):
As well as her investiture as empress of India.
Victoria's popularity was restored by the extravagant
celebrations of her golden jubilee in 1887 marking, 50
years of her Rule, and the Diamond Jubilee in 1897
celebrating 60 years. Her appearances in public caused

(05:59:52):
Great excitement and her open Smile as she processed through,
London on an open, carriage rideon the day of her, golden
jubilee was one of very few moments when Victoria smile was
captured on camera. But Victoria did not forget her
grief. In private writing on the day of
her, golden jubilee the day has come and I am alone by 1897

(06:00:17):
Victoria's popularity, and her confidence were fully restored.
She became seen as the nation's grandmother and received
thousands of congratulate in messages for her Diamond,
Jubilee from Across the world. She sent a telegraph message of,
thanks to her subjects from my heart.
I thank my beloved people. May God bless them, the huge

(06:00:40):
outpouring of national pride, led to the era being known as
Victorian Britain, The lack of major Wars to fund during her
Reign especially in comparison with the decades following her
Reign and the huge New Wealth generated by industry and trade
resulted in a larger and more affluent middle and upper-class,

(06:01:04):
which could afford to spend moreon Leisure Town Parks began to
open the first in Preston Lancashire and Cricket football
rugby, and athletic clubs were established music Halls,
theaters readings and comic operators became increasingly
popular, and museums opened, including the Victoria, and

(06:01:26):
Albert Museum in 1852 for those not living in poverty.
The Victorian age was truly a golden period by 1901 at the age
of 81. Victoria was becoming frail.
Had lost a lot of weight and hadto use a wheelchair to move
around. She moved to Osborne house on

(06:01:47):
the Isle of Wight for And to avoid the spotlight.
The few people who saw her this time said she seemed to have
shrunk to half the person she had been, she suffered from
osteoarthritis a condition, which made her joints painfully
stiff, and her surviving dressesfrom this period, were altered
to accommodate a dowager's. Hump a hump on her upper back

(06:02:10):
caused by spinal collapse. The last year of Victoria's life
had been hard, she had lived to see the death of her second son,
Alfred in July 1900, who had died after the suicide of his
own son. The breakdown of his marriage
and excessive drinking. A favorite at grandson

(06:02:30):
Christian, Victor, child of her daughter, Beatrice died in
October 1900 of malaria along with his father.
The sorrow, perhaps shortened Victoria's life as her
companions noted that not only has Statue, but also, her spirit
seemed to be shrinking. And she lost her appetite

(06:02:50):
despite being nearly blind Victoria continued to write in
her diary until her last entry on the 13th of January in 1901,
when her strength began to leaveher.
Her first grandson. Wilhelm the second, the German
Kaiser rushed to her side as herdeath loomed joining her son and

(06:03:13):
successor. Edward the seventh Victoria died
on the 22nd of January 1901 at the age of 81 in her grandson's
arms on the Isle of Wight. She had ruled for almost 64
years, the longest reign of any British monarch up to that point
in keeping, with the Queen's wishes, her body was dressed in

(06:03:36):
a white dress and her wedding veil and brought back to London.
Her funeral procession passed through streets, full of
mourners, on its way to Saint George's Chapel at Windsor.
Where her funeral was held her eldest, son.
King, Edward the seventh walked behind her coffin, accompanied
by her third son, Prince, Arthurand Grandson Kaiser.

(06:03:58):
Wilhelm the second, a funeral was simple and respectful.
As she had. Requested Victoria was Was then
laid to rest with her husband Albert at the Royal Mausoleum
near Frogmore house in the grounds of Windsor Castle.
She had asked for certain items to be buried with her, including
some jewelry plaster, casts of her children's hands, and

(06:04:21):
Albert's dressing up. She had also secretly asked her.
Trusted Royal Dr. To add a photograph of John Brown and a
lock of his hair to her. Left hand above the mausoleum
door, were inscribed Victoria's words.
Farewell best beloved here at last, I shall rest with the with

(06:04:41):
the in Christ. I shall rise again.
Victoria was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover
and was succeeded by her son. Edward the seventh of the House
of sax, Coburg and go to on the 22nd of January, 1901 Victoria,
never believed that she as a woman, was the best person to be

(06:05:03):
Monarch. She believed like many of her
contemporaries that men made thebest leaders but by the time of
her, Diamond Jubilee in 1897, noone not even Victoria herself.
Could doubt that a woman was capable of being the Monarch,
despite several years of unpopularity when she became a

(06:05:24):
reclusive Widow, Victoria was immensely.
Popular is specially in the 1880s and 1890s, she appeared to
many to be a benevolent. Matriarchal figure above
politics only after her death and the release of her Diaries
and letters. Did the extent of her deep
political influence become clear.

(06:05:45):
Although constrained by the constitutional monarchy, she
represented Victoria took advantage of her rights.
That is the right to be consulted the right to encourage
and the right to warn. As SAS Walter budget stated a
more than once. She altered the direction of
policies and politicians by wielding her influence.

(06:06:09):
Victoria. Despite her lack of confidence,
had been a skilled politician who successfully presented
herself as a devoted wife and mother, which home-loving
victorians. Idolized identified with strict
standards of personal morality Victoria brought stability to a
monarchy which had been rocked by a series of unreliable and

(06:06:32):
often unpopular Kings. She had made the monarchy more
accessible for example, by opening up her birthplace
Kensington Palace to the public.In 1899 by setting the public
oriented tone of her own and future Royal weddings and
through her public appearances, such as at the great exhibition,

(06:06:52):
Victoria's reign took Britain through a two Motors period of
industrial economic technological and social change.
She had over seen huge expansionabroad and stability and growth
at home and her Reign was remembered by the victor.
And their descendants as a golden age of British greatness.

(06:07:15):
Yet in some ways her Legacy and the legacy of her era has become
more contentious over time as historians evaluate the cost of
industrial progress and expansion abroad.
The experiences of non-british subjects of the Empire and the
poor in Britain are now being included in The Narrative of the

(06:07:36):
Victorian age Victoria's investiture, as empress of India
and her role as leader of the Empire.
Complicates her Legacy, Victoria, and Albert's intention
to promote peace in Europe by establishing a network of
alliances through Royal marriages represented another
failure. Although Victoria was fondly

(06:07:59):
known as the grandmother of Europe and had successfully,
married author, nine children, and 42 grandchildren into
several Royal European houses Wars not avoided.
By the turn of the 20th. Century Victoria's grandchildren
were on the Thrones of Germany, Russia, Denmark, Greece, Norway,

(06:08:21):
Romania, and Spain. But her vision of a peaceful
Europe was not to come to pass as her own grandson Kaiser.
Wilhelm the second LED Germany into war against Britain in
1914. Amongst her notable,
Descendants, the three cousins Kaiser.
Wilhelm the second, Tsar, Nicholas, the second and King

(06:08:44):
Edward, the seventh have often been blamed by historians for
the outbreak of the first world war, but Victoria and Albert's
Legacy lives on as their living.Descendants still sit on several
European Thrones from her links to present day monarchs to the
history of the Victorian age. That British children are taught

(06:09:05):
at school. Victoria endures the image of
her as a state. Clearly old lady clad in her
black. mourning attire has defined her to this day, but a
more complex image of Victoria and her earlier is coming to
light What do you think of QueenVictoria?
Was she a passive woman dominated by powerful male

(06:09:28):
advisors and far removed from the suffering of her people?
Or was she a complex and intelligent ruler?
Who did what she could within the limitations of a
constitutional monarchy? Please let us know in the
comments section and in the meantime, thank you very much
for watching.