Great Women Who Changed History - Audio Documentary Pt. 2 - History Well Told

Episode Transcript
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(00:00):
The woman known to history as Margaret Beaufort, was born on
the 31st of May either. In 1441 or in 1443 at Bledsoe
Castle bedfordshire, her father was John Beaufort, Duke of

(00:21):
Somerset. Who was the grandson of John of
gaunt, the fourth son of Edward,the third, a genealogical
connection that Margaret was to exploit in order to legitimize
her, son, Henry's, claim to the throne during the wars of the
Roses. Margaret's mother was Margaret
at Beacham, the daughter of Sir,John beecham of bletzer and the

(00:45):
heiress to her family's Fortune,after her only brother, John
beecham died, childless and unmarried in 1421, making her an
attractive and Wealthy match forher.
First husband, Oliver syndrome, whose death in 1438 mayor of
available for John Beaufort to Maddie Margaret's pursuit of

(01:09):
royal power was somewhat hindered by a series of scandals
that had enveloped her family Generations.
Earlier the first of these concerned.
Her own father who after being imprisoned by the French
following, his capture at the Battle of Beijing in 1421.
In Henry, the 5th Wars against the French King, paid a

(01:31):
staggering 24,000 pounds, Ransomequivalent to 15 million pounds
today. To secure his release over 17
years later in 1438, however, although he was impoverished by
the extortionate price, he had to pay for his release.
He did benefit financially when he married Margaret from the

(01:54):
vast estate, that she held around bedfordshire Wiltshire
and Dorset, although Margaret was the soul product of her
mother's marriage. To John Beaufort, Margaret
Beacham was much more fruitful In her previous marriage.
And so her daughter had many half-sisters and half-brothers.
Namely John, Oliver, Edith, MaryMargaret and Elizabeth Sinjin, a

(02:19):
side of the family that Margaretat Beaufort remained close with
throughout her life. After marrying his wife Margaret
and 1442 John Beaufort returned to the battlefield as a
commander of an English regimentthat was to fight against King.
Charles the seventh of France after his invasion of gascony in

(02:40):
1443 presenting him with a perfect opportunity to reignite
his military career after being anointed Captain general of
Aquitaine and Normandie and bestowed with the title of Duke
of Somerset by an act of parliament.
John Beaufort set out to prove himself to his contemporaries
but his campaign to France went disastrously wrong and he was

(03:05):
exposed as a poor and cowardly leader who although able to take
some minor French towns, never had the courage to directly
Engage The French army being further Ambassador for allowing
his men to pillage and plunder at will.
And also for his misappropriation of Royal funds

(03:26):
which he used to enrich himself returning to England after his
disappointing Tour of Duty. Henry, the 6th was so infuriated
with his conduct that he refusedto see him and John Beaufort was
left with no other option. But to retire to his country
estate in Dorset where eaten away with unbearable, shame, he

(03:49):
decided to take his own life. On the 27th of May 1444 is
young. Daughter was barely a year old
at the time. The humiliating conduct and
death of Margaret's father was compounded by another even more
serious family transgression that happened even earlier as

(04:12):
the beauforts linked to royalty was always somewhat tainted due
to the fact that they originatedfrom an initially illegitimate
offshoot following John of gaunt's relationship with
Catherine. Swinford, the governess to his
children from his first marriageto Blanche of Lancaster
following the death of John's wife Constance.

(04:34):
In 1394, the woman he had been unfaithful to his relationship
to Catherine was legitimized after they married in January
1396, which meant that all his future of spring would be
officially recognized as having Royal Blood yet.
Despite this the fact that some of their children had been born

(04:58):
out of wedlock meant that the Scandal surrounding of gornt
lived on throughout the years, persisting all the way up to his
great. Great grandson.
King Henry, the seventh where itwas used as a tool to invalidate
his reign. Margaret herself was a woman of
remarkable devotion, kindness and generosity and later in her

(05:22):
life used her almost inexhaustible funds to donate,
heavily to the church and institution, she had the utmost
respect for and that representedthe Christian religion that
would serve as a Guiding Light for her, in some of her Darkest
Hours, especially regarding the safety of her son.

(05:42):
As Margaret was a dedicated family woman, who found purpose
in her life safeguarding the Tudor bloodline a desire that
was emulated by the care and attention.
She always showed towards her beloved Henry, only child, a
primal protective Instinct, she also extended to her, dearly

(06:04):
loved grandchildren, who she adoringly showered with gifts.
The seriousness in, which Margaret approached the survival
of her bloodline. Good often spill over into her,
Diverse sense of humor, where all niceties would be set aside
for those who had dared challenge her family, such as
the rather overweight Duchess ofburgundy and her equally rotunda

(06:28):
Entourage who had supported a pretender to the throne and were
to Margaret in a letter to the Queen's Chamberlain.
In April 1496, great ladies all.And according to their great
Estates, they have great personages yet Margaret all
those strong-willed and everything.

(06:48):
She set her heart on was never needlessly cruel to her and his
something that Henry took great pains to implement in his own
reign. In addition Margaret who was
renowned for her love of cards and was even known to place bets
on chess equally relished playing the game of Real Estate
and during her early years, whenher property was constantly

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threatened by her yorkist rivals.
Made every effort to maneuver herself into a stronger
position. Either through political
Intrigue or marriage one of her main aims was to retain her
inheritance for the sake of her son.
Henry, and it was with this singular dedication to her son's

(07:33):
welfare that she would eventually Harbor the greatest
ambition of them. All for her son to become king
of England. At the time of Margaret at
beaufort's Birth in 1443, the kingdom of England was ruled by
the House of Lancaster, an offshoot of the House of

(07:54):
plantagenet which had governed England and its overseas
possessions since 11:54 and its weak-willed King Henry, the 6th
who led efforts to resist the annexation of English lands in
northern France by French Emperor, Charles the seventh and
his Burgundian allies in the closing stages of the 100 Years

(08:15):
War. This was a conflict that would
not only lead to the dishonor ofJohn both, but to the eventual
loss of England's, entire realm abroad during Margaret's
Lifetime and to the rise of another branch of the planets,
the house of York as serious contenders for the English

(08:36):
throne. Following the death of
Margaret's father and in conjunction with the fact that
she was of royal descent and no longer had a male protector,
many noble, houses in the realm became very interested in
securing her warship a type of guardianship in which the
selected family would be able todetermine the fate of the infant

(09:00):
heirs property as Margaret beingthe eldest child of John
Beaufort had in combination withher mother's impressive,
portfolio. Also inherited all of the vast
lands. Her father held in Kent
Worcestershire Lincolnshire, Norfolk summer Somerset, Essex
and Sussex making her an extremely.

(09:22):
Well, the individual at a very young age beaufort's, untimely
passing and the fact that Margaret was technically part of
the royal family, sprung King Henry, the sixth into action who
entrusted her award to William. De la pole, the Earl of suffered
and stewed of the king's household who secured her

(09:43):
betrothal to his own son, John de la pole in 1450, which was to
be carried out when she was 12 and had come of age.
However, despite being in the legal custody of the de la
polls, Margaret never left her ancestral home at Bledsoe castle
where she would have shared her childhood with the numerous

(10:06):
offspring of her mother's first marriage to Oliver Sinjin,
including her half-brothers, John, and Oliver and
half-sisters Edith, Mary and Margaret at Bledsoe.
Margaret enjoyed a privileged upbringing befitting of a
noblewoman of her stature and here she will be taught to
properly manage an administrate hereditary Estates.

(10:29):
Would listen to the finest musicians hired to entertain her
aristocratic Clan and where she alongside her half-sister
Margaret's engine who would later become abyss of shastri
would first be inducted into theChristian faith. she was taught
about the importance of religion, by her own devote

(10:50):
mother, who would also instill in the young Margaret of a
racist appetite to read in ilustrate by her, mother's will,
in which she bequeathed to her many books, all of which would
doubtlessly added to the impressive Library, Margaret at
fervently maintained as an adultNevertheless after Margaret's

(11:13):
betrothal to John de la pole. In 1450 Margaret would find
herself at six years old at the center of a scandal that rocked
England as her guardian. The unpopular William de la pole
was blamed for encouraging Henrythe 6th to follow a policy of
peace and cooperation with the King of France which had

(11:36):
resulted in the loss of a significant number of English
possessions on the continent andthe retention of just Calais and
Aquitaine. By the end of August 1450
charges, which were made a lot worse by the further accusation
that de la pole was planning to take advantage of Margaret's,
Royal stock to advance his own family's claimed to the throne,

(12:00):
by marrying her to his son, evenafter William de la pole was
killed by his enemies. After being intercepted in the
North Sea on his way to Exile inFrom France, Margaret remained
promised to his son. While King Henry, the 6th who
had been humiliated by his loss of territory in France, found

(12:21):
his ascendancy challenged by Richard Duke of York who in
February 1452, march on London. But although nothing came of it
and he was eventually pardoned tension continued to rise
between the House of Lancaster and the house of York Henry was
Keen to consolidate his own support by awarding honors to

(12:45):
those who had stuck by him in the face of the Duke of York's
open hostility, including his half-brother Edmund Tudor.
And so in February 1453, a nearly 10 years, old Margaret
was summoned to Henry's Court inLondon, where her marriage
contract with John de la pole was nullified, and where she was

(13:08):
re promised in Stead to Edmond. Tudor, who alongside his brother
Jasper? Tudor became her new Wards on
the 24th of March, a personal Triumph for the brothers who
were made Rich beyond their wildest dreams for, they would
now share Margaret's enormous inheritance between them.

(13:31):
Now, betrothed to a man who was a close Confidant of the king,
Margaret eagerly threw herself into court life attending one of
her first Royal functions on the23rd of April, 1453.
At Windsor Castle for the Gartercelebrations, where she appeared
alongside Henry's glamorous, Queen Margaret detect in an

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Exquisite red dress, a fashion statement that would no doubt
have inspired the young and impressionable Margaret to
follow suit after King Henry gifted her 100 marks for clothes
on the 12th of May for her upcoming first meeting with her
future husband Edmund. Tudor the man who would tie her

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permanently to the lancasterian cause and with the death of
Margaret's Uncle Somerset one ofHenry the sixth most trusted
advisors of a few days later on the 22nd of May 1455 at the
Battle of Saint Albans. Following the Duke of York's
resumption of hostilities, marking the start of the wars of

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the Roses. He was to remain her only male
protector, just 12 Days After Saint Albans on the 31st of
March. 1455, Margaret married Edmund Tudor, who was 10 years
her senior, in the process. Elevating herself significantly
up the lancastrian ladder and taking the title, counters of

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Richmond, which she retained forthe rest of her life.
She is settled with her new husband at Lampe in
pembrokeshire Wales, where Edmund was tasked with
maintaining Law and Order. And curbing, the authority of
the rebellious Welsh magnet and your kiss support.
Her Griffith up Nicholas who at the time had control of the most

(15:24):
important administrative Center in the region command and
Castle, this was a period of Margaret.
Life. That was to be marked by
uncertainty and anxiety. The first frayed, when Edmund
successfully seized the castle at carmarthen compelling, the
yorkists to reply by sending a force under the command of Sir,

(15:48):
William Herbert, and Sir Walter devere.
Whose 2000 strong regiment, proved too, strong for Edmond
and whose brief imprisonment on the 10th of August, 1455 caused
Margaret. Great despair as the couple had
successfully consummated, the marriage, and she was deeply
afraid for the safety of her unborn.

(16:11):
Child, although Edmund was released to the great relief of
his teenage bride. And even more tragic, twist of
fate was to happen. When Margaret was just six
months pregnant, her marriage abruptly ending following
Edmund's death from the plague on the first of November 1456 a

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disease that Margaret now alone and vulnerable and host.
Territory was so terrified, would also kill her and the baby
growing inside her that she requested, every medical
Treatise on the illness that shecould find in an obsession to
keep it at Bay. Desperate for a protector Jasper

(16:55):
Tudor, fully aware of the danger.
His sister-in-law was in droppedeverything to come to her rescue
and are now heavily pregnant Margaret Bid Farewell to her
marital home in mid-november accompanying.
Jasper through Cold, Winter Winds to arrive at Pembroke
castle where on the 28th of January. 1457 after a brutal and

(17:20):
exhausting labor, she gave birthto Henry and thus began an
unbreakable bond between mother and son.
One that was to overcome the greatest of trials and
tribulations but was to be equally bolstered by glorious
triumphs and although Margaret had survived the ordeal of

(17:41):
childbirth. It is likely that the internal
damage she suffered that day meant she could never have
children again for Henry remained her.
One and only child Margaret. Now underwent the traditional
ritual known as churching whereby, the mother was to spend

(18:02):
five weeks with her newborn awayfrom men.
And after finishing this period with a ceremony of purification
that allowed her to re-enter Society.
It was Jasper who would lead thesearch for Margaret's next
husband, which commenced in March 1457 with a journey from

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Newport to gwent. At the time, being a young,
unmarried error of extraordinarywealth, Margaret was considered
a very eligible match and with Jasper ever eager to strengthen
the House of Lancaster, he decided it was best to give her
hand in marriage to one of his loyal supporters settling on the

(18:46):
son of Humphrey, Stafford Duke of Buckingham Henry, Stafford.
However, during marriage negotiations, which did not
require the women to be present,Margaret empowered by a powerful
impetus to safeguard her young son's interests.
Showed a remarkable degree of involvement, despite being just

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13 years old opting, to accompany Jasper to Buckingham
estate at Greenfield in Newport a journey of more than 100
miles. That even though this was only
two months after she had given birth, she was willing to make
Despite Henry's Stafford's mother being the granddaughter

(19:29):
of John of gaunt and Catherine swinford, making him closely
related to Margaret. A dispensation was granted by
the pope on the 6th of April 1457.
And after Margaret had completedthe customer a year of mourning
for her deceased husband, the couple married on the third of
January 1458 marking the start of a relationship quite at odds

(19:54):
with the Loveless political unions of the time, for it,
seemed Margaret and Stafford developed genuine feelings for
each other illustrated, by the fact, that they regularly
celebrated their marriage anniversary, every year, their
after with Sumptuous feasts, on the other hand, only five days

(20:14):
later on the 8th of January, thejoy of Margaret's wedding would
be contrasted with the news thather son Henry, was to become the
joint ward of Jasper. Tudor and the King's Treasurer
the ear of Shrewsbury. Ortho Henry would stay the
majority of the time with Jasperat his castle at Pembroke, where

(20:36):
the Young Prince could be assured of his safety.
And where Jasper filled the voidleft by the death of the
youth's, father developing his own unbreakable bond with his
nephew, who he treated like his own son.
With Margaret assured that Henrywas being lovingly cared for by
his uncle Margaret settled back into a life of aristocratic

(21:00):
Splendor with Henry's. Stafford at his residence in
born and although the union produced, no children she would
live happily alongside her new spouse that her thoughts would
always turn back to her son Henry.
Who she now saw in frequently and Who as a child was often
sickly his frail Health worryingMargaret immensely and

(21:24):
heightened by the sorrow of their separation.
Nevertheless as Margaret fretterd about the health of her
infant son, while tirelessly proving herself as a devoted
wife political developments remained ominous.
And despite King Henry, the sixth effort to mend the
deepening divide of the yorkist and Lancashire and folds at a

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settlement in known as love day on the 24th of March 1457 in.
In which the Duke of York symbolically followed in the
steps of Henry and his Queen forthe realm to see tensions,
continue to rise culminating, ina major lancastrian defeat at
the Battle of Northampton on the10th of July. 1460, resulting in

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the capture of King Henry, the 6th by the Duke of York who
forced Henry to name him, heir to the throne and all.
So the death of Margaret's father-in-law and head of her
husband's house, the Duke of Buckingham consequently, Queen
Margaret, fled to Scotland and on the 30th of December 1460.

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After being provided with an army by Mary of gel dress and
with a group of vengeful EnglishNobles, at her back achieved, a
stunning victory at the Battle of Wakefield, resulting in the
deaths of the Duke of York and his 17 year old son Edmund, Earl
of Rutland yet. Margaret And her family's

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Jubilation was to be short-lived, coming to a sudden
end after York's eldest surviving son.
Edward defeated lancastrian forces at the Battle of token on
the 29th of March 1461 and with Henry the 6th and his Queen
taking flight to France, the resurgent yorkist rebel crowned

(23:16):
himself Edward the Fourth a moment of utter Devastation for
Margaret for now she believed her very life and the life of
her beloved Lancaster and Son were in the gravest danger.
They had ever faced However, luckily, for Margaret, it

(23:36):
quickly became clear that Edward, was not out for blood
and in an attempt to patch the realm up, the King was
exceedingly. Forgiving of his enemies on the
25th of June 1461 issuing a pardon to the family of Henry's
Stafford and to his younger brother, John who had fought

(23:56):
against Edward at Towson an act of clemency perhaps made a lot
easier given that Henry Staffordwas the cousin of the new king
as their mothers were both sisters.
On the other hand. Despite Margaret its inheritance
and titles being relatively unaffected by the yorkist
changer over Jasper Tudor was branded a traitor and as a

(24:20):
result the ward ship of Henry know five years old was
entrusted in to one of his own henchmen William.
Herbert the same man who had captured his father Edmund at
Khmer. Son who to help further his
cause paid the king, 1000 poundsaround 643 thousand pounds in.

(24:42):
Today's money for the honor of being Henry's, Guardian
resulting in Henry, moving across, Wales from Pembroke to
his new home at Raglan castle like before Margaret would
Endeavor to maintain as much contact as possible.
By frequently sending her son letters.
Who for the first time would be able to mix with other children

(25:05):
of noble stock at Raglan as William Herbert.
And in particular, his wife, andDevereaux took a serious
interest in the well-being of their young charge.
Providing him with great comfortand support something.
The young Henry would never forget even as King when he
later welcomed and devote to hiscourt, with open arms yet, even

(25:30):
though Henry was treated graceful by Edward, To Margaret
at anger, this did not stop the new king from disinterring.
Many of his lands and giving them to his brother, George Duke
of Clarence. And although Henry had been
stripped of his title, his mother would still refer to him

(25:50):
as Lord. Richmond ever hopeful she could
return to him his Birthright. For now, the best course of
action was to reconcile with thehouse of York and alongside her
husband Henry. Stafford, proved herself a
skillful political maneuver throughout the 1460s able to

(26:11):
work her way into the good graces of Edwards regime at the
same time as disassociating herself with the traitorous
actions, of some of her family members such as the Duke of
Somerset who in 1463 deserted Henry the sixth for the Yorkers.
But after gaining great favor ofEdward betrayed him by switching

(26:33):
his Allegiance back to Lancasterand was captured and executed on
the battlefield on the 15th of May 1464 after being defeated by
Edwards armies at the Battle of hexham.
In addition with the later captured of King Henry the 6th
and Lancaster in July 1465 and his subsequent imprisonment in

(26:55):
the Tower of London for Years, it was more crucial than ever
for Margaret to gain the favor of Edward, which by December
1466 after Edward. Granted her, the previously
confiscated Beaufort Manor at woking which had belonged to her
disgraced. Father, she had seemingly one.

(27:16):
And for the next few years with Stafford, she would live a
Carefree existence in the sorry Countryside.
Visiting the local church of Saint.
Peter going on day trips to local towns, such as Guildford
for household supplies and whereshe even tried her hand at
hunting and Hawking. Despite her idyllic living

(27:39):
situation and her increasing closeness with Stafford's
family, whose mother and brother, John became close
companions as well as her many trips to another of her
childhood homes. Maxi Castle to see her own
mother Margaret beecham such as it Christmas 1466.
When alongside her half-sister Elizabeth Sinjin, she spent six

(28:02):
weeks there, Margaret was alwaysconcerned about Henry and in
September 1467 she would make the journey to Raglan Castle to
visit him for a week. Perhaps for the first time in
many years for it was the first recorded visit in Stafford's
accounts and it was likely that the trip was far too short for

(28:26):
Margaret and tinged with jealousy for William Herbert and
his wife, a couple who Margaret had no strong affinity for, but
who had been given the privilegeof raising her son, something
that Margaret at doubtlessly, longed to do herself.
Nevertheless, to realize her dream of getting her son, back

(28:49):
Margaret would again have to play politics and in December
1468. She made enormous preparations
to receive the king himself buying for herself.
A luxurious red dress for the occasion and sparing.
No, expense, as she splashed outon an enormous five-course meal

(29:11):
complete with an assortment of the finest seafood and exuberant
purple, hunting tent. And the most talented musicians
in the land, in a visit aimed atdetermining her loyalty to the
yorkist regime, as a rift between Edward.
And one of his most important allies, the Earl of Warwick was

(29:31):
steadily growing with many. Appalled, at Edwards, choice of
Queen, Elizabeth Woodville. A woman of loan nobl stock, who
Edward had married quite controversially Full love yet,
Margaret's fail to Edward however necessary would once
again land her son in great Peril for her son, Henry

(29:54):
accompanying his Guardian William Herbert became involved
in the ensuing conflict between the king and the Earl of Warwick
at the Battle of edged. On the 24th of July 1469.
A crushing defeat for the yorkist faction that led to the
capture and execution of WilliamHerbert.

(30:15):
And when news of the outcome came to Margaret, she feared for
her son's life spending, an inordinate amount of money to
find out if he had been struck down like his Guardian, but to
her relief, Henry had indeed survived.
And had been whisked far away toWebb, Lake castle, and the care

(30:36):
of and with Henry, the sixths, seemingly in the ascendancy and
William Herbert deceased Margaret. pounce on the
opportunity to reclaim custody of her son and his Birthright in
a visit to London on the 24th ofAugust, but to know avail When

(30:57):
the realm was resettled on the third of October 1470 and Henry,
the 6th was reinstated Margaret's luck turned for the
better when she was finally given the opportunity to meet
Henry. Again, this time in the company
of the king himself Keen to meetthe progeny of his greatly
missed, half-brother Edmond, whogranted them an audience at

(31:19):
Westminster on the 27th of October.
And although, it was decided that Henry was to resume being
just as Ward, it was also proclaimed.
That Henry should spend some quality time with his mother
beforehand. Margaret was elated and in the
next month, November, she would spend two weeks with her teenage

(31:40):
son, who accompanied the woking,where she entertained him with a
tour of the sari Countryside. And where most likely the bond
between mother and son was reinforced even further.
But before long Margaret, With would be heartbroken again as
Henry left her company to join Jasper on the 11th of November

(32:03):
agreed. That will be intensified for
unbeknownst to both. The next time they would meet
would be 15 years later as Edward.
The Fourth bounced of violently back onto the scene?
On the 11th of April 1471, Edward who was popular in the

(32:23):
capital marched on London, to Great Fanfare, declaring himself
King and imprisoning Henry in the Tower of London and on the
4th of may, he went on to defeata rescue for sent by Henry's
wife. Queen Margaret at the Battle of
Tewkesbury brutal is slaughtering the young heir to
the throne Edward of Westminsterbefore banishing, Queen Margaret

(32:47):
back to France and murdered in King Henry the sixth on the 21st
of May and unexpected turn of events that had profound
consequences on the standing of the young Henry.
Tudor Margaret did not openly grieve, the deaths of her
Lancaster in Kinsmen, for now, with the extinction of the both
at male bloodline, the crown waspassed onto the female line of,

(33:12):
which Margaret was the oldest. And by extension her son, Henry
at Urging Henry and Jasper fled the country in October, and
after entering the North Sea, strong winds diverted, their
path to Brittany where they werereceived, graciously, by Duke
Francis. The second as Noble captives

(33:34):
that Margaret's misfortunes werenot at an end as on the second
of October 1471, her husband, Henry, Stafford, who had been
injured fighting for Edwards, cause at the Battle of Barnet
succumbed to his injuries and ina testament to the love and
respect, he had for his wife's abilities.

(33:56):
He named her that principal executor of his will and most of
his Earthly possessions. He bequeathed to my beloved wife
Margaret Countess of Richmond. In the meantime, being the
mother of a potential rival to Edward the Fourth Margaret found
herself in an incredibly precarious position.

(34:19):
And in order to improve her standing, she opted for a
pragmatic marriage with Pro yorkist, Thomas Stanley, the
steward of the king's household.And while Margaret at benefited
from the closer proximity to theYorkers, fold Stanley, profited
from the sizable inheritance, his marriage to her entailed, a

(34:41):
union of convenience cemented bya wedding ceremony that took
place on the 12th of June 1472 but despite Margaret's essential
political shift, she was all. So looking out for her son,
placing some of her own and sister lands in Devon and
Somerset in a trust on the second of June 1472 by Henry to

(35:04):
claim in the event that he returned Margaret.
However was not content. With living life on the
sidelines and with her powerful new husband and influential
landowner with possessions in Cheshire Lancashire and Northern
Wales where he exercised considerable, local heft began

(35:24):
making her mark on high society and are laying Edward's
suspicions about her. Accompanying Stanley to his
manners in Latham, and knowsley settling land disputes in
Liverpool, in 1473 and 1474. Where in one particular case,
she acted as one of the main judges all the while becoming an

(35:46):
influential Presence at the Royal Court, where in 1476 she
accompanied the queen and her daughter's for the rebellious
ceremony at furthering. Hey of Richard Duke of York.
Despite her Newfound popularity of the yorkist Court, Margaret
maintained secret Communicationswith her Vagabond, son, urging

(36:10):
him not to return to England andto regard Edward's pledges with
suspicion for the yorkist King was trying to lure Henry, back
to England with Promises of wealth titles and even marriage
to his own daughter which were no doubt.
Insincere and would only lead tothe young princes death.

(36:31):
It was clear that Henry deeply respected.
His mother's Council for in November 1476 after Francis the
second agreed to return Henry toEdward on the condition.
He was treated respectfully. Henry, faking illness managed to
escape, the clutches of the English.
Envoys sent to apprehend him by taking refuge in a church.

(36:54):
And after Henry's pursuers were driven off by Tom's folk
offended that they would breach,The sanctuary of God.
Francis was then persuaded to rescind his offer.
Yet despite her sons close call.Margaret continued to bend the
need to Edward and by 1480 afterbeing entrusted with carrying

(37:17):
Edwards, youngest daughter Bridget to the font where she
was to be christened. It was clear that Margaret had
improved her position considerably and as she Rose
through the yorkist ranks, she started to entertain the
possibility that she could negotiate Henry's safe return by
June 1482 after the death of herbeloved mother Margaret.

(37:42):
She finally produced some tangible results agreeing with.
Edward that Henry, was to be permitted to receive a portion
of his grandmother's inheritance, an arrangement
marked by the king's stamp on a document dated the third of June
1482 in which it was declared that if Henry were to return,

(38:04):
that he would be in the grace and favor.
Of the Kings highness. But with the stage set for
Henry's return Margaret, its dreams would be crushed to gain
with the Unexpected. Death of Edward on the 9th of
April and with the agreement yetto be finalized Henry's fate

(38:24):
became uncertain once more. The English crown was Now
usurped by Edward's Brother, Richard Duke of Gloucester, who
like many had always despised. The lowly origins of Edward's
Queen Elizabeth Woodville who now fought to prevent Richard
from involving himself in the Affairs of government and to

(38:48):
make sure that the kingship smoothly transitioned to her
son, Edward the fifth yet, her plans soon, disintegrated after
Richard in combination with the Duke of Buckingham, the grandson
of Margaret's ex father-in-law who had his own gripe with
Elizabeth, since he had been forced against his will to marry

(39:09):
her lowborn sister intercepted. The 12 year old Edward, the 5th
at Northampton and while the queen and the rest of her
children, took Refuge at Westminster Abbey Edward and his
younger brother, Richard Duke ofYork were instead sent to the
Tower of London, where their claim was deemed illegitimate by

(39:31):
Richard who crowned himself Kingon the sixth of July 1482.
With Margaret's husband, brieflyarrested and Richard
illustrating, he would stop at nothing to eliminate all those,
who opposed him after the brutalbeheading of Lord Hastings, one
of Edward, the fourth's, most trusted counselors Thomas,

(39:54):
Stanley was left with no choice but to indicate his support for
Richard and although Margaret attended the coronation banquet
deep down, she resented her new king for ruining the
arrangement. That would finally have seen
Henry returned to her always thinking of what was best for

(40:15):
her son. Margaret may have been involved
in a faild plot to rescue the incarcerated princes from the
Tower of London as it is likely.She thought that Henry would be
more favorably. Received, if Edward the 5th, a
young princely of 12 years old was on the throne.
However this was not to be as Although no one knows for

(40:39):
certain the most widely acceptedversion of events, is that
Richard realizing that the security of his position would
always be threatened by the princes, ordered them to be
murdered, but what, whatever their fate they were never seen
again. With The Disappearance of the
young princes, and with the popularity of the usurper,

(41:03):
Richard III, who proclaimed his own son Edward, as his Heir,
dwindling as a result of the widespread rumor that he had
sanctioned the Gillings of his own nephews, Margaret's
dedication to her son, took on awhole new dimension as now, it
was her mission to make Henry with his pure, lancasterian

(41:24):
blood, the king of England yet. First she would have to
legitimize his claim as Henry was unknown.
To many people, having spent a large portion of his life in
Exile. First Margaret would have to
arrange a marriage that would further validate his claim in
the eyes of the people and so began negotiations with the

(41:45):
family of the deposed Queen Elizabeth, the woodville's whose
daughter Elizabeth of York was the perfect candidate for since
the deaths of her brothers in captivity many.
In the Rome believed her to be the rightful heir to the throne
with the woodville's being heavily guarded at Westminster
Abbey by Richards men. Margaret at employed the help of

(42:08):
her trusted Welsh physician Dr. Lewis of K Leon who entrusted
with the marriage proposal was able to pass through to Queen
Elizabeth on the pretext that hewas seeing a patient.
And without arousing, the suspicion of the men outside, he
was able to deliver Margaret's message which Elizabeth stricken

(42:31):
with grief. For The Disappearance of her two
sons and offered a chance to exact revenge on their murderer
firmly. Agreed to with The Conspiracy
set in motion Margaret became its architect Enlisting, the
support of many of Edward, the fourth's former henchmen
including Giles dobney Richard Guildford, Thomas ramni John

(42:53):
Chaney and most significantly the Duke of Buckingham.
The man who had originally conspired with Richard to place
him on the throne but who know regretting his involvement
especially in the light of the young princes demise was willing
to change Allegiance and as Margaret stepped up recruitment,

(43:14):
she informed Henry of her plan, assuring him.
That if he were to sail to whale's, then he would find
support waiting for him there. However, by the 11th of October
King, Richard had cottoned onto the conspiracy and initially
believing that the Duke of Buckingham was The Mastermind.

(43:34):
He had him immediately outlawed as the Duke rose up in Wales of
the 18th of October as planned yet.
Heavy Rain. Prevented them from Entering
England across the river 7 and soon, the Duke was on the run
from Royal authorities as Henry unaware of developments landed
in England, a few days later butturned back after growing

(43:58):
suspicious of the claims that the Dukes Uprising had been a
success. The whole Enterprise was a
disaster and with the woodville's uprising in Kent was
also put down at the same time. Following the capture and
decapitation of the Duke of Buckingham at Souls remarket.

(44:18):
Place on the second of November,Richard became aware of
Margaret's involvement in the plot and suddenly she was at his
mercy and her, life was only spared because the king aware
that he was deeply unpopular. Realized he needed the support
of her husband Stanley as a counterbalance, to ensure his

(44:41):
own political survival. But despite Margaret's
miraculous Escape, Richard was able to dish out reprisals for
her treachery in other ways and in a devastating blow to her
Prestige. Declared that all of her lands,
which she had sought to protect and maintain throughout her life

(45:02):
were to be transferred to her husband Stanley, and that for
the foreseeable future, she was to remain under house arrest
with her husband as her But eventhough Margaret was locked up,
she was still able to smuggle messages probably with the
knowledge of Stanley out to Henry who during her

(45:24):
incarceration was busy. Drumming up support for a second
invasion at the same time, as avoiding Richard's efforts to
apprehend him. As with Duke francis's Health,
failing him, his Treasurer Pierland were proved more
susceptible to Richard's bribes compelling, Henry, and his uncle
Jasper Tudor to flee Brittany and to disguise himself as a

(45:48):
commoner in order to seek ailum with the King of France, Charles
the ape at the time, a 13 year old boy who sister and queen
regent and Abuja, luckily accepted him Richard.
The third was not so fortunate as his own son Edward had
suddenly died on the 9th of April, 1484.

(46:11):
And with his Queen and unable toBear.
More children, rumors began to emerge that to the alarm of
Margaret. Richard was planning to marry
Henry's betrothed Elizabeth of York whose Beauty had started to
become noted by the courtiers and Nobles of the realm.
Adding a real sense of urgency as Henry organized his second

(46:35):
attack As Richard prepared, his army and set up his headquarters
in Nottingham for the coming Invasion.
He also took care to mount a scathing propaganda campaign
against Henry and it was here that Margaret's checkered family
history. Came back to haunt her as in a

(46:56):
bid to delegitimize his rival Richard he made sure to point
out that her great-grandfather John of gaunt had committed
double adultery and that as a result, Henry's claimed to the
throne predicated on an untainted connection to the
Royal bloodline was invalid. With Margaret communicating with

(47:19):
her son every step of the way Henry with a 3,000 strong force
at his back, which he was hopingwould increase once he was in
Britain, set off from our Fleur,on the first of August 1485.
And on the 7th of August, he disembarked, at Milford Haven in
pembrokeshire on the Welsh Coastmarching through.

(47:41):
Wales unopposed, before setting up camp at Merivale Abbey, where
in the evening of the 21st of August Henry was joined by his
loyal followers, including John Welles Margaret's half-brother
the next day on the 22nd of August, both armies met at
Market Bosworth. But with Richard, the more

(48:04):
experienced to battle commander and possessing three times as
many men, Margaret would doubtlessly have been watered
about the outcome of the battle for in contrast.
Henry had no Field experience but as battle commenced, it was
Margaret, its own husband, Stanley who betrayed Richard and

(48:25):
turned the tide in Henry's favorand Richard was struck down as
his horse slipped at the edge ofa bob to Great Fanfare, Henry
entered Leicester and to shouts of God, save King, Henry passed.
The first decree of his Reign informing, the public that
Richard was dead and that the men who fought the Battle could

(48:48):
all return back home. While Margaret penned, the
auspicious news in her book of ours.
Simply writing this day, King Henry, the seventh one, the
field. Where was slain, King?
Richard the Third Following Henry's Triumph at the Battle of
Bosworth. It is reported that upon hearing

(49:10):
the news of her son's victory. That Margaret started sobbing
uncontrollably in the belief that such a great success was
bound to be followed up with a disaster.
That luckily, her fears were mistaken for instead, the
coronation settlement of King Henry, the 7th went ahead

(49:31):
without issue on the 30th of October 1485 and it would be his
faithful uncle Jasper. Who was bestowed?
The ultimate honour of carrying Saint Edward's Crown up.
The aisle of Westminster Abbey. It was the Coleman of Henry's.
First few weeks of office appeared of time, he chose not

(49:52):
to spend in London, but it instead in a clear sign of his
affection with his mother at their ancestral, home in woking.
Where as a teenager, he had spent a joyful Two weeks with
his mother before his Exile and a place that would always be
dear to his heart. And throughout his Reign Henry

(50:14):
would show himself eternally, grateful for the tireless
support of his mother writing ina letter to her.
I shall be as glad to please youas your heart, can desire it.
And I know well that I am as much bound to do so as any
creature living for the great and singular, motherly love and

(50:35):
affection that it hath pleased you at all times to Bear towards
me and indeed, convening his first Parliament on the 7th of
November 1485, Henry gave everything to his mother.
Proclaiming her to be a femme. Sole a woman who did not require
her husband's consent and was solely responsible for all of

(50:58):
her business Affairs at a stroke.
Making Margaret one of the most powerful women in England.
And as an illustration of the implicit, trust he had for his
mother, Margaret was lavished with further honors and
responsibilities including the warship of the young Duke of
Buckingham on the third of August 1486.

(51:20):
Whose father had sadly perished in Margaret's first unsuccessful
attempt to bring down Richard. The third Margaret was further
honored by her son in 1477 when she was allocated, all of the
estate's formerly belonging to Henry.
Holland Duke of Exeter includingCold Harbor mansion on the

(51:42):
Thames, which she made her. Principal residence alongside
Morris. Estates in Lincolnshire,
Cambridge, and Kendall. And at Christmas 147 to 7, she
was given robes and a circlet matching those of a queen.
And as the leading female figureof the rain, whose power was

(52:03):
greater than even that of her daughter.
In law, Elizabeth of York. She also assumed the title of my
lady the King's mother. Margaret relished her new
standing using her income to become a great patron of the
Arts. Her first major achievement in
this area occurring in 1489, when she commissioned a

(52:26):
translation of the French romance, blancharde and egaliter
with the help of writer, Diplomat, printer and
translator, William caxton, and by 1494 her reputation was a
lover of literature was so, renowned that winked a word, the
editor of a reissued version of scale of perfection, a religious

(52:48):
worker, originally written by Walter Hilton dedicated the
entire volume to her Margaret. At herself, was an expert
translator of religious Works. Setting aside an enormous
portion of her waking hours to the translation of the mirror of
gold. For the sinful soul from French,
as well as the fourth book of the imitation of Christ

(53:11):
published originally by Thomas acompass and released in 1504 and
1506 which became the standard translated Edition until it was
replaced by another in 1531 In addition to promoting the best
literary works of her day, Margaret's personal Chapel

(53:33):
overseen By 34 members of Staff,almost equal in size, to the
King's Chapel became an important center for the
innovation of polyphonic music and the same site where Margaret
practiced as a committed Christian, a quality that was
even recognized by the Pope in 1494 when he proclaimed her as a

(53:55):
paragon of the church for her ceaseless promotion of the Feast
of the name of Jesus. Although Margaret was a devout
woman of God, she was also brutally practical and could be,
but particularly cut through to her property, dealings as was
the case in 492 when she Advanced her own claim on land,

(54:17):
situated and Wiltshire and Somerset, as Eris of her great
uncle, Cardinal Henry Beaufort, whose original philanthropic
intention to use. Them to fund, the Hospice of
Saint cross. In Winchester was ignored by
Margaret who upon acquiring them.
Also disinherited Edward plantagenet the Earl of Warwick

(54:38):
and Salisbury in the process. On the other hand, Margaret
could be equally as generous on occasion and evidence suggests.
She was highly concerned with the welfare of her Lincolnshire,
tenants to, which she was a popular landlord promoting and
funding many developments in thearea, including the building of
a tidal sluice in the town of Boston and the establishment of

(55:02):
a royal commission that worked to make the river with them more
navigable. Although Margaret always kept
herself busy. She always reserved time for her
grandchildren, and always generously.
Gave them many gifts to her. Grandson's Prince Edward and
Henry. She bought many fine clothes and

(55:24):
books, including a copy of Cicero de officials to Edward in
1495 and to her granddaughter, Princess Margaret, she sent
precious jewelry and brooches, on many occasions also being a
proud godmother to her alongsidethe youngest Prince Edmund.
She was also heavily involved inthe marriage Arrangements of her

(55:46):
grandson Arthur Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon before
his tragic death in 5902 requesting.
In 4998 that the young Spanish princess learn French to
communicate, and also to accustom her herself to drinking
wine as the water in England wasnot drinkable.

(56:08):
Before she entered the Royal Court.
And in an indication that she liked to know everything about a
newcomer entering her beloved family.
She even had a list of Catherine's attendance drawn up
with Arthur and Catherine of Aragon married by proxy in 1499,
Margaret eagerly recorded Catherine's arrival to Plymouth

(56:31):
in her book of arrows. On the second of October 1501
and she was an attendance for their wedding on the 14th of
November preparing, a great celebratory Feast at Cold
Harbor, afterwards intending to impress, her Spanish guests and
on the 5th of July 1503. She would again, play the role

(56:53):
of gracious Hostess by entertaining, the entire Royal
Family. Before her granddaughter,
Margaret went North to manage the fourth of Scotland to become
the queen of the Scots. Later in her life, Margaret
changed her, main residency fromCold Harbor to collie, Westin in

(57:14):
northamptonshire, between 1499 to 1506 where she set up a court
complete with Council house and prison, and was imbued with so
much or authority that on some occasions.
She was empowered to speak on behalf of the king illustrated
by a letter. She wrote to administrators in
Coventry addressing the plight of a wronged Citizen and at

(57:38):
other times, she was permitted to intervene in cases use Euro
reserved only for ecclesiasticalcourts.
Such as a lawsuit, concerning John stokesley, a church man in
line for the prestigious Bishop of London, whose accession was
hampered when it was alleged. He had committed a plethora of

(57:59):
crimes. The most unusual of which
involved the baptism of a cat for the purpose of finding a
secret treasure. And another involving the holy
Maid of Leominster, whose Fantastical claim, that she only
needed the Bread and Wine of theEucharist to survive, was
quickly. Found to be patently false By

(58:22):
1504 Margaret's, annual income was over 3,000 pounds.
A year, allowing her to Splash out on the finest jewels, and to
increase the size of her household to such a degree that
it rivaled even the Kings. But at the same time, Margaret
always took her duties very seriously and made sure that her

(58:44):
royal status was always highlighted either through the
Royal Insignia embellished on her surviving book of hours or
through her carefully styled. Signature of Margaret R which
she began to adopt from 1499 herdedication to the maintenance of
the Tudor regime was further. Seen in her desire to keep up to

(59:06):
date with father and relationships such as when she
requested a detailed, pamphlet be sent to her concerning the
visit of King, Philip of Castilein 1506 or the way, in which she
tirelessly attempted to strengthen the Tudor position by
relentlessly pursuing her family's claimed to the lands of
all year in France, which were in her mind.

(59:29):
Wrongfully owned by King Louis. The 12th, she felt so strongly
about the matter that in 5902 despite being 502 years old, she
undertook the grueling journey to Cali to Lodge her grievance
It was also in this phase of herlife that Margaret became a

(59:50):
major benefactor for the University of Cambridge a 1503
Charter illustrates that she used her considerable wealth to
secure funding while also appointing men from her own
household to the most important posts such as John Fisher, who
was made Chancellor of Cambridge, and who accompanied

(01:00:12):
Margaret for the opening of Christ's College in 1506 and now
world famous Center of Education, whose development was
kickstarted by Margaret's Birches of the manners of molten
and Royden. Another of Margaret's followers
Henry Hornby made the dean of the chapel later, went on to

(01:00:32):
supervise the progress of Saint.John's College built between
1505 and 5909. Thanks to a sizeable donation
from Margaret of 1,625 pounds. At New Year 1507 three years.
After the death of her husband, Stanley on the 29th of July,

(01:00:53):
1504 Margaret, received the newsthat her son Henry.
Now, 50 years old had become dangerously ill with Quincy, a
bacterial infection of the tonsils.
The seriousness of the matter becoming evident after he was
unable to eat or drink for six days, straight causing

(01:01:15):
Margaret's motherly instincts tokick in and so determined, was
she to nurse him back to health that she moved to Richmond
Palace to take charge of the king's household?
But alongside medical supplies. She also insisted that black
material be delivered to her. Such was her fear that Henry
would slip into death but fortunately by the Autumn and to

(01:01:39):
Margaret's relief Henry had fully recovered.
When the king fell ill once again in 1508.
And with the realization that the sickness was persistent
thoughts turned to Henry's, successor the future Henry, the
8th, a popular figure at court, who had turned 16 years old in

(01:02:01):
June 1507 and a grandson that Margaret doted on and had that
month. Given him his first ever Saddle
and Harness to celebrate his first ghost, but the Young
Prince found he would have to adapt to kingly life quicker
than he thought in February 1509when Henry the seventh.

(01:02:22):
Once again was struck down by pestilence.
This time to book your losses Mark at again, rushed to
Richmond and ready to stay thereas long as possible arranged for
all of her belongings, includingeven her favorite bed to be
transported, but Margaret and all who attended the dying,

(01:02:44):
Realized, at, once that the diagnosis was grave as according
to One Source. All that stood about him
scarcely, might contain them from tears and weeping.
And on the 21st of April, after taking his last Mass, Henry, the
7th died later that day, leavingMargaret.

(01:03:07):
Absolutely heartbroken. Now, it was up to Margaret, who
was placed at the top of the Kings executors on his will and
who was herself, experiencing, ailing Health, to arrange a
proper send-off for her son, whose body was first in bombed.
And then moved from the privy chamber, to the great chamber of

(01:03:28):
Richmond, where he lived for three days to the sounds of
daily dirges and masses before the entrance to the great hall.
And then the chapel for three days each.
Finally, his coffin was carried from Richmond to Saint Paul's,
where after a moving sermon and mass overseen by Bishop Fisher

(01:03:51):
on the 10th of May, he was then entered in his tomb at
Westminster. The next day, his household
staff throwing in their staves of office in the grave before
leaving to celebrate Henry's life.
In a great feast afterwards. With her Dear Son, laid to rest,

(01:04:11):
Margaret did not let grief nor ill health get in the way of
preparing the way for her Grandsons accession in the
interregnum. She was recognized by all as The
Unofficial Queen and used her authority to make sure that
Henry was surrounded by the right people.
When he finally took office which involved reaffirming the

(01:04:34):
loyalties of the men who had served her son.
Well such as John Fisher, Charles Somerset Margaret's,
illegitimate cousin and Richard Fox the bishop of Winchester as
well as removing some corruptinginfluences from the Royal
household such as Richard empson, and Edmund, Dudley
Henry's much reviled Tax Collectors the latter of, which

(01:04:58):
Margaret had a personal grudge against after, he acted
Unfaithful and a previous property deal and both of whom
were arrested. And then Executed.
When the young Henry, the VIII married the Spanish Princess,
Catherine of Aragon on the 11th of June 1509.
It was unclear whether his grandmother herself was in

(01:05:22):
attendance, as she was becoming increasingly frail.
Something that Margaret at herself was very aware of.
And after turning 66 years old, in May one chronicler noted, how
she feared that. If she was to live longer, her
body, daily should have waxen more unwieldy.
Her sight should have been darked, and her heeding should

(01:05:46):
have dulled more and more. Her legs should have failed her
by Bayern by and all the other parts of her body.
Waxed more creased every day, which things should have been
mattered to her of great discomfort.
Despite despairing of her own physical condition.
Margaret was able to hold on just long enough, to attend to

(01:06:10):
the Joint, coronation of Henry and his new bride.
Catherine on the 24th of June, agrandiose Affair in which the
royal couple walked the Streets of London to Great aplomb in the
same finery that Henry's. Father and his first wife
Elizabeth of York had worn for their special day a generation

(01:06:31):
earlier with their new subjects,cheering and applauding.
They made their way from the Tower of London to Westminster
for the ceremony A procession inwhich Margaret wearing a black
bonnet and address made out of velvet satin and silk watched
from the comfort of a private residence in cheapside.

(01:06:51):
She had bought specially for theoccasion at Westminster Abbey,
she opted to be similarly Loki, tucking herself away in a
private viewing chamber. Her while she observed, the
coronation service overseen by the Archbishop of Canterbury.
And in the same manner she had done when she had.
First heard the news that her son Henry had triumphed over

(01:07:15):
Richard. The third at the Battle of
Bosworth. She cried for the difficulties
that were bound to follow in thewake of such a happy and
momentous occasion. Although she made a public
appearance at the great feast that followed after she did not
take part in the entertainment afterwards instead, making her
peace with God and removing herself to the Abbotts house in

(01:07:39):
Westminster Abbey where she awaited her death By then
Margaret had been deteriorating for some time, suggesting that
it was about of food poisoning that finally, took her over the
edge, for by the 28th of June onHenry's. 18th birthday Margaret

(01:07:59):
was on her deathbed, having doneeverything, in her power to
ensure that Henry was properly prepared for kingship.
And the next day on the 29th of June 1509, according to a
witness who was by her side. The bishop said Mass before her.
And as he lifts up the precious Host this worthy, lady expired.

(01:08:23):
And so, as she had honored, the Blessed Sacrament even.
So the last thing that ever she saw, as I do think was God, it
was a fitting end for a woman who had spent so much of her
time and Ardent worshiper of theChristian faith.
And as she ascended to Heaven, her widower firmly believed that

(01:08:47):
she is now joyful in that Celestial Court of heaven, where
she shall be in Eternal Felicityforever.
Being an extremely wealthy errorat a young age, Margaret would
become embroiled in the political Affairs of the realm
through no choice of her own, a loyalties to the lancastrian

(01:09:08):
fold predetermined, by The Men Who early on ran her life and
dictated her future. As in her formative years after
the death of her father. When as a one-year-old baby, she
had no independence of her own. Margaret would prove a useful
political porn for Henry the sixth to auction off to the

(01:09:30):
highest bidder and with the added attraction of her royal
blood however tainted, he was easily able to find buyers.
The first being William, de la pole, who decided to immediately
betroth her, to his son, John dela pole as an oblivious
six-year-old girl, Margaret would become the center of a

(01:09:52):
scandal that rocked the very foundation of the Kingdom after
accus. Nations.
That William de la pole was using his young charge to make
his own beeline for the throne. And just, as quickly Margaret,
its fate would be determined, Again, by powerful men, taking
her down a path. That would ultimately put her

(01:10:13):
squarely in the lancastrian campduring the wars of the Roses
after. It was decided, she would marry
Edmund Tudor and from this briefand heartbreaking Union would
emerge the most important personin her life Henry.
And from the moment she first set eyes on him, she vowed she

(01:10:35):
would do everything in her powerto safeguard what was owed to
him by Birthright his inheritance.
With Edmund dying of the plague Margaret entered into her second
marriage. With Henry, Stafford who would
be an assuring and loving presence as her son, Henry only

(01:10:55):
a few months old was taken from her and transferred into the
custody of his uncle Jasper Tudor to be raised and protected
in Pembroke Castle Wales. But although Margaret found it
easy enough to settle into a peaceful existence in the sorry
Countryside. She constantly thought about her
son, keeping in regular communication with him and

(01:11:19):
receiving frequent updates abouthow he was faring.
But with the outstanding of KingHenry, the sixth in 1461 by
Edward, the Fourth Margaret was suddenly struck with fear for
her son's safety as the yorkist clan Consolidated, their rule of
the Kingdom, yet. Luckily, for her, the new

(01:11:39):
monarch proved magnanimous, and with just plate of following his
half. Brother the king in to Exile.
Henry's guardianship was allocated instead to Lord,
William, Herbert where he was treated with love and respect,
but with her son, still separated from her Margaret,
embarked on a new strategy throughout the 1460s one that

(01:12:04):
involved proving her loyalties to the yorkists with the aim of
preserving Henry's inheritance. By 1470 after Henry was briefly
reinstated as king, the future looked bright for Margaret who
was reunited with her cherished son and was able to spend a

(01:12:24):
blissful two weeks with the teenager at her.
Woking manner yet Margaret at were left in consolable.
Once again after Edward the Fourth returned to the throne
and Henry was forced to flee into Exile with his uncle Jasper
and throughout the 1470s and early 1480 a devastating period

(01:12:47):
where smuggled letters were to be her only form of
communication with Henry. She knew she would have to win
back Edwards. Good graces all over again.
If she were ever to see her son granted safe passage back to his
homeland. By 1482 with the help of time.

(01:13:08):
And calculated political gestures, Margaret had improved
her position in the Royal fold to such a degree that Edward was
willing to allow Henry to returnand for him to be legally
endowed with property, but Margaret's plans, were to be
totally ruined with the usurpation of the crown.

(01:13:28):
By Richard, the third and following the murders of
Edward's successors at the Towerof London, Margaret at sprung
into action, determined to placeher own son on the throne and
employing her signature political astuteness, arranged
to the manage of Elizabeth of York.
With Henry, to further, legitimize his Claim by joining

(01:13:51):
the houses of York and Lancaster.
But with Margaret's first skiingto destroy Richards regime going
terribly wrong. Her life.
Only spared by her managed to her third husband.
Manly, who support the Richard needed, to guarantee his own
political survival Margaret remained undeterred by the house

(01:14:15):
arrest, and the confiscation of all her properties.
That followed still keeping secretly in touch with Henry,
whose defeat of Richard, the third at the Battle of Bosworth.
Finally liberated her from her shackles, and reunited her with
her son, after 15 long, and arduous years.

(01:14:35):
And with Henry Crown, the king of England, she finally became
the Arbiter of her own destiny. As the King's mother Margaret,
became the most powerful woman in the realm and with her
inheritance and income. Now, assuredly protected by her
fam. So status, she began shaping

(01:14:56):
England in her own image, enriching, and entrenching.
The Tudor family into the very fabric of society via her
hawkish, accumulation of landed,Estates setting up her own
judicial system in the East, Midlands at Northampton, where
her sound and respected, judgment saw her regularly
intervene in normal, as well as a Pleasant Hill Courts using her

(01:15:21):
vast resources to fund the translation of monumental
literary Works. Nursing the intellectual
Heritage of The Realm by heavilyinvesting in Cambridge
University, all the while molding herself into a paragon
of faith and making sure to givegenerous offering to religious
institutions. And to Urgently follow the

(01:15:44):
rituals and Rites of Christianity for her own
salvation. A faith that would indeed be
tested by the premature deaths of many of her grandchildren,
most notably Prince Arthur, but most significantly by the
passing of her own son Henry, whose death affected her so

(01:16:05):
immensely that she was barely able to hold on to her own life
for much longer thereafter. That as always driven by a sense
of familial Duty, she made it her mission to survive until she
was assured of the continuity ofthe Tudor dynasty.
And after it was confirmed by the coronation of her grandson,

(01:16:27):
King Henry, the 8th her life's work was seemingly completed and
Margaret retiring to the sanctuary of Westminster.
Abbey passed away a mere two weeks later.
Douglas Lee Eager to reunite with Henry.
For she could not live without him.

(01:16:47):
What do you think of Margaret Beaufort?
Do you think she was single-handedly responsible for
Henry the seventh succession to the throne?
And do you think she was a consistently effective,
political manipulator, or that her passion for the welfare of
her? Son made her prone to
misjudgments. Please let us know in the

(01:17:09):
comment section. And in the meantime, thank you
very much for watching. The woman known to history as
Wallis, Simpson was born better.What is Warfield in Blue Ridge

(01:17:32):
Summit, Pennsylvania around the 19th of June 1896.
However, the exact date of her birth is somewhat unclear as
there is no birth certificate for Simpson.
And there are no contemporary records of her birth in
newspapers. A father was T cool Wallis

(01:17:53):
Warfield and her mother was Alice Montague.
The name they gave their daughter was an amalgamation of
the name of her, aunt Bessie, and her grandfather's friend.
Seven, decal Wallace. This was soon abandoned.
However, as in her words, it wasonly fit for a cow.
She preferred Wallace for its androgynous character and its

(01:18:16):
distinctiveness, Blue Ridge. The sight of her birth was a
Crossroads between counties in both, Pennsylvania and Maryland
and straddles the Mason-Dixon Line.
This fact permitted her an identity which spanned both the
northern and southern United States.
A fact which she often made use of during her later, social

(01:18:40):
life, Simpsons parents kg and vague as she has soaked as a
result of an unplanned pregnancyand had acquired Ceremony in
1895 just seven months before she was born.
Her family originated from the Maryland, upper middle class
with Southern sympathies which had manifested themselves during

(01:19:04):
the American Civil War after which the family had gained
considerable wealth in the Baltimore banking seen.
However, her father tickle had developed, tuberculosis and had
been unable to gain such wealth working as a lowly Clark in the
Continental, trust is uncle's Bank.

(01:19:25):
He died, five months after the birth of his daughter.
Appearing in only a single photograph with her sitting in a
wheelchair. Baltimore, where Wallace, grew
up, was one of the fastest growing cities in the United
States at the time, and was increasingly attractive to the
upper middle classes. Who erected, large homes around

(01:19:48):
the area of Mount Vernon Baltimore's location on the
coast allowed it to make a speedy recovery from the Civil
War and it was home to a significant immigrant Community,
which formed 1/3 of its overall population after the death of
her father Wallace and her mother moved in with Anna

(01:20:08):
Warfield her. Grandmother on her father's
side, in a large Brownstone House near the monument in
Baltimore Anna, took her granddaughter shopping every
Saturday which she described later with fondness recalling,
that it was as exciting as a trip to the moon.
Wallace a mother and grandmotheralso shared the house with

(01:20:31):
another member of the family. Uncle Saul Solomon.
Field, a financier and politician with ambitions for
public office in the city, who financed her and her mother.
But was a cruel and controlling influence and Wallace and her
mother soon. Moved back to the brexton hotel
where they had lived at the timeof her birth, the two

(01:20:54):
experienced emotional and financial turmoil at this time
and would spend solitary days. A mother selling embroidery at
the local women's exchange shop.However they were soon after
invite to live with Aunt Bessie,Merriman her mother's sister who
had also just been widowed. Whilst living with her.

(01:21:16):
Aunt Bessie Wallis attended school first at Miss O'Donnell's
school. And then at the Arundel school
on, Saint Paul Street, which provided her with a fairly
basic, but still important routine and, which allowed her
to learn, how to read and write this Early Education was funded
by Uncle Saul to whom, she had to deliver her school.

(01:21:40):
Reports Wallace, then attended Old Fields, the most expensive
School in the city where she fell in love with basket ball
and played under the supervisionof Charlotte.
Noland, a young teacher, who Wallace later, described as a
mixture of gay death, teasing and a drill sergeant Stearns.

(01:22:02):
A dashing figure in every setting the school fostered.
An old-fashioned approach to academic and social education
and employed. An honours system whereby
students were required to Confess to their own wrongdoing
Wallace, reportedly misbehaved by smoking and by jumping From a

(01:22:22):
Balcony in order to meet a boy and was regarded by her
classmates as somewhat of a ringleader remembered for her
independence and confidants. During her time at Old Fields,
Wallace's mother had remarried to John rassin, the son of the
democratic party leader in Baltimore, who had the capacity

(01:22:45):
to deliver Financial stability to Wallace and her mother.
But, who never displaced Tico from the hearts of either woman.
It was at this time that Wallacemet a woman who was to become
one of her greatest friends, Mary Kirk, a fellow student at
oldfields. Both girls were described as

(01:23:06):
boy, crazy and far more interested in clothes than in
school. I met his older sister, Bucky.
She also noted the propensity both had for a tracking male
attention and remarked that the two would be immediately
surrounded by boys at any party.They attended In Spring 1914,

(01:23:29):
Wallace graduated from Oldfield School, signing her name in the
yearbook with the message, all is love after which she and Mary
became debutantes. Albeit with restricted Grandeur
owing to the looming war in Europe in respect to, which
excess was seen as bad form culture at the time.

(01:23:51):
Dictated that before she could be released out as a debutant
Wallace would have to host her own party which after the death
of her stepfather, John, Racine in 1913 would have to be funded
by Uncle Saul. He refused citing the war in
Europe as an excuse and she was left to accept invitations to

(01:24:15):
other debutant events thrown by her friend's and in some
capacity Rivals, it was at this time that Wallace has
grandmother died and the family entered.
Appeared a prolonged. Mourning Wallace escaped, the
social inertia by moving to staywith her cousin.
Karen. Must in flooded who lived close

(01:24:37):
to the site of a US Naval Aviation facility, which
afforded Wallace access to The Dashing Young officers, who flew
there? Wallace arrived in Pensacola
Florida in April 1916, aged 19. And within a day, had written to
her mother announcing that she had met the world's most

(01:25:00):
fascinating Aviator, Lieutenant,Earl Winfield, Spencer Jr.
Eight years older than Wallace was the object of her attention.
He was an experienced pilot withsix years experience in the Navy
when was well-regarded in the Navy and was the 20th to the US,

(01:25:20):
Navy to win his wings within weeks of their meeting win.
Asked Wallace to marry to which she instantly agreed.
But on the condition that she got the approval of her family.
First five months later, the twowere formally engaged.
And had their engagement party hosted at the Baltimore Country

(01:25:41):
Club on the 8th of November 1916.
The two were married against a turbulent political Background
of constant tour of entering thewar in Europe.
This a dominated the US presidential election which had
concluded just before with most Americans sustaining.
The belief that whilst they should support the British in

(01:26:03):
the French, they should keep their troops out of the
conflict. The honeymoon for the newlyweds,
was split between West Virginia and New York, where Wallace had
a first encounter with her new husband's alcoholism and one
occasion, when flew into a rage,when he was unable to obtain
drink in the dry state of West. Virginia.

(01:26:25):
Shortly after this incident, thecouple returned to Florida,
where win was an instructor at the Navy flight school and
Wallace. Embarked on the ritual existence
of the housewife entertaining, other Navy wives at her home and
learning how to paint. In April 1979, the US joined the

(01:26:47):
war. And the couple moved to Boston,
where win was the commander of the Naval.
Aviation school at squantum, he had been effectively grown to,
and saw the move as a form of demotion, causing him, great
anger and frustration a response, which manifested in a
greater Reliance on alcohol. For the next eight years

(01:27:09):
Wallace. Endured a troubled marriage with
win whom she had known hardly atall before their marriage and
who was increasingly cruel and manipulative towards her during
his working hours. Wallace would wander the streets
of Boston, and attend court cases, as a way of passing the

(01:27:29):
time. And after a Time, the couple
moved again, when win was asked to establish a new flying school
in San Diego, Wins anger mountedduring the latter stages of the
war and worsened when his brother dumaresq.

(01:28:39):
during these time wins, abuse was sustained and after one
incident, when he locked Wallacein the bathroom for a number of
hours, She decided that she would divorce him, despite the
immense social taboo that this constituted she received no
support from her family, her mother and Aunt, both said that

(01:29:00):
the plan was shameful and that she would stain the family name
by being the first to undergo such as split.
When was soon posted to the far east as a gunboat captain and
Wallace remained in the US living with her mother from June
1921 and surviving on the 225 dollars.

(01:29:23):
She received monthly from win inAutumn 1922 Wallace moved into a
George Town house with a friend,the wife of another Naval
aviator who was also posted to the Far East.
A friend was the daughter of an admiral, this gave Wallace a
social status, which afforded her the opportunity to make

(01:29:45):
friends in high places. Many of whom were unattached men
a scene, which she described as a special Paradise for a woman
on her own this environment. Honed her skills as a socialite
and Wallace made sure to be up to date with current affairs.
So that she could engage with these Topics in the Social

(01:30:07):
Circle, she had entered and whenshe was Offered a trip to Paris
with her cousin. She jumped at the chance and set
sail in 1924 during her time in France, Wallace learned that.
Her uncle Saul was unwilling to pay for her divorce.
And when she received a letter from, when asking her to join

(01:30:28):
him in the fire East, she agreedand arrived in Hong Kong a short
time later in September 1924. On meeting win, it seemed at
first that the situation betweenthem had been repaired.
He informed her that he had stopped drinking and certainly
appeared healthier and more self-controlled that when the

(01:30:51):
two had last met. However, this was not to last
and within a couple of weeks when had returned to drinking
and abuse caused in part by his suspicions of Wallace and his
belief that she was flirting with other men, while he was on
duty, a short time later Wallace, informed win that.

(01:31:13):
This second attempt at marriage was over and that she would be
leaving him for good a conclusion to, which he offered
no resistance, she then traveledalone to Shanghai, which was in
a state of tension. After the founding of the
Communist party there in 1921. The city had been under the

(01:31:34):
control of the British since 1842 and the conclusion.
Of the Opium War Elise, which had led to Great tension between
the British occupiers and the Chinese inhabitants.
After a spell in Shanghai Wallace, traveled to Peking on a
journey that was interrupted several times by armed brigands.

(01:31:56):
And against the advice of the US, considered she stayed with a
family. She had met in San Diego and
wrote home ecstatically about her experiences in the city,
which he found exotic and exciting.
During her time in Peking Wallace became acquainted with
diplomats Military Officers and other influential persons,

(01:32:17):
including the husband of Benito,Mussolini's daughter, Galli
artzo chano. She did not encounter any
potential husbands however and returned to the United States
after her Lotus year, in China, arriving in Seattle in September
1925. After she returned to the US
Wallace visited her mother and then went to stay in Virginia

(01:32:40):
where she hoped to gain a formaldivorce.
She wrote to win asking that he sent a letter confirming that he
had deserted her and that they had not been in contact with one
another for the previous three years, obviously a mistruth
since they had met in China. However, when was willing to

(01:33:02):
back date his letter, so that itappeared the two had been
separated for a greater period of time.
Soon afterwards and the latter months of 1927.
Her uncle sold died. Leaving Wallace little more than
a single room and a bond. And the family Bank, this snub
occurred because of souls disapproval of Wallace's divorce

(01:33:25):
and he had effectively disinherited her, as a result.
In December 1927, she formally obtained a divorce from when and
was no a free woman. Wallace settled in New York
living with her friend, Mary Kirk, who had married a
glamorous French army veteran who had travelled to the US to

(01:33:50):
train. American troops Wallace made,
some half-hearted attempts to find work, but lacked Drive
relying instead on Good Fortune.And the hope of a husband who
would bring in a sizable income.Mary was often frustrated at
Wallace's, lack of proactivity and recalled that she rejected a

(01:34:10):
job as a secretary owing to her disdain for the typewriter.
During this period, Mary introduced Wallace to Ernest
Simpson and his wife Dorothea. Despite the fact that he was
married and a father Ernest soon, formed an attachment to
Wallace and began to take her toart galleries.
And dinners Wallace was certainly desperate for an

(01:34:34):
income and a steady household and appreciated the learned and
intellectual disposition. That Ernest had as well as his
knowledge of Classics and art, he lacked the same Grandeur as
the naval officers. She had courted in Florida.
However, he had shown considerable bravery and
leaving. Harvard aged 21 to join the

(01:34:56):
Coldstream, guards and fight in the first world war before, the
US had formally entered, the conflict.
Although he was never actually deployed to the front line.
He still wore his guards, tie, most days.
Simpson had adopted what he considered to be a British

(01:35:16):
attitude towards life and remained, financially austere,
and stiff up a lipped. Despite his Jewish Heritage, his
son later recalled that he wouldhide this part of his character
and was even casually anti-semitic at the dinner
table. Indeed, his son was only made
aware of his Heritage. After Ernest had died in July,

(01:35:40):
1928 Wallace wrote to her motherthat the best.
And wisest thing for me to do isto marry Ernest.
I am that if on of him and he iskind which will be a contrast.
I can't go on wandering for the rest of my life and I feel so
tired of fighting the world, allalone, and with no money later

(01:36:04):
that month in London Wallace andErnest married in a registry
office in Chelsea, which both described as a dreary setting
for a wedding proceeding to the Grosvenor hotel for the
reception afterwards, Earnest and Wallace, traveled to France
for their honeymoon. This was an immensely happy
period and Wallace wrote, the earnest was a splendid guide and

(01:36:29):
that he cared for her and gave her a sense of security that she
had not felt since childhood After their return, Wallis
attempted to gain influence in British Social Circles.
Initially, with limited success,the novelist Barbara Kirkland
described her as aggressively American and recalled that she

(01:36:52):
told us rather vulgar stories. And I was shocked to the core
while as also struggled with thenew social dynamics and setting
of life in London, stating that the was an essential difference
in the status between men and women and Britain, which was not
the case in her experiences in America, in the US.
She and the other wives of navalofficers had proactively fought

(01:37:16):
for their husband's status and promotion.
But as British women despite their formidable power in their
own sphere was still accepting the state of a second sex.
In 1929 Wallace was informed that her mother was Gravely ill
and she traveled back over the Atlantic to find her in a coma.

(01:37:39):
She died on the second of November and had nothing in her
possession. Her savings having been
eliminated by the Wall Street. Crash Wallace, was deeply
angered and upset at this Injustice and returned to London
with the intention of distracting herself by throwing
all of her energies into the decoration and maintenance of

(01:38:00):
their new home. This sooner, a unique status and
she became known amongst London,Social Circles for her parties
decor, and unusual manner of Hosting.
She leaned heavily into her Southern Heritage and offered up
a American food for which she soon.
Became known ever since she had arrived in.

(01:38:22):
London Wallace had expressed a desire to meet Edward, the
Prince of Wales. Edward was then aged 27.
But retained a youthful appearance and a radiant charm
which had made him the object ofmuch attention.
Edward had attended Osborne Naval College before, going up
to Maudlin, College Oxford, which he left before graduating

(01:38:45):
and on the outbreak of the firstworld war, Edward joined the
Grenadier guards. Although he was prevented from
entering, any dangerous combat zones.
He had a difficult relationship with his father, King George,
the 5th, and remained scared. And resentful of him into adult
hood, a resentment, which grew when his father prevented him

(01:39:07):
from being deployed to the front, even writing to Lord,
Kitchener, the Secretary of State for warging to be allowed
to go, although he was yet again, let down, when Kitchener
informed him that the greatest danger was not his death, but
his capture This period seems tohave had a marked effect on the

(01:39:29):
prince and his Diaries revealed that he was depressed and
battled with a hatred of his ownappearance.
Often refusing food and exercising excessively.
He also demonstrated many nervous, behaviors and obsessed
about his physical appearance ina way which would possibly know.
Be described as anorexic. It would was often described as

(01:39:52):
erratic and would cause his staff, a great deal of stress,
when on tour, he would arrive late to official functions.
And when telegram to the his father, was seriously ill.
He laughed and claimed that it was a joke.
Concocted by the then prime minister Stanley Baldwin as an
electoral Dodge Wallis and Edward had their first encounter

(01:40:17):
in January in 1931, as a result of a mutual friend.
Thelma furnace. Who invited both for a week of
fox hunting. In leicestershire Wallace, was
highly nervous beforehand and had requested etiquette lessons
from another friend before embarking on the event or once
she had arrived a natural lift. Forward character had made

(01:40:40):
itself known, she criticized theprince for talking to her about
seemingly conventional topics and asked that he make a greater
effort, some weeks passed beforethe two met, again, although
Wallace was pleased when the prince recognized her.
At their second meeting in May Wallace was later introduced to

(01:41:01):
the court. Alongside Ernest who dressed for
the occasion in his guards uniform.
They once again met the Prince of Wales who had made a comment
under his breath. That something had to be done
about the lights as They made all the women look ghastly.
When Edward later complimented Wallace on her dress, she
retorted. But sir, I thought you said we

(01:41:24):
all looked ghastly In early, 1932 Wallace entertained, the
prince at her home for the firsttime for which she decided to
serve a classic American menu ofblack bean soup grilled lobster,
Fried Chicken, Maryland and a raspberry souffle.
The prince stayed until four in the morning and asked for

(01:41:46):
several of wallaces recipes. The evening was evidently a
success and Edward asked Wallaceto join him for a weekend at his
home. She and Earnest attended, and
were well, received or followingthis Earnest was increasingly
concerned at his wife's habits. He was working ever harder in

(01:42:07):
the city. While she had a growing desire
to throw more and more extravagant parties, which he
was struggling to afford. However, from Midnight, 1932 the
couple wearing increasingly invited to the home of the
Prince of Wales. This was ostensibly for the
purpose. Of chaperoning, her friend
Thelma furnace, who was the girlfriend of Edward at that

(01:42:31):
time Wallace. As a married woman was to act as
the invigilator of their interactions as a third party.
Meanwhile, Wallace and Ernest became increasingly detached
from one another Ernest working longer hours and often required
to travel overseas for work. While his nurtured her

(01:42:52):
relationship with the prince, which he evidently valued in
return, throwing a birthday party for her 37th birthday to,
which she responded in kind by purchasing him, a monogrammed
Matchbox and inviting him to an Independence Day party at her
home. In January 1934, Thelma furnace

(01:43:15):
sailed for the United States leaving.
Edward without her Wallace and Ernest were increasingly
separated and she spent more time with the prince than ever
before, although she was slightly taken aback at the
volume of attention. He demanded from her phoning,
her multiple times in a single day and inviting himself to

(01:43:36):
their flat Wallace was worried about the state of her marriage
and professed many times in letters that she was concerned
about losing Ernest, whom she valued and loved as a source of
stability and security when she was invited by the prince to
attend Ascot with him. Her aunt, wrote a

(01:43:57):
strongly-worded letter to Wallace decrying the behavior of
Edward and reminding her what this would communicate to
Earnest. Edward made it increasingly
clear that Wallace had displacedThelma and upon her return from
a Medicare would avoid her and make panes to be Charming to

(01:44:17):
Wallace. Even when Thelma and Ernest were
both present the prince Cruella,dismissed, his former sweet
heart and isolated himself from many of his former companion's
allowing only Wallace's phone calls to be put through.
In November 1934. The prince expressed a desire to

(01:44:39):
present Wallace to his parents at Buckingham Palace.
She arrived wearing jewels that he had given her and was
introduced to the king and queen.
She failed to make a good impression and was banned.
From attending Silver, Jubilee events, and the Royal box.
At Ascot undeterred, Edward invented, new ways, to spend

(01:45:01):
time with Wallace, inviting her to ski with him in Austria, and
February in 1935. She agreed without asking Ernest
who was instead horse to remain at home and watched the lover
Fair between his wife and the prince emerge on the public.
Stage Wallace was evidently aware of this and wrote to the

(01:45:24):
prince afterwards explaining that she was concerned about the
relationship, she had with him, and that she thought he spent
too long at her flat, and the Restless trod on his
relationships with Thelma and his other friend's.
She pleaded with him to make things a little easier for me.
He replied to this request with more money and gifs, which sat

(01:45:47):
her capacity to leave, Scandalized servants reported
around the time that Wallace's rooms at his home had been
extended to include a wardrobe, which connected to his own
allowing, unfettered access between them.
Without either person having to emerge, this caused a minor

(01:46:08):
crisis. When it was rumored around the
household, that Edward was a liar.
He had sworn to his father, thatWallace was not his mistress and
an adulterer. By October, 1935, the letters
exchanged between Wallace and the prince were openly romantic.
And he made no pretense about his desire to marry her on.

(01:46:31):
Let her ran, I love you more andmore every minute and no
difficulties or complications can possibly prevent our
ultimate happiness. On the 20th of January 1936, the
king died hastened to his end bythe administration of morphine
and cocaine injected by the Royal Physician Lord Dawson in

(01:46:54):
order that his death behind to be printed.
In the morning paper's, Edward was now King and both Wallace
and Ernest wrote separately to him to console him and to offer
their services to their new monarch.
Subsequent events, deeply involved Wallace, who was given
a prominent seat when the ascendancy of Edward.

(01:47:16):
The eighth was announced and later rode with him in his car
crowds reportedly bowed. As they assumed that she was the
Duchess of Kent from a distance.But soon realized that it was
Wallace, who remained next to the king?
Official engagements and social Gatherings which involved

(01:47:37):
Edward. Now also intimately involved
Wallace easygoing, attitude, andposition made her even more of a
spectacle Wallace. Routinely asked guests to dress
down for dinner and made it, clear that guests who are
arrived. Late would incur?
No, sort of social repercussion.Know heard remarked an a letter

(01:47:59):
that he was sick to death of having quiet suppers with the
King and Mrs. Simpson, a guests to these gatherings were
interested and sometimes indignant at the dynamic, in the
relationship, which had emerged between Edward and Wallis.
She often commanded him and reprimanded him in front of
guests. One instance saw her tease him

(01:48:21):
on his decision, to have his documents read to him rather
than reading them himself. Prime minister Baldwin became
increasingly concerned about theattitudes of the new king to
matters of State. He often left State papers
unread and failed to form his own opinions of current events,
preferring to defer, to those ofothers Wallace.

(01:48:44):
Also had access to State papers,which he would leave around for
her to read and she became in many ways.
A confidant of his eventually Baldwin decided that only papers
which required the signature at the king, should be sent to him.
Events in Europe, had taken a dramatic turn during the year of

(01:49:06):
1936. Adolf Hitler had invaded.
The Rhineland in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and in
July a protracted campaign, against the fascist coup of
General Franco had erupted in Spain.
The King was professionally absent.
His soul, Focus being to marry Wallis the Davidson memorandum

(01:49:30):
produced in 1936 by Lorde Davidson and circulated to
Cabinet officials described Wallace as a gold digger and
posed, the solution that if Earnest and she could be
convinced to return to a Medicare, then they could avoid
the risk of her becoming Queen, the memorandum closed by stating

(01:49:51):
Mrs. S is very close to Leopold Von Hirsch and has she likes to
read them access to all secret and cabinet papers.
This latter part of the memorandum shows, evident
concern that Wallace could pass secrets and sensitive
information to Germany. The uphold Von, Hirsch, being

(01:50:13):
the incumbent Ambassador George.The sixth later, wrote to the
Prime Minister that I must tell you, quite honestly, that I do
not trust Wallace's loyalty. Wallace was indeed courted by
several senior Italian and German officials and lodged with
Joachim Von ribbentrop, Hitler'sspecial Envoy friends of

(01:50:37):
Wallace's stated that he called upon her every day he had in
London and always sent her a large box of flowers whenever he
had to leave during this period.Mary Kirk, a deer school friend
of Wallace had ever done clearlytaken.
Pity on. Ernest given his effectively
ended marriage, and she soon professed in private that she

(01:50:59):
was in love with him. Wallace was upset at the sight
of her, husband becoming closer with her friend but give the
circumstances, she could hardly be surprised.
It was an Open Secret that theirmarriage was over and he was
privately referred to as the master of the mistress Wallace.

(01:51:20):
And the king would also host lavish dinners to which only the
most exalted guest. were invitedon one such occasion in May the
king and Wallace hosted at the prime minister in his wife
standing in Lucy Baldwin admiralof the fleet only Chatfield as
well as The Aviator Charles Lindbergh and his wife Anne, In

(01:51:44):
July, Ernest was in Paris and booked to hotel room, alongside,
a female companion, who gave thename Buttercup Kennedy.
When he returned home, he found a letter from Wallace, in which
she informed Ernest that she wasto sue for divorce.
He had evidently been followed by someone in communication with

(01:52:04):
Wallace and upon reading her letter, moved out of their home
and took up residence in the guards Club.
This process having been startedWallace and the King planned, a
holiday together. Edward wanted to travel to Spain
but was advised not to on the grounds that the Spanish Civil
War was still underway. I really am annoyed with the

(01:52:28):
foreign office for having messedup my holiday in the stupid
manner. He wrote to his mother, the pair
in Stead plan to travel down thedalmatian coast and a yacht
which was to be flanked by two Royal Navy destroyers at home.
The matter of divorce remained highly controversial and taboo
fewer than 5,000 couples a year legally separated.

(01:52:52):
And until 1937, it was only permitted in the event that a
wife sought a divorce from her husband.
If he had committed adultery, ifboth wife and husband had
committed a daughter then the law bizarrely precluded either
from obtaining a divorce. The King was expected, not only

(01:53:12):
to keep the law but to exemplifyan ideal a matter which was
highly problematic. Given his love for Wallace.
Some letters published after thefact have suggested that Wallace
was subject to a coercion from Edward During the period that he
had, informed her that if she left him, he would commit.

(01:53:35):
Suicide Wallace was evidently ina tricky situation and continued
to write to Earnest in private that she missed him and lamented
their separation. She described her own feelings
of immense, fear and entrapment in a situation.
She could no longer control, indeed the public and private

(01:53:56):
situation had become ever harderfor her to endure.
And she was subject to Great opposition from The Duchess of
York, who openly ignored her at gathering's.
And from apress, which antagonized the American harlot
in a letter pinned to Earnest. She wrote I have had so much

(01:54:17):
trouble and complications with everyone.
Also, I am terrified. Of court at cetera and the US
press has done Untold harm. I feel small and licked by it
all, she concluded the letter with Love Wallace.
I am so lonely. Whilst the British press had

(01:54:40):
abstained from printing much material about the couple with
the exception of cavalcade. The US press had become obsessed
with them and included, photographs of Edward.
And Wallis in most daily newspapers, the trial for her.
Divorce was a major focal point of their attention and was
allegedly embarrassing spectaclein which Earnest confessed that

(01:55:04):
he had enjoyed bed and breakfastwith Elizabeth Buttercup.
Kennedy who was in fact, Mary Kirk, her child would friend.
The whole case was concluded in 14 minutes and Wallace dined
that night with the king during dinner.
Edward informed, her that he hadspoke in the week before on the

(01:55:25):
20th of October with Stanley Baldwin confessing to him.
That he had a firm intention to marry Wallis.
The Prime Minister was firmly opposed to the idea that
realized that Duty Limited him to advising the Monarch alone.
The position was well, summarized by Violet Bonham

(01:55:45):
Carter daughter of the former prime minister HHS with who
wrote that the king faced a dilemma that many human beings
have had to face and meet with less at stake.
The same line was not taken by many other parts of the British
establishment and it was reported by Lady Hilda, Ransom

(01:56:05):
that the British Legion had proclaimed.
We could not stand the shock of the proposed marriage of the
king and Wallis Simpson. This view echoed that of The
Wider Church community, which was shocked at the prospect of
such a union and embarked on a program, to remind the public of
the benefits of a stable Unbroken madish.

(01:56:29):
Wallace faced increasing opposition from the aristocracy,
the political classes. And as she was warned the Press,
which she had been assured, would not hold its breath about
the matter for much longer. Prospect of their Union was
indeed presented as such a considerable issue that Stanley
Bruce, the former prime ministerof Australia recalled that

(01:56:52):
Baldwin and he had conversed stating the alarming and
devastating possibility that theking should marry the woman, the
people of this country and the dominions would never accept the
woman as Queen like possibly theHouse of Commons would cancel
the Civil list and the throne would be imperiled.

(01:57:13):
The Empire would be endangered the government would resign and
it will be quite impossible to get an alternative government.
The king soon after informed Baldwin bluntly that.
I mean to abdicate and marry Mrs. Simpson a proposal which he
could simply not understand indeed.

(01:57:36):
Wallace was still publicly claiming that?
She and the King were friends but they had no intention of
marrying one another. She continued to write to
Ernest, professing her desire toreturn and live with him and
strongly suggesting that she felt totally out of control in a
social and legal process, which had carried her far from her

(01:57:58):
intended destination, the situation for Wallace, worsened
progressively. And she was soon subject to
violence, rocks, were thrown at a Windows.
She received letters written with poisoned ink, and there was
a great concern amongst officials that she could be
accosted Baldwin even remarked that he feared some woman might

(01:58:20):
shoot her and she was unable to lead.
Anything akin to a normal life. Unable to go shopping or attend
her. Favorite at Salomon amidst, the
bomb scares that constantly threatened her In December 1936.
It was determined that Wallace could not remain in England and

(01:58:41):
it was arranged that she should leave the country as soon as
possible. An attack on the couple by Dr.
Awf blunt, the bishop of Bradford had ignited, the fury
of the British press, who had soon after collectively decided
to break the Embargo. They had applied to their own
reporting. The final evening Wallace spent

(01:59:02):
with Edward in England, in 1936 was a painful, one, the King was
tearful and implored Wallace to call him.
When once she had left regardless of the time, She left
for France, the same day and arrived at a hotel in raw at
5:50 a.m. the next morning. The car was pursued for much of

(01:59:25):
the journey and Wallace was onlyable to snatch a couple of hours
sleep before she and her driver continued.
Conditions at home had changed. So rapidly that Edwards plan to
remain king after a plan. Public address had been
demolished over a single weekend.
He started to plan for his abdication, seeing this as the

(01:59:48):
final remaining course of actionwhich would permit him and
Wallace to marry. Edward and Wallis communicated
daily during this period and allcorrespondence, to the Palace
via telephone had to be suspended for at least two hours
for their use. The King was in a constant state

(02:00:09):
of depression and thought of nothing but her calls although
Wallace was concerned about his increasing insistence on
abdication issuing a statement from can in which she said that
she was anxious to avoid damaging his majesty or the
throne indeed Wallace's. Letters to friends, indicate

(02:00:30):
further that she was terrified of playing a part in a
constitutional crisis, in which the king would have to resign.
The King's lawyer Theodore Goddard met with Wallace in
France, and recorded privately that she was definitely prepared
to leave the king in order to avoid a crisis.

(02:00:50):
Although he was not prepared to give her up and was willing to
abdicate in order to marry her while his formerly, declared
this willingness to Goddard and made it clear that her greatest
desire was to leave the sit. Situation in which you found
herself. On the 10th of December 1936,

(02:01:13):
viewer than six weeks after Wallace.
Had divorced Earnest. The king signed the instrument
of abdication at Fort Belvedere alongside his three brothers.
Once this had been approved by Parliament, he would formally be
regarded as a private citizen and gave a speech broadcast from

(02:01:34):
Windsor Castle in which he expressed love for Wallace and
his loyalty to the new king is Brother George.
Winston Churchill compared the situation to that, which had
faced Charles the first, an analogy echoed by Virginia
Woolf, this concluded Edward. Now, the Duke of Windsor left

(02:01:56):
England aboard, the HMS Fury. He was the first Monarch since
James, the second and the Anglo-Saxon Kings Ein and seal
wolf to seed the throne and had done.
So, as far as can be ascertained, owing to his love
for Wallace. Wallace herself, believed that

(02:02:16):
she had been used by politiciansas a way of removing a lazy and
unstable Monarch from Power. This few was shared by many
other politicians of the day with David Lloyd, George writing
of his anger, the Baldwin had managed to remove the Monarch by
actively calling attention to facts which made the king's

(02:02:37):
position untenable. Wallace realized that she had
become entangled in a position from which she had no hope of
escape and subsequently that shehad become an exile.
She was highly conscious of Edwards mental state, which made
her feel ever more responsible and isolated.

(02:02:58):
In a December letter to Ernest. She wrote none of this mess is
of my own making. I miss you and worried about
you. I shall not live very long and
am. In fact, a prisoner.
Oh, dear wasn't life. Lovely.
Sweet and simple, The Assault onEdward and Wallis was renewed

(02:03:19):
the day after the abdication on which the Archbishop of
Canterbury Cosmo Lang decided Edward for giving in to a
craving for private happiness and said in a speech broadcast
on the BBC that it is sad that he should have sought his
happiness in a manner inconsistent with the Christian

(02:03:40):
principles of marriage Lang was subject to intense criticism for
his language and many described him as a school, many other
writers in Publications such as the new Statesman described the
event as a smashing clerical Victory, or though, one, which
was unnecessary and invasive. There remained, another pressure

(02:04:06):
concerning how the former King was perceived and Buckingham
Palace was concerned that the Duke of Windsor better looking
more adventurous and outgoing than the new king would steal
the Limelight even after he had ceded, the throne, Edward
remained, popular with some swathes of British society and

(02:04:26):
received open support from the British Union of fascists.
The leader of which Oswald Mosley claimed that he was in
direct communication with Edward.
And that he hoped to form a new government with the former King,
once again, in office. Edward and Wallis were by
Christmas 1936, both in Europe, but remained apart, it had been

(02:04:51):
decided that the two should not immediately be reunited.
And so, while is remained in France and Edward in Austria
Wallace wrote of Ernest and expressed her board. and
frustration at the situation as well as her great anger and
upset at the publication of several biographies of her which

(02:05:12):
made several unfounded claims she was also featured as a wax
work in, Madame Tussauds, but was grouped away from the royals
and instead with Mary Antoinetteand Joan of Arc, In early March,
1937 Wallace left can and traveled with her servant Mary

(02:05:35):
Burke to the Louis Valley. In central.
France to stay with charl beidou.
A self-made entrepreneur who hadwritten on Labor Management and
operations efficiency. Edo would later be accused of
collusion with the Nazis and committed suicide, prior to his
trial for treason. He was already in the 1930s

(02:05:57):
under surveillance from the US and British Security Services.
However, a subsequent French government investigation,
actually found that he had worked to protect Jewish
property and sabotage German production line.
Edward, meanwhile was engaged inplanning the wedding for which
he had given up so much. There was great concern.

(02:06:21):
That if any members of the royalfamily attended, it would
undermine their position even more than it had.
Done already Edward was angered at this and wrote to his brother
asking if he could help him procure a dignified setting for
his marriage to Wallace to whichthe king replied saying that he

(02:06:41):
greatly wished to help, but thiswas not simply A Private Matter.
The only Royal chaplain willing to host.
The ceremony was the vicar of Saint.
Paul's, Darlington are a Jardin,a former Street Preacher, who
had on occasion claimed that he was a faith healer and who had
agreed to perform the sedimentary after he had

(02:07:03):
undergone a religious experiencein which he claimed to have
heard a voice, which commanded him to go to France and
officiate the wedding others involved in the wedding
preparations. Include the society florist
constant spry who had been a close contact and friend of
Edward and who had missed out ona great deal of exposure and

(02:07:25):
income from the coronation whichWallace hooped to make up for,
by engaging her, for their wedding.
Besides those who had been engaged relatively few guests
had accepted invitation to the wedding in large part due to
their concern as to how this would affect their reputation at

(02:07:46):
home. The wedding day itself was set
for the third of June 1937, at the Chateau de Conde, the home
of Scholl Bordeaux Edward met Jardin that morning.
And shook his hand saying, thankGod, you've come pardon my
language but you're the only onewho had the guts to do this.

(02:08:07):
For me, the older for the ceremony was initially an oak
chest, which had been Dragged Infrom another room although, an
alternative was obtained from a nearby Church, For her third
wedding. Wallace wore, a pale blue crepe
dress with a Halo style hat. The color of her outfit was to

(02:08:28):
become known as Wallace blue, and was designed to match her
eyes, which she further accentedwith sapphires made by Van Cleef
and Arpels. Edwards best man was Edward,
fruity Metcalf. His former Equity to the Duke of
Windsor when he was King and a close friend to Edward on the

(02:08:50):
wedding day. A letter from King George, the
sixth noted, that after they hadbeen married, Wallis would not
be entitled to the honorific, her Royal Highness, which Edward
bitterly described as a nice wedding present.
Edward decided that he would regardless refer to Wallace as
hrh and ordered that his household do the same.

(02:09:13):
An arrangement, which often caused confusion Baba Metcalf,
the wife of Fruity noted that seven English people were
present at the wedding of a man.Whose six months ago was the
King of England, the entire wedding party consisted of
fruity and Baba, Herman and Catherine Rogers, who were

(02:09:34):
friends of Wallace. Walter Moncton Edwards, legal
adviser and friend Charles and fern beidou.
Their hosts at the castle aren'tBessie Merriman lady Selby
Dudley forward Edwards, new equities, the Duke of Windsor
and George Allen, they on Bloom.The French prime minister sent a

(02:09:55):
bouquet of flowers but the British government had no
official influence or Presence at the wedding whatsoever.
Jardin who had officiated the sediment, he returned to a
parish and a country which loathe him.
And he was soon forced to move to America many of the other

(02:10:16):
guests, risked their reputation and Lady.
Selby a traveled with oat her husband as his concern over the
matter was too great and he decided not to attend as a
result. So it was that Edward and Wallis
were married. The Duke of Windsor had in many
ways failed to acquire Royal titles for his wife and to marry

(02:10:40):
her at a dignified wedding settlement after the wedding,
the Duke and Duchess of Windsor went on their honeymoon, which
took them to the Corinthian mountains and Venice, which had
been predicted by Flowers by Mussolini's fascist government.
They continued traveling throughout Europe, for a number
of months and finished up in Paris.

(02:11:02):
Staying at the hotel near East while searching for a home
settling first at a house in their sigh and then on the
boulevard Sushi, their lives forthis period were marked by
isolation as well as a relatively aimless existence in
which they had failed to find a defined purpose and could thus

(02:11:25):
never escape the fact that they had been exiled.
In the light of this, the invitation from shall bow to
visit Germany, in which he had substantial business interests
was appealing Edward was a loverof Germany and was open about
his support for her people, and even her government, the

(02:11:47):
austro-hungarian Ambassador had reported that in 1933.
Edward had expressed his remarkable sympathies for the
Nazis in Germany. He naturally condemns the Treaty
of their sigh. I hope that we shall never have
to fight a war again, but if so it will have to be on the
winning side and that will be the German the chance of a visit

(02:12:11):
to Germany. Also have the potential to offer
Wallace the chance for a state visit and the reception, which
would be awarded to someone of her title.
Edward and Wallis arrived in Berlin in early October and were
greeted by a number of Nazi leaders at freetress station.
They later met with gerbils ribbon, trop Himmler and Hess.

(02:12:37):
During their stay, they turned Minds youth camps and housing
projects. The Duke relishing, the chance
to speak German and showing signs of evident enjoyment at
the reception. He had received in comparison to
that, which he had left behind the most notable moment of the
trip occurred, when the Duke andDuchess met with Adolf Hitler in

(02:13:00):
his Mountain, Top Retreat, the berghof.
The visit came three days after Lord.
Halifax had expressed the desireto learn more about Hitler's
expansionist, aims, and it furthered Hitler's belief that
if he gained control of England,he could install the Duke and
duchess's as a sympathetic party, in power, to many the

(02:13:23):
image of Edward and Wallis beaming before Hitler, and his
uniformed guards was definitive of both.
During this period, the relationship between Edward and
his family entirely collapsed. He was well aware that his
brother his sister-in-law the queen, and his mother was

(02:13:43):
staunchly opposed to him returning in any capacity,
whether for a prolonged period or even a brief.
Stay one letter penned by the Duke, to his mother, made his
response. Incredibly clear you and Bertie
by his ignominious. Capitulation, to The Wilds of
his ambitious wife have made further normal correspondents,

(02:14:06):
between us impossible. Churchill remained loyal to the
former King and argued in, favorof Edward and Wallis throughout
the various meetings and political dramas which involved
them. He also made a point to visit
them in their new Villa and capped on team which overlooked
the Mediterranean in the study was the desk that Edward had

(02:14:28):
used to sign the instrument of abdication, which remained a
permanent feature in any home that the couple lived in despite
their surroundings. It was clear that the couple
continued to feel that they wereliving in Exile, and both of
them expressed a desire to return to England by 1939.
This appeared more like a possibility with one pole.

(02:14:51):
Suggesting that 61% of the public desired, the return of
the Windsors with 16% opposed byAugust 1939.
The prospect of conflict with Germany appeared acute and the
Duke and Duchess made plans. To evacuate from France.
Edward telegraphed, hickler, theend of the month and implored

(02:15:15):
him to seek peace it Claire replied simply that his attitude
towards England Remains the Samenext day.
The two nations were at war withone another.
At the beginning of September plans, were made to fly the Duke
and Duchess out of France or though Edward complained.

(02:15:36):
That the aircraft proposed was too small and that he wanted all
of his luggage to be returned with him Metcalfe.
His Equity replied that they hadbehaved as two spoiled children.
Women and children are being bombed while you talk of your
pride eventually. Churchill sent a destroyer HMS,

(02:15:57):
Kelly under the command of Lord,Louis mountbatten.
Churchill had arranged for a grand reception for them.
Once they had arrived at Portsmouth with soldiers,
standing guard to receive the Windsors once the ship adopt.
The couple stayed for a few daysat metcalf's London, flat, the
four returning to France, where the Duke had been posted to the

(02:16:20):
British military Mission and Wallace left to join a French
relief organization which she did as a member of the French
Red, Cross delivering, plasma bandages, and medical
instruments to positions behind the Maginot Line once the
Germans had breached, the Maginot Line, the Duke and
Duchess were once again, advisedto flee France, and they

(02:16:44):
traveled to Spain in May 1940, where they stayed at the expense
of the government, a fascist regime, under General Franco,
despite the fact that he had become Prime Minister of a state
on the brink of an invasion. Churchill wrote to ensure that
the Spanish put up the Windsors and the greatest possible

(02:17:06):
Comfort which they did give giving them two rooms at the
Ritz in Madrid. All the while, the Duke wrote
home demanding, that if he and Wallis returned, they should be
received at Buckingham Palace and receive tax reimbursements
from the Civil list, despite their considerable wealth.

(02:17:26):
An exacting demand at the best of times, but don't write poor
in the midst of such hardship, within the wider public.
Churchill upon learning of Edwards.
Desertion from Duty in Paris reprimanded him and he was soon,
declared the new governor of theBahamas, a collection of 29

(02:17:46):
islands with a population of 70,000 were regarded at the time
as the most backward-looking of the colonies, the islands
suffered from high unemployment and a dependence on American
tourists and was commonly regarded as a punishment station
for officials who had to be occupied and kept out of the

(02:18:08):
way. The Duke and Duchess were
dispatched to the islands. A moved into the government
house in Nassau, which was in a state of disrepair and was
indeed, derelict Wallis and Edward disliked, the hot
weather, but agreed that it was good for the figure.
Certainly neither openly complained about the situation

(02:18:30):
and Wallace engaged herself in work for the Red Cross of which
She was the local president. Visitors commented, that she
seemed genuinely concerned and friendly towards those she
helped. In private.
However, the couple were greatlyconcerned about their
possession. Many of which they had left at

(02:18:51):
home and Edward contemplated a leave of absence from his
position. However, this was met with
outrage and Churchill reprimanded.
The Duke for his idea given thatthe people the Britain are
suffering so much Wallace. Reported in letters to Moncton
that it was unfair, but Edward to be governor of such a small

(02:19:14):
place given that he had formerlybeen the king of England and
expressed a gain her belief thatthe government was persecuting
them. While his lamented in her
personal notes, her new station,which she compared with
Napoleon's exile to Elba. Describing the islands as a dump

(02:19:34):
and stating bluntly that we bothhate it.
The couple made several visits to the us against the wishes of
the British government and enjoyed someone greater
popularity in the American Pressas a result and were received by
large and jubilant crowds in Washington, New York and

(02:19:55):
Baltimore. Mary Kirk now, ernest's wife and
the former best friend of Wallace had developed cancer in
1940. And knowing that, she did not
have long to live expressed a desire to see her child who had
been evacuated to North America,Churchill remembered the

(02:20:16):
willingness of earnest during the divorce process and managed
to arrange a government plane tofly the couple to the US after
Mary had died Wallace wrote to Earnest and offered her services
to him in whatever way she couldbe of help.
Meanwhile life in the Bahamas dramatically changed after the

(02:20:37):
Japanese attack on the US Naval Base of Pearl.
Harbor with a significant numberof troops and are now stationed
on the islands from Coastal command, Wallace spent a great
deal of time working to fix up an RAF mess and attended her Red
Cross due to his early each morning.
Her work having taken on a greater level of urgency

(02:21:00):
establishing a new household rule.
That no parties would be attended by the couple unless
they were for charity Wallace. Also, founded, a clinic for
women and young children, which involved a considerable amount
of personal time and investment and dedicated herself to working
for the Airmen stationed. In the region, many of whom

(02:21:23):
later recalled. The fact that they were served
their breakfast by The Duchess of Windsor.
This was work that she evidentlyseemed to enjoy and which gave
her a sense of purpose and Duty which she relished Up.
Indeed, this excitement and sense of purpose made her
position in the Bahamas, all theharder to Bear.

(02:21:45):
Since she felt that she had beenisolated from the war and was
Keen to do more to help in the combined effort this mood
worsened. When the couple heard the Prince
George Edwards, younger brother had been killed in a plane crash
along with his wife in August 1942, the couple had always been

(02:22:06):
caring and understanding towardsWallis and Edward and their
death had left a bitter. Sting the couple remained
isolated and were upset that they had routinely been so well
received in America, but snubbedin Canada and the UK.
While both remained eager to leave the Bahamas, they were

(02:22:27):
concerned that if they returned to England, they would once
again the ostracized, this situation worsened in March
1941. When Edward Gave an interview to
the American Liberty magazine inwhich he expressed a game.
The View that some sort of negotiated peace should be
arranged between the allies and Germany.

(02:22:50):
This infuriated Churchill, who had maintained the an outright
victory was possible and should be regarded as the goal.
Towards the end of the war. The was a slackening and the
government's hold over, the couple and Churchill began.
Inquiring as to whether there were any jobs in the British

(02:23:10):
Embassy in Washington, which could engage the Duke, a plan,
which was shot down by Ernest Bevan, the foreign secretary
nonetheless, the couple left theBahamas on the third of May 1945
and went to the US without any defined plan of where they
should live, or what they shoulddo Edward and Wallis remained in

(02:23:32):
limbo for the following six years and remained in the words
of Wallace homeless, on the faceof the Earth, they rented and
stayed in homes for the durationof this period deciding that it
would be untenable for them to return to England with Wallace.
Instead entertaining, the idea that they could return to

(02:23:53):
France, where she would be able to create a home for the Duke
which could give him some stability, the couple.
Did return to England in 1946 but the trip had been a
disaster. Wallace had 25,000 pounds worth
of jewelry stolen during the night of the 16th of October an

(02:24:14):
event, which turned the attention of the British press
on. The, once again, ruining any
hopes, they had entertained of aquiet trip.
Aftermath of this was not only the loss of many of her Jewels,
but the Resurgence of an admonition in the press for the
excess and vanity of the couple particularly Wallace.

(02:24:36):
By 1952 the couple had decided they should move to France.
Settling in a home in gifts or that south of Versailles and
just outside of Paris, they alsohad a rented home in the center
of the city on which they spent a fortune renovating in February
1952 news. Reached the couple that the King

(02:24:59):
George, the sixth had died of lung cancer.
The Duke went along to attend his brother's funeral and the
subsequent accession of Elizabeth.
The second did little to alter the relationship between Edward
Wallace and the royal family Wallis and Edward generated an
income for themselves. Largely through writing, Edward

(02:25:21):
first for Life magazine and thenthrough a memoir called a King's
Story and Wallace through her Memoir.
The heart has its reasons. Both Works were well received
and Wallace's writing was regarded as open and honest
which won her friends and the litter at a world such as Maxine
sand. Opinions on Wallace, varied

(02:25:45):
massively between those who met her during this period.
The daughter of fruity Metcalf. Remarked that Wallace was an
incredibly kind and loving person.
Whereas the publisher of her book, Giles pick stated that she
was a rather brittle hard and vein person, when Queen Mary
Edward's mother died in March 1953 Edward once again traveled

(02:26:10):
along to England in order to attend her funeral and wrote
back to Wallace, expressing his sadness that her rejection of
him and his wife had remained with her until the very end
Penning. My sadness is mixed with
incredulity that any mother could have been so hard and
cruel toward her eldest son for so many years.

(02:26:34):
I am afraid the fluids in her veins.
Have always been as icy cold as they are now in death.
The life that the Duke and Duchess fell into was one of
boredom and repetition. They attended dinners, went
shopping occasionally appeared at charity events, both became

(02:26:57):
obsessed with their weight and eventually ate, as little as a
single piece of fruit for lunch.Nothing besides black tea and
juice for breakfast and Tiny portions of meat for dinner
which would often be left untouched many others commented.
That Wallis and Edward had grownmore bitter in Exile with one

(02:27:19):
Diplomat recalling that upon dropping her handbag Wallace
hadn't, thanked him when he stopped to pick it up.
Instead commenting. I like to see the British
groveling to me. Many more commented on the
dynamic of the relationship thatthe Duke and Duchess had with
one another that while she treated him often with

(02:27:40):
condescension and irritability. He remained devoted and obsessed
with her. His eyes following his wife.
Around a room and becoming deeply sad.
When she was not present, The Duke of Windsor died on the 28th
of May 1972 After experiencing abrief, but painful battle with

(02:28:04):
throat cancer. Queen Elizabeth.
The second had mandated that both he and Wallis could be
buried together in the Royal grounds at Frogmore and Wallis
traveled to England for the funeral during which time she
was permitted to stay at Buckingham Palace where she
remarked the even know the attitude of the Royals remained

(02:28:26):
cold, towards her, Wallace returned, to Paris alone, and
traveled to England. Only once more to lay flowers at
Edwards grave and to have tea with the queen at Windsor.
A life in France was lonely and one of her, only points of
Solace was a letter written to her by Charles, the then Prince

(02:28:48):
of Wales who spoke of his admiration for his uncle which
for a time allowed. Her to entertain, the thought
that relationships between her and the family might improve.
The Duchess soon experience a decline in her health, which led
her to act as if the Duke was still alive talking to him and

(02:29:11):
even imploring him not to abdicate by 1975.
She had suffered a significant deterioration and spent much of
her time traveling to and from the hospital.
She died on the 24th of April 1986 in Paris.
A funeral service was held in St.
George's Chapel at Windsor and was attended by around 200

(02:29:35):
people. It was remarked that many of the
flowers, which adorned her coffin were sent not by friends.
But by Van Cleef and Dior the fashion and jewelry houses,
which she had patronized for so much of her life and she was
laid to rest alongside the Duke of Windsor.

(02:29:55):
Wallis Simpson is remembered as an ambitious woman who was
driven to advance her own standing and interests, which
she managed to achieve or be it often at the expense of other
people, such as Medicare and Ernest.
Simpson Wallace was undoubtedly an adventurous and brave person,

(02:30:16):
the periods in her life. When she was alone, saw her
travel to new and sometimes dangerous places eager to have
new experiences and meet new people.
She loved the social scene and was Fearless in her
self-expression. Even when this met with the
disapproval of Royals and socialElites, a life was also marked

(02:30:39):
with a high degree of strife. A difficult childhood and
financial subjugation to her uncle was followed by an abusive
and controlling first marriage soon.
Followed by a second, which whilst stable left her lonely
and bored, her relationship withEdward Was Won in which she

(02:31:00):
often, felt trapped and Powerless as demonstrated by her
numerous recorded wishes to leave.
Her third, marriage, lost her many of her friends and she was
left to lead a life marked by isolation.
And Exile with a man who was obsessive over her Wallace was

(02:31:22):
socially toned death at times inher life and her love of finery
was often at odds with the political and social situation.
This was suggestive of a person who was out of touch with the
experience of a population battered by War and financial
difficulty. She was also however, a

(02:31:42):
dedicated servant and through a great deal of time and effort
into her work with the Red Crossand as an official in the
Bahamas for which she was kindlyremembered by many service
people. What do you think of Wallis
Simpson? Was she portrayed unfairly
during her lifetime? Or should she be remembered as a

(02:32:04):
cunning? And ambitious, social climber
with Limitless ambition, please let us know in the comment
section and in the meantime, thank you very much for
watching. The woman known to history as a

(02:32:29):
Lizabeth Windsor. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth.
The second was born in London onthe 21st of April 1926.
Her father was Prince. Albert of York known to his
family and close friends as Bertie.
Her mother was Elizabeth Bo's lion for whom Elizabeth was the

(02:32:50):
first born child, she was given the name of Elizabeth Alexandra
Mary, but despite the fact that her regnal name was Elizabeth
the second she was not named forthe iconic, Queen Elizabeth.
The first instead she was named for her mother for her paternal
great-grandmother Queen Alexandra and for her

(02:33:13):
grandmother Queen Mary Elizabeth.
The second was named for women who were consorts rather than
those in whom Authority was vested and few imagined that she
would grow up to do much more than Maddie have children and
enjoy a life of quiet at estorick privilege.

(02:33:34):
The first child of the Duke and Duchess of York Elizabeth's
birth was happily welcomed. But the family had little
expectation of the grand status which would one day be hers.
Her father, Prince, Albert of York was not the Prince of Wales
and heir to the throne of Britain.

(02:33:54):
But rather was the second son ofKing.
George, the Fifth, who had been king of Britain and Emperor of
India. Since 1910 Bert is older brother
Prince, Edward who was called David within the family was next
in line to inherit the throne. David was not yet married but he

(02:34:16):
was just 32, only 18 months older than Bertie.
He had not married. By the time, Elizabeth was born.
But most people were of the opinion that the Prince of Wales
still had plenty of time to marry have children and secure
the Royal Line. In this way.
Thus few people would have imagined when she was born in

(02:34:38):
the spring of 1926. The princess Elizabeth of York
would one day be Queen. Even though she was the third
grandchild of King George, the Fifth and Queen Mary Elizabeth's
birth was accompanied by great excitement.
As she was theoretically the third in line to the throne for

(02:35:01):
most of the day. A crowd of reporters and
well-wishers stood outside the house at 17 Brewton street where
the Duchess of York had given birth.
Hoping for a glimpse of the members of the royal family
coming and going to meet the newborn princess King George,
the 5th and Queen Mary were among the first to pay a visit

(02:35:22):
to 17 Brewton street that very day eager to meet their first
granddaughter. The queen pronounced her.
A quote, little darling, with a lovely complexion and pretty
fair hair. While the King was equally taken
with his newest grandchild. Elizabeth became a great

(02:35:43):
favorite, not only with the British newspapers and magazines
who christened her princess Betty.
But also with the senior membersof the royal family, the Duke
and Duchess of York were periodically busy with royal
duties and functions and Elizabeth.
Therefore, spent a sizable proportion of her childhood
being cared for by her nannies and governess a typical scenario

(02:36:08):
for Royal children in Times Gone.
By however, her parents also placed great importance on their
family life and made sure that they had daily quality time with
their daughter thought. At least an hour every morning
and every evening between teatime and bedtime.
Neither did Elizabeth lack, any family for company when her

(02:36:31):
parents were away, she either stayed with the king and queen
at Sandringham, or Balmoral or with her maternal.
Grandparents the Earl and Countess of Strathmore.
At glam's castle in Scotland or at their London house at 17
Brewton Street where she had been born.
While Bertie and Elizabeth were away on a royal tour of

(02:36:54):
Australia and New Zealand. In 1927, they missed their
daughters first word, the princess's Nanny.
Clara Knight, reportedly helped her learn to pronounce the word.
Mummy. Although amusingly Elizabeth
used the title on multiple individuals before her mother's
return, the Duke and Duchess of York were openly Overjoyed being

(02:37:18):
reunited with their daughter. If not a little dismayed at how
much she had grown and changed in the months that they had been
away, still, they knew she was well, cared for in their
absence, and it was General in not the practice for small
children to accompany, Royals during extended travel
Elizabeth's, Uncle David also showed her much affection.

(02:37:42):
He visited her often during her childhood, bringing her gifts
and chatting a musically with his little niece, King.
George the Fifth doted on her and would willingly play any
part in her games on one occasion?
One of the Kings equities or attendance was shocked to find
the King on his hands and knees pretending to be a horse and

(02:38:06):
allowing the two year old princess to lead him round by
his beard. Elizabeth called him Grandpa
England, which amused him greatly.
As did his granddaughter's inability to pronounce her own
name, as a toddler libbit was the best she could do and the
King, made sure that the nickname stuck Lilybet had what

(02:38:29):
many observers and historians characterize as an idyllic
childhood soon. After her birth, the Duke and
Duchess of York moved into a house at 145 Piccadilly in
London, Elizabeth spent most of her days with her nanny Mrs.
Knight and her nurses Ruby McDonald and her sister,

(02:38:50):
Margaret MacDonald whom Elizabeth called Bobo she
enjoyed regular, and daily quality time with her parents
who believed in the importance of a closed warm and fun-filled
family life Elizabeth's. Favorite activities were playing
with her toy ponies and working.In the garden with her father,

(02:39:11):
her love of the outdoors, becamea parent very early on while she
also shared a love of animals with other members of the
family, particularly horses and Doggs, 30 had no less than eight
pit dogs during Elisabeth. Childhood including three
corgis, which famously became the Queen's favorite at breed

(02:39:34):
one. She kept several of her last
years. The Elizabeth's, grandfather,
George the Fifth shared, her love of horses, and gifted her
with her first, Pony, for her. Fourth birthday, a Shetland
named Peggy. Elizabeth began, taking riding
lessons, the following year, eventually proving to be an

(02:39:57):
impressively Adept equestrian and as incurably horse-mad.
As most of the royal family lilibet, who loved to be
outdoors getting dirty once remarked that she hoped.
She might marry a farmer. So that she might spend every
day outdoors with horses and dogs.

(02:40:17):
During the summer of 1930, Elizabeth Duchess of York gave
birth to her second daughter. And last child at her family's
ancestral home at glam's castle in Scotland.
She and Bertie named the infant.Princess Margaret Rose lilibet
was delighted with her baby sister she wrote to a relative

(02:40:40):
that at first she thought that Margaret was some kind of
wonderful Dolly, only to discover that she was alive.
The next few years were relaxed and happy ones for the family,
the tea and Elisabeth referred to their family.
Affectionately as us four, a surprisingly close relationship

(02:41:01):
for a royal family unit. Bertie's relationship with his
own parents, by way of contrast had been competitively, cold,
and distant. And Elizabeth might be said to
have been the first Monarch raised in a relatively modern
Manor. In 1931, the king gifted the

(02:41:23):
York's with royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park after
extensive renovation. And redecoration the family used
the house as a weekend retreat. Elizabeth Bosnian became
particularly attached to the Royal Lodge and it remained her
primary residence for 50 years following her husband's passing

(02:41:45):
in 1952 the Yorks. Had some of their happiest times
together as a family at Royal Lodge in the early to mid 1930s,
for Elizabeth and Margaret the days, usually began with chatter
and hygiene's in their parents bedroom before breakfast.
The girls would spend the bulk of the day either playing

(02:42:06):
Outdoors or in the nursery with Ruby Bobo and Mrs. Knight whom
they called Allah or attending to their lessons with their
governess Marion Crawford who they called crawfish.
They would usually be more Family Fun Time in the late
afternoon or early evening between tea time and bedtime

(02:42:27):
Bertie Elizabeth and their daughters became beloved by the
British press and the public quite early on.
They seem to project an almost Bourgeois domestic contentment
that Ordinary People admired andwith which they could identify.
This National perception of their families character.

(02:42:47):
As loving stable, and relatable would come to be exceptionally
important later on when Bertie was called upon to ascend to the
throne. Like so many siblings who are
close in age, Elizabeth and Margaret developed very
different personalities. Elizabeth was reserved

(02:43:09):
conscientious and dutiful adults.
Who met her were impressed by her quiet, dignity, and
composure. From a young age, she was
efficient tidy carefully, arranging her shoes outside.
The nursery door, and lining up all of her toy ponies in a neat
row each night before bed. That being said, she also had a

(02:43:32):
sense of humor and fun that wereno doubt in harned by having her
sister Margaret as a nursery companion.
Whereas Elisabeth was reserved Margaret was openly
affectionate. While her sister was practical
and dutiful Margaret was romantic imaginative and often
mischievous. The were the inevitable

(02:43:55):
struggles between them as young children Margaret.
Had a tendency to bite when she was incensed with Elizabeth who
equally and sensed would hit herback, Elizabeth, expressed
annoyance. That Margaret seemed always to
want. Whatever she wanted Margaret was
also given to teasing which aggravated Elizabeth who had a

(02:44:17):
short temper when they were children.
But at the same time she was enormously protective of her.
Youngest sister conscientious about keeping talk of unpleasant
or frightening things to a minimum in front of her and
mindful to include Margaret as much as possible.
Their relationship would eventually be complicated and

(02:44:39):
strained by the family's proximity to the crown but
nonetheless, throughout their lives, the two sisters remained
close and loving confidants. Compared to the Royal Court,
where the Monarch was head of the church.
The York household was a much more secular space for most of

(02:45:01):
her life Queen, Elizabeth, the second cherished, a deep
religious faith and took her position as the head of the
church that is seriously. But during her childhood, her
parents placed far more emphasison kindness consideration, order
and good manners than on religious devotion, holidays

(02:45:23):
meant, large family, gatherings,and Elizabeth and Margaret
enjoyed summers in Scotland. And Christmases, and Easters at
Sandringham in Norfolk, they received a weekly allowance of
one shilling each and Elisabeth saved most of hers throughout
the year to buy Christmas presents for her family, small

(02:45:45):
gifts, rather than extravagant ones were preferred and the
royal family is still observes this Edition of simple
gift-giving today. Even after Elizabeth's passing
even in her later years, the queen enjoyed the white elephant
or gag gifts. Most of all a recent biography

(02:46:06):
noted, a bit of Whimsy that sat on a corner of the Queen's
bathtub. A crowned rubber duck.
A gift from one of her grandchildren during childhood
Christmases, at Sandringham Elizabeth and Margaret often
received books dolls, toy horses, and Suites Elizabeth
kept a careful list of gifts. She had received and who had

(02:46:29):
given them to her, making sure to send a thank you note to each
one. She also, careful is smooth out
and save the wrapping paper to be reused later as wrapping
paper was something of a luxury item in 1930s, Britain.
Marion Crawford or Crawford she was known Elizabeth and Margaret

(02:46:52):
at Governors seem to think that the two girls lived isolated and
lonely live. She later wrote of her concern
that the princesses did not havethe opportunity to see or
experience, nearly enough of thereal world.
She wanted to take them on many more excursions than were

(02:47:13):
permitted to ride the tube, or the London subway to play in a
public park to meet and mix withordinary children.
However, such excursions were difficult to undertake due to
the media attention, that might ensue the York.
Princesses were simply too recognizable to the London.

(02:47:34):
Public it is interesting, that coffee did not reflect on the
fact that Elizabeth and Margaretactually did spend time with
quote, unquote, ordinary people all the time.
In fact, they spent the bulk of their time with Ruby Bobo Mrs.
Knight and Crawford herself. All of whom came from working

(02:47:56):
class backgrounds in light of this.
It seems doubtful that the girlscould have failed to absorb
something of their sensibilitiesvalues and beliefs.
It had been misses night who Hadtaught Elizabeth to save her
used wrapping paper to be conscious of waste and
ostentation. It was to Bobo and crawfish that

(02:48:19):
Elizabeth would constantly turn either to share her Joys, or her
worries. Some observers and historians
disagree with Marion Crawford's perception of the princesses as
lonely and isolated, while they concede that the girls generally
did not get many opportunities to meet ordinary children.

(02:48:39):
They point out that they were permitted to play with plenty of
children from their own set. This included the children of
extended family, members and Children of the aristocracy and
while crawfish is descriptions of the princesses, portrayed
them as mostly down to earth other writers have emphasized,

(02:49:00):
the Elizabeth and Margaret were,ultimately, never in doubt of
their status. They were after all Kurt said to
buy Almost every one after theirfather became king and as many
children do, when they believe they can get away with it, they
sometimes did not hesitate to remind their Playmates of their

(02:49:21):
right to get their own way. As close near to the family was
their social dynamics could be as complex as those of any other
family Margaret's outgoing and affectionate nature, resulted in
a close relationship with her parents.
That Elizabeth might have enviedadditionally, as the elder

(02:49:45):
daughter, the expectations of Elizabeth were higher and became
increasingly. So as the family's proximity to
the throne shifted in the ensuing years, on the other
hand, Elizabeth had a stronger Affinity with other members of
the royal family as a child including her grandparents King

(02:50:05):
George the 5th and Queen Mary, then murdered at did the
sensible and pragmatic. Queen Mary felt a special
kinship to her eldest granddaughter, whose personality
and outlook on life strongly. Resembled her own members of the
family were often impatient withMargaret, Seeing her as having a

(02:50:26):
difficult character distrusting,her conspicuous high
spiritedness of frankness and her passion, reserved, neat,
practical and dignified. Elizabeth had more in common
with her grandparents, despite the difficult dynamics.
That seemed to afflict All Families, Elizabeth and Margaret

(02:50:48):
had a relatively happy childhoodand a surprisingly quiet, slow
and predictable, one consideringtheir status as Royals.
The fact that Elizabeth nor those around her ever expected
her to be. Queen of Britain is evident from
the approach to her education, with crossy, she and Margaret

(02:51:12):
study studied English literatureand history.
In subsequent years, they received regular lessons from a
French instructor. That this was largely the extent
of their four more academic training in their early years.
King George, the 5th was opposedto the idea of the princesses
attending school and his sons, David and Bertie agreed.

(02:51:35):
They believed there were two, many public relations, pitfalls
involved, for example, which schools should they choose?
And how could they avoid offending other educational
Institution? How could the princesses pursue
a normal education while being constantly singled out and
scrutinized, additionally, Bertie remembered his own

(02:51:59):
awkward and painful experiences of being bullied at school of
being pressured to succeed. And he was eager to give his
daughters an easier more Carefree childhood and to keep
them sheltered as long as possible.
Although one can readily understand his protective
impulse, but he almost certainlyunderestimated his daughters.

(02:52:24):
As young girls, they were far more confident, and
self-possessed than dirty had been at their age.
And both might have benefited greatly from being able to
attend school and receive a more, their ID and challenging
education. There was at the time.
However, a significant amount ofsocial pressure not to educate

(02:52:45):
aristocratic women to be Scholars or intellectuals.
One did not want to be labeled abluestocking, a derogatory term
for an educated woman who ought to prefer a more traditional
female role. Elizabeth Bo's lion, was
initially in favor of sending the girls to school, but

(02:53:06):
ultimately came to agree with the other senior Royals.
After all, she herself at also been educated at home by a
Governor's, Throughout each week, the princesses attended to
their lessons daily, but usuallydid not study for more than two
or three hours. Additionally, the Duke and

(02:53:28):
Duchess of York often thought little of interrupting
schoolroom activities in favor of family.
Fun time, a habit that worried the princesses governess croupy
privately believed that Elizabeth and Margaret should
have a more rigorous education that her position in service to
the royal family did not permit her to criticize Bertie and

(02:53:51):
Elizabeth's approach to educating their children.
Crawford managed to discreetly, bring the matter to the
attention of Queen Mary, who heartily agreed that her
granddaughter's should have the most varied education possible,
even if under informal circumstances, Queen Mary began
to take the girls on regular outing herself to museums

(02:54:15):
galleries. And historic sites.
In addition to their studies in the school room Elizabeth and
Margaret received piano voice and dance lesson.
The naturally karasmatic Margaret proved to be,
especially talented in the performative Arts.
She was a natural mimic with a facility for accents.

(02:54:39):
Had a lovely singing voice and ahilarious.
Knack for Comic timing. Famed writer and performer, Noel
coward once observed that had Princess Margaret been permitted
to pursue a career in the theater.
She undoubtedly would have been an enormous success.
Elizabeth could play piano decently enough but she was far

(02:55:02):
less interested in the Arts thanMargaret.
Interestingly the sisters also got the chance to learn and
practice domestic Arts. They had a child-sized cottage
playhouse on the grounds of their weekend.
Retreat at Royal Lodge a gift tothe princesses from the people
of Wales. Everything was in miniature, but

(02:55:24):
the little house was stocked with every convenience,
including hot, running water, and modern appliances, and even
a wireless set, the girls love their Cottage.
And the British public was Charmed by.
Description of the York princesses learning to cook and
keep hosts a Down to Earth and inspiring image of royalty, in

(02:55:48):
Depression, era, Britain. In January 1936, when Elizabeth
was nine years old, her seemingly idyllic and carefree
childhood came to an end when her grandfather King, George the
Fifth died. Elizabeth was deeply saddened by
his loss, but as coffee later, wrote admiringly, she seemed

(02:56:13):
determined to go through it all without making.
Any fuss on the day of George. The Fifth's funeral while
watching the Kings body being loaded onto a train at
Paddington Station Elizabeth stood silently, while dozens and
the crowd openly wept, the year.Following the King's death was a

(02:56:34):
strange one for Elizabeth and Margaret and for their parents,
there had been fewer and fewer visits from Uncle David in the
last few years. And now they stopped all
together now that he had automatically ascended to the
throne as king. Do it.
The 8th Edwards conduct both before and after he became king

(02:56:56):
was troubling to most members ofthe royal and parliamentary
establishment such matters were almost certainly never discussed
in front of Elizabeth, but she could probably sense the tension
within her own family. Most of the new Kings romantic
entanglements. In recent years tended to be
with married or divorced women, which complicated his new

(02:57:21):
status, as head of the Church ofEngland.
Divorce was largely forbidden bythe church except in very select
cases of neglect abuse or infidelity.
Even in these cases, couple's were still in courage to try to
work it out or come to Summer Arrangement because Edward was

(02:57:43):
destined to become the head of the church which frown to such
an extent on divorce, his relationships in the past.
Had been controversial, but Edwards, most recent
relationship, and the one, whichhe was still involved in when he
became king in January, in 1936 with Mrs. Wallis Simpson, an

(02:58:05):
American socialite and divorcee who was still married to her
second husband while having an affair with Edward was
scandalous by the standards of the time.
Nevertheless Edward was determined to marry her, but
most members of the British political establishment were
overwhelmingly opposed Ultimately Edward, the 8th would

(02:58:30):
choose to abdicate rather than give up his relationship with
Mrs. Simpson on the 7th of December 1936, the king summoned
Bertie to his house at Fort Belvedere and delivered the news
that he had decided to abdicate the throne, although Albert was
aware that this was a possibility for some time.

(02:58:51):
He was still devastated by the news.
I'm quite unprepared for it. He later confided to his wife,
David's been trained, all his life.
I'm only a naval officer. It's the only thing I know about
though. She was deeply, what it for her
husband, and family, Elizabeth tried to come to him.

(02:59:12):
We must take what is coming to us and make the best of it.
She said it is eminently. Clear that her eldest daughter
inherited her legendary stiff, upper lip from her family, less
than a After the abdication, when Bertie returned home from
the accession council, Elizabeth, and Margaret curtsied

(02:59:35):
to their father for the first time, their darling.
Papa was now, the king Margaret asked her older sister does this
mean that you will be the queen one day, Elizabeth replied
Gravely and quietly? Yes, I suppose it does poor.
You Margaret said in commiseration, Elizabeth was now

(02:59:58):
her father's Heir, presumptive, the family had to leave their
home at 145 Picadilly, though. Admittedly, they were moving
into the plusher surroundings ofBuckingham Palace, the main
royal palace in London. Bertie is transitioned to being
King George the sixth. The regnal name he adopted to

(03:00:21):
establish continuity from his father.
George the Fifth's Reign was stressful for the whole family
Bertie, and Elizabeth. Now had far greater
responsibilities and worries andit became much more difficult
for the family to find time to be together.
Part of the problem was simply the sheer size of Buckingham

(03:00:43):
Palace. People here, need bicycles, ten
year old lilibet observed. When they first moved in of
those who had to travel between different parts of the palace
growns indeed, it was a substantially long walk from one
end of the palace to the other and the new king.
And queen were there dramatically increased duties,

(03:01:05):
had far less time to spend with their daughter's in the nursery.
They tried to compensate by spending as many full week ends
and holidays. Possible that Royal Lodge where
they could play games picnic andride horses together as a
family. But now that he was King
bertie's work, never really stopped even on the weekends.

(03:01:29):
He only had a few hours to spendwith his family before.
He inevitably had to get back tohis daily red box of State
papers, the immensity of Buckingham Palace made adjusting
to their new home difficult in other ways as well.
The kitchens were about a half hours walk from the rooms where

(03:01:49):
the Royal Family actually dined.So the food was constantly
served cold, many rooms were chilly and damp some with
cracked walls. Some pieces of furniture would
100 years old or more. And the palace had an
aggravatingly persistent. Rodent investigation.
Crawford was distinctly underwhelmed, not only by the

(03:02:13):
condition of the palace but alsoits lack of warmth life in a
palace resembles camping and a museum.
She later wrote, there was also now a good deal less privacy for
the family who was shadowed constantly by detective's and
bodyguards such as the lot of being a member of the royal

(03:02:36):
family, no matter how attractivea prospect, it might look from
the outside. On the 12th of May 1937,
Elizabeth attended, her parents coronation at Westminster Abbey
and received her first intimation of what lay in store
for her as Queen one day. She sat with her sister

(03:02:58):
Margaret, and her grandmother Queen Mary and watched the
proceedings at first, with Fascination mindful of her
position, as his Heir, presumptive Bertie.
Tasked his eldest daughter with writing, a detailed account of
the coronation. Which today rests in the Royal
archives, Elizabeth was impressed by the beauty majesty

(03:03:23):
and seeming magic of the service.
And she observed that the Abbey itself seemed suspended in a
haze of Wonder as the coronationritual stretched on.
And on, however, she became impatient, the service Scott
rather boring, as it was all prayers.
She later wrote anxious to know,when it would be over, she

(03:03:47):
quietly flipped through her progress, she then discreetly
nudged, Queen, Mary unto the word Finnish.
Meaning the end in Latin on the last page of her program and she
and her grandmother smiled conspirator at one another The

(03:04:07):
following year, Elizabeth began to attend private classes at
Eton college with the vice Provost Sir Henry Martin in
order to prepare her for her future role as Queen.
She studied constitutional law and the history of the monarchy
Martin emphasized strongly. That the secret of a successful

(03:04:27):
monarchy is adaptability. He pointed to the ongoing
collapse of ancient Royal housesand asserted that the British
Monarchy had largely forced a similar Fate by drawing back.
The curtain of mystery allowing themselves to become more
accessible to the public and by being receptive, to public

(03:04:50):
opinion this contrast at with France, where an aloof and
largely uncared Royal establishment to the 18th
century had been brought to a shuddering and ultimately bloody
end with the French Revolution by way of contrast Elizabeth's.
Father, King George. The Fifth cognizant of the

(03:05:10):
anti-german sentiment among the people.
During the first World, War years changed, the Royal
Family's Name by proclamation in1917 from Saks Coburg gotha to
Windsor. While this did nothing to erase
the king's Heritage or make people forget the fact that
Kaiser Wilhelm was in fact his first cousin.

(03:05:33):
It was a powerful statement of King George, the Fifth's
identity, as a British king, a leader and defender of his
people. Another key aspect of Sir, Henry
Martin's instruction, was his emphasis on the importance of
broadcasting, which since the reign of George, the 5th has
remained. One of the primary means the

(03:05:55):
royal family uses to connect with the public from Radio in
George's time to television, speeches interviews at in depth,
documentary films in more recentdeck, When their father
ascended, the throne, Elizabeth and Margaret, were still very
young. And because of their dramatic

(03:06:16):
status change, they were now destined to live their lives, in
an even more rarefied atmospherethan the one into, which they
had been born. There was concerned within the
family that inconsequence the girls might become even more
isolated. But his younger sister Princess
Mary who was honorary president of the Girl Guides suggested,

(03:06:40):
they might like to join a guide truth.
The word of course, major issueswith this proposal similar to
the ones that had prevented the princesses from attending
school. How could their Securities be
insured without restricting? Their experience, would they be
accepted in a Cooperative egalitarian group?

(03:07:01):
Like, the Girl Guides in light of who they were?
Would any accommodations to the princesses be viewed?
Food as preferential treatment. Finally, it was decided that a
special troupe would be formed, consisting of relatives.
And the daughters of the aristocracy Margaret, who was
not yet old enough, for the GirlGuides was admitted to the true

(03:07:23):
as a brownie 20. Girls roughly Elizabeth's age
met regularly at Buckingham Palace.
Beginning in 1937, they went on treks and Explorations within
the palace's. Extensive grounds earned merit
badges and cooked sausages over an open fire in later years,

(03:07:43):
Elizabeth would speak warmly andnostalgically of her experience
as a girl guide and she continued support the
organization and its values throughout her long range.
During the summer of 1939, the king and queen accompanied by
their daughters. Paid a visit to the Royal Naval

(03:08:04):
College. It was there that Elizabeth met,
Prince, Philip of Greece and Denmark, for the first time,
Philip was her distant cousin and also a descendant of Queen
Victoria. He had been named best Cadet
during his first year at Dartmouth.
He was outgoing funny and already rather sophisticated at

(03:08:26):
18 years old. He received the king and queen
warmly and played with Elizabethand Margaret during their visit,
Elizabeth admired, his confidence and handsomeness, a
great deal, but she was just 13 and still had her braces on.
It would be quite a few years before.
Philip would come to see her as a young woman rather than a

(03:08:48):
child. Philip's, uncle and closest male
Mentor, Louis mountbatten 30's cousin was a specially.
Eager to encourage ongoing into actions between his nephew and
the future Queen seemingly anxious to have some influence
over the next generation of Royals.

(03:09:09):
Throughout 1938 and 1939 London began to transform in
anticipation of a potential war with Germany.
As the Nazis became ever more aggressive in their pursuit of
land in Central Europe, annexingAustria first.
Then the Sudan land and finally Checkers Slovakia anti-aircraft

(03:09:32):
batteries were installed, bomb shelters were constructed and
gas masks were issued to tense and dismayed citizens when war
was finally declared in September 1939.
Elizabeth and Margaret began to listen as closely to the
wireless as the rest of the British public hoping for good

(03:09:55):
news, crawfish, read the newspapers daily.
But she made efforts to edit out.
Whatever she believed to be too shocking.
Elizabeth in turn, tried to Shield Margaret from news and
information. About the war that she thought
would upset her Elisabeth was encouraged to try to continue as

(03:10:15):
normal but she was as eager to contribute to the war effort at
and do her bit in the unfolding crisis as were many young people
of her generation. She and Margaret at organized
weekly sowing parties in their school room during the fall of
1939 and the spring of 1940 to produce Goods.

(03:10:37):
For the war effort, the king andqueen insisted that they and
their daughters should follow the rationing requirements.
Although they still enjoyed the Privileges of having game from
their own estate and fresh produce from the garden.
During the Autumn of 1940. The princesses were secretly

(03:10:59):
sent to live at Windsor Castle for the duration of the war,
since it was the most well-defended Royal residence.
This was in keeping with government policy, which saw
London emptied of the vast majority of its children and
elderly people. During the Blitz, the bombing
campaign, by the Germans betweenthe Autumn of 1940.

(03:11:20):
And the early summer of 1941, Bertie and Elizabeth made an
effort to spend as many weekendsas possible at Windsor that
because they remained at Buckingham Palace for most of
the week. It was a, what is some and
confining a justement for two young girls, there were blackout
curtains at every window, light swept as low as possible, and a

(03:11:45):
small group of carefully, chosensoldiers, stood guard.
Ready to take the princesses to an undisclosed.
Safe house, should an attack. Occur the British media as
anxious as the government to protect the princesses made no
effort to uncover or expose their whereabouts newspapers.

(03:12:06):
Reported only that they were safe and staying at an
undisclosed location somewhere in the country.
For five years, Elizabeth and Margaret tried to carry on as
normal attending to their lessons daily.
But there were no all kinds of new and frightening realities to

(03:12:27):
confront including preparation for Air Raids.
They tried to distract themselves by exploring the
castle and playing hide and seekthe staff.
Tried to keep them as occupied as possible and treated and
kindly they invited the princesses to tea parties with
cakes and biscuits, baked by themothers and Sisters of the

(03:12:48):
guards. And the King's librarian took
them down to the underground. Vaults of Windsor Castle to see
the crown jewels knowing the Nazis reputation for plundered
in cities like Vienna and Paris that they had conquered.
These historic Treasures had been hidden from potential.
Invaders along within humeral, other important artifacts and

(03:13:11):
pieces of art from British museums and galleries.
The British newspapers praised the fortitude of the princesses
in their isolated life noting that they obeyed.
Rationing kept their gas masks clean and near at hand and
planted a victory garden in which they grew fresh vegetables
for themselves. The blitz began across Southern

(03:13:36):
England during the summer of 1940, like the rest of the
people of London, who found it near impossible to sleep during
the bombings Elizabeth and Margaret tried to stay calm
during Air Raids. They would hurry down and to The
Dungeons of Windsor Castle and try to distract themselves by
reading singing or telling stories, by the end of the war.

(03:14:00):
The Germans had dropped. No less than 300 bombs around
the Great Park of Windsor Castle.
Just a small fraction of the tens of thousands of bombs which
rained down across England, during the conflict, on the 13th
of October 1940. 40 year old Elizabeth gave her first public

(03:14:22):
speech on the wireless during children's are on the BBC in
which she offered comfort and encouragement to all of the
children displaced by the war. The future Queen stated.
We know every one of us that in the end, all will be well for
God will care for us and give usVictory and peace.

(03:14:46):
And when peace comes remember, it will be for us, the children
of today to make the World of Tomorrow, a better and happier
place. My sister is by my side and we
are both going to say goodnight to you.
Come on Margaret, then came Margaret's higher and

(03:15:07):
unmistakable younger tone. Goodnight children.
The broadcast was an international sensation
particularly in North America, where many British evacuees
were, Sheltering hundreds of schools and churches throughout
the United States and Canada installed.
While as technology just to hearthe princesses speak and the BBC

(03:15:32):
received numerous requests to repeat the broadcast.
London may have been devastated by the blitz that Hitler had
utterly failed to weaken Britishmorale and he then foolishly
began to turn his attention to Russia.
Believing that Britain would soon decide to negotiate peace

(03:15:53):
terms with the nuts. He was wrong.
It was during the last few yearsof World War Two that Elizabeth
came of age and began to assert her independence.
This assertion was more subtle in Elizabeth than in other young
women. She was overall dutiful and

(03:16:14):
eager to please her parents, butshe nonetheless had her own
convictions and a will of her own Bertie and Elizabeth were
not keen to see their daughter grow up too quickly above all.
They wanted to force stall. The moment when their family us
for would be separated from a public relations standpoint,

(03:16:37):
both the Royal establishment andthe media continued to treat and
portray Elizabeth as a child, even at age 16 or 718, Elizabeth
might still be dressed in an outfit that matched Margaret's
who was over four years young girl.
Elizabeth also continued to livein the nursery wing and complete

(03:17:00):
her lessons daily with crawfish.It was not until her 18th
birthday, the she was finally. Given her own Suite of rooms
outside of the nursery in anticipation of her future role
as Queen, she was also made a counselor of State.
Her parents began to give her more Royal duties, including

(03:17:22):
giving speeches at public functions and serving in
charitable organizations. However, for Elizabeth, this was
not enough having come of age inthe midst of a calamitous war,
she was like many members of hergeneration, highly practical,
she and Margaret had covertly and longingly watched debutant

(03:17:47):
balls as children. But much as she had looked
forward to a more traditional entry to adult hood.
The current crisis was so much more important like others who
grew up during the war. She was a strong believer In
fairness and Collective responsibility, and she yearned

(03:18:08):
to play a greater part in the war effort.
I ought to do as other girls of my age.
Dude. She said, many of her young
attic cousins, were already doing their bit for the country
fighting in the field, caring for the sick, and wounded in
hospitals, and working in transportation, or logistics for

(03:18:29):
the War effort. Elizabeth wanted to play her
part also. So when she turned 16 in April
1942 she promptly signed on at the labor exchange but was not
offered work. It is unclear.
Why her status May well have been seen as a potentially
problematic distraction, but theKings influence may also have

(03:18:54):
played a part finally a month before her 19th birthday,
Elizabeth was permitted to join the auxiliary territorial
service, the women's branch of the British army Elizabeth
service in the 80s was viewed bymany as highly effective
propaganda and a morale booster for the British but the

(03:19:15):
princesses experience of servicewas very different.
It was the only time I had been able to test myself against
people of the same age. She said later, In March of
1945, Elizabeth began training as a driver and a mechanic.
She worked hard and eventually became a depth at the job able

(03:19:39):
to disassemble and reassemble anengine quickly and successfully
and yet like her Girl Guide. Troupe a certain amount of
authentic experience remained out of her.
Reach quote unquote, normal interactions were made
extraordinarily difficult, simply because of who she was

(03:20:00):
moreover Bertie only, finally allowed his daughter to enlist
when he knew that the war would be over in mere weeks.
With Victory assured. When the German campaign of the
East against the Soviet Union had failed and new fronts were
opened in southern and western Europe.
Elizabeth was not the sort to confront or fight, but she had a

(03:20:24):
quiet determination to assert her independence and To be her
own person. This is most part in her choice
to marry Prince Philip, which was probably the first decision
she ever made without consultingher parents.
While Elizabeth remained at Windsor Castle, throughout the

(03:20:45):
war, Philips Naval service, tookhim to the Mediterranean and the
Pacific. He continued to write to
Elizabeth and visited the royal families, several times,
throughout the duration of the war, when he was on leave,
Elizabeth seemed to fall more and more in love with him.
Each time he visited, while Philip was flattered by the

(03:21:08):
young princesses attention. He still mostly saw her as a
child yet. He was that a fond of her, as he
was fond of her whole family Bertie, Elizabeth, and their
daughters had a close nurses. That was very attractive to
Philip, who had spent much of his childhood lonely, and

(03:21:29):
separated from his own family. He was invited to spend
Christmas with the Windsors and 1943 and Elizabeth bustled
excitedly. Around the nursery, you know,
whose coming This Christmas, don't you crawfish.
She asked happily. After another stay at the palace
during the summer of 1944, Philip appeared to change his

(03:21:52):
mind about Elizabeth, the two were very different people, but
that was perhaps part of the attraction, he was sophisticated
opinionated and often painfully irreverent.
Whereas she was innocent and demure, but she was also
unfailingly faithful, dependableand honest.

(03:22:14):
As few people in his life had been and Elizabeth may have
found Philip's tendency to Ward's Plains.
Speaking refreshing. He certainly said and did things
that Elizabeth could not that perhaps sometimes.
Wish to following Philip's, visit his uncle.
Lord mountbatten known affectionately to the royal

(03:22:35):
family as Dicky promptly. Broached the subject of Philip's
marriage to Elizabeth with the king and queen Bertie and
Elizabeth initially had numerousReservations about Philip,
particularly regarding his temperament.
His reputed way with women, his rebelliousness, and his family's
partial German Heritage, additionally.

(03:22:58):
They believe that Elizabeth had 18 was still too young to be
betrothed. Lord, mountbatten subsequently
approached other courtiers and politicians to advocate for his
nephews suit. Elizabeth did not display any
outward resentment that her parents were lukewarm about her
relationship with Philip but neither did she hide her

(03:23:21):
feelings from her family or household?
Profi later wrote that the princess kept a picture of
Prince, Philip, displayed in hersitting room, when crawfish
inquired, whether it was wise todo.
So as anyone who saw it, might begin to gossip and speculate
Elizabeth realized her governesswas right and put the picture

(03:23:42):
away replacing it instead. With a photograph of the prince
with a thick and unruly beard there.
She said, satisfied, I defy anyone to recognize who that is
Victory in Europe day on the 8thof May 1945 saw greater crowds

(03:24:03):
in the Streets of London than anyone had ever seen before,
multitude, stood, outside, Buckingham Palace cheering and
calling for the royal family to emerge onto the balcony.
We want the king, they chanted Elizabeth stood with her parents
Margaret and prime minister. Winston Churchill proudly

(03:24:24):
wearing her 80s uniform and waving to the cheering crows.
That evening in a burst of High Spirits, the royal family went
out onto the Streets of London to join the dancing and
celebrating that seemed to be going on everywhere, Elizabeth
and Margaret repeated their outing together the next night

(03:24:44):
as well. We walked, for simply miles,
Elizabeth wrote in her daddy, through Trafalgar Square
Piccadilly how the two sisters who had grown up so sheltered?
Joined their fellows before the gates of Buckingham Palace after
midnight to cheer for their parents, the king and queen who

(03:25:05):
waved from the balcony. The evidence everywhere in
London of the ravages of war wasas heartbreaking to Elizabeth
and Margaret as to the rest of the city.
And yet they walked cheered sangand danced with other young
londoners who like the princesses had shared their

(03:25:25):
childhood. In a time of War such was the
sense of unification among the second world war generation.
When what seemed then like the greatest struggle in his history
came to an end. By 1946 with the war over and
England returning to some form of normality.

(03:25:47):
Elizabeth had established a moreadult routine.
Each morning. She was awakened by Bobo.
Now the princess's dresser rather than her nanny, who
helped her get ready for the day, she attended to her
correspondence and her obligations to her various
Charities and attended Royal Council meetings.

(03:26:08):
She now had her own independent household in Buckingham Palace,
including her own receiving rooms for Palace business two,
ladies in waiting, a footman anda housemaid.
She was also finally permitted to choose her own clothes and
decided what Fashions, she preferred the depression and the

(03:26:29):
war had had their impact on fashion.
Rationing meant that each personwas limited to one outfit per
year and the struggles of the times made Ostentatious dress
seem vulgar and disrespectful Elizabeth Boze Lyon had taken
care to dress her, daughters respectively, but simply, and

(03:26:51):
the public admired that she often made over some of her own
garments to clothe, the girls. Therefore, when lilybet came of
age, she unsurprisingly showed little interest in high fashion
and seemed to prefer an elegant that modest and traditional
look, besides she was a country woman at heart and was much more

(03:27:14):
comfortable in clothes that werefunctional.
It is therefore ironic that as Queen.
She would ultimately prove to bean International Fashion Icon.
The unique outfits created by her personal staff were designed
to be as distinctive and memorable as possible throughout
her tenure as Queen. She grew to appreciate the art

(03:27:38):
and Artistry of fash. And loved the bright colors and
occasionally avagard Ensemble that were chosen for her these
amazing outfits. Certainly made it difficult to
lose the queen in a crowd. During a visit to Balmoral
during the summer of 1946, Philip proposed to Elizabeth and

(03:28:01):
she accepted her father, the king.
However, insisted they wait, until after Elizabeth's 21st
birthday the following spring toannounce the engagement.
Some historians speculate that this may have been a strategy to
try and keep them apart. Long enough for one or both of
them to lose interest. The hats 30 was simply reluctant

(03:28:25):
to let his beloved Lily bit go just yet.
King George, the sixth and QueenElizabeth took their daughters
with them on a state, visit to South Africa and the spring of
1947 during this Elisabeth was warmly and enthusiastically
received by the crowds who came out to greet, the royal family.

(03:28:45):
The 21st of April 1947 was Elizabeth's 21st birthday.
It was declared a national holiday and a great ball was
held in her honor at Cape Town early that afternoon.
She gave an historic speech which was broadcast all over the
Empire. Composed by Sir Alan LaSalle

(03:29:07):
when Elizabeth first read it tears, reportedly filled her
eyes. I declare before you all that my
whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to
your service and the service of our great Imperial family to
which we all belong that I shallnot have the strength to Carry

(03:29:29):
out this resolution alone unlessyou join in it with me.
As I know invite you to do, I know that your support will be
unfailingly. Give them.
God help me to make good My Vow.And God bless all of you who are
willing to share in it. The royal family returned to

(03:29:52):
London early in the summer of 1947, Elizabeth and Philip's.
Several months of Separation hadseemingly had no impact on their
determination to marry in the weeks following her return.
She was often seen out and aboutwith Philip in the passenger
seat of his black mg sports car on the 8th of July.

(03:30:12):
They are announced their engagement the prospect of
having a full blown and public, Royal Wedding was something of a
public relations gamble, during the immediate post-war period.
On the one hand, it might bolster British morale at a time
when rationing was still in force.
And the economy was still recovering from the long war

(03:30:34):
effort. But conversely, the expense of a
royal wedding could be perceivedas totally out of touch with the
difficult economic situation, confronting the country in the
end, the British public seemed excited at the prospect of a
royal wedding. Numerous ordinary citizens and
well-wishers donated, their clothing ration coupons to help

(03:30:57):
produce the bride's wedding dress, which was designed by
Norman Hartnell in either a satin with a 15-foot train with
the white roses of York painstakingly stitched in
pearls, prior to their wedding, Philip renounced, his German
surname and his Greek. And danish titles becoming

(03:31:18):
simply Lieutenant Philip, mountbatten, King, George the
sixth then, admitted Philip intothe order of the Garter,
reserved for the closest and most trusted companions to The
Sovereign and conferred on him, the title of his Royal, Highness
Duke of Edinburgh on the 20th ofNovember 1947, Elizabeth and

(03:31:41):
Philip were finally married withgreat celebration at Westminster
Abbey from all over the world. The couple received over 10,000
congratulated telegrams and nearly 3,000 wedding gifts. 2000
people, attended a public reception just to see the
couple's wedding gifts. Displayed The next few years

(03:32:05):
were happy and contented ones for Elizabeth and Philip the
king. Gifted them with the Royal
residence of Clarence House. Next to St, James's Palace and
the newlyweds spent time renovating and improving it for
themselves and their growing family on the 14th of November
1948, just six days before theirfirst wedding anniversary.

(03:32:29):
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince.
Charles the following year on the 15th of August, she and
Philip were blessed. Again, this time with a daughter
Princess Anne, beginning in 1948, Philip was stationed in
Malta and despite the birth of two children and her royal

(03:32:52):
duties and responsibilities, Elizabeth tender to give
priority to being at her husband's side during the early
years of her marriage. Even if her children remained in
Charles took his first steps without either of his parents
there to witness the Milestone just as Elizabeth had spoken her

(03:33:13):
first word with only Mrs. KnightBobo and Ruby to tell the tale
Elizabeth made efforts to spend at least an hour with her
children every morning and at least another hour between bath
time and bedtime when they did, not accompany their parents
abroad Charles and Anne were left in the care of their

(03:33:33):
nannies at Clarence House or stayed with their grandparents
the king and queen when they went to Sandringham.
While some have criticized QueenElizabeth for this approach to
Motherhood, it is worth noting that her own mother and father
had parented Elizabeth and Margaret in much the same way
and still considered themselves a close family.

(03:33:57):
In 1950, Marion Crawford, published the little princesses
to the shock. And dismay of the entire Royal
Family crawfish had remained oneof Lily's closest confidants.
Even after her retirement as governors in 1947 Miss Crawford,
had approached Queen Elizabeth for permission to publish the

(03:34:20):
Memoir and the queen had refusedhorrified by the notion.
The publication went ahead regardless and became an
immediate best-seller. Netting over 75,000 pounds, the
Windsors, felled utterly betrayed, they served all ties
with Miss Crawford and never communicated with her again from

(03:34:43):
then. On the royal family would refer
to anyone who wrote a royal Memoir, as doing a crawfish by
the standards of the modern. Tell all Memoir the little
princesses is an overwhelmingly idealized.
Sentimental and flattering portrait of two children Marion
Crawford, obviously loved dearlyfollowing her long years working

(03:35:06):
with them but in 1950 it seemed to be a gross and vulgar
violation of the royal families privacy and a betrayal of the
trust. They had placed in their
children's beloved governess. Since then the royal family has
had many more people who have worked closely with them.
Do a crawfish and sharing human and relatable details.

(03:35:30):
About the royal family has become increasingly less
objectionable over time. The royal family themselves have
done. So several times, since the
1970s Queen Elizabeth permitted,the creation of two family,
documentaries, allowing camera Crews and production staff in to
Royal residences, several biographies of Queen, Elizabeth,

(03:35:54):
and Prince Philip were publishedduring their lifetime.
particularly, so from the 1990s onwards, By 1951 it became
clear, that Elizabeth and Phillips rather Carefree days as
a married. Couple would be coming to an end
sooner than expected. The health of King George.

(03:36:14):
The sixth was precarious. He had contracted lung cancer
after years of chronic smoking, forcing his doctors to remove
one of his lungs and he sufferedfrom various Associated,
ailments, Elizabeth, and Philip had to take on far more Royal
duties during the Kings illness.And finally Philip was forced to

(03:36:38):
give up his Naval career in October they departed for a
royal tour of the United States and Canada on the king's behalf.
And in January of 1952, they undertook another major tour,
the first stop on, which was Kenya, 30 saw his daughter and
son-in-law off at the airport, it was the last time he would

(03:37:02):
see Elizabeth King, George. The sixth known to his family as
Bertie died quietly in his sleep, a week later.
It was Dawn in the Airy Kenya and Elizabeth was up early
watching the sunrise at a Lookout Point at the famed
Treetops Hotel. Speaking years later to a

(03:37:25):
biographer, former Royal Equity,Mike, Parker described a moment
of peace and wonder that morningwhen a magnificent Eagle
appeared and hovered above them.I never thought about it until
later. He said that that was roughly
the time when the king died, Elizabeth's private secretary
Martin Church heard the news about the King's death at a

(03:37:49):
local hotel, he quickly telemed Mike Parker at sagana lodge,
where Elizabeth and Philip was staying and asked him to inform
the new queen of what had happened.
Parker, who couldn't bear to tell her asked Philip to speak
to her. Instead Philip took his wife
into the garden to give her the Terrible.

(03:38:12):
News. Elizabeth appeared to Pace up
and down the garden agitatedly. But when she came back inside,
she was calm. She apologized to her staff for
the lack of notice. But said they would have to
leave as soon as possible. By the time Charter arrived her
face was flushed but she was otherwise composed writing

(03:38:35):
letters of apology for the abrupt end to the tour and the
necessity of canceling multiple engagements before they
departed. Charter asked her what Regional
name? She would choose sovereigns
often choose a name that shows continuity with the past or
reverence, for a certain line ofrulers Elizabeth preferred to

(03:38:58):
keep things simpler. When asked what her regnal name
would be. She replied my own name of
Elizabeth, of course, what else it was a fitting beginning to
the straightforward. Known nonsense, brain of Queen.
Elizabeth the second. When Elizabeth returned to

(03:39:18):
London in February, in 1952 her grandmother Queen Mary promptly
paid her a visit at Clarence House, insisting that she her
old granny, and subject must be the first to kiss her hand.
Elizabeth was shocked and deeplyaffected by the reverence and it
brought home the reality of her new position to her even more

(03:39:42):
forcefully. The next morning she addressed
the accession James's Palace a speech.
Her desire to serve dutifully when her father had been crowned
King. He had been hailed as both King
and Emperor but in the light of the ongoing collapse of
Britain's Colonial Empire, his daughter was styled.

(03:40:05):
Queen of the United Kingdom, thehead of the Commonwealth and
queen of her other Realms and territories.
This distinction is not necessarily A Mediately
apparent. But it was an important one
signifying that the British monarch was no longer, the ruler
of an Empire, but an honorary queen of individual Dominion's,

(03:40:28):
which would each have the right to decide their own degree of
affiliation and commitment to the Commonwealth.
A little over a year later on the second of June 1952
Elizabeth's coronation was held in Westminster Abbey in a
notable break with precedent. It was the first time that a

(03:40:51):
coronation for a British sovereign had ever been
broadcast live. Officials had reacted with
horror in previous decades to the notion of allowing full
public consumption of such momentous events in Westminster
Abbey, a live broadcast had beensuggested for the coronation of
King George, the sixth and QueenElizabeth in 1937, but the

(03:41:14):
Archbishop of Canterbury had hotly rejected.
The proposition claiming that Ordinary People could not be
trusted to show the proper revenant's.
The Archbishop was particularly Disturbed at the idea that
people might be able to listen to the sacred service while
drinking in their local pub and with their hats on the Duke of

(03:41:36):
Edinburgh, who Shared the planning committee was strongly
in favor of televising. The coronation making the
Monarch more accessible to the people in a modern way the
committee. Finally agreed.
But insisted that the camera panel away from the ceremony
during the anointing and communion Elizabeth wore, an

(03:41:56):
Exquisite either a satin gown which according to her
instructions was minutely embroidered with the floral
emblems of every country in the Commonwealth.
After taking the coronation oath, she was anointed invested
with regalia and crowned, to Cheers of God.
Save the Queen, the crowds outside.

(03:42:18):
The Abbey erupted in celebrationand millions of people across
Britain, who were watching the event on television, Sheard
along with them, thousands of households and businesses had
purchased or rented television sets, just to see the coronation
From the point that she ascended, the throne in 1952,

(03:42:40):
the central challenge of Queen Elizabeth's, life was to keep
personal and family. Life firmly compartmentalized
from her life and Duty as the Monarch unfortunately.
This proved to be an immensely difficult goal to achieve and
was no doubt the cause of great pain and regret to her over the

(03:43:01):
years because her Duty as Queen had to always come first because
of her unique position, she could rarely Express her
opinions, for fear of potentially sparking, a
constitutional crisis. She had to be endlessly
diplomatic during the decade's following her accession.

(03:43:21):
The monarchy face successive challenges including public
interrogations of its cost to taxpayers and question's about
its real utility in the modern world.
In addition, public fascination with scandals with Within the
personal lives of the royal family threatened to undermine
their legitimacy. The late Queen was often praised

(03:43:45):
for the manner, in which she approached these crises with her
first priority being her position as head of state of the
church and the Commonwealth. Others criticized her approach,
to her family's personal struggles, and asserted that she
could have been a better mother to her children or a better
sister to Margaret even if that meant potentially compromising

(03:44:08):
her Duty as Queen. After her sister's coronation.
Princess Margaret was waiting for her carriage in front of the
Abbey. When a photographer noticed her,
picking a piece of lint off, a man's jacket that of her
father's Equity, Group Captain Peter Townsend.
Before long speculation about their relationship developed

(03:44:30):
into a media frenzy. Elizabeth was reportedly
sympathetic to her sister's situation and wished for her to
be happy. She had never liked taking
sides, so she did not initially in Courage or discourage
Margaret in her relationship with tanzan.
Unfortunately Townsend was divorced and his wife was still

(03:44:54):
living and therefore, the Anglican Church would not
consent to marry them. Margaret over was third in line
to the throne and the shadow of the abdication still loomed
large in the early postwar period, the royal family and
Those who worked most closely with them, asked the couple to

(03:45:15):
delay, a formal engagement, perhaps hoping that their
feelings for one another would Wane sadly.
They did not. And rather than forfeit her
title her income or be forced tolive abroad Margaret and Peter
mutually called off their engagement.
Several years later, Princess Margaret married the

(03:45:37):
photographer, Anthony Armstrong Jones with whom.
She had two children, Sarah, andDavid the couple divorced in
1976, Of things were chili not only between the queen and her
sister and the early years of her Reign, but seemingly between
herself and her husband. Also, Philip had not adjusted

(03:46:00):
well to being the husband of theQueen of England having to give
up his Naval career. Had been a bitter disappointment
and he found the endless round of Royal duties of ribbon
cutting handshaking, and speech-making extraordinary
tiresome. He was accustomed to a much more
active life and it was difficultfor him to adjust to being a

(03:46:24):
supporting act. For the Queen.
By 1957 American newspapers began to gossip about Philip and
the supposedly questionable company kept at the Thursday
Club. A men's lunch Club featuring a
who's who a politics finance andthe Arts in SoHo.
Rumors of Indiscreet Behavior byPhilip and those accompanying

(03:46:48):
him on the 1957, Royal tour began to spread.
Also, the palace denied, the rumors eventually, Philip did
manage to carve out a niche for himself and settle into his
Royal duties an endlessly. Curious and adventurous man.
He remained particularly interested in being a patron for

(03:47:09):
science. Technology, Sports and
education. Initiatives in 1957, Elizabeth
made him a prince of the United Kingdom through letters.
Patent to thank him for his service to the crown and the
Commonwealth. He was not given the title of
King consort or Prince consort due to overwhelming political

(03:47:31):
opposition, Elizabeth's positionas a female Monarch was by no
means unprecedented but it was still a delicate one.
Specially enlightened of her wedding, vows to love.
Honor and obey her husband whichwas still the conventional
wording. In the middle of the 20th
century, Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip eventually

(03:47:54):
developed into a cohesive and effective team and she described
him on multiple occasions duringtheir lifetime as her strength
and stay the decades. They face together, certainly
did call for both strength and stability.
The royal couple welcomed two more children in the next few

(03:48:17):
years. Prince Andrew was born on the
19th of February 1960 and PrinceEdward.
Four years later, on the 10th ofMarch 1964, Prince Philip was
firm in his insistence that their children be permitted to
go to senior school. With ordinary young, people
Charles Andrew, and Edward attended, their father's alma

(03:48:39):
mater Gordon in Scotland and Anne attended.
Bennington School in Kent. They grew up know where neared
as sheltered as their mother had.
And as a result grew into more worldly, young adults than
Elizabeth had been. When she first entered, her
adult years, the has been a great deal of disagreement among

(03:49:01):
observers and biographers about the Queen's performance.
As a mother, Charles collaborated in a biographical
publication during the early 1990s, which sometimes painted
Abeth as cold and distant and atother times affectionate but not
enough inclined to interfere when she should the impression

(03:49:23):
was given that, as a result, herchildren were all rather lost.
Some biographers disagree with this perspective pointing out
that Elizabeth despite the rigors of her position spent as
much, if not more time with her children, the most of the
aristocratic women of her acquaintance.

(03:49:43):
Speaking to a royal biographer. In the early 2000s, all the
Prince Philip would say for the record was we did our best The
1960s saw the beginning of an unprecedented in criticism and
satire directed at the monarchy only a few years early, making

(03:50:03):
fun of members of parliament or the royal family in public would
have been viewed as shamefully disrespectful.
But by the Sixers British comedians regularly began to
poke fun at their political Elites.
Especially comedians with Republican or Progressive,
leanings and British newspapers,were far less, reticent, about

(03:50:25):
publishing items. Injurious to their authority
figures in 1969. Prince Philip gave an interview
on American television. Lamenting, the financial
situation of the royal family. His references to the
exorbitantly expensive, upkeep of palaces, and Yachts fell flat
and were perceived as totally out of touch in a Britain which

(03:50:48):
still had not achieved a full economic recovery from the
second world war. Commentators began to look much
more closely at the Royal Family's income from the Civil
list payments and the cost to the taxpayer.
The there was increased scrutinyof the fact that the queen paid
no estate or income tax and was not required to disclose any

(03:51:11):
details about her private fortune or finances at the time,
the queen Personal Fortune was probably not more than 12
million pounds, her personal Fortune.
However, grew much greater she inherited approximately 70
million pounds from the queen mother's estate in 2002.

(03:51:33):
But what her total net worth was, is difficult to calculate
because many Royal resources such as residences.
Artifacts, and regalia actually belong to the nation in the
early 1990s. Queen, Elizabeth, and Prince,
Philip announced that they wouldbegin paying taxes on their
personal income. In the 1970s, the royal family

(03:51:57):
began to work with younger and more modern, press officials and
new Innovations were introduced to increase public accessibility
to the monarchy. The Royal Walker boat was first
introduced in the course of a royal visit to Australia during
which the queen undertook a street visit that was not on the

(03:52:18):
official itinerary to meet people.
Shake hands with them and chat. A little, the public responded,
warmly, and positively to the practice and it became a
permanent and regular event during Royal visits all over the
world. In 1977 Queen, Elizabeth marked,

(03:52:39):
25 years on the throne with her Silver.
Jubilee celebrations, the city of London hosted more than 6,000
Street parties. The Queen's popularity had
remained consistently High, despite greater expectations of
accountability. From the public, the queen made
a very successful visit to Northern Ireland, which was

(03:53:02):
encouraging, considering the region had been embroiled and
sectarian conflict since the late 1960s, but the Northern
Ireland troubles, struck much closer to home during the next
few years and was the first in afairly rapid succession of
dangerous incidents that put thesafety of the royal family and

(03:53:22):
those who serve them at risk in 1979.
Lord mountbatten and his grandson were killed in a
bombing in Ireland for which theIR a, the Irish Republican Army
claimed responsibility. Similarly, deadly attacks were
carried out on several of the Queen's household, Cavalry and

(03:53:43):
Military musicians at Hyde Park,in London, in 1982 at the,
annual trooping of the colour, ceremonies celebrating the
Queen's birthday in 1981. 17 year old Marcus Sergeant fired.
Six shots at the queen which thankfully turned out to be
blanks. Mounted side, saddle on her

(03:54:05):
horse Burmese. Elizabeth was startled but she
recovered quickly enough to effectively soothe her horse and
the public admired, her Grace Under Pressure, only months
later on a visit to Dunedin New Zealand, 70 year old
Christopher, Lewis try to shoot the queen with a rifle from the

(03:54:25):
5th floor of a building overlooking a parade in her
honor thankfully. He missed both of these would be
assassin's face. Charges and jail time.
The security of Buckingham Palace itself was called into
question, in July of 1982, when it was revealed that a man named

(03:54:48):
Michael Fagan had somehow managed without any sort of
special equipment or ability to breach, the Palaces defenses
travel through the corridors, unseen, and then walk right into
the Queen's bedroom multiple anddiffering accounts of this event
exists. So, exactly what happened is

(03:55:08):
still somewhat unclear. But apparently Fagan, simply
walked in and opened the Queen'scurtains startled by the
Intruder. She reportedly pressed the
button next to her bed to summonher staff.
But the Bell was either broken or simply went unheard.
It seems she managed to slip outof the bedroom while Fagan was

(03:55:32):
looking around for a cigarette lighter.
There was fascinated speculationthat the two might have Even had
a conversation as some believed that Fagan had been in the
Queen's bedroom for as long as 10 minutes Fagan.
However, speaking to several newspapers years later denied
that they discussed anything, stating that the queen had

(03:55:55):
simply run out of the room at the first opportunity such
threats to her. Safety was a reality that Queen
Elizabeth had to face quite frequently throughout her life.
But commendably, it did not curbher willingness to remain
accessible to the public. She continued to perform her
royal duties very much in the open protecting the queen during

(03:56:19):
her walkabouts, for example, wasultimately very difficult, but
Elizabeth refused to be intimidated.
She was also determined to preserve a sphere of privacy and
comfort for herself and her family and traditionally opposed
measures that threatened. To violated.

(03:56:40):
Queen Elizabeth worked with no fewer than 14 prime ministers,
but the Thatcher years were particularly interesting for
her, from a political standpoint.
Margaret Thatcher was not just Britain's first female prime
minister, but she was also the first Elizabeth had worked with
who was her own age. One might imagine that.

(03:57:04):
This political relationship would have been among the
Queen's most harmonious and successful, but multiple
biographers and historians believe that it was not the
queen was far too devoted to constitutional Norms ever to
break the confidentiality of herweakly, meeting's with Britain's
top elected official or to criticize a prime minister

(03:57:27):
openly, which she never did historians speculate that the
strongest division between the two.
Women may have emerged over Thatcher's reluctant to approve
the recommendation of sanction. Against South Africa, to
encourage abolition of a apartheid to which the queen was
deeply committed. According to former Canadian

(03:57:50):
Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, Queen Elizabeth was highly
active, the scenes in encouraging international
support for an end, to the oppressive, apartheid government
in South Africa. Despite the numerous challenges,
she had hitherto faced as both, a mother and a queen.

(03:58:11):
These challenges reached something of a crescendo during
the 1990s. A new decade had brought
increased criticism of the younger members of the royal
family, and the queen was increasingly satirized in
television programs, true to form.
She attempted to Fight Fire withFire by making another

(03:58:33):
documentary film. Elisabeth R for which she
allowed cameras to follow her about for nearly a year, while
she provided the commentary the film premiered in 1992 the same
year, which the Queen Once dubbed in a famous speech at
London's guildhall her. Anna's, or horrible year.

(03:58:55):
The reasons for her lamenting 1992 are all too well known, the
managers of three out of four ofher children fell apart. 1992
and a disastrous fire at WindsorCastle caused 60 million pounds
in Damages to her childhood homein March of the following year,

(03:59:17):
the Queen's former Nanny Margaret Bobo McDonald her
Confidant and closest friend passed away at the age of 89.
She had been dialysis side for 67 years continuing to serve as
her dresser. When the young princess moved
out of her Nursery Elizabeth wasdeeply Saturn by Bobo's, passing

(03:59:43):
Yet another terrible blow, struck the royal family in 1997
when Diana Princess of Wales waskilled in a car crash in Paris.
At the time of the accident, Elizabeth and Philip were at
Balmoral with Charles and Diana's Sons, William and Harry
to whom they now had to explain the terrible reality of their

(04:00:06):
mother's death. The nation and many more people
around the world mourned Diana'spassing.
She had been widely popular and much beloved for her
philanthropy and empathetic, kindness and an impromptu
Shrine. Consisting of thousands of cards
flowers and tokens of sympathy accumulated in front of

(04:00:27):
Buckingham Palace in the following days, the newspapers
began to question, why? There was no flag flying at
half-mast over. Buckingham Palace, why the queen
had not addressed the nation andwhy the royal family did not
seem to. To be a morning Diana's death
with any visibility. There was a fundamental

(04:00:47):
disconnect at work here. What the public wanted was a
show of emotion, what the queen wanted was to protect her
devastated grandsons and allow them and the rest of the family
to mourn privately. But because Diana's separation
from the royal family have been.So acrimonious the queen

(04:01:09):
understood that something more was required to validate the
very genuine public mourning. Elizabeth acquiesced returning
to London and giving a live broadcast the day before Diana's
funeral expressing her admiration for her daughter and
law and the family's grief at her passing public approval of

(04:01:31):
the queen reached. Its lowest point in 1997 but
soon, rebounded significantly. Elizabeth confronted, two more
terrible losses in 2002 in February her system.
Margaret passed away at the age of 71 and the Queen Mother.

(04:01:51):
Elizabeth Boze Lyon died, just one month later at the
impressive age of 101, Elizabethwas brokenhearted as a family.
She and Margaret and their mother had lost 352 soon, but
the three women had remained, anexceptionally close family, unit

(04:02:12):
the half a century thereafter one, upon which the queen had
always relied for advice and comfort during her many decades,
as Sovereign during the same year, the queen celebrated, her
golden, jubilee, and 50 years onthe throne even as she mourned
her mother and sister. She reaffirmed the vow of

(04:02:35):
service she had made half a century before.
I am driven by my resolved to continue with the support of my
family to serve, the people of this great nation of ours, to
the best of my ability Through The Changing Times ahead.
Indeed times were certainly changing with regard to what was

(04:02:57):
acceptable within the royal family in 2005.
She gave her blessing for PrinceCharles to marry his longtime
love, Camilla Parker Bowles, whowas subsequently made Duchess of
Cornwall, because both Charles and Camilla were divorced.
The couple were married in a civil service and the Queen and

(04:03:18):
Prince Philip did not attend theceremony, but they happily
attended the reception as Sovereign.
Elizabeth was mindful of her position as head of the church,
but she understood that times truly had changed considerably
during her Reign few people. Now, expect that members of the
royal family should marry anyone, other than whom they

(04:03:41):
choose in a move. That speaks even more strongly
about letting go of the past before she died.
The queen expressed her wish that the duchess Be given the
title of Queen consort at PrinceCharles coronation.
This represents a major departure from the traditional

(04:04:02):
approach to marriage and divorcewithin the royal family,
especially in light of their long-time Affair and Camilla's
involvement in the breakdown of Charles and Diana's marriage in
2012, the queen reached the Zenith of her popularity with
Incredible approval ratings approaching 90% that year, she

(04:04:25):
became the only British monarch besides Queen Victoria to
celebrate a Diamond Jubilee, andto arrive at his reception.
She opened the Olympic Games andLondon with a very special James
Bond theme to Performance with Daniel Craig, during which she
hilariously appeared to parachute out of a plane into

(04:04:48):
the Olympic Stadium. The royal family has seen a
re-emergence of criticism and scrutiny.
During the last decade, some of it surrounding the departure of
Elizabeth's grandson Prince, Harry and his wife, Meghan
Markle from their Royal roles, their seeming.
Estrangement from the royal family.

(04:05:09):
And the much discussed exclusiveinterview, they gave to Oprah
Winfrey in March of 2021, publicattention was all.
So drawn to the Royal finances with the release of the paradise
papers in 2017, it was reported that a sizeable proportion of
the Queen's wealth, from the duchy of Lancaster rests in

(04:05:32):
offshore tax Havens different estimates exist of what Her
Majesty's net worth was, but it was generally reckoned to be
between 500 million and 600 million pounds.
Perhaps most troubling of all toRoyal supporters and critics
Like in more recent years, our prints and Andrews ties to

(04:05:55):
Jeffrey Epstein and g-line Maxwell and the lawsuit for
sexual assault. Launched against him by Virginia
dufrey which he settled out of court for an undisclosed sum in
January 2022, just months beforeher death, the queen stripped,
her son prince, Andrew of his military titles, as well as all

(04:06:19):
Royal duties and patronages. None of which will be returned
in the announcement. It was added that Andrew would
face the lawsuit as a private citizen without the support of
his family. Despite the rear cuttings of
Scandal, and criticism, for members of the royal family,

(04:06:40):
which grieved the queen and the last years of her life, she
remained, highly popular both inthe United Kingdom and abroad.
People all over the world, oftenwrote to her, to express their
admiration, and to express, sympathy for her various family,
dramas an example of public understanding which she

(04:07:01):
appreciated, even at the lowest point of her popularity in 1997.
She still had a 70 to 75% approval rating in the UK, as
well as in the old Dominion's ofAustralia, New Zealand and
Canada. These are pulling results that
must be the Envy of elected politicians everywhere and are

(04:07:24):
quite impressive, considering the length of her tenure as
Queen in. 2002 opinion, was fairly unanimous among the
people of the UK and Britain's owed.
Dominion's. They strongly agreed that, the
queen had done a good job as head of state and head of the
Commonwealth. That a small majority, did not

(04:07:45):
believe that the monarchy would long Outlast her.
That opinion has not changed much in the last two decades.
With many people remaining skeptical about the potential
success or stability of a monarch other than Queen
Elizabeth Inevitably the most basic question.

(04:08:05):
Most people have about the queenis simply what was she really
like Philip said that his wife'sgreatest virtue was her
tolerance. He described her as careful.
Observant disciplined and highlymoral but rarely judgmental Her
Majesty's dresser for nearly 30 years.

(04:08:25):
Angela Kelly wrote of the Queen's courage, kindness
strength, sense of humor and sense of fun.
She apparently had a notable talent for putting people at
ease and was a master at helpingthose who are a little over.
Ordered her presence to relax with a little Pleasant, Small

(04:08:46):
Talk, being the fashion icon that she was the queen grew to
appreciate beautiful clothes as much as anyone.
But she was always most comfortable in riding clothes,
practical, outdoor shoes or boots and one of her signature.
Head scarves, the photographs and footage in which Elizabeth

(04:09:06):
appeared to be the most excited animated and happy were when she
was spending time with her dogs and horses riding or watching
horse racing from the late 1960sonwards, Elizabeth enjoyed
pursuing, a career breeding and racing horses.
She also loved spending time with her family, which has

(04:09:28):
continued to grow following her passing to eight grandchildren
and 12 great-grandchildren but she experienced an increasingly
solitary time towards the end ofher life, following the death of
her husband. Prince Philip in 2021 indeed.
One of the most poignant images of the queen and the last years

(04:09:50):
of her Reign was her sitting alone in mourning.
For her, dear husband, Prince Philip due to covid restrictions
that were enforce at the time inthe pews at St.
George's Chapel in, Windsor. Even though that was arguably,
the very worst moment of her life, considering the esteem and

(04:10:10):
affection. She had for him, the queen
always placed due to above her personal needs and unlike many
of Britain's politicians, she led by example during the covid
pandemic. While in the last few years of
her life, she passed along the bulk of her royal duties, to
Charles Camilla, her grandson William and his wife, Catherine

(04:10:34):
Middleton, Queen Elizabeth, still cherished, her position
and Duty, as head of state and head of the Commonwealth, she
would never have abdicated, its a job for life.
She once remarked, it's a question, a maturing into
something that once got used to doing and accepting the fact
that its your fate because I think continuity is very

(04:10:57):
important. Some political commentators
today, a quick to dismiss the monarchy as outdated needlessly
sentimental and a waste of resources.
But others have argued that few.If any elected politicians could
ever hope to exercise the level of soft power that was at the

(04:11:18):
core of the Queen's influencer. Soft power refers to the ability
to produce desired outcomes. Using gentle persuasion rather
than compulsion or Force Elizabeth embodied, British
history. She provided a concrete link to
her nation's past in the modern world, further the Commonwealth

(04:11:41):
continues to play an important role for those countries that
choose to belong to it. The association provides access
to numerous resources for the further development and
betterment of all member nations.
And it is through these International Partnerships that
the Bean was able to concentrate.

(04:12:01):
Some of her soft power commonwealth countries.
Not only share resources and strategies for development, but
also cultural political and judicial sensibilities.
The Commonwealth is one type of tool for preserving
International cooperation and friendship and for the continued

(04:12:22):
promotion of the rule of law, Democratic institutions, and
both civil and human rights. Elizabeth's Reign witnessed a
complete redefinition of both, monarchy and Empire.
And in a fascinating Paradox, the monarchy became in many
ways. More influential the more, its

(04:12:45):
actual power declined, the most popular members of the royal
family in the 21st century function, as super ambassadors,
politicians and diplomats who might refuse to deal with
elected. British officials in variably,
jumped at the chance to meet thequeen who was called upon many

(04:13:05):
times to encourage political Accord by holding a royal event
or visit. She left an immense Legacy, both
to the British people and to TheWider World guiding Britain
through greater social politicaleconomic and technological.
Change the perhaps any Monarch in his history.

(04:13:26):
She also provided leadership Comfort perspective.
Ability and a willingness to make change, whatever her people
required of her within constitutional limits.
But beyond this Elizabeth was also a touchstone of global
decolonization countries and peoples with a painful history

(04:13:49):
of British occupation and colonization came to associate
her with the gradual withdrawal from Empire, the end of
Oppression, the beginning of Independence and self-governance
and the beginning of international friendship on
equal terms. It is worth noting that more
than half of Britain's. Former colonies, remain members

(04:14:12):
of the Commonwealth today and most of those who chose to
withdraw still maintain good relations with the UK and have
largely favorable approval rating for the monarchy.
All good things, come to an end when Queen Elizabeth, the
second's Platinum Jubilee was celebrated in February 2022, it

(04:14:35):
was done. So with the awareness that it
would almost certainly be the last major anniversary of the
Queen's accession all the way back in 1952.
As by the time, the event was held in 2022.
She was 95 years of age as a result.
Elizabeth was largely confined to balcony, appearances at

(04:14:58):
Buckingham Palace during the event in the months that
followed her health declined precipitously, not least,
perhaps because of the loss of her soulmate and much loved
husband Prince. Philip at this time, Prince,
Charles and other working Royalswere increasingly called upon to
fill in for her at events as such it was perhaps not

(04:15:22):
surprising. When the news was released in
early, September 2022 that the queen was very ill at her
favorite presidents, Balmoral inScotland, in the end.
She died faster than many had expected though.
Charles and Anne were by her side when she passed on the

(04:15:42):
afternoon of the 8th of September at 96 years of age.
Her State funeral was particularly long to accommodate
the long lines of people who wished to file by her body, as
it lay in state at Westminster Abbey throughout mid-september
finally on the 19th of September, after a private

(04:16:05):
family ceremony, Queen Elizabeth, the second was laid
to rest in the King George. The sixth Memorial Chapel at
Windsor Castle next to her parents and husband As is the
custom with royal succession Prince, Charles succeeded.
His mother immediately upon her death becoming King, Charles the

(04:16:27):
Third he was 73 when he succeeded to the throne in
September 2022, making him the oldest person to become monarch
of Britain, in line with his mother's wishes.
Charles's, second wife, Camilla became his Queen, consort at his
coronation at Westminster Abbey on the 6th of May 2023.

(04:16:50):
It was a remarkable occasion andthe history of modern Britain.
As it was the first Royal Coronation in over 70 years and
only the sixth coronation in thelast 200 years.
So what kind of Monarch will Charles be his task is not as

(04:17:11):
arduous as it. Once would have been if
Elizabeth had only lived into her 70s and Charles had become
king in the late 1990s or early 2000s, it would have been
problematic given that he was somewhat.
Unfairly depicted in many circles as the villain in the
demise of his marriage to Princess Diana.

(04:17:32):
And public opinion towards the Prince of Wales was very low,
following Diana's death in 1997.However, with the passage of
time, people have warmed again, to Charles, and his coronation
was warmly greeted, his style ofKing, ship will be different to

(04:17:53):
that of his mother. He believes in a slimmed down
monarchy and will reduce the size of the royal establishment.
While he will also try to Champion causes which are closer
to his heart. To a greater extent than
Elizabeth did notably his lifelong advocacy of
environmentalists Charles has been concerned with climate

(04:18:15):
change for decades and as such he ascended, the throne at just
the right moment to be able to Champion this cause whatever
kind of King he is. It will be different to his late
mother. It will be a tough act to
follow. What do you think of Queen?
Elizabeth, the second, will she go down in history as one of

(04:18:39):
Britain's most dutiful respectedand revered.
Monarchs or was she a silent Queen?
Who was too reluctant to voice her opinions on important
Affairs? Please let us know in the
comment section and in the meantime, thank you very much
for watching. The woman known to history as

(04:19:11):
Golda. Meir was born, gold above it, on
the third of May. 1898 in Kiev the capital of Ukraine then part
of the Russian Empire. Her father was Moshe Mabel.
He was the son of a soldier and the Russian army, who studied at

(04:19:31):
a prestigious religious school in slonim in, Western Belarus,
but eventually trained as a carpenter, a mother was Bloom
needed. And the couple would have eight
children of whom three daughterssurvived into adulthood, the
eldest surviving daughter. Shayna was born in 1889 Golder

(04:19:54):
was born, nine years later, in 1898, and the youngest daughter
zebra known as Clara was born in1902, they were born into a
Jewish Family and were brought up in pinsk.
In modern-day Belarus, part of the pale of settlement on the
brushing Empires western frontier, which the Jewish

(04:20:16):
population had been confined to since the late 18th century.
Soon after Golda's birth her paternal grandmother Zippy
arrived in Kiev to take charge of the household causing
conflict with her mother Bloom concerning the upbringing of the
children Golda later, recalled that her earliest memories

(04:20:38):
included witnessing arguments between her mother and
grandmother. After the birth of her younger
sister zebra in 1902 golders upbringing was entrusted to her.
12 year old sister Shayna, she had an unhappy childhood growing
up in poverty and surrounded by the bickering, women of free

(04:20:59):
different Generations, a grandmother mother, and elder
sister. In early 1903 Musha, babic moved
the family back to pinsk, where Golda lived with her needed.
Grandparents, the spring of 1903Whitney's, a new wave of

(04:21:20):
political violence against Jews sparked off by an anti-jewish,
Riot or pogrom in Kitchener the capital of present day Moldova
in April 1903. A few weeks later in response to
rumors of an imminent. Pogram in pinska, made
preparations by barricading the door with wooden planks.

(04:21:42):
While the teenage Sheena took a kitchen knife for softer fence.
Gold earned her baby sister zebki were taken up stairs and
looked after by neighbors, although the pogrom never
materialised, the fear and trepidation experienced by the
five year old Golder during the ordeal remained with her for the

(04:22:04):
rest of her life. Not long afterwards Moshe made
the Fateful decision to join tens of thousands of fellow
Russian Jews in emigrating to the United States.
As was the custom at the time, he would leave alone.
Find a job and save up money to bring the rest of his family

(04:22:25):
across the ocean. While the family awaited word
from Moshe, Shayna joined a group of politically active high
school students, who discussed what the Jews could do to end
the anti-semitic discrimination,they were facing a tiny minority
of Jews would drawn towards Zionism the ideology championed

(04:22:49):
by the journalist. Theodore hustle, from the inner
called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
Then ruled by the Islamic Ottoman Empire which governed
turkey and the Middle East from its capital in Constantinople
modern day is Stan bull. Following the kishin, F, pogrom

(04:23:09):
herzl wrote to the British, colonial secretary, Joseph
Chamberlain about the creation of a temporary Jewish state in
Uganda, but the proposal was nottaken forward.
In the meantime, many Jews were drawn to socialist and Marxist
doctrines, which aimed to unite the working class and overthrow

(04:23:31):
the Russian monarchy under Tsar,Nicholas.
The second creating a new state free, prejudice and
discrimination. Although the was a mutual
antagonism between the working classes and the Jews due to the
role of Jewish Bankers. Many socialist leaders were Jews
Shane. And her group was supporters of

(04:23:53):
both Zionism and socialism and had a great influence on golders
political upbringing. Although Bloom was concerned
about Shane's political activities, and feared that the
family might be targeted by the saddest state.
The teenager defied, her mother and continued to attend
political meeting's. Shayna was also responsible for

(04:24:16):
teaching her sister to read and write alongside basic
arithmetic. When herzl died in 1904 at the
age of 44, Shayna or black in mourning for over two years.
In the meantime, after first arriving in New York Mercer,
Marbach moved to Milwaukee in the state of Wisconsin, where he

(04:24:40):
adopted the name Morris and found a job working on the
railroad by 1906. He was in a position to send for
his wife and daughters travelingwith forged documents Golder,
accompanied her mother and sisters out of Russia initially
to Vienna before taking a train to Antwerp in Belgium and

(04:25:02):
boarding. A steamer across the Atlantic
after arriving in Quebec. Two weeks later, the family
continued by train until they arrived in Mill walking, in June
1906. 8 year old golden was not unhappy to leave Eastern Europe
behind and would have much funder memories of the United

(04:25:24):
States where she would spend thenext 15 years of her life.
within days of arriving, in Milwaukee, Bloom decided to open
a grocery store, assisted by Sheena while the two young
authors, went to school between 1906 and 1912 Golder attended
the Fourth Street school now, known as the golden mayor's

(04:25:48):
school, after its most famous alumna, While Golder was happy
enough to be among Milwaukee's Jewish Community.
Without the risk of being targeted by pogroms.
Shayna resented having to work with her mother and briefly
escape to Chicago, to work at a clothing Factory by contrast
Golder was enjoying her studies and soon came to be top of her

(04:26:11):
class. She was also gaining recognition
outside, the classroom and in 1909 at the age of 11, she and
her best friend, Regina hamburger set up.
The emerican young sisters Society to raise money to buy
textbooks for their poorer classmates.
As the only fluent English speaker in her family.

(04:26:33):
She helped recently arrived Jewish immigrants.
Find jobs and encouraged them tojoin labor unions.
The map of which home hosted meetings of the local branch of
polar Zion or the workers of Zion a labor Zionist
organization, that combined Zionist and socialist ideas as

(04:26:53):
her father. And her sister were both members
in 1912 the 14 year old Golder, joined the organization in her
own, right? Although Golder graduated as a
valedictorian, from her Elementary School in 1912 her
conservative parents wanted her to stay at home and a weight

(04:27:15):
marriage to a successful man. Encouraged by her sister golden
insisted on continuing her education and enrolled in North
Division. High School in the Autumn by
this time, Shayna had moved to Denver to recover from about of
two losses following which she married Kong gold, an old

(04:27:38):
acquaintance from pinsk within months of Golda starting High
School Bloom, informed that she had found her the perfect
husband, a 30 year old man namedMr. Goodstein who worked in real
estate orifice at the idea of marrying.
A man twice, her age a desperateGolder wrote to the corn Gold's

(04:28:00):
who responded by inviting her tostay with them in Denver.
With assistance, from her friend, Regina goulder escaped
from her parents' house in February, 1913 and took the
train to Denver she enrolled in the North Side, High School and
spent her evenings discussing politics at the corn Gold's

(04:28:21):
house, with the local Jewish community.
Shayna criticized Golder for being too friendly with the men
at the social, Gatherings and encouraged her to concentrate on
her studies. Golder refused increasing
tensions between the two sistersuntil one day in 1914, when
Golder decided to move out of the Cornell's house renting, a

(04:28:45):
small apartment while working ina department store at around
this time, she began dating Morris Mayson.
A 21 year old sign painter, and socialist activist, who sparked
her interest in music and poetrythe following year gold.
As parents wrote to her, asking her to come back home to resume

(04:29:07):
her education. She agreed to do, sir and
returned to North Division and graduated in 1916.
While Maurice remained in Denver, writing her several
letters a week in Milwaukie golden maintained a close
interest in European. As during the first world war,
the fighting between the RussianEmpire and the Central Powers of

(04:29:30):
Germany and Austria-Hungary on the Eastern Front displaced.
Millions of Jews from the pale and Golda joined, her father in
raising funds to support Jewish refugees.
She joined the executive committee of her local polar
Zion Branch strengthening her belief in Zionism and fueling a

(04:29:52):
desire to move to Palestine by 1916.
Golder was reunited with mayerson who had moved to
Milwaukee to join her. He did not share gold in
enthusiasm about Palestine and hoped to build a life in
America. After Golder issued an
automatism to Morris refusing tomarry him, until he agreed to

(04:30:14):
move to Palestine with her. He eventually gave in and the
couple were married on the 24th of December 1978.
After Germany resumed unrestricted, submarine warfare
in January 1917, prompting the United States to join Britain,
France and a collapsing Russia in the first world war

(04:30:37):
transatlantic shipping was canceled, and the newly married
couple was unable to travel to Palestine.
Golder was optimistic about the Zionist cause after British
foreign secretary, Arthur balfour's Declaration of
November 1917 announced British support for the creation of a
Jewish state in Palestine, the protected, the rights of the

(04:31:01):
non-jewish population in the region while gold had a job in
the local library. She spent most of her time doing
political work for polarized. After the end of the first world
war, end of November 1918, the American Jewish Congress, was
established to determine a United American Jewish position

(04:31:22):
in advance of the Paris, peace confidence of 1919 Golder was
elected to the body and joined her fellow zionists in
demanding. That Palestine should be given
to Britain as a mandate. Under the newly, created League
of Nations to implement the Balfour, Declaration after the

(04:31:42):
meeting of the Congress Golder was invited by the national
polar Zion organization to go ona fundraising tour across the
country, against the wishes of her husband, her parents and her
sister. Shayna she enthusiastically
accepted and only returned to Mill walkie on occasion.

(04:32:03):
As the zionists had hoped Britain was granted the Mandate
for Palestine. And in the summer of 1921 Golder
and Morris were finally able to make the journey.
They were part of a group of 17,Jewish Pioneers, including
Shaina and Sham icon gold. And their two children, as well

(04:32:26):
as gold. As childhood friend, Regina
hamburger on the 14th of July 1921.
They arrived in Tel. Aviv the Jewish settlement
founded in 1909 near the port ofJaffa in contrast to the picture
to Palestine golden had painted for her American audiences Tel.

(04:32:46):
Aviv was a ramshackled little tone in the desert Morris soon.
Found a job as a bookkeeper in the ancient city of Lourdes, ten
miles away while golden began teaching English, Golda aspired
to join a caboose, a Jewish Collective farm, and applied to
the kabut Moravia in the JezreelValley to the north.

(04:33:09):
The Nelsons application was rejected twice by the kibbutz
members, but Goldust determination won them admission
for a trial period on a third vote.
Golda was determined to show herfellow Caboose that she was as
capable of agricultural work as anyone else and eagerly joined,
the communal dinners. While, Maurice preferred to be

(04:33:32):
alone with his gramophone ever, the less both word, admitted to
the kibbutz on a permanent basis.
At the end of 1921 Golder represented Moravia at the
meeting of the Caboose movement,where she was surrounded by
influential politicians, including David Ben Gurion
secretary-general of the histadrut, the general

(04:33:55):
Federation of Labor and leader of the Workers Party are at her
avoider or Unity of Labor, otherinfluential figures included,
Belle katsnelson the intellectual founder of the
labor Zionist movement and Levi,eShop head of degenija bet
Cabot's during her address to the confidence.

(04:34:16):
Golder was criticized for speaking in her native Yiddish
tongue rather than in Hebrew after returning to mahavir.
She discovered that her husband Morris was depressed and
suffering from malaria. Nevertheless she remained
committed to her political duties and was soon elected to
represent Herbert's at the womenworkers Council?

(04:34:41):
As a representative of the council, at the second, his dad
route confidence in 1923 Golder argued that the was no need for
a separate women's Council. If women could be part of the
history leadership a suggestion,which brought her to the
attention of Ben Gurion and KatzNelson, a 1924 Morris refused to

(04:35:03):
continue. Living in the kibbutz and the
couple moved to Tel Aviv and later.
Jerusalem, while Maurice was in chanted by Jerusalem's, history,
and culture, Golda preferred to maintain her connections to the
Zionist political Center in Tel Aviv.
On the 23rd of November 1924 Golder gave birth to a son named

(04:35:26):
Menachem after her maternal grandfather.
The couple worked for solo Bonet, the building Cooperative
attached to the histadrut, but the organization was
experiencing financial difficulties and paid salaries
in vouchers, which were not accepted in most shops in 1925.
A frustrated Golder returned briefly to mahavir taking six

(04:35:51):
month, old man in with her. But rather than allowing her to
work on the farm, the kibbutz members asked her to be the
nanny causing her to return to Jerusalem.
After the birth of her daughter.Sarah in May 1926 golden
swallowed. Her pride and taught English at
a private school. Same year, Golden's parents move

(04:36:14):
to Palestine and built a home inhertz.
Leah to the north of Tel Aviv despite Frequent trips to visit
her parents and her sister Golder remained unhappy and grew
distant from her husband. She was rumored to be
romantically involved with othermen, including David remez.

(04:36:35):
The head of Soleil Bonnet and a protege of Belle.
Katz Nelson. In 1927 remez, offered her.
The position of Secretary General of the women's worker
Council, in an attempt to strengthen his.
Dad's control over the organization.
Golder was happy to accept the role and move back to Tel Aviv

(04:36:56):
with her two children, leaving her husband behind in Jerusalem.
Leaving the children and the care of the kindergarten and
babysitters Golder. Used her position of the women's
Council to participate in the debates at the history, he
organization served as the vehicle for the creation of the

(04:37:17):
new Jewish State. And Golder was soon, asked to
return to the United States on fundraising tours.
Promoting Jewish immigration to Palestine, her American
upbringing ensured that she received a popular welcome.
And her efforts were recognized by the his dad route leadership,
which also sent her to Western Europe to win the support of

(04:37:40):
socialist organizations in Britain and France back in
Palestine, golden witnessed, thefounding of mapai the Workers
Party of the land of Israel. After the merger of the two main
socialist parties in the Country.
Inn 1932 Golder went to the United States, to seek treatment

(04:38:01):
for her daughter's kidney illness and to revitalize the
labor Zionist movement for the next two years.
Go to travel throughout North America.
Promoting the Zionist, cause describing the exploits of the
Pioneers who emigrated to Palestine in biblical terms, a

(04:38:22):
packed schedule allowed her little time to spend with her
children who resented her lengthy.
Absence of When Golda returned to Palestine in 1934, she was
appointed to histor drutz Executive Council where she was
placed in charge of Tourism, although Ben Gurion had made

(04:38:43):
significant progress in attracting Jewish settlers and
Tel aviv's population. Adding to 150,000 the waves of
Jewish immigration provoked, riots from the existing majority
Arab population in response to the demonstrations, the British
authorities in Palestine sought to limit the number of Jews

(04:39:05):
resettling in Palestine, by setting quotas, which were
inevitably regarded as to High by the Arabs and two Low by the
Jews at the same time. Palestine was receiving a steady
stream of Jewish immigrants fromGermany.
After Adolf, Hitler's anti-semitic Nazi party came to

(04:39:26):
power in 1933 while she continued to travel.
Abroad as history in international representative
part of gold as work during the period included.
Providing these immigrants with accommodation and jobs as
directed by the Jewish agency, the organization, which served
as the de facto Jewish government in Palestine.

(04:39:50):
When a new wave of political violence, broke out between
Arabs and Jews in 1936, the British government dispatched.
Lord William Peale to chair a commission of inquiry to devise
a solution to the Palestine question.
After meeting with Arab and Jewish leaders, the peel
commission, decided the best solution was to partition

(04:40:13):
Palestine establishing a newly independent Jewish State while
annexing the majority of the country to the Arab Kingdom of
transjordan. To the east while Ben Gurion was
delighted about the prospect of an independent Jewish State
Golder bitterly rejected, the peel commission's
recommendations for partition, which allocated to the Jews,

(04:40:36):
only a quarter of his story called Palestine, at the 20th
Zionist Congress. Held in Zurich, in Switzerland,
in 1937 Golder, marshaled opposition to the peel.
Commission's. Proposals by bringing together
right-wing zionists, who were unwilling to make any
concessions, to the atoms, and Jewish socialists who supported

(04:41:00):
a United, Palestine with Arabs, and Jews living side by side,
the Congress. Endorsed gold as position and a
second British commission which reported in 1938 rejected
partition. In the meantime, the situation
for European Jews, worsened after Hitler's annexation of

(04:41:22):
Austria, and after the threats to incorporate Checkers, Lavaca
into the Nazis Third Reich. In 1938 Golder pleaded with
British officials to increase the immigration quota which had
been cut to just over 10,000 in 1937 while at the same time,
serving as an operative of the Mossad.

(04:41:45):
Leia bet, as secret Network, that smuggled Jews out of Nazi
occupied Europe in the summer of1938 US President Franklin, D
Roosevelt who owned the avian conference bringing together,
representatives of 32 Nations todiscuss the situation faced by

(04:42:05):
European Jews. As an observer representing, the
Jews of Palestine Golda was angered by the repeated
expressions of Sympathy for the Jews combined.
With the refusal to accept a significant number of refugees
in May. 1939 British prime minister Neville.
Chamberlain published a final plan for Palestine which

(04:42:28):
confined the Jewish population to 5% of Palestinian territory
and restricted. Jewish migration to 75,000 over
the next five years. An independent Palestinian state
would be established within 10 years, jointly, governed, by the
Arabs, and the Jews, the Jews inPalestine, felt betrayed and

(04:42:53):
golden Gurion and cats Nelson inleading.
Almost 200,000 Jews in a generalstrike.
At the same time, the Jewish community in Palestine prepared
to wage war against both the British and Arabs by
establishing Jewish settlements throughout the country.

(04:43:15):
While these plans were being finalized at the 21st Zionist
congress in Vienna in August 1939, A non-aggression pact was
signed between representatives of Nazi Germany and the Soviet
Union, the communist state whichgoverned, much of the former
Russian Empire on the first of September Hitler invaded Poland,

(04:43:40):
a country of 4 million Jews leading to the outbreak of the
second world war, after Britain and France, declared war on
Germany Golda and her colleague's found themselves in
the awkward position of encouraging Jews to join the
British Army against a possible German invasion.

(04:44:00):
While illegally smuggling Jewishrefugees in to Palestine as one
of the senior leaders of the Jewish Community.
She served on the British war economic advisory Council to
help in force wartime. Questioning measures among the
Jewish population. While also serving as head of

(04:44:20):
History, Roots, political Department, with responsibility
for resolving labor disputes. While the British attempted to
crack down on Jewish immigrationinto Palestine.
Hitler's, armies were rolling through Europe, forcing the
surrender of France in 1940 and launching the invasion of the
Soviet Union in June 1941 occupying, large parts of

(04:44:45):
Belarus and Ukraine. In the summer of 1942, German
and Italian forces in North Africa, threatened to strike,
Egypt and Palestine. When Rumours reached Palestine
in 1942, that the Germans were sending polish Jews to
concentration camps and Exterminating them in gas ovens.

(04:45:09):
Golden was one of the Fugue Jewish leaders who believed
them. She attempted to raise funds to
provide Jews on the Nazi occupation to fight back.
And after the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, in April 1943, she
offered the services of the hagner.
These Zionist paramilitary organization to support British

(04:45:33):
secret agents Behind Enemy Lines.
Following General, Bernard Montgomery's defeat of German
and Italian forces at the SecondBattle of El Alamein in the
Autumn of 1942 Palestine was no longer at risk of German
invasion, but the war in Europe continued until the Nazis

(04:45:55):
surrender. In May 1945, when the Allied
armies liberated over 600,000 Jews from concentration camps
across Europe Golder and her colleagues sought to find a new
home for the in Palestine. The zionists were encouraged by
the British Labour parties election victory in July 1945,

(04:46:17):
bringing to power a party that had consistently supported a
Jewish state in Palestine when prime minister Clement.
Attlee and foreign secretary Ernest Bevin sought to retain
their conservative predecessors policy in Palestine.
The Jews felt betrayed once again, To go to his dismay.

(04:46:38):
The hagner had joined two right-wing, Guerrilla groups in
the Jewish resistance movement, but after Bevan had announced
his policy Golder endorsed violent resistant sparking, a
civil war between Jewish Fighters and British authorities
The United States government wasfar more sympathetic to the

(04:47:01):
zionists and following American intervention, the British agreed
to establish an anglo-american commission which met in early
1946. On the 25th of March, 1946
Golder addressed, the commission, describing the
persecution and Terror. The Jews had faced in Europe.
Even before Hitler's rise to power and argued that the only

(04:47:26):
solution for the senselessness of Jewish life and Jewish death,
lay in creating an independent Jewish life.
In a Jewish homeland on the first of May, the commission
recommended the continuation of the British mandate in Palestine
while calling for the British toapprove 100,000 visas for Jews.

(04:47:48):
When the British government refused to Grant the Visas, the
conflict on the ground and Palestine intensified after a
British, Crackdown on the leadership of the Jewish Agency,
Golden head of the organization's political
Department in June 1946. While she's struggled to

(04:48:08):
reconcile her Revolution to terrorist activity and her
determination to resist the British presence in Palestine.
In February 1947. The Ackley government changed
course and referred the Palestinian question to the
United Nations. In September the United Nations

(04:48:30):
special committee on Palestine proposed partition with the city
of Jerusalem under Internationaljurisdiction under the
proposals. The Arabs would receive a 43%
share of the Palestinian land with the Jews.
Obtaining 56% a large part of which included the uninhabited

(04:48:51):
negative desert. While the zionists were happy to
accept these proposals, most of palestine's of neighbors
rejected. The unplan, with the exception
of King Abdullah of Transport who was fired to the leadership
of the Arab world and was prepared to support a Jewish
state in return, for Jewish support of Jordanian, annexation

(04:49:14):
of Arabic. When the Jordanian King proposed
secret negotiations with the Palestinian Jews in November
1947, he was surprised that the Jews had sent a female Envoy in
the form of golden mayors. While Abdullah hoped to Annex
the whole of Palestine before carving out an autonomous Jewish

(04:49:36):
State Golder was pleased to hearthat.
He had no desire to join his fellow.
Arab leaders in resisting a Jewish state by military force.
When the UN General Assembly metat the end of November Golder
held the fort in Palestine. While her colleagues were in New
York and on the 29th of November, the general assembly

(04:50:00):
passed a resolution endorsing the partition plan with 33 votes
in favor 13 again against and 10abstentions.
While the Palestinian Jews cheered, their Victory Arab
Guerrilla Fighters began to attack Jewish settlements.
Golder was placed in charge of the defense of the city of

(04:50:22):
Jerusalem and exposed herself toDanger, by frequently, going to,
and from Tel. Aviv Crossing through territory
occupied by hostile Arabs. In January 1948 Golder.
Once again returned to the United States.
To lead a fundraising campaign to acquire weapons, for the

(04:50:43):
hagner referencing. The Six Million Jews killed by
the Nazis. During the Holocaust cheaper,
sueded wealthy Jewish, businessman to contribute to the
cause raising 15 million dollarsby the beginning of February.
By the time she returned to Jerusalem in March.
She had raised over 50 million dollars, allowing the haganah to

(04:51:08):
continue its resistance and enabling Ben Gurion to order a
counter-offensive in April that broke The Siege of Jerusalem.
While Golder was disappointed that she was not appointed to
the new Jewish National Administration.
Formed in March, on the 10th of May, she met King Abdullah for

(04:51:29):
the second time, this time in his capital of Oman, while the
king's still seemed Keen to stayout of the war.
Golden was frustrated by his suggestion that the Jews should
wait a few years before full in dependents.
On the 14th of May 1948 in anticipation of the expiry of

(04:51:52):
the British mandate the following day.
David Ben Gurion declared the establishment of the state of
Israel. Intel Aviv the 37 members of the
Israeli Parliament. The National Council attached,
their signatures to the Declaration of Independence.
Among the names was Golder Mason, who had recently

(04:52:14):
celebrated her 50th birthday. She had been in Palestine for 27
years during which time she had gradually, climbed the ranks
within Jewish, political organizations to become one of
its leaders and a close Ally of Ben gurion's.
Although she was not formally a member of Ben gurion's cabinet.

(04:52:36):
She nevertheless attended meetings, and made her voice
heard soon. After the Declaration of Israeli
statehood, she returned to the United States and raised.
Another 75 million dollars for the cause despite being
hospitalized in a car crash, in New York, Golder was then asked

(04:52:57):
to travel to Moscow as Israel's ambassador to the Soviet Union.
While the Soviet Union and the United States had been allies
against Germany. In the second world war by the
late 1940s. The wartime Alliance had
collapsed making way for the Cold War.
An ideological struggle between Soviet communism and American

(04:53:20):
capitalism for Global influence.The Soviets supported Israeli
statehood and provided arms to the Israeli Defense Forces, the
official successor to the haganah after presenting her
credentials in September 1948, golden initiated talks with the
Soviet foreign minister of Molotov about trade and economic

(04:53:42):
aid to Israel. That the Soviet economy had been
shattered during the war. And the Soviets were unwilling
to make any major commitments. Furthermore, Soviet support for
Israeli, statehood was motivated, primarily by a desire
to expel the British from the Middle East and stun and
believed that Israel would be anAmerican satellite.

(04:54:05):
While she struggled to make progress in Moscow, Golda
regretted, being away from home,where the Israeli military had
taken control of Galilee in the north and driven the Egyptians
out of the Negev Desert in the South.
It only remained for the Arabs to admit defeat in Moscow.
Golder considered it, her duty to reach out to the three

(04:54:28):
million Jews in the Soviet Union.
Many of whom wished to emigrate to Israel.
She struggled to do so until molotovs Jewish wife Paulina,
zener advised her to go to moscow's synagogue while Ximena
would soon be arrested and exiled to Kazakhstan.
In January, 1949 Golder went to the synagogue to Mark Rosh.

(04:54:53):
Hashanah the Jewish New Year where tens of thousands of Jews
acclaimed her in a demonstrationof support for Israel within
weeks. Stalin began to crack down on
the Jews and in February, Golda was recalled to Israel to serve
as Minister for labour. In March Golder returned to

(04:55:15):
Israel. To take up her position of the
ministry of labor where she was responsible for providing homes
and jobs to the hundreds of thousands of Jews arriving in
Israel in the knesset. The new Parliament.
She announced plans to build 30,000 new houses.
Promising to raise the money in the United States.

(04:55:38):
Despite being asked for funds for the Israeli military and for
social welfare, the American Jews agreed to finance the
construction project by buying bombs backed by the Israeli
government when she returned to Israel.
She proposed an ambitious infrastructure construction
project to tackle the unemployment problem, which

(04:56:00):
included the repair of Roads damaged during the recent war in
1950. She returned to a Medicare
seeking 15 billion dollars over the next 15 years via government
bonds. Back at home.
She continued to encourage Jewish immigration into Israel,
despite the pressure on the existing state infrastructure,

(04:56:23):
while she labored to develop theIsraeli economy.
In May 1951 golden received newsthat her husband Morris had died
of a heart, attack weaks later. Her political mentor and close
confident. David remez was also dead.
Casting aside, these personal tragedies Golder.

(04:56:45):
Worked 19 hours a day to build aSocial Democratic state in
Israel. In January 1952, she proposed a
national insurance program, to provide financial support for
women children and the elderly. Despite resistance from the
Finance Minister, Levi Esco the minister of Labour prevailed in

(04:57:08):
1953. She successfully passed a bill
introducing national service forwomen in hospitals, and schools
but not without angering. The outro Orthodox Jewish
community in 1955, when gold wasasked by Ben Gurion to run as
maupas candidate for mayor of Tel Aviv.

(04:57:29):
She lost out after two conservative Orthodox,
Representatives voted in favor of the incumbent. although a
United Nations brokered ceasefire had been in place
since July 1949, Arab insurgents, or fadein, continued
to launch attacks into Israeli territory, Frustrated by the

(04:57:52):
constant incursions in October 1953 Moshe day, the belligerent
chief of operations of the Israeli Defense Forces sent a
force of cracked troops commanded by Ariel Sharon to
launch a retaliatory attack on the 38 base, at kibir in Jordan,
killing 69 civilians, the incident sparked a series of

(04:58:17):
disagreements between Ben Gurion.
And his foreign minister Moshe Sheriff, who deplored the
disproportionate use of force employed by the Israeli Defense
Forces. During the past struggle, then
Gurion resigned from the premiership, in January, in 1954 and
was replaced by Shabbat. But by late 1955, he was back in

(04:58:40):
the top job and sought to consolidate his authority.
In June 1956. Shortly after adopting, the
Hebrews surname, mayor gold, a replacement at the foreign
Ministry, serving as Israel's representative on the
international stage. In July, 1956, Egyptian leader

(04:59:02):
Gamal, Abdel Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez
Canal, threatening British and French economic interests.
When the British and French invited Israel to join a plot to
seize, the canal by military force, Ben Gurion jumped on
board resenting NASA, the closing, the canal to Israeli

(04:59:25):
shipping and allowing Palestinian ferdon to launch
attacks on Israel. From Egyptian soil.
While Mayo was parted to the discussion's Mercer, Dayan and
Shimon. Peres from the ministry of
defense did much of the talking,the three parties developed a
plan for Israel to launch an invasion of Egypt, while Britain

(04:59:47):
and France would intervene underthe pretext of acting as
peacekeepers while accomplishingtheir true intention of
occupying the canal. He operation began on the 29th
of October 1956 and within four days Israeli troops captured,
the Gaza Strip and the entire Sinai, Peninsula to the east of

(05:00:10):
the canal though, badly. Beaten NASA, rendered the canal,
unnavigable by sinking ships andgained International sympathy.
While both the Soviets and the Americans urged Israeli forces
to withdraw at the United Nations.
Foreign minister Golda Meir represented.

(05:00:31):
Israel of the UN arguing that the Israeli occupation of the
Sinai. Pronuncia was an act of
self-defense after the FED Ain repeatedly.
Attacked Israel from Egyptian bases, succumbing to diplomatic
pressure from the United States Ben Gurion agreed to withdraw
from the Sinai. In return for us, recognition of

(05:00:53):
Israel's right to retaliate against further.
In attacks from Egypt, May year,reluctantly gave a speech to the
UN to this effect but was disappointed when the American
did not acknowledge Israel's right to retaliate, In the
aftermath of the Suez Crisis, May and Ben Gurion.

(05:01:13):
Also had their differences abouthow to deal with West Germany.
While Ben Gurion sought, economic and Military Support
from the Germans May are was hesitant about engaging, a
government, which retained many former Nazi officials over time.
As Germany became Israel's. Second largest armed supplier,

(05:01:34):
mayor supported Ben Gurion policy of seeking closer ties to
Germany, to the extent that in 1965.
She accepted the appointment of former Nazi officer Ralph
Friedman, Paul's as German ambassador to Israel, In May
1960, Israel's National SecurityAgency.

(05:01:56):
Mossad abducted, the senior Naziofficial Adolf, Eichmann from
Argentina, where he had fled in 1945.
After being found guilty of War crime, when Argentina,
complained to the UN that Israelhad violated its sovereignty
mayor issued, a strong defense of Israeli actions are doing

(05:02:18):
that. The illegal incursion was
justified in order to bring perpetrators of the Holocaust to
Justice. The UN endorsed her argument and
Eichmann was tried and executed in Israel in June 1962, mayor
spent much of her tenure as foreign minister developing

(05:02:39):
relations with newly independentstates in sub-Saharan Africa.
While mayor saw black Africans As Natural allies in the
struggle against colonialism andethnic discrimination.
The African states were glad forthe opportunity to receive
economic assistance from a country that had not been
involved in. Carving up the continent.

(05:03:01):
Mayor helped president Kwame of Ghana.
Establish, a state Shipping Company Israeli construction,
companies managed to Public Works program in Nigeria.
And after the belgians left, theCongo in 1962, she provided
Israeli Army, doctors to addressthe shortage of Physicians.

(05:03:22):
While Ben Gurion was skeptical of his foreign ministers,
Outreach in Africa, mayor Justified, her efforts as a
means to counter at influence inthe region.
Mayor's interest in Africa, was also prompted by a sense that
Ben Gurion saw diplomacy primarily as a means to acquire

(05:03:43):
weapons and relied on officials in the Defence Ministry which he
ran himself to guide his relations with the world's
leading Powers. Not only did mayor consider the
likes of Diane and Perez needlessly belligerent.
She feared that they would turn away from the dominant labor
Zionist ideology. When Ben Gurion attempted to

(05:04:06):
elevate Diane and Perez to the cabinet in the late 1950s, mayor
resisted alongside two veteran, mapai leaders minister of
Education. Zalman, Iran and minister of
trade in a sapir a long and tortuous.
Struggle ensued between Ben Gurion and the Old Guard led by

(05:04:27):
mayor, during the first half of the 1960s then Gurion sought to
open a public inquiry. Into the conduct of Venus.
Levon who served as Minister of Defence from 1954 to 1955,
levonne had been accused of authorizing a false flag
operation to bomb, various civilian Targets in Egypt, but

(05:04:50):
denied any knowledge and blamed Peres as the man.
Responsible after being forced to resign Lavon sought to clear
his name. When Ben Gurion proposed, a full
judicial inquiry May year and most of them apply leaders
protested. Horrified at the prospect of a
leadership struggle being playedout in public then Gurion

(05:05:13):
resigned from the Premiership inJune 1963, and was replaced by
Levi eshkol, but continued to call for the public
investigation, into the level onof are attacking his successor
in the process. Despite being in her mid-60s and
having recently been diagnosed with lymphoma mayir, led the

(05:05:36):
campaign to prevent Ben Gurion from making a political
comeback. When a dying Moshe, Sharett
attacked bengur for an undermining National unity in
the knesset in February in 1965 mayor leaned over and kissed him
before. Launching her own assault on the
former prime minister Ben Gurionresponded by forming.

(05:05:59):
A new party Rafi, which won 10 seats in the knesset elections
in November. In the meantime, mayor had
organized an alliance with the pro-soviet Incarnation of art at
Harvard, which had split from mapai in 1944, which won 45
seats in total hammering. The final nail into Bend

(05:06:22):
gurion's political coffin, following her political Victory,
mayor resigned, as foreign minister in January 1966 and
declared her intention to retiredue to illness.
She retained considerable political clout and within weeks
was asked to serve. As Secretary General of mapai a

(05:06:42):
role she accepted in order to seek the unification of the
moderate socialist parties into a single United Labour party.
Although eschol was prime minister in name, mayir was the
most powerful political leader in the country.
While the Israeli government attempted to recover from the

(05:07:03):
destructive, political strugglesof the previous decade tensions
were increasing on the Egyptian Israeli border on the 16th of
May 1967 in response to false Soviet intelligence of an
imminent Israeli attack. NASA requested the withdrawal of
the UN peacekeeping force on theEgyptian Israeli border which

(05:07:25):
had been in place since the series Crisis intending to
replace them. With Egyptian soldiers, escos
government struggled to deal with the crisis while
conservative opposition. Lee, Dominican joined forces
with Dayan calling for Ben Gurion to lead a government of
national Unity Esco and met a resisted these moves, but were

(05:07:49):
forced to acquiesce to a national Unity government with
Diane as Minister of Defence on the morning of the 5th of June
Dayan, ordered the Israeli Air Force.
To take to the skies and within a matter of hours over 300
Egyptian planes were destroyed on the ground over the course of
six days Israeli troops reoccupied, the Gaza Strip and

(05:08:14):
the Sinai Peninsula and conquered the Golan Heights from
Egypt's Ally Syria, while East Jerusalem and the West Bank was
seized from Jordan. This time the Israelis were
determined to resist un calls towithdraw their occupation
forces. Back in Israel.

(05:08:35):
Mayor continued her efforts to unite the moderate left.
Resulting in the creation of theIsraeli labor party.
In January, in 1968. Following the merger of mapai
Rafi. At After serving as the first
General Secretary of the United party mayor stepped down in

(05:08:55):
August. 1968 seemingly intent onretiring for good in order to
undermine Dan's Ambitions to become eshkol successor.
Mayor had installed former adultleader.
Yigal Allon as escos. Deputy Prime Minister with Alan
and Diane arguing in the background over hot to do with

(05:09:16):
the West Bank. Ischgl had a heart attack in
late, 1968 and died at the end of February. 1969, recognizing
that the appointment of either Alan or Diana's.
Prime minister would risk a split in the party.
Labor. Secretary General Pinas appear
invited mayor to become the new prime minister recognizing her

(05:09:39):
failing Health. She accepted only after being
assured by her doctor that she had another 10 years to live,
although both day and On were far more popular among the
people on the 7th of March, the Labour, party's Central,
Committee voted unanimously in favor of Mayor, who assumed the

(05:10:00):
Premiership on the 17th. Two months shy of her 71st
birthday, the woman who had beenat Ben gurion's, right hand in
the 1950s before plotting his political downfall in the 1960s,
and become the first female headof government in the western
world, The Israel Golda Meir inherited was a far cry from the

(05:10:24):
Socialist agrarian Paradise. She had dreamed about as a young
girl in Milwaukee. Nevertheless, she could herself
on her part in building a Homeland for the Jewish people.
However, it was one that remained under attack from
hostile Neighbors. In 1968, following the

(05:10:45):
humiliating defeat in the Six-Day War, NASA launched, the
war of attrition by fighting missiles from the Western Bank
of the sewers Canal into Israelioccupied Sinai.
As prime minister mayor inherited escos Coalition, which
spanned the political spectrum and created political deadlock.

(05:11:07):
Thanks to her modesty and her down-to-earth Style, by July her
approval, rating sword, to 90% And in October. 1969, she led an
alliance of Labor and the left-wing mapam party, which won
56 seats in the knesset. Despite her socialist leanings,

(05:11:27):
she struggled to manage the labor disputes which embroiled
the country. Although the Israeli economy
would grow by 35% from 1969 to 1973 workers wages.
Did not keep up with inflation while all the labor unions in
the country were run by the state.
Through history. Route mayor was unwilling to

(05:11:51):
Grant the history jute, any degree of independence from the
state and the labor Federation collapsed within a decade.
Her Fidelity to socialist concepts of collectivism.
Undermined her support among theyounger liberal individualist
section of society. In March 1971, mayor faced a

(05:12:13):
popular Uprising in Jerusalem, organized by the Black Panthers,
an organization, which took its name from the American Civil
Rights group to protest against discrimination against Jews from
North Africa. And the Middle East who
experienced a lower standard of living than those with Eastern
European ancestry, the Panthers resented.

(05:12:36):
The fact that the Israeli government was dominated by
Eastern, European Jews and mayorherself had once said, that Jews
who didn't speak Yiddish were not real Jews.
While cracking down on the Panthers mayor attempted to
defend Eastern European Jews by claiming that they had faced
more deprivation and discrimination than other Jews

(05:12:59):
and accused the Panthers of being unpatriotic.
The demonstration continued in to the summer during which the
Panthers demanded Mayors resignation.
And burned her Effigy despite her previous opposition to Ben
Gurion on the same issue, man. Now argued that defense spending
was a priority and the government could not afford

(05:13:22):
social improvements. In spite of the Israeli
militaries record of success. Mayor was anxious about Israel's
continued survival, especially after the Palestinian Liberation
organization's leader Yasser Arafat who had assumed the place
of the ailing NASA. As the leader of the Arab cores

(05:13:44):
in 1970 announced that the Arabssaw the destruction of the state
of Israel. Though May attempted to find a
diplomatic solution with her Arab neighbors.
They refused to open talks with the Israelis first with drawing
to their pre-1967 borders. Unsurprisingly, mayor refused to

(05:14:07):
give up her bargaining chips before negotiations.
Had even begun. Disillusioned, by the UN peace
process, the Americans and Soviets attempted to come up
with a solution for the Middle East, neither of the great
Powers. Wanted the Cold War to turn hot
and US president, Richard Nixon was Keen to improve relations

(05:14:28):
with the Soviets. Mayor believed that such peace
initiatives could not achieve much while the Arabs remained
determined to wipe Israel off the world map in December. 1969,
Nixon's Secretary of State William Rogers announced a peace
plan based on Israeli withdrawalfrom all occupied territories.

(05:14:50):
In return. For an Egyptian promise of
non-bloody Mayor objected to Rogers vague proposals and
instructed her ambassador to Washington to mobilize the
American Jewish Lobby against it.
The Israeli refusal was accompanied by bombing raids
into the Egyptian, interior, leading the Soviets to increase

(05:15:13):
their arms supplies to each Egypt.
At the end of July 1970, mayor, reluctantly agreed to Rogers
offer of a 90-day ceasefire alongside un mediation that her
trust in the American was undermined.
When Israeli intelligence, discovered that NASA had used

(05:15:34):
the ceasefire to move a Soviet anti-aircraft missile system
into place on the Western Bank of the Suez Canal.
When pressure to demonstrate greater flexibility, the Israeli
Prime Minister, routinely brought up the anxiety, she
experienced as a young child faced with the threat of pogroms
in the Russian Empire accusing The American's in particular of

(05:15:58):
sacrificing Jewish security for their diplomatic ends.
As she took her Defiance and sheDrew closer to her defense
minister and Ernst while rival motion Daya the Prime Minister
acknowledged her ignorance of military Affairs and relied on
advice from the popular General.While the defense minister

(05:16:19):
respected the political abilities of Israel's matriarch
The death of NASA in September 1970, raised hopes of a peace
settlement with his successor and hwasa.
Although Sadat continued to insist on his Israeli
withdrawal. From all the occupied
territories mayor offered a partial withdrawal from the

(05:16:40):
Eastern Bank of the series Canal.
Those sedat's counter-offer was unacceptable mayor, sketched out
a plan which would see Israel. Keep the Golan Heights,
Jerusalem and the Egyptian Port of Sharm.
Al Shiekh on the southern tip ofthe Sinai while Israeli troops
would withdraw from the rest of the peninsula.

(05:17:01):
The proposals prompted men are combined to call a vote of no
confidence against her, which she survived by the narrowest of
margins. Mayor's plan for the West Bank
and the Gaza Strip were less well-defined but she was
prepared to give up these territories to the atoms.

(05:17:22):
Preferably Jordan, since she believed that Israel Securities
was best served with a Jewish majority State rather than
incorporating more than one million Arabs, from the occupied
territories. Unwilling to upset the delicate,
political balance in the countrybefore the Arabs were serious
about negotiations. Mayor maintained, the status

(05:17:45):
quo, leaving, Dayan and the ministry of Defense to govern
the West Bank, Dayan favor, the unorthodox solution of a
permanent Israeli, military presence, in the West Bank.
While allowing the Arab areas tobe administered by Jordan,
although opposed by most of his government colleagues, Dan hoped

(05:18:05):
that coexistence would lead to peace and began to implement his
vision building Jewish settlements in the West Bank and
facilitating the movement of goods and people between Israel
and Jordan. Despite joining the Egyptians of
the 1967 war, the jordanians remained Israel's best friend

(05:18:28):
among the out of states. The Israelis recognized that
King Hussein had been under considerable pressure to
demonstrate pan out of solidarity from fellow Adam
bleeders, and his own Palestinian subjects.
Were saying was a keen to avoid the fate of his grandfather
King. Abdullah whom mayor had met on

(05:18:48):
the eve of Israeli Independence and who had been assassinated by
a Palestinian terrorists in 1951On the 6th of September 1970,
Palestinian terrorists, hijacked, four commercial
planes, and landed them on Dawson's field.
A Jordanian, air base calling for the release of fedai in

(05:19:11):
prisoners. After releasing most of the
hostages, the Palestinians kept the Jews in custody and blew up
the empty planes on the 12th of September.
Jordan descended into Civil War on the 17th of September, when
Hussein ordered loyal troops to crush the feder and his capital
of the man resulting in Syrian intervention on behalf of the

(05:19:35):
Palestinians after receiving, a plea for help from Hussain mayor
ordered the Israeli Air Force tofly over the city and columns in
a demonstration of force which combined with a successful
Jordanian, counter-attack haltedthe city in attack at tentative.
Peace was broken between Jordan and Palestine by NASA days

(05:19:59):
before his death. As the stalemate in the Middle
East continued, a host of parties offered to mediate, a
peace settlement, including a delegation of African leaders.
Romania's communist dictator Nicolae Zhou and Pope.
Paul 6, mayor had given up hope of any meaningful piece with the

(05:20:20):
Arabs and this belief was reinforced on the morning of the
5th of September 1972, when the Palestinian terrorist group
Black. September kidnapped, 11 Israeli
athletes at the Munich Olympics with two Israelis already dead.
The terrorists threatened to kill the rest unless Israel

(05:20:41):
released over 200 out of prisoners.
The incident was the latest in aseries of terrorist attacks
against Israeli targets. Authorized by arafat's Palestine
Liberation Organization or PLO when the tenant's refused to
accept a ransom payment from theWest German, or His German

(05:21:02):
police launched a botched RescueMission, which resulted in the
deaths of all the Israelis, a German police officer and five
terrorists. In response on the 15th of
September mayor authorized Mossad to launch an operation to
hunt down the terrorists responsible for Munich.

(05:21:23):
When mayor was criticized for depriving, the Palestinians of
the right to their own Nation. She refused to acknowledge the
existence of a separate Palestinian nation and argued,
that Palestinian Arabs were freeto settle in any of the Arab
states in the Middle East. In May 1973 after four years

(05:21:45):
leading, the country mayor announced her intention to step,
aside from the Premiership in October approval rating's
remained above 70%, the economy was growing rapidly, and Israel
was receiving generous military aid from the US government which
allowed her to feel increasinglysecure while mayor was turning

(05:22:08):
her attention away from defense and towards social policy in
August the city's installed. Soviet anti-aircraft battery is
opposite. The Golan Heights.
On the 25th of September King Hussein secretly visited Israel
to warn of an imminent, Syrian attack supported by Egypt,

(05:22:28):
despite his Raley and intelligence reports that
Egyptian forces, word advancing towards the Suisun believed that
the Egyptians would not dare to challenge the Israeli military.
On the 5th of October. The Israeli Defense Forces Chief
of Staff, General, David Alazar suspected that hostilities were

(05:22:50):
imminent but the Israeli leadership refrained from
full-scale mobilization on the morning of the 6th of October
the day of Yom Kippur the most important holiday on the Jewish
religious calendar. Mayor met with Alazar and Dayan.
Although she decided against launching, a pre-emptive

(05:23:10):
airstrike, which would jeopardize a medical diplomatic
support. She agreed to full mobilization.
Over Diane's objections, The Invasion began that after noon,
that the Israeli leadership was confident that they would repeat
their previous successes againstthe atoms.

(05:23:31):
They were surprised to hear reports of Egyptians launching
coordinated strikes. On his really targets along the
canal in the South while Syrian tanks rolled towards the Golan
Heights. The Israeli air superiority,
which had won. Six-Day War, was nullified by
the Egyptian and Syrian anti-aircraft systems.

(05:23:54):
While a panicked Dayan proposed,giving up the Golem for a more
defensible position elazar remained optimistic that he
could hold off the enemy attackslong enough to mobilize his
reserves when a disheartened. Dejan offered his resignation.
Mayor refused that took personalcharge of the war effort

(05:24:15):
developing plans for a counteroffensive alongside her
senior officers. As the Israeli reserves took to
the field, the tide of War beganto turn at the cost of heavy.
Casualties by the third day of the war, the syrians were
falling back in the north while Allah's costly counter attack.

(05:24:35):
In the South altered the Egyptian advance.
After recaptured in the Golan Heights mayor authorized the
Israeli Defense Force to advanceon the city and capital of
Damascus on the 11th of October.On the 14th of October Israeli
tanks. Defeated an Egyptian attack in
the Sinai allowing Israeli troops to cross over the canal

(05:24:59):
on the 15th. When the Soviets under America's
proposed a ceasefire and direct negotiations between Egypt and
Israel, mayor was initially inclined to reject the terms.
Since the Israeli Defense Force was poised to surround and
eliminate the Egyptian third Army on the Sinai.

(05:25:21):
After learning that Sadat had accepted, the proposals mayor
met US, Secretary of State HenryKissinger to finalize the
details of a ceasefire on the 22nd of October.
After an Egyptian attempt to break out of the encirclement
fighting resumed, until a secondceasefire was agreed.

(05:25:41):
On the 25th of October, with theEgyptian, third Army completely
trapped While the Israelis had managed to pull off a victory
2,600 soldiers, had perished in the process and rather than
celebrating the Israeli people blamed, the initial setbacks on
mayor and Dale though, she acknowledged her responsibility,

(05:26:05):
for the debacle mayor, went to aMedicare to discuss.
Peace proposals with Kissinger and Nixon.
In late night discussions with Kissinger, their adamantly
refused to break the encirclement of the third Army,
without a prisoner Exchange. In the meantime on the 28th of
October Egyptian and Israeli army officers made good progress

(05:26:29):
in negotiating a prisoner exchange and the resupply of the
Egyptian third Army, as well as the gradual withdrawal of troops
from both sides and the reopening of the sewers Canal,
the agreement was finalized, when Kissinger visited the
Middle East, the following week,As a result of the war, the

(05:26:52):
knesset elections scheduled for the 31st of October had been
postponed to the 31st of December, despite her previous
commitment to resign mayor. Hoped to hold the Labour party
together. While denying power to begins
likud party. While Dan had been blamed for

(05:27:12):
the failure, to prepare for the war mayor kept.
Her defense minister in his post, causing her own popularity
to decline on the 21st of December Israeli, foreign
minister Abba, iban attended theMiddle East peace confidence in
Geneva. Alongside the Jordanian and
Egyptian delegation's, but the meeting lasted one day without

(05:27:35):
being reconvened, when voters went to the polls on the 31st,
May as Labour won, 40% of the vote against 29 for liquid while
labor remained, the largest party near Was disappointed that
she had lost support as she attempted to Cobble together.
A new government mayor realized that whether she retained daehan

(05:28:00):
or sacked him, a faction of the Labour party would refuse to
support the government on the 11th of April, she resigned as
party leader, throwing her support behind Yitzhak Rabin,
who narrowly emerged as the parties choice.
Mayor retained the Premiership until she was able to secure a

(05:28:22):
disengagement agreement with Syria, brokered by Kissinger on
the 31st of May. On the 3rd of June, she left the
prime minister's office and was succeeded by Rabin at the age of
76 Golder. Mayor was a legend in her own
lifetime. When her ghost written or to

(05:28:43):
biography was published in 1975,it became a global best seller
on the 14th of November 1977 mayor.
Attended the opening of Golda a Broadway, play by William Gibson
only to be thoroughly disappointed by Anne bancroft's
performance in the title role days later.

(05:29:04):
She returned to Israel to meet Anwar Sadat who was visiting
Israel, after declaring his willingness to make peace.
When mayor asked the Egyptian president, why he could not have
met her several years earlier sedat replied, that the time was
not right. Earlier in the year Menachem

(05:29:26):
begin had become Prime Minister after defeating labor and the
knesset elections. In May mayor was disappointed
that the conservative begin who appointed the rehabilitated day.
And as his foreign minister was taking the credit for making
peace. In September 1978, began Sadat,

(05:29:47):
and US, President, Jimmy Carter.Negotiated, the Camp David
Accords Paving the way for Israeli withdrawal from the
occupied territories. While begin and Sadat were in
Oslo to receive the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize Golder mayor died of
lymphoma at the age of 80 on the8th of December 1978.

(05:30:12):
Golda Meir had lived an extraordinary life spanning
three. Continents after being born into
poverty in the Russian Empire with the threat of pogroms.
Hanging over her. She spent her formative years in
the United States where she became a passionate believer in
the labor Zionist movement. After struggling to balance her

(05:30:34):
life, Ambitions with her parentsdemands, she prevailed upon her
reluctant husband to move to Palestine and anticipating the
establishment of a Jewish State.Following the Balfour,
Declaration, After a difficult first decade in the kibbutz and
struggling to make ends meet in Jerusalem and Tel, Aviv mayor

(05:30:56):
began. Her gradual climb up the ranks
of the Jewish political leadership becoming an
invaluable advocate for the Zionist movement in the United
States, neglecting her children and leaving her husband in the
process. After working tirelessly to
assist European Jews who fell under not Nazi occupation in the

(05:31:18):
1930s and 40s mayor emerged. As the right hand.
Woman of David, been Goodie and the father of the state of
Israel, founded in 1948, when Israel, survived the out of
invasion that year mayor was instrumental in raising funds to
enable the Israeli military to continue the resistance.

(05:31:42):
As minister of Labour and the early 1950s.
She championed, ambitious housing, construction, and
social welfare programs before being appointed foreign minister
on the eve of the sewers crisis.Serving almost a decade as
foreign minister. She helped to continue the flow
of military aid from the United States while strengthening

(05:32:05):
relations with African States. After toppling Ben Gurion and
the mid-1960s mayor United, the labor movement and wielded power
behind the scenes during the Six-Day War in 1967.
The four heard appointment as prime minister in 1969,
following Levi, escos death, Though, mayor spent much of her

(05:32:28):
Premier ship seeking a peace agreement with NASA and his
successor Sadat. She was caught off guard by the
Yom Kippur War in 1973 and struggled to manage its
consequences despite successfully organizing
successful counter-offensives against Egypt and Syria.
It was only during the final months of her life in 1978 that

(05:32:53):
her Rivals begin and Sadat made a significant step in the Middle
East, peace process. However, the issue remains
unresolved still in the 21st century What do you think of
gold or may was she a formidableleader who demonstrated to the
world that women could stand up to men on the international

(05:33:16):
political stage and ensured the continued survival of the state
of Israel? Or did she miss several
opportunities to make peace withthe Arabs as a result of her
intransigence and lack of flexibility?
Please let us know in the comment section and in the
meantime. Thank you very much for

(05:33:38):
watching. The woman known to history as
Diana, Princess of Wales was born on the first of July 1961.

(05:33:59):
As Diana Frances Spencer at Parkhouse inside the Royal Estate at
Sandringham. In the county of northern
England. Her father was Edward John
Spencer who was born on the 24thof January, 1924 into the
nobility as vicount Ultra havingbeen the only son of the

(05:34:20):
seventh. Earl Spencer, the Spencer family
was one of the most significant aristocratic lines in Britain
being descended from John. Churchill first Duke of Mora,
one of the foremost Statesmen and Generals of Europe.
During the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Edward John spent his late teensduring the first years of the

(05:34:41):
second world war at the Royal Military College in Sandhurst
before serving as a captain in the Royal Scots graze regiment,
where he was recognized for his admirable contribution to the
war effort, during the Allied invasion of Europe in the summer
of 1944 to open a western front in France, against the Nazis
from there. He led a British army unit in an

(05:35:04):
operation that successfully liberated to French towns after
the war. Spencer was assistant to the
governor of South Australia, from 1947 to 1950, before
holding local State offices, such as County councilor.
I sheriff for northamptonshire and Justice of the Peace for
Norfolk between 1950 and 1954. Spencer was a personal attendant

(05:35:28):
to both King George, the sixth and Queen Elizabeth.
The second. Before he inherited his late,
father's title as 8th Earl Spencer in 1975, consequently
joining the governmental House of Lords until his death on the
29th of March 1992. Diana's mother was Frances Ruth

(05:35:48):
Roche. She was born on the 20th of
January 1936. Also at Park House Sandringham
and was the daughter of a baron,who forged a good friendship
with King George. The 6th, her mother was a lady
in waiting to his Queen consort at the age of 18 Francis
married. The vicount otra at Westminster

(05:36:09):
Abbey, they had five children, Sarah born in 1955 Jane who
followed two years later. Their first son John who was
born in 1960, but tragically died just hours after his birth
Diana a year later. And finally, Charles in 1964,
they divorced in 1967 and both went on to remarry, a royal

(05:36:33):
journalist reported that violentoutbursts from the white count
may have caused the marriage to fail with Diana.
Singing, her father, slapping, her mother, at least once,
although custody of their children was awarded to the
Vikings And France's lived the rest of her life, relatively
secluded on the Scottish island of sale, despite her relocation

(05:36:54):
a drink driving ban and conflicts with Diana.
Occasionally brought France's into the Press Limelight, but
she was largely left to focus oncharity work until her death on
the third of June 2004, her own parents experience.
Meant that. Diana grew up as a child of
divorce and was aware of the complications, which can follow.

(05:37:15):
But nothing could have prepared her for the difficulties, which
her own unhappy marriage, would create from the mid-1980s
onwards. Diana grew up at a time when
Britain was experiencing wide-ranging changes,
politically culturally, socially, and economically.
The context of the second half of the 20th century was one of

(05:37:37):
Britain, rebuilding after the shock and Devastation left by
the second world war, coupled with the birth of the cold war
between the Soviet Union and theUnited States.
And its allies like Britain and fueled by the conflicting,
ideologies of democracy and communism, compulsory National
military, service and food rationing remained prevalent in

(05:37:58):
Britain throughout the second half of the 1940s and into the
early 1950s. However, the accession of Queen
Elizabeth, the second at just 25years of age in 1952 in many
ways was a turning point in the history of Britain during the
20th century in the year's that followed renewed, economic
growth began. And by the time, the decade

(05:38:21):
ended prospects for ordinary British people had imp Greatly
with low unemployment, higher wages and better living
conditions and entertainment. Then when the 1960s arrived,
there was a social Revolution with music fashion and
attitudes. All changing there was more
spending on luxuries and the majority of households.

(05:38:42):
Now had televisions, meaning Diana, grew up as mass media
truly arrived, giving people ready, access to the Beatles,
BBC television, and more detailsthan ever before about the royal
family. For instance, it was in 1960,
the year before Diana was born but the first ever Royal
marriage was televised that of Queen Elizabeth's sister.

(05:39:05):
Princess Margaret to Antony Armstrong, Jones are to the
older of Snowdon and an accomplished for photographer.
The 1970s however was a decade of strikes as trade unions
engaged in widespread industrialaction brought on by a demand
for improved working conditions.Britain's Global Empire had come

(05:39:26):
to an end following decolonization across Africa and
in Northern Ireland, the troubles a period of Indonesia
in sectarian violence between Roman Catholic Republicans and
Presbyterian unionists escalatedinto widespread bombings.
Exchanged with the Irish, Republican Army or IRA
eventually taking the campaign to England itself to compound

(05:39:49):
Matters from 1973. There was a two-year recession
in much of the Western World driven by inflation triggered by
the world oil crisis, which resulted in higher energy and
commodity prices thereby ending the boom.
Enjoyed in the previous decade Progressive legislation
including the 1975 Sex Discrimination Act, the 1976

(05:40:12):
race relations act and The 1979 convention on the elimination of
all forms of discrimination against women were all signs.
That Britain was attempting to shift to a fairer Society.
One element that had not significantly changed, however,
was the upper-class system and protocols which was still made
up of five ranks of aristocraticnobility listed in precedence as

(05:40:36):
duke. Markus, Earl vacant and Barren.
The royal family sat at the top of this hierarchy, all of this
ensured that Britain was a changing Society by the time,
Diana came of age but in some crucial respects it remained
bound to the past. One of the most significant
issues was that attitudes towards divorce and marital

(05:41:00):
Separation was still old fashioned in Britain by the
1980s. And this would have a bearing on
Diana's later life as the British press became obsessed
with the possibility of her and her future husband.
Separating in a man of which would not hold the same
attention in the 2020s. Diana's youth was spent in

(05:41:21):
meshed in British aristocratic life.
The Sandringham estate where Queen Elizabeth.
The second least Park house to the Spencer.
Family was often the scene of Royal Gatherings and so Diana
grew up accustomed to life in the Royal Circle, even calling
the queen aunt lilibet. She also played with two of the
Queen's Sons, prince, Andrew andPrince, Edward.

(05:41:43):
During her younger years, though.
Her eldest, son. Charles, the Prince of Wales and
heir to the throne was already entering his teenage years when
Diana was born. And so they had no real contact
during her youth being of two significantly different age
groups, Diana's parents divorcedwhen she was just seven years
old following, which she initially went to live in London

(05:42:07):
with her mother. But shortly thereafter, a father
won custody of the Spencer children and together with her
two older sisters and Young Brother Diana returned to
Sandringham to live with the future.
Earl. In 1970, Diana was enrolled at
riddlesworth Hall School. Following a few years of
homeschooling and a short spell at silfield private school in

(05:42:30):
Norfolk. Four years later in 1974, she
went to boarding school at West Heath near 70.
Oaks in Kent, where she showed atalent for music, swimming and
dancing in her. Second year, upon the death of
her grandfather, she inherited the title lady, as her father,
became Earl Spencer and moved into the hereditary Spencer seat

(05:42:51):
at Ultra in northamptonshire despite describing her time at
West Heath as the happiest days of her life.
Diana struggled academically in many areas and she held her.
Oh, level exams twice before moving to the Institute of
Alpine in Switzerland. During 1977, this was a

(05:43:11):
finishing school designed to prepare pupils for life and the
associated courtesies and Protocols of upper class
Society. In November 1977, there was a
grouse hunt at her family estatein Ultra and Diana was in
attendance when her older sisterSarah arrived on a date with the
heir to the throne Charles, Prince of Wales romance would be

(05:43:35):
short-lived for Sarah as they would date for only a brief
time. With the prince ending, the
relationship on a skiing trip. And Sarah telling the press that
she would never marry him. Whether he was quote, a dustman
or the king of England, Charles and Diana caught each other's
Eye For the First Time with Charles describing Diana as

(05:43:55):
Jolly amusing, fun and attractive while Diana joked to
her friends about marrying him. Some sources suggest that
Charles was still in love with Camilla Parker Bowles at this
time, despite her marriage to Andrew Parker Bowles for years,
prior, Charles. And Camilla had dated for a time
in the early 1970s, but Charles had refrained from proposing to

(05:44:19):
her. Going to her family's lack of
aristocratic titles and her perceived long dating history
which would contravene the traditional preference of a
princess and future Queen to carry a virginal unsullied
image. When marrying, the heir to the
throne, as a result of Charles procrastination, Camilla had
moved on and married, but she and Charles in retrospect

(05:44:43):
remained the love of each. Other's lives and stayed in
extensive contact throughout thelate 1970s and into the 1980s.
Up in 1978, Diana left school thereafter.
She tried several low-paid jobs,including becoming a nanny, for
a wealthy American couple, a dance instructor.

(05:45:04):
A cleaner. A party hostess.
And then a nursery teacher's assistant at the Young England
School in Pimlico. As a present on her 18th
birthday, Diana's, mother boughther a flat at coleherne court in
Earl's Court, in Kensington in central London, where she lived
with three flatmates. These were years of Liberation

(05:45:25):
Diana had found her childhood largely unhappy and unstable
contending with her parents, abusive marriage.
And then the separation, which followed in the 1970s.
She had a very poor relationshipwith her stepmother Rainmaker.
Dale, who married, Diana's father in 1976 Diana.

(05:45:45):
Described her as a bully and on one occasion, rain allegedly
pushed her stepdaughter down. A flight of stairs.
Despite this Diana had developedfrom a shy child to a confident
and beautiful lady who mingled with aristocratic and powerful.
People opening her up to a wide world of potential.

(05:46:07):
In November 1978, Diana was invited to Prince Charles 30th
birthday celebrations at Buckingham Palace the famed
London, home of Queen. Elizabeth, the second Diana was
not intimidated by the attendees, nor her surroundings
and was fascinated by the company and event apparently
making a good impression of herself on the prints.

(05:46:29):
However, in August 1979, Lord, mountbatten Charles great uncle
and a major influence in his early years was assassinated by
the IRA leaving Charles devastated.
He sought comfort from Camila which started rumors that the
pair had secretly resumed. A romantic relationship one,
which Camilla's husband and Andrew Parker.

(05:46:51):
Bowles was apparently accepting of as he himself, had all been
involved with numerous lovers since beginning, his
relationship with Camila. Despite this during the
following year in July 1980, Charles showered Diana with
Strong signs of affection when they met again at the home of
the pass, a mutual friend, hosting a party in Sussex.

(05:47:16):
Triggering the beginning of their official courtship Diana
was invited to stay with Charlesin London.
Where the Royal establishment would be asked for approval of
the relationship. Two months later in September
1980, Diana was invited to visitQueen Elizabeth's, Scottish
Residence at Balmoral Castle in aberdeenshire where the couple
received scrutiny from the Monarch and her husband, Philip

(05:47:39):
Duke of Edinburgh, Charles had clearly invited Diana to meet
his parents in order for them toassess her suitability to become
his wife at a time when picking who the future Queen consort
would be was viewed as a political as much as a personal
and emotional decision, private secretary or charteris was

(05:48:00):
present at the visit reporting. That Diana ensured Charles.
Saw her looking beautiful decorous and acting Jolly which
Queen Elizabeth also noticed andremarked.
How she found her Charming and appropriate referred to By the
media, as the test of Balmoral Diana.
And Charles got their blessing, which sparked the beginning of

(05:48:23):
big public interest with a race in the press, to be the first to
publish photos of the lady who was dubbed, shy die.
With the couples relationship. Now public there was a threat to
the Royal establishment as it fueled tabloid newspapers to
scrutinize and run stories on Charles and Diana stories, which

(05:48:44):
could be either positive or negative the papers cared
little. As long as the story sold such
was the desire to uphold a positive Regal image in November
1980, the Royals demanded an apology from one tabloid
newspaper. When it claimed Charles had used
the Royal train to secretly meetwith Diana.
This was controversial as the tax-funded transport was

(05:49:08):
intended for official public duties.
Only in early 1981, upon the recommendation of Charles,
father, Prince, Philip Charles decided to commit to Diana, to
remove the presentation and to protect Diana and himself from
the possibility of damaging their reputations.
Accordingly on the 6th of February.
He proposed at Windsor Castle and Diana accepted the

(05:49:32):
officially shared. The news with the BBC, Two Weeks
Later in a press announcement which produced controversy when
the reporter conducting the interview asked them both if
they were in Love Diana, swiftlyreplied, of course, but Charles
added whatever. Love means this was interpreted
by some as an early sign of division between the couple.

(05:49:53):
Although in the same interview Diana showed positive Signs by
saying she was ready for the challenges of joining the Royal
establishment as she had the unwavering support of Charles.
However, there were numerous other causes for concern if
anyone had cared to look. Charles was already heading into
his mid-30s while Diana was just19 and their courtship was

(05:50:17):
hardly extensive. A biography of Diana written.
Many years ago, concluded that Diana and Charles had only met
each other 12 or 30 times. When Charles proposed it all
voted ill for the future. Diana, chose her.
An engagement ring which was contrary to Royal tradition
because it was not custom made by the Royal jeweler.

(05:50:39):
She chose an 18 carat white, gold band.
Adorned with a Ceylon Sapphire picked out of a catalog which
others could purchase. It was the first indication of
her desire to forge her own path, as a member of the royal
family rather than following tradition shortly.
After the wedding announcement, Diana moved into Clarence House

(05:51:00):
in Westminster in London, which was one of the homes of the
Queen Mother. Although later Diana would move
to Buckingham Palace for the remainder of her engagement.
She found this to be an incredibly lonely time.
On the 9th of March 1981, the couple made their first
appearance together at a charitymusical concert at Goldsmith's

(05:51:22):
Hall in central London where Diana was met with intense,
press attention. As she stepped out of her car,
in a black shoulderless dress, which was two sizes, too, small
and revealed. More than Royal fashion
etiquette would normally allow one reporter suggested.
It was like watching Cinderella swap.
Her Rags for riches. Comparing the event to a fairy

(05:51:44):
tale, although Diana. Founded an unbearable experience
which set out some harsh realities about her.
Future following the Goldsmith event.
There was an Afterparty at Buckingham Palace where Diana,
met Princess of Monaco, who was previously known as Grace Kelly,
an Oscar winning American actress before marrying into

(05:52:04):
royalty, Grace comforted Diana, who got upset over the
appropriate nurse of her dress and small details of acceptable
etiquette such as which armed. To wear once handbag bursting
into tears. Diana realized that her future
life would be characterized by scrutiny and pressure which
Princess Grace joked. Would only get worse.

(05:52:25):
Oddly cheering up the conversation and creating a bond
between the pair. In the months leading up to the
wedding Diana grew increasingly suspicious of the relationship
between Charles and Camilla particularly.
So, when she found a personalized bracelet, that her
future husband had purchased four, Camilla Diana.

(05:52:46):
Nearly called off the wedding onthis occasion, but her sisters
talked to out of it and she pressed on with the engagement
later that month as she watched her fiance live from Heathrow
Airport to embark on a six-week tour, Diana was pictured.
Crying. Charles had taken a call from
Camila just before he left on the 28th of July 1981.

(05:53:09):
Diana, had a severe episode of her eating disorder, bulimia the
condition, which she suffered from periodically throughout her
life. It was triggered in this case by
the anticipation of her upcomingwedding.
The following day, she spent thenight with her sister lady
fellows at Clarence House and received a Signet ring from her

(05:53:29):
fiancee with a note. Talking about his Pride in her
and offering reassurance that. If she looks people in the eye,
she will win the hearts of the people.
Diana slept poorly due to singing crowds of gathering
Spectators and feelings of anticipation upon waking up.
She described herself as being helplessly numb, as she accepted

(05:53:52):
the world was watching with foreign dignitaries from across
the globe. All due to attend getting
dressed in a 9,000 pound, Ivory colored dress with 10,000,
embroidered pearls, and a 25-meter train longer than any
other scene at a royal wedding. Diana was breaking away from the

(05:54:13):
Royal tradition of pure white styles.
On the 29th of July, 1981 Diana.Officially became the Princess
of Wales when she married, Charles to the joy of 750
million, global television viewers, and half a million.
Spectators lining, the streets around their chosen venue.

(05:54:34):
Saint Paul's, Cathedral in central, London, described by
many as a fairy tale wedding. It was a huge event which saw
the United Kingdom, have a public holiday while there were
many celebrations around the country and further afield in
the Commonwealth Nations, such as Australia, New Zealand and
Canada at the church of England,ceremony the couple requested to

(05:54:56):
remove the traditional wife's promise to obey her husband a
decision, which seems entirely modern today, but which
attracted attention from the press in 1981, the wedding
reception was held afterwards atBuckingham Palace where 27
wedding cakes and an official cakes applied by the Royal Navy
standing. 5 foot tall, and weighing 225 pounds were served

(05:55:21):
in addition to the extravagant wedding day costs for the
ceremony, there were additional security measures due to the
threat from the IRA and crowd management, which meant this was
an expensive event and was estimated to cost 57 million
pounds crowds were delighted when Charles and Diana came out

(05:55:41):
onto the balcony and kissed withfireworks and 100 beacons,
lighting up across the country, into the night, despite the
Splendor of the occasion. However, it was a doomed Union
in retrospect After the wedding reception, the newlyweds were
taken by Carriage Across the River Thames, and they then left

(05:56:03):
London to start their honeymoon at the stately home.
Broadlands in Hampshire from there, they flew to the Royal
yacht. Britannia three days later for
an 11-day cruise around the Mediterranean before returning
to Balmoral Castle in Scotland for a hunting trip with other
members of the royal family. Diana did not have a happy
honeymoon and she cried repeatedly, while her bulimia

(05:56:26):
fled up. Due to the immense changes, she
was experiencing each day. She found Charles analysis of
the novels he was reading to be rather tedious in what was
surely a classic example of why,two individuals who do not know
each other should not rush into a marriage for the wrong
reasons. Many pictures were taken during
their stay at Balmoral, which was organized by the Royal press

(05:56:49):
office. Who in effect organized and
engaged official touchpoints with the major press Outlets,
including tabloid news. To make matters worse during the
honeymoon. Charles reportedly wore
cufflinks gifted to him by Camila with Diana discovering
where they had come from during the trip.
She suspected more and more thathe was still unable to move on

(05:57:12):
from his old relationship. Despite this public sentiment
assumed the new Princess of Wales was happy having just
become the third highest ranked female in Britain according to
aristocratic presidents, The newlyweds resided at Kensington
Palace in London and Highgrove house in gloucestershire after

(05:57:33):
marrying. It was just after moving in to
these residences. That the royal family announced
that Diana was pregnant on the 5th of November, 1981.
Two months later. She fell down some stairs at
Sandringham while just 12 weeks pregnant.
But fortunately no harm befell. The unborn baby.
We know today that Diana intentionally caused the fall

(05:57:56):
because of her growing depression and feelings of
inadequacy as part of the royal establishment to compound
matters in February 1982, pictures of Diana pregnant in
the Bikini were published in themedia.
This deeply upset the Royals with the queen publicly
condemning, those who took and released the photos on the 21st

(05:58:17):
of June 1982. However, Prince William, Arthur
Philip Louis of Wales was born at Saint, Mary Hospital in
London automatically. Coming second in line to the
throne of Britain. This came at some personal cost
to Diana as she suffered post-natal, depression in the
months that followed made worse.When her friend Princess Grace

(05:58:39):
of Monaco died on the 14th of September 1982, having suffered
a stroke while driving resultingin her car.
Plummeting off a cliff with justher daughter.
Princess Stephanie surviving Diana attended the funeral
despite her husband allegedly telling her he saw no reason why
she should have to attend their Diana.

(05:59:00):
Wore a black dress and became the center of presentation with
some of her critics saying she appeared to thrive on it.
Attracting both criticism and praise.
Charles, and Diana, took nine-month-old Prince William on
their first joint, Royal tour ofAustralia and New Zealand.
In March 1983, this broke Royal precedence, as young children

(05:59:24):
were traditionally left at home when working Royals had toured
the Empire, or Commonwealth nations in Times Gone by
arriving in Alice Springs. Australia, Diana got off to a
rocky. Start with some of the
Australian press reporting that she looked Miserable as the
Royals sought to win the hearts and minds of the public in the
Commonwealth country. In order to reaffirm support in

(05:59:47):
the British Monarchy, whose Queen was still a symbolic Head
of State for many worldwide countries.
The young baby Prince stayed with a nanny of the tour base on
a farm at ouma in central Australia, as the royal couple
began visiting famous sites suchas the sacred, Uluru, or widely
known as Ayers, Rock as the tour.

(06:00:10):
Progressed Diana's, ability to charm was complemented by her
beauty and style. A popularity was growing across
the globe even in challenging ex-colonial countries which were
increasingly skeptical of the lingering ties to the British
Monarchy for instance, crowds began to come out to see Diana,
who it was, estimated shook the hands of around 6,000 people,

(06:00:32):
during the tour of Australia developing her popular image as
someone who was accessible and relatable to the public while
all saw appearing down to earth and unafraid to break with royal
protocols. The two-month tour finished a
success for the royal couple, but with the Limelight shifting
towards Diana, there was animosity created as Charles was

(06:00:55):
used to being at the center of attention, but was at times
pushed aside, which put pressureon the relationship, when they
arrived back to London and foundit was the same at home.
On the 14th of February 1984, the papers published the news of
Diana's second pregnancy. Having confirmed the information
the night before marking, an uncharacteristic period of

(06:01:19):
happiness for the couple as theygrew to their closest as man and
wife with her husband wishing for a baby girl.
Diana, feared disappointment when she found out.
It was a boy and consequently decided to withhold the sex from
Charles until the birth of theirsecond child.
Prince, Harry on the 15th of September 1984.
As a mother Diana, put her children first and often refused

(06:01:43):
the wishes of Charles and Royal traditions.
For instance, she organized her own childcare, picking William
and Harry's clothes and taking them to the school that she
chose when they got older, rather than relying on Royal
household staff to carry out these tasks as so many Royal
couple's had for centuries. This all added to the growing

(06:02:04):
perception of Diana as the people's princess.
Amongst the wider public, a royal princess who seemed to
have the common touch and who had little time for the rituals
and stuffing us of the traditional aristocracy.
Diana's Royal duties recommends in 1985.
Once she recovered from her pregnancy Life as a working

(06:02:27):
Royal. At this time involved supporting
the queen as Sovereign undertaking tours of the country
and symbolic visits to Civic andMilitary sites such as her
launch of HMS, Cornwall where Diana continued to draw crowds
and influence fashion with her Manner and style in April Diana,
Charles William and Harry visited Italy, where they met

(06:02:50):
both the Italian president Alessandro pertini and Pope John
Paul. The second followed by a second
trip to Australia later in the year with a public and media
nicknamed Diana. The Diamond Princess in November
of the Year, while attending a dinner hosted at the White House
in Washington, DC, President, Ronald Reagan's wife, Nancy

(06:03:12):
fulfilled, a fantasy of Diana's,when she paired her with movie
star, John Travolta, for a dance, which Cleared the floor
as influential onlookers, watched the infamous moment
unfold as the year closed. Diana was immersed in typical
public duties such as visits to hospitals, schools, and

(06:03:33):
Charities, including those supporting suffers of serious
diseases such as AIDS. By 1986 Diana and Charles
marriage was deteriorating, significantly.
As it became clear to Diana. The Charles had once again,
resumed, his intimate relationship with Camilla Parker
Bowles. However, it would be wrong to

(06:03:54):
suggest as many people have overthe years, that Diana was
entirely the victim in this situation.
She engaged herself in at least one and possibly multiple
Affairs in the 1980s. The first of these was possibly
with Barry manakee, a police officer and bodyguard who was a
sign to Diana's protection unit.In 1984, he was subsequently

(06:04:17):
transferred away from that detail in 1986 on the grounds
that his relationship with Dianahad become inappropriate.
He died in a road traffic accident, the following year.
And while the rumors of the fairwere never substantiated Diana
did state in an interview, some years later that she had been
deeply in love with someone between 1984 and 1986.

(06:04:40):
And she was devastated upon hearing of his death.
A more widely known of Affair was with her old horse, riding
instructor. Major James Hewitt who Diana was
involved with between 1986 and 1991.
Diana later confirmed the affairas did he hear it however,
persistent theories that Prince?Harry Bears, a striking

(06:05:02):
resemblance to Hew it and is hisbiological son have been
rubbished by Hewitt. Who stated that his affair with
Diana did not begin until two years after Harry was born.
What all of this makes clear though is that Diana was
involved in several protracted affairs herself throughout her
marriage to Charles thus, although Diana later claimed

(06:05:24):
that her married because they were three people in it.
Her Charles and Camilla in reality, Diana was unfaithful
herself for much of it scrutiny of the lives of The Prince, and
Princess of Wales. Stated when Diana fainted in May
during the Expo 86 World Fair inVancouver Canada, causing many

(06:05:46):
to question her health. And the busy schedule, which saw
her fly to Tokyo shortly after where she was pictured.
Looking pale and exhausted Dianawas immensely popular across the
world and in Japan which ensuredthe eight-day tour was
action-packed. But the couple successfully hid,
any issues in the marriage throughout the trip.

(06:06:06):
In November 1986 Diana, went on a short tour of the Middle East
where she met King fired of Saudi Arabia, and Sultan Qaboos
bin said of Amman, We might ask at this juncture, just who was
this young woman who was involved in such Tangled,
political Affairs in the 1980s and was at one point assumed

(06:06:30):
destined to become the Queen of England.
One day often Diana's personality is masked by the
public adulation, she received on account of her charitable
activities and the perception ofher as the victim of a political
marriage. But who was she away from the
media glare? Diana was a mix of charm and

(06:06:50):
confidence under which was hidden many insecurities and
emotional storms, friends noted that she could shift from one
mood to another relatively quickly, so that the young woman
who had to act one way at a royal event or was livid owing
to some media reports and intrusion into her life.
At a given time could quickly become more upbeat with friends

(06:07:13):
other lifelong friends. Noted that there was a
paradoxical nature to Diana the Fashion entrepreneur, Roberto
Dvorak, for instance noted that Diana could be extremely mature
in some instances, the conversely entirely immature in
other situations. Similarly, despite the massive

(06:07:33):
number of responsibilities whichwere foisted on her.
She could also be very childlikein many ways.
This was what won her. The admiration of so many her
unguarded and innocent manner. Even in serious situations, a
younger brother Charles, perhapsprovided the most penetrating
insight into this noting that Diana's great strength and

(06:07:56):
weakness was her honesty. And yet, even this could often
be disguised by her need to exaggerate.
Even when she was being truthful, she was in short a
complicated person. In April, 1987 Diana opened the
first UK hospital Ward dedicatedto the treatment of HIV where

(06:08:19):
she famously tackled the stigma around those infected with the
disease. When she shook the hands of 12
patients without wearing gloves,only one picture was taken.
And the 32 year old man insistedthat it should be taken from an
angle where his face could not be seen this reflected, the
fearful social outcasts that HIVcreated, as well as a loneliness

(06:08:43):
that Diana could relate to in the confines of her own personal
life within a strict establishment events.
Like, this might seem insignificant today, but it is
important to understand exactly how unusual this Behavior was in
the mid-1980s. HIV and AIDS had first emerged
in Africa during the 1930s, but in an age Pride at rampant,

(06:09:08):
globalization it took decades before it.
Aim, a serious problem in the developed world.
When the first major waves of itbegan spreading across Europe
and North America in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
It carried an enormous social stigma primarily because it was
believed to be transmitted exclusively by intravenous drug

(06:09:30):
users and gay men at a time whenhomosexuality was still looked
down upon by the vast majority of people in publicly refusing
to adopt this dance towards HIV sufferers.
And instead displaying a Humane approach to Wards those who had
contracted the disease Diana contributed towards lifting,

(06:09:51):
some of the stigma surrounding it in the mid to late 1980s.
Elsewhere in her life in the second half of the 1980s.
The tabloids continued to focus on exposing the failing marriage
and had picked up on a growing discomfort between Diana and
Charles highlighting. When they fail to appear

(06:10:11):
together at events, such as the wedding of Lady Amanda
ellingworth or the solo summer. Holiday, Charles took at
Balmoral Diana was aware from her charity engagements that her
work often benefited from the Press attention but her position
also attracted, Relentless coverage of personal stories
which she found distressing. It was also leading to an

(06:10:34):
ongoing decline in her relationship with her
mother-in-law. When Charles had first
introduced Diana to his parents as a, prospective wife, the
queen, and her husband had been impressed by her and warmed to
Diana. That relationship continued well
through the first years of theirmarriage and the birth of
William and Harry. But in the second half of the

(06:10:56):
1880s. It became more strained as the
media focus on the problems of her and Charles's marriage
continued for Elizabeth whose motto as inherited from her own
parents was to never complain. Never explain a key component of
which was not to air, the Royal Family's dirty laundry in
public. The breakdown of Charles and

(06:11:18):
Diana's, marriage created, unprecedented problems in her
long Reign. The evidence suggests that she
did not view Diana as being responsible for the problems,
which were growing from the mid-1980s onwards.
But neither could she overlookedthe fact that it was the arrival
of Diana into the Royal fold? Which had led to the first
serious and ongoing controversies of her Reign Over

(06:11:41):
30 years after its commencement As 1988 arrived Diana and
Charles continued with world tours, including Thailand and
Australia as their official Royal duties.
Continued to grow with nearly 200 events attended that year
alone, Diana remained focused onCharities, concerned with the

(06:12:01):
treatment and support of cancer opening, what would become known
as children with cancer UK and assuming the position of
patroness in addition to position.
She already held in the Red Cross and several other
Charities. All of this work continued to
earn her plotted in many circlesin Britain.
Even as the media, Feeding Frenzy concerning her personal

(06:12:24):
life continued, by 1989 Diana. Was living a largely separate
life to her husband and in February while at a birthday
party. She bravely confronted Camilla
in a private exchange telling her.
She knew about the affair and wanted her husband back, the
accusation was met with denial from Miller and so, in the year

(06:12:46):
that followed things continue onthe same trajectory Diana
continued to make headlines. When she hugged a child
suffering with AIDS before, her busy schedule, flew her on a
tour of Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates the following
month with her duties. Now, increasing to approximately
300 official engagements per year and enormous burden for a

(06:13:10):
woman who was still just in her late twenties and balancing
motherhood and a very complicated personal life.
In March 1990 Diana and Charles toured Nigeria and the Republic
of Cameroon, where she highlighted projects, which
centered around women, educationand Healthcare in.
May the couple marked history bybeing the first Royals to visit

(06:13:32):
ex-soviet Hungary which was one of many Eastern European
countries that had liberated itself from a Communist Regime,
the previous year, despite the potential Eastern conflict with
the USSR apparently easing with the Cold War, coming to a
largely peaceful conclusion in the Middle East, Britain was one
of 35 countries, condemning Iraq, for its invasion of Kuwait

(06:13:55):
triggered by an oil price in warand deep historical,
disagreements. In August 1990.
When Iraq refused to withdraw, the first Gulf War Began, which
was a conflict that would see the loss of 47 British military
personnel. Diana was Keen to show her
support for British troops and their families and in December,

(06:14:16):
she traveled to Germany. Where she met British soldiers
and their families who were stationed at Bergen honor
Garrison near Hanover during this visit, she told the seven
hundred and fifty military families, stationed here that
they would not be forgotten thisChristmas time as they fought
overseas. She also wrote a motivational
letter to the Troops one which was published through the

(06:14:38):
British military's internal Communications in the new year.
In 1991, Diana's Royal duties included a trip to Kingston in
Canada, a solo trip to Pakistan and a visit to Brazil where she
highlighted organizations that were trying to tackle poverty
and provide relief to homeless children, in her role as a

(06:14:59):
mother Diana continued to be dedicated to her children and
was characteristically, unfazed by Royal protocol.
When she competed in Harry's School sports day event running
barefoot in a skirt during a race between the parents.
In June when Prince William suffered a head injury from a
golf club and was hospitalized. Dialysis spent the whole night

(06:15:21):
at his bedside making sure he was okay following a successful
operation in July 1991 marking their ten year, wedding
anniversary, Charles and Diana went to Highgrove house in
gloucestershire which was a property.
The family often went to on weekends but the trip also
attracted Rumors in the Press due to its proximity to

(06:15:42):
Camilla's. Residence in August the family
and close friends went on a private holiday to Italy which
some headlined as a second honeymoon.
When in reality it was a family break rather than a romantic
rekindling with Diana already confiding about her unhappy
marriage to her lifelong friend James, coultas in a series of

(06:16:04):
secretly recorded interviews during the year.
In February 1992, Charles and Diana shared what would be one
of their last Royal tours together in India?
Where Diana met Mother Teresa and was famously, pictured
sitting alone without her husband, in front of the Taj
Mahal photos, which fueled pressspeculation around the marriage.

(06:16:26):
Once again, when the appeared inthe British newspapers in June
1992, the breaking point of the relationship was reached.
When a book entitled Diana, her True Story by Andrew Morton was
released this documented, Diana's life, including her
relationship with Charles and details of his affair with
Camilla throughout their marriage.

(06:16:48):
Although, in her lifetime, she would always deny any
involvement in the book Morton'swork was based on interview,
recording of conversations between Diana and James Coulter.
Evidently acted as a middleman for Diana's version of events,
which she was Keen to be directly heard rather than spun.

(06:17:08):
Through the Royal press office. In response to this publicity
crisis. The queen and Prince Philip
intervened to try to protect theestablishment but mediation did
not work. And in August 1992 the situation
escalated when a private tape recording was leaked to the
Press between Diana and a childhood friend.

(06:17:28):
James gilbey in which Diana described her marriage as
torture, with a feeling of beingtrapped.
There was no confirmation that Diana and James were having an
affair. However, she expressed
concerned. Their recent meeting may be
discovered while he used affectionate terms and the pet
name squid. Several times resulting, in the

(06:17:49):
publication and Ferraris surrounding, it becoming known
as squidgygate conspiracy. Theorists believed the timing of
the leaked recordings were an attempt to tarnish public
support and empathy for Diana, which had grown following the
revelation of Morton's book. And although, there was no
evidence to this effect, it is an example of how conspir.

(06:18:10):
And Royal establishment started to pick sites.
In November 1992, there was a final attempt to show the world.
The marriage could be salvaged when Charles and Diana were sent
on a four-day Royal tour of South Korea but the pictures
that were taken during the trip had the opposite effect with a

(06:18:33):
couple looking unhappy and described as the glums a
description of them which had first surfaced in the 1980s.
Meanwhile, back in England. The queen herself made a rare
public statement about her feelings about the controversy
Diana. And Charles's marital woes was
generating combined with other family difficulties in a speech.

(06:18:55):
She delivered on the 24th of November 1992 commemorating, the
40th anniversary of her accession to the throne.
She stated 1992 is not a year onwhich I shall look back with
undiluted pleasure. In the words of one of my more
sympathetic correspondence. It has turned out to be an anus

(06:19:16):
but it or Horrible year. Just two weeks later at the
Queen's request, the conservative prime minister.
John Major officially announced that Charles and Diana had
amicably decided to separate buthad no plans to divorce with
their constitutional positions, unaffected and the parental
custody of their two sons. Equally split damage, limitation

(06:19:39):
to The Establishment was the likely driving force for the
announcement, as it included particular, emphasis that there
was no third party involved in the couple's decision, or these
did not subdue, press speculation.
In January 1993, a leaked intimate conversation between
Charles and Camilla recorded. Four years earlier was released

(06:20:01):
to the Australian tabloid newspapers before being sent to
the press in Britain and around the world.
The nature of the conversation reflected poorly on Charles and
resulted in Camilla getting vilified by many newspapers.
Diana reacted privately to the transcript in disgust, but also
appeared to be boosted by her husband's public embarrassment

(06:20:22):
declaring to her bodyguard, thatit was game set and match in the
battle for public opinion in March Diana went on her first
solo, Royal trip following the separation when she visited, a
leprosy Hospital in Nepal and famously met patients in an
attempt to remove another widelyheld stigma.
Despite the normal Persistence of every day duties Diana and

(06:20:46):
her opinion of Charles can continue to deteriorate when in
a letter to her bodyguard in June, she accused him Of being
in a relationship with his personal assistant, tigi leg
Burke whom, he had hired as a nanny for Harry and William
which Diana resented a Ticky andCharles relationship was never
proven and it seems doubtful that it ever occurred.

(06:21:11):
In the months that followed Diana was consumed with the
separation and in particular, the ever-present public eye so
much. So, but by December 1993, she
re-evaluated her life and declared in a statement that she
was taking a step back from public life, due to the intense
press intrusion of the past 12 years, and the consequent

(06:21:32):
pressure on her personal life. Stressing her continued
involvement in charity work. She thanked the public for its
support and advised that she would now engage in a more
sustainable work-life balance. Where her duties could be
fulfilled while also maintainingsome level of personal privacy
in June 1994 right around the time.

(06:21:54):
But Diana attended, the 50th anniversary of the D-Day
Landings. In northern France, Charles had
been Prince of Wales for 22 years and to celebrate he was
interviewed by journalist Jonathan dimbleby for
documentary which covered his Royal duties worldwide.
For almost a year, while also giving him the platform from

(06:22:14):
which he chose to speak about his marriage, around 13 million
viewers watched as he admitted to adultery adding that it was
only after the marriage was irreparable.
And confirming the next day thatthe affair was with Camila.
This news was not a revelation as by that time the Press had
uncovered Affairs involving bothparties in the marriage but it

(06:22:38):
was a shock to the public to hear it from the future, King's
own lips and created. Further divisions between those
who supported Diana and those who were sympathetic to Charles
on the same evening that the interview was aired, attending a
dinner of in the serpentine Gallery.
London Diana wore an evening gown styled outside the normal

(06:23:00):
confined of Royal conservatism this resulted in it becoming
popularly referred to as the Revenge dress with some
journalists saying it's symbolized Diana's.
Breaking Free from the rules of the royal establishment and
taking back control of her life.In January, 1995, Camilla.

(06:23:20):
And her husband Andrew, parker-bowles announced plans to
divorce reigniting, speculation around the status of her
rekindled relationship with Charles, in the months that
followed Diana did not react publicly but instead focused on
her duties, when she made a royal visit to emperor.
Akihito in Japan, the Venice biennale, Art Festival and a

(06:23:42):
trip to Moscow where she received the international
Leonardo prize in recognition ofher charity work in November.
Diana. Took part in a television
interview with the BBC, which was organised was, some
deceitful manipulation from the producer and presenter Martin
Bashir but aired with probing questions into personal details

(06:24:02):
and specifically her failed marriage with which Diana.
Ultimately cooperated. As she anticipated a legal
Clause that would mute her version of events with a
divorce. Now, inevitable public,
interest, spiked and Diana, put herself back.
In to the Press Limelight, following her break this
resulted in Split opinion with some saying, she was unjustly

(06:24:24):
trying to portray herself as a victim of psychological abuse
from Charles While others, backed her for bravely.
Speaking out against an arcade establishment, who would not
supporting of vulnerable family member When the interview aired,
it caused crisis for the Royal image with quotes.
That suggested Diana did not seeCharles as a suitable heir to

(06:24:48):
the throne and confirmed that both of them were involved in
extramarital Affairs. The queen consequently wrote
letters to both Diana and Charles advising them to
finalize their divorce and end. The never-ending press attention
with all the associated negativeinsights into the royal family
unsurprisingly. Charles accepted the Queen's

(06:25:09):
recommendation, Diana was upset by the letter as she felt.
She was being told to agree to the divorce rather than being
asked, but she eventually accepted divorce.
Negotiations were concluded on the 28th of August 1996 with
joint custody of the children. A lump sum of 17 million pounds,

(06:25:30):
and an annual allowance of 400,000 pounds.
Awarded to Diana retaining, the title of Princess of Wales while
losing the title. a Royal Highness all rolled duties will
continue until as and when she remarried, In January, 1997, as
patron of the Halo, trust Diana was famously, seen being guided

(06:25:53):
around a Minefield in Angola in southern Africa.
This was one of many locations that the trust aimed to remove
explosive ordinances from which were killing or maiming people.
Every day Angola having become the scene of a protracted and
bitter Civil War and a front in the Cold War from the mid-1970s
onwards as it sought to achieve independence.

(06:26:16):
From Portugal, the visit attracted, some criticism from a
distinguished member of the British Ministry of Defence.
Earl Howe who described Diana asinterfering with politics which
was strictly prohibited by Royalconvention.
But despite this complaint, the pictures of her wearing, a flak
jacket and helmet went to print around the world, as she again,

(06:26:39):
successfully raised to witness of a charitable course.
Back in Britain, following the divorce Diana remained in
Kensington Palace having been there since she married,
Charles, and was still a very influential figure, associating
herself with a wide range of people including celebrity
friends, such as Elton, John andGeorge Michael.

(06:27:00):
She continued to be linked to men romantically and those
closest to Diana. Recall, her describing heart
surgeon has not Khan as the loveof her life when she dated him
between 1995 and 1997. Although it remains unclear who
ended the relationship within one month.
She was dating fire yet, who wasthe wealthy son of the owner of

(06:27:24):
Howard's department store in thesummer of 1997, Diana was
invited by Dodie to spend time with him on holiday on his yacht
in the south of France. William and Harry joined them
for a period of time before she and Dodie later returned on
their own where the paparazzi. Captured, the couple kissing,

(06:27:45):
the paparazzi were independent photographers who sold their
pictures to newspapers and although they always had
interest in Diana, their methodsof obtaining pictures were
becoming more aggressive with the focusing on and following
every move their target made flying from Sardinia to Paris,

(06:28:06):
Diana. And Dodi were followed as they
had dinner on the 30th of Augustat the Ritz hotel, in the French
Capital with the paparazzi, waiting outside on motorbikes
ready to take pictures when the couple left upon arriving at the
hotel. Diana had called her two sons
who were at Balmoral Castle withCharles.
She also later called a journalist friend, whom she

(06:28:29):
informed that she was about to make a drastic change in her
life fulfilling her remaining Royal duties.
Before removing herself from public attention for good, after
this, the couple ate dinner in their Suite during which Dodie
Became suspicious that some of the staff in the restaurant were
Paparazzi consequently. They left through the back of

(06:28:50):
the hotel, in a black Mercedes and headed for his apartment at
12:28 a.m. on the 31st of August.
Diana and Dodi sat in the back of the car while their chauffeur
on a pole drove with their bodyguard, Trevor Reese Jones,
sat in the passenger seat as a raced ahead of the pursuing
Paparazzi through the streets ofParis towards the Ponte Del Mar

(06:29:14):
tunnel. A 12:23 a.m. driving at speeds
of 85 miles per hour. The Mercedes clipped another car
at the entrance to the tunnel, which resulted in them crashing,
into a pillar Paul and Dodie died instantly in what was
described by a witness as an impact, which sounded like an
explosion, a Doctor by the name of Frederic Maye, who was

(06:29:37):
driving past in the opposite direction, stopped his car.
When he saw the crash and ran towards the scene when he
reached the car, he found Reece Jones, severely injured, Diana
was on her knees facing the seatwhen my ear approached.
She looked up and asked him whathad happened and then complained

(06:29:58):
of the pain, She was in before, lowering her head and going
quiet as Rescuers arrived to thescene in the owl.
That followed Diana went into cardiac arrest as the attempted
to cut her from the wreckage. A heart was displayed and her
pulmonary vein was torn, despiteresuscitation and hours of

(06:30:18):
surgery at pity Soldier Hospital.
The Princess of Wales was declared dead at 4 a.m.
Rhys Jones was the only Survivorand an investigation found that
he was the only person in the car, wearing a seatbelt, the
post-mortem revealed that the driver are in Paul was
intoxicated and under the side effects of prescription drugs,

(06:30:42):
which combined with his decisionor instruction to drive
recklessly resulted in the crash.
Dodie's father. Subsequently suggested one of
many unproven conspiracy theories that this was not an
accident, but a planned Murder By people who feared the
damaged. Diana's knowledge could do to
the Royal establishment, but no evidence to substantiate this

(06:31:05):
claim has ever surfaced. Instead, the death of Diana will
be remembered in history as a tragic accident, taking the life
of a 36 year old lady, who was looking forward to a new future
following her divorce. These conclusions were confirmed
by operation Paget. An inquiry carried out by the
British, Metropolitan Police. Between 2004 and 2006.

(06:31:30):
This found that onori Paul was intoxicated on the night in
question and this combined with the actions of the paparazzi who
were chasing the car resulted in.
What was later, declared an unlawful killing due to gross,
negligence the inquiry. Also confirmed that Diana had
not been pregnant at the time ofher death, a suspicion that had

(06:31:53):
lingered ever since the events of 1997.
On the 6th of September 1997, following tributes from all,
over the world. Diana's funeral took place at
Westminster, Abbey with her sons, Charles the Duke of
Edinburgh, and her brother walking, behind her, coffin as a
crowded procession, led her to the public service which was

(06:32:16):
broadcast to approximately 2.5 billion viewers worldwide later.
In the day, her body was buried in a private ceremony within the
grounds of her family estate Park.
She was dressed in a black dressand had the rosary beads that
Mother Teresa had gifted her when they met Diana is

(06:32:37):
remembered as a fashion icon, charity, Ambassador and someone
who could be related to buy the British public with a displays
of empathy and compassion and her often down to earth
Behavior. The dress is, she wore still
influence fashion long after herdeath.
While she also did a lot to promote aspiring Fashion

(06:32:58):
designers through her roles as Patron and associations with key
figures within the industry, hercharity work and particular
focus on causes that carried stigmas in the 1980s enabled
Diana to raise the profile and encourage support time after
time, which undoubtedly helped many people suffering from
diseases such as HIV AIDS and leprosy.

(06:33:21):
All of this ensure that she is remembered as the people's
princess, someone who was not afraid of stretching,
traditionally, reserved, Royal protocols, by showing emotions
that. The average Western person is
familiar with beautiful and socially Charming, she Drew
attention at events. And often used this for the good

(06:33:42):
of promoting others, as well as themes that she was passionate
about. Conversely Diana will also be
associated with an unhappy marriage and a conflicting
relationship between her desire to utilize the media, and the
invasive pressure, this invited,and which she ultimately could
not control. She felt trapped within the

(06:34:05):
confines of the royal establishment.
And within a marriage were both parties committed.
Adultery were still, all of thisplayed out publicly every step
of the way for a vulnerable young woman, who suffered from
mental health problems. And bulimia The Confident
Persona often hit a person who struggled with life and to find

(06:34:26):
enough support or empathy to relieve the many internal
struggles. She faced Speaking out and
airing personal details, about the royal family is remembered
by some as Diana's betrayal to an iconic establishment that she
chose to join. And from which she reaped the
power and influence the Kane, from that decision opinion on

(06:34:48):
her decision to do the BBC interview in the mid-1990s and
to contribute to Morton's, tell-all book divided, public
opinion, both then, and ever since There is a PostScript to
the tragedy of Diana's, early death, and the spectacle, which
her life became on the 9th of April. 2005 Prince, Charles

(06:35:10):
finally married. Camilla Parker Bowles at the end
of what was effectively, a threedecades long and enormously
complicated. Courtship, this Royal Wedding
was kept low key and involved a small civil ceremony near
Windsor Castle as it was rightlyperceived that it would be
controversial even with the passage of eight years.

(06:35:30):
Since Diana's death with the crowning of Prince Charles as
King, Charles the Third on the 6th of May 2023.
Camilla was crowned as Queen consort like previous Royal
spouses before her. This was a decision, which was
made by Queen Elizabeth the second on her Platinum, Jubilee
in February 2022, just months before her own death.

(06:35:53):
This was not seen as the controversial decision that it
once might have been many years.Ago.
Charles and Camilla were perceived as the villains in the
story of Diana's life. But in reality, there were no
villains in Diana. And Charles's story, simply a
misguided decision to marry which both parties entered into

(06:36:15):
of their own volition. What happened?
Afterwards was the result of largely inevitable media
intrusion. Of course, Charles's coronation
would be controversial, for other reasons in 2022.
Diana's, son Harry together withhis wife, Meghan Markle
publicly, Drew parallels with her story.

(06:36:37):
Highlighting, the invasive nature of the press and confines
of Royal life becoming unbearable much as they were at
times for The Late Princess of Wales in the same year as Harry
withdrew further from his old Royal life, Queen Elizabeth the
second died, following her deathCharles ascended, his King

(06:36:58):
Prince, William became the new to the throne.
And as a result, his wife Catherine became Princess of
Wales, which was the title. So famously held by his late
mother. And so, the hereditary Royal
establishment continues to Ward's, a new generation.
Apparently still grappling with its relationship with the media

(06:37:19):
and public identity. While the impact of Diana's
Legacy, Can still be seen from her far, reaching Life as a
princess style. Like on Patron, wife and mother.
What do you think of Diana? Princess of Wales was Diana's
media, attention, damaging or Progressive for the Royal

(06:37:41):
establishment? And how do you think?
Diana has influenced the public perception of the royal family.
Please let us know in the comments section.
And in the meantime, thank you very much for watching.

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.css-14f5ked{margin:0;word-break:break-word;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;box-orient:vertical;-webkit-line-clamp:2;overflow:hidden;}Great Women Who Changed History - Audio Documentary Pt. 2