November 20, 2023 • 27 mins
Unlock the secrets of wireless network protocols and take a deep dive into the world of mobile payments and NFC technology in this engaging episode of Acknowledging Tap. Imagine yourself armed with knowledge about the frequency bands, modulation schemes, data rates, and security features of the widely used Wi-Fi and short-range Bluetooth. As we peel back the layers of these complex technologies, you'll gain an in-depth understanding of how Wi-Fi and Bluetooth operate to meet our ever-growing need for faster and more efficient wireless communication. You'll also get to learn about the continuing evolution of these technologies, making you a better-informed tech enthusiast or a more competitive candidate for the A+ and Network+ exams.
But that's not all. Ever wondered how Zigbee, a low-power wireless communication protocol, works? Curious about mobile payments and NFC technology? We've got you covered! In the second half of this episode, we explore everything from contact payments and data transfer to access control and information retrieval. We also shed light on the security features of these technologies, their compatibility, and how they are standardized through international standards. As we journey through these topics, you'll learn about the Zigbee Alliance's efforts to promote the development and adoption of Zigbee technologies. And as Thanksgiving approaches, we pause to express our gratitude and share our contact information for those eager to connect. Gear up for an enlightening episode that's power-packed with essential knowledge.
If you want to help me with my research please e-mail me.
Professorjrod@gmail.com
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:26):
And welcome to the Acknowledging Tap.
I'm Professor Jay Rod.
In this episode we're going tocompare and contrast protocols
for wireless network.
Since it's found in A+, let'sget to it.
Welcome back everyone toAcknowledging Tap.
(01:06):
My name is Professor Jay Rod,that's J-R-O-D, and this podcast
is about the Comptier exam.
So we go over different topicson the Comptier exam the A+,
network plus and security plus.
Sometimes we go into Cloud+,but those are mostly the three
that we focus on and in thispodcast we do questions.
(01:29):
We pick a topic and we'll talkabout it and, yeah, sometimes we
do a little bit of preachingand encouragement.
All right, again, my name isProfessor Jay Rod, j-r-o-d.
Like the base will play A-Rod,except it's with a J.
So on today's topic, we'regoing to talk about wireless
network.
We're going to compare andcontrast the protocols for
(01:50):
wireless networking.
So let's start it off.
Wireless networking protocolsare essential for communication
between devices without the needfor physical cables.
Several wireless networkprotocols exist, each design for
a specific purpose andapplications.
On this podcast I'll compareand contrast some of the
prominent wireless networkprotocols.
(02:11):
Meaning off number one Wi-Fi,ieee 802.11, right, wi-fi is
based on the IEEE 802.11 familyof standards and is widely used
wireless networking technologiesthat allows devices to connect
and communicate over local areanetworks without the need for
physical cables.
Here are some key features andcharacteristics of Wi-Fi.
(02:36):
First, let's talk about thepurpose.
Wi-fi is designed for localarea networking, providing
wireless connectivity to devicessuch as computers, smartphones,
tablets, printers and othernetwork devices.
It is commonly used forinternet access and home
business, public places andeducational institutions.
Its frequency bands Wi-Fioperates in both the 2.40
(02:59):
gigahertz and the 2.4 and the 5gigahertz frequency band.
Some newer Wi-Fi standards,such as the Wi-Fi 6, which is
802.11aX or AX, also introducesupport for the 6 gigahertz band
to reduce congestion andimprove performance.
Next, we'll talk aboutmodulation and data rates.
(03:21):
Wi-fi uses various modulationschemes to transmit data,
including QAM, qam, quadrix,amplitude, ma-ah Modulation.
Dual rates vary on the Wi-Fistandards.
For example, wi-fi 4, 802.11nsupports data rates up to 600
(03:42):
megabits per second.
Wi-fi 5, 802.11ac can reachseveral gigabits and Wi-Fi 6,
802.11x supports even higherRange.
The range of Wi-Fi depends onfactors such as frequency, band,
transmit power andenvironmental conditions.
Typically, wi-fi has a range ofa few dozen meters indoors and
(04:05):
it can extend to several hundredmeters outdoors if there's
nothing blocking it.
Story I like to tell mystudents is that I was on the
13th floor of a building andright across the street there
was a deli that had an openWi-Fi and I can log in into that
Wi-Fi and watch Netflix.
Security Wi-Fi networksimplement security protocols
(04:28):
such as WEP, wpa and WPA2 and 3to protect against unauthorized
access and data interception.
Encryption methods like WPA3provide stronger security
features compared to earlierstandards, and you don't want to
use WEP or WPA, right?
(04:49):
You don't want to use thatanymore.
Multiple standards the Wi-Filine certifies devices for
compliance with specific IEEE802.11 standards.
Common Wi-Fi standards includeBG well, this is all 802.11,
right?
Bg, n, ac and X.
Backwork compatible Wi-Fistandards often are backwork
(05:11):
compatible, allowing devices ofdifferent Wi-Fi generations to
connect to the same network.
However, the networkperformance may be limited by
the capacities of the leastadvanced device.
Interference and congestionWi-Fi networks can experience
interference from otherelectronic devices operating in
the same frequency band.
(05:31):
Congestion can occur in areaswith many Wi-Fi networks,
leading to reduced performance.
Newer standards, like Wi-Fi 6,introduce features to mitigate
congestion.
Wi-fi is versatile and widelyadopted technologies that
continue to evolve, with eachstandard addressing the growing
need for faster speeds,increased capabilities and
(05:53):
improved efficiency in thewireless communication.
Next, let's talk about Bluetooth, which is.
Bluetooth is based on the IEEE802.15.1 standard.
It's a wireless communicationtechnology designed for
short-term communicationsbetween devices.
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of Bluetooth.
(06:19):
Purpose Bluetooth is primarilyused for short-range wireless
communication between devicessuch as smartphones, tablets,
laptops, headphones, speakersand internet of things devices.
It is commonly employed fortasks like file sharing, audio
streaming and connectingperipherals like your keyboard,
(06:40):
your mouse, right Audiostreaming like when you're in
your car, right, and you want toshare your music with your
radio of your phone, right.
That's a PAN network.
Remember that.
So that's what Bluetooth isused for.
Frequency band Bluetoothoperates in the 2.4 gigahertz of
(07:02):
industrial, scientific andmedical band.
The 2.4 gigahertz band is alsoused for other devices like
Wi-Fi, which can lead tointerference in densely
populated areas.
Range Bluetooth has arelatively short range,
typically up to 10 meters, whatthey call Bluetooth classic, or
100 meters for Bluetooth lowenergy.
(07:23):
The short range is suitable forPAN networks, personal area
networks, and limits the risk ofinterference with other devices
outside of the immediatevicinity.
Modulation and data rates.
Bluetooth uses frequencyhopping spread spectrum for
modulation.
Data rates vary betweenBluetooth classic and Bluetooth
(07:46):
low energy.
Bluetooth classic supports datarates up to 3 megabytes per
second.
While Bluetooth low energy isdesigned for lower data rates to
conserve power Powerconsumption, bluetooth low
energy is specifically designedto be energy efficient, making
it suitable for battery powerdevices and internet of things
(08:08):
applications.
Bluetooth classic may havehigher power consumption, and we
know that because the Bluetoothis one of those things that
will suck your phone battery dry, eliminating its use in devices
with strict power constraints.
Profiles Bluetooth device usesprofile to identify specific
(08:31):
functionalities.
Common profiles include headsetprofile, hands-free profile,
advanced audio distributionprofile and generic attribute
profile for Bluetooth low energy.
Pairing and security Bluetoothdevices often require pairing
before establishing a connection.
Pairing involves exchangingsecurity credentials to ensure
(08:54):
secure communications.
Bluetooth supports varioussecurity features, including
encryption and authentication.
Bluetooth technology has evolvedthrough different versions,
with each version introducingimprovements in the term of data
rates, range and powerefficiency.
Common versions includeBluetooth 1, 2, 3, and 4, 4, 1,
(09:18):
4, 2, and 5.
Mesh networking Bluetooth Meshis a network topology introduced
in Bluetooth 5.0, allowing thedevice to form a mesh network by
extended coverage and improvereliability.
Bluetooth is versatiletechnology suitable for a wide
range of applications withshort-term wireless
communications required,particularly in personal and
(09:40):
Internet of Things devices.
The introduction of Bluetoothlow energy has expanded its
application to various low-powerscenarios.
Let's see what happens in thefuture with Bluetooth Sounds
like we're going to be able todo a lot with it.
Next up, we have ZigWave.
This is probably new for someof you guys.
(10:01):
Zigwave is a wirelesscommunication protocol designed
for home automation and controlsystem.
It is often used to connect andcontrol smart devices within a
home, creating a network ofinterconnected devices.
You have the key features andcharacters of ZigWave.
Purpose Z-Wave is specificallydesigned for whole automation of
(10:23):
applications, allowing verysmart devices such as lights,
thermostat, door lock sensorsand more to communicate and be
controlled within a homeenvironment.
Its frequency bands Z-Waveoperates in a sub one gigahertz
frequency band, specifically inthe 868.42 megahertz band in
(10:45):
Europe and the 908.42 megahertzband in the United States.
This frequency band providesbetter penetration through walls
and obstacles compared tohigher frequency bands.
Range a Z-Wave has a moderaterange, typically reaching up to
30 meters indoors.
The range can be extended bycreating a mesh network where
(11:07):
devices act as repeaters relyingmessages to extend coverage,
validation and data rates.
Z-wave uses Galston frequencyshift keying for modulation.
The data rates of Z-Wave arerelatively low, typically
ranging from 9.6 kilobits to 100kilobits, suitable for the
(11:28):
control and monitoring of smarthome devices.
Mesh network similar to ZIG-B,zig-wave supports mesh
networking, allowing devices toform a network where messages
can be relayed through multiplenodes.
This enhance coverage andreliability within home.
Into operability Z-Wave aligns aconsortium of companies
(11:49):
supporting Z-Wave technologies.
Ensure into operability betweendifferent manufacturer devices.
Zig-wave certified devices canseemingly work together within
the same network.
Security ZIG-Wave includessecurity features to protect
communication between devices.
It uses AES-120A encryption forsecure data transmission.
(12:12):
Low power consumptions ZIG-Wavedevices are designed to be
energy efficient, making themsuitable for battery powered
devices like sensors.
Low power consumptioncontributes to longer battery
life.
Application profiles ZIG-Wavedefines various application
(12:32):
profiles that specify howdevices should be communicated
for specific applications,ensuring consistency of across
different ZIG-Wave devices.
Example includes lightingcontrol, climate control and
security.
Hub-based architecture ZIG-Wavetypically includes a central
hub or controller that managesand coordinates communications
(12:53):
between device.
The hub is responsible for userinterface, automation, logic
and integration with other smarthome systems.
In summary, zig-wave is awireless communication protocol
specifically tailored for homeautomation, offering features
like mesh network, low powerconsumptions and
interoperability among certifieddevices.
(13:15):
It's focused on the smart homemarket and has led to widespread
adoption in the home automationindustry.
Next we have cellular networks.
Cellular networks include 4G,lte and 5G, our wireless
communication system designedfor a wide area network to
provide mobile device and mobileservices.
(13:36):
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of cellular
network For the 4G.
4g LTE is designed to deliverhigh-speed mobile broadband
service, offering faster datarates, lower latency and improve
spectral efficiency compared toearlier generations.
Operates in a range offrequency bands, including low
(13:56):
700 megahertz, mid 1800 to 2100megahertz and high 2500
megahertz bands.
Multiple frequency bands allowfor increased capacity and
coverage.
Data rates provide high datarates, with theoretical peak
speeds reaching several hundredmegabytes per second for
(14:19):
downloads and uploads.
Support multimedia applications, video streaming, online gaming
and other data intensiveservices.
Offer lower latency compared toprevious generation, enabling
responsive communication forreal-time applications such as
online gaming and videoconferencing.
Multiple antenna technologies4G LTE utilize multiple antenna
(14:44):
technologies, including MIMO,multiple input, multiple output
and beamforming, to enhance datathrough throughput and network
efficiency.
Our backward compatible 4G arebackward compatible with 3G and
2G technologies, allowing olderdevice to connect to the network
(15:05):
.
Now let's go to 5G.
5g aims to provide only fastermobile broadband, but also
support a wide range of usecases, including massive
internet of things, criticalcommunication and ultra reliable
low latency applications.
Frequency bands operate in abroader spectrum, including the
low level sub 1 gigahertz, midband 1 through 6 gigahertz and
(15:29):
high band millimeter wave or MMwave, 24 gigahertz and above
frequency.
The use of MM Wave enablesextreme high data rates, but
with stronger ranges andsusceptible to obstacles.
Data rates offer significantlyhigher data rates than 4G LTE,
(15:50):
with peak speeds potentiallyreaching several gigabits per
second.
Enables faster downloads,improved video streaming quality
and support for emergingapplications like augmented
reality and virtual reality.
Latency 5G aims to achieve ultralow latency, reducing delay in
(16:10):
data transmission.
This is critical forapplications requiring real-time
responsiveness, such asautonomous vehicles and remote
surgery.
Network slicing introducesnetwork slicing allowing the
creation of virtualized networkstailored to specific use of
cases with varying requirementsfor bandwidth, latency and
(16:32):
reliability.
Massive MIMO and beamformingexpands on the multiple antenna
technologies of 4G LTE,implementing massive MIMO
utilizing a large number ofantennas and advanced
beamforming for improvedcoverage and efficiency.
Edge computing 5G networkfacilities edge computing,
(16:55):
bringing computer resourcescloser to the network edge to
reduce latency and supportapplications that require
real-time data processing.
In summary, both 4G LTE and 5Gare saluted network technologies
, with 5G representing the nextevolution, offering faster speed
, lower latency and support fordiverse applications beyond
(17:17):
traditional mobile broadbandservices.
The deployment of 5G is ongoingand expected to play a crucial
role in the advancement ofvarious industries and
technologies.
Next, we have NFC, nea FieldCommunication.
It's a short-range wirelesscommunication technology that
enables data exchange betweendevices in a close proximity.
(17:40):
We have the key features andcharacteristics of NFC Purpose
NFC is designed for short-rangecommunication, typically within
a range of few centimeters to amaximum of about 10 centimeters.
It is commonly used forcontactless data exchange,
mobile payment pairing,bluetooth devices and accessing
(18:01):
information with a simple tap.
Frequency bands operate at the13.56 MHz, which is high
frequency range.
The use of this frequency helpsbalance the tradeoff between
range and power consumption.
Communication modes NFCsupports two main modes of
communication Active mode, whichinvolves two power devices
(18:24):
communicating with each other,and passive mode.
One power device, which is theinitiator, communicates with the
passive device, which is thetarget, which does not require
its own power source.
Data rates NFC supportsrelatively low data rates,
typically ranging from 160kilobits to 424 kilobits.
(18:46):
While this speed is lower thansome wireless communication
technologies, it is more thanenough for the intended
application Operating range.
The typical operating range ofNFC is very short, making it
suitable for applications whereclose proximity is essential for
communications.
The short range enhancessecurity and prevents
(19:07):
unintentional data exchange.
So use case what do we use thisfor?
Mobile payments NFC is widelyused for context payments,
allowing users to maketransactions by tapping their
smartphones or contact-lickedcards on payment terminals.
Data transfer NFC facilitatesquick and easy data exchange
between devices, such as pairingBluetooth devices or
(19:31):
transferring small files.
Access control NFC is used foraccess control system, allowing
users to get entry to buildingsor facilities with a tap of the
NFC-enabled card or device.
Information retrieval NFC tags,which are passive devices
containing information, can beembedded in objects or posters.
(19:51):
Users can tap the NFC-enableddevice to retrieve information
or launch specific actions.
Security NFC includes securityfeatures to protect
communications.
This may include encryption andauthentication to ensure that
the data exchange is secure andnot susceptible to unauthorized
access.
Compatibility many modernsmartphones, tablets and other
(20:16):
devices come equipped with NFCcapabilities.
This widespread adoptioncontributes to ubiquity and
NFC-enabled applications.
Standardization NFC is based onthe international standard,
including the ISO IEC 1443 andISO IEC 18092, ensuring
(20:38):
interoperability betweendifferent NFC devices and
systems.
In summary, nfc is versatileand widely adopted technologies
that excel in providing secureand convenient short-range
communication for variousapplications, particularly those
requiring quick and simpleinteractions, with a physical
touch of close proximity.
(21:00):
Alright, the last one is Zigbee.
Zigbee is based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard and is a
wireless communication protocoldesigned for low power, low data
rate and short rangecommunications.
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of Zigbee.
Purpose Zigbee is designed forshort range communication and
(21:24):
low power, low data rateapplications, making it well
suited for you guessed it theInternet of Things devices, home
and automation, industrialcontrol and sensor networks.
Frequency band Zigbee operatesin the 2.4 GHz ISM band, the
same frequency band as Wi-Fi andBluetooth.
It also has regional variations.
(21:45):
That allows operation in the915 MHz and the 868 MHz bands.
Range Zigbee typically has ashort to medium range, covering
distance from a few meters toaround 100 meters, depending on
the power settings and theenvironmental conditions.
This range can be extended byforming a mesh network, where
(22:07):
devices act as routers, andextend the coverage.
Modulation and data ratesZigbee use direct SQL spectrum
for modulation.
Data rates are relatively low,typically ranging from 20 to 250
kBps, suitable for intermittentand low bandwidth
(22:29):
communications.
Power consumptions Zigbee isdesigned to be energy efficient,
making it suitable for batterypowered devices.
Devices can operate in lowpower mode and wake up
pre-artically to communicateTopology.
Zigbee supports mesh networkingwhere devices can act as
(22:49):
routers, forming a self-healingnetwork.
This allows for more extendedrange and improve reliability by
routing messages throughmultiple devices.
Application profiles Zigbeedefines various application
profiles that specify how Zigbeedevices should be communicate
(23:10):
for specific applications.
Xamp includes home automation,smart energy and healthcare.
Security.
Zigbee includes securityfeatures such as encryption and
authentication to ensure securecommunication.
It uses Zigbee Alliance keyestablishment framework for
security Interference.
(23:30):
Zigbee uses a 2.4 GHz bandmeans that it may experience
interference from other devicesoperating in the same frequency
range.
However, the mesh topologyhelps mitigate the impact of the
interference.
The Zigbee Alliance is aconsortium of companies that
(23:51):
promote the development andadoption of Zigbee technologies.
It oversees the development ofZigbee standards and
certification programs.
In summary, zigbee is awireless communication protocol
tailored for low powered, shortrange applications, particularly
in the Internet of Thingsscenarios.
(24:13):
Their devices need tocommunicate intermittently by
conserving energy.
The mesh network capabilitiesand defined application profiles
contribute to Zigbee'sversatility in various
industries.
Now, with that said, this stuffwill help you with both A plus
(24:38):
and actually network plus,because network plus has a lot
of this stuff also.
So if you're studying for bothexams, this will help you.
This particular podcast willhelp you and, as always, ladies
and gentlemen, if you're havingtrouble with your A plus exam,
if you're having trouble passing, if you're having trouble, you
(25:01):
know, studying or concentrating,you could always reach out to
me, professor J rod J R O D atgmailcom.
I know I paid someone to be mysocial media manager and she
kept putting J rod J A Y R O D.
For the last couple of podcastsI've been making sure that I
(25:24):
spell it right and then I'mactually getting more emails
from, from you guys, which isgreat.
I love communicating with myfans.
But again, I'm kind of I want todo a day of question answers
for A plus or network plus orsecurity plus, whatever you want
.
We can do it, you know, viazoom or via something you know I
(25:49):
don't know.
Think about doing a tiktok.
You let me know, we can do iton tiktok live, right?
If you want um, I don't knowyou, you let me know.
Email me at professor J rod atgmailcom that's J R O D at
gmailcom.
See if you'd be interested inlistening, right?
If I do likea, you know, we'lldo six questions on, you know,
(26:12):
on live, on on tiktok live.
But I don't know, I don't havethat many users.
So, um, we'll see.
We'll see.
Let's uh, let me know, give mesome ideas, guys, and let's
expand this.
All right, that's gonna put aball on today's episode.
Thank you so much for listening,and it's, this is close to
(26:35):
thanksgiving.
I want to wish each and everyone of you a happy thanksgiving.
I'll see you next time.
This is the production oflittle cha cha.
Productions are by sarah, musicby jokin.
If you want to reach me, youcan email me at professor j rod,
(26:59):
that's professor J R O D, atgmailcom.
You can also follow me oninstagram at professor J rod.
And welcome to the Acknowledging Tap.
I'm Professor Jay Rod.
In this episode we're going tocompare and contrast protocols
for wireless network.
Since it's found in A+, let'sget to it.
Welcome back everyone toAcknowledging Tap.
(01:06):
My name is Professor Jay Rod,that's J-R-O-D, and this podcast
is about the Comptier exam.
So we go over different topicson the Comptier exam the A+,
network plus and security plus.
Sometimes we go into Cloud+,but those are mostly the three
that we focus on and in thispodcast we do questions.
(01:29):
We pick a topic and we'll talkabout it and, yeah, sometimes we
do a little bit of preachingand encouragement.
All right, again, my name isProfessor Jay Rod, j-r-o-d.
Like the base will play A-Rod,except it's with a J.
So on today's topic, we'regoing to talk about wireless
network.
We're going to compare andcontrast the protocols for
(01:50):
wireless networking.
So let's start it off.
Wireless networking protocolsare essential for communication
between devices without the needfor physical cables.
Several wireless networkprotocols exist, each design for
a specific purpose andapplications.
On this podcast I'll compareand contrast some of the
prominent wireless networkprotocols.
(02:11):
Meaning off number one Wi-Fi,ieee 802.11, right, wi-fi is
based on the IEEE 802.11 familyof standards and is widely used
wireless networking technologiesthat allows devices to connect
and communicate over local areanetworks without the need for
physical cables.
Here are some key features andcharacteristics of Wi-Fi.
(02:36):
First, let's talk about thepurpose.
Wi-fi is designed for localarea networking, providing
wireless connectivity to devicessuch as computers, smartphones,
tablets, printers and othernetwork devices.
It is commonly used forinternet access and home
business, public places andeducational institutions.
Its frequency bands Wi-Fioperates in both the 2.40
(02:59):
gigahertz and the 2.4 and the 5gigahertz frequency band.
Some newer Wi-Fi standards,such as the Wi-Fi 6, which is
802.11aX or AX, also introducesupport for the 6 gigahertz band
to reduce congestion andimprove performance.
Next, we'll talk aboutmodulation and data rates.
(03:21):
Wi-fi uses various modulationschemes to transmit data,
including QAM, qam, quadrix,amplitude, ma-ah Modulation.
Dual rates vary on the Wi-Fistandards.
For example, wi-fi 4, 802.11nsupports data rates up to 600
(03:42):
megabits per second.
Wi-fi 5, 802.11ac can reachseveral gigabits and Wi-Fi 6,
802.11x supports even higherRange.
The range of Wi-Fi depends onfactors such as frequency, band,
transmit power andenvironmental conditions.
Typically, wi-fi has a range ofa few dozen meters indoors and
(04:05):
it can extend to several hundredmeters outdoors if there's
nothing blocking it.
Story I like to tell mystudents is that I was on the
13th floor of a building andright across the street there
was a deli that had an openWi-Fi and I can log in into that
Wi-Fi and watch Netflix.
Security Wi-Fi networksimplement security protocols
(04:28):
such as WEP, wpa and WPA2 and 3to protect against unauthorized
access and data interception.
Encryption methods like WPA3provide stronger security
features compared to earlierstandards, and you don't want to
use WEP or WPA, right?
(04:49):
You don't want to use thatanymore.
Multiple standards the Wi-Filine certifies devices for
compliance with specific IEEE802.11 standards.
Common Wi-Fi standards includeBG well, this is all 802.11,
right?
Bg, n, ac and X.
Backwork compatible Wi-Fistandards often are backwork
(05:11):
compatible, allowing devices ofdifferent Wi-Fi generations to
connect to the same network.
However, the networkperformance may be limited by
the capacities of the leastadvanced device.
Interference and congestionWi-Fi networks can experience
interference from otherelectronic devices operating in
the same frequency band.
(05:31):
Congestion can occur in areaswith many Wi-Fi networks,
leading to reduced performance.
Newer standards, like Wi-Fi 6,introduce features to mitigate
congestion.
Wi-fi is versatile and widelyadopted technologies that
continue to evolve, with eachstandard addressing the growing
need for faster speeds,increased capabilities and
(05:53):
improved efficiency in thewireless communication.
Next, let's talk about Bluetooth, which is.
Bluetooth is based on the IEEE802.15.1 standard.
It's a wireless communicationtechnology designed for
short-term communicationsbetween devices.
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of Bluetooth.
(06:19):
Purpose Bluetooth is primarilyused for short-range wireless
communication between devicessuch as smartphones, tablets,
laptops, headphones, speakersand internet of things devices.
It is commonly employed fortasks like file sharing, audio
streaming and connectingperipherals like your keyboard,
(06:40):
your mouse, right Audiostreaming like when you're in
your car, right, and you want toshare your music with your
radio of your phone, right.
That's a PAN network.
Remember that.
So that's what Bluetooth isused for.
Frequency band Bluetoothoperates in the 2.4 gigahertz of
(07:02):
industrial, scientific andmedical band.
The 2.4 gigahertz band is alsoused for other devices like
Wi-Fi, which can lead tointerference in densely
populated areas.
Range Bluetooth has arelatively short range,
typically up to 10 meters, whatthey call Bluetooth classic, or
100 meters for Bluetooth lowenergy.
(07:23):
The short range is suitable forPAN networks, personal area
networks, and limits the risk ofinterference with other devices
outside of the immediatevicinity.
Modulation and data rates.
Bluetooth uses frequencyhopping spread spectrum for
modulation.
Data rates vary betweenBluetooth classic and Bluetooth
(07:46):
low energy.
Bluetooth classic supports datarates up to 3 megabytes per
second.
While Bluetooth low energy isdesigned for lower data rates to
conserve power Powerconsumption, bluetooth low
energy is specifically designedto be energy efficient, making
it suitable for battery powerdevices and internet of things
(08:08):
applications.
Bluetooth classic may havehigher power consumption, and we
know that because the Bluetoothis one of those things that
will suck your phone battery dry, eliminating its use in devices
with strict power constraints.
Profiles Bluetooth device usesprofile to identify specific
(08:31):
functionalities.
Common profiles include headsetprofile, hands-free profile,
advanced audio distributionprofile and generic attribute
profile for Bluetooth low energy.
Pairing and security Bluetoothdevices often require pairing
before establishing a connection.
Pairing involves exchangingsecurity credentials to ensure
(08:54):
secure communications.
Bluetooth supports varioussecurity features, including
encryption and authentication.
Bluetooth technology has evolvedthrough different versions,
with each version introducingimprovements in the term of data
rates, range and powerefficiency.
Common versions includeBluetooth 1, 2, 3, and 4, 4, 1,
(09:18):
4, 2, and 5.
Mesh networking Bluetooth Meshis a network topology introduced
in Bluetooth 5.0, allowing thedevice to form a mesh network by
extended coverage and improvereliability.
Bluetooth is versatiletechnology suitable for a wide
range of applications withshort-term wireless
communications required,particularly in personal and
(09:40):
Internet of Things devices.
The introduction of Bluetoothlow energy has expanded its
application to various low-powerscenarios.
Let's see what happens in thefuture with Bluetooth Sounds
like we're going to be able todo a lot with it.
Next up, we have ZigWave.
This is probably new for someof you guys.
(10:01):
Zigwave is a wirelesscommunication protocol designed
for home automation and controlsystem.
It is often used to connect andcontrol smart devices within a
home, creating a network ofinterconnected devices.
You have the key features andcharacters of ZigWave.
Purpose Z-Wave is specificallydesigned for whole automation of
(10:23):
applications, allowing verysmart devices such as lights,
thermostat, door lock sensorsand more to communicate and be
controlled within a homeenvironment.
Its frequency bands Z-Waveoperates in a sub one gigahertz
frequency band, specifically inthe 868.42 megahertz band in
(10:45):
Europe and the 908.42 megahertzband in the United States.
This frequency band providesbetter penetration through walls
and obstacles compared tohigher frequency bands.
Range a Z-Wave has a moderaterange, typically reaching up to
30 meters indoors.
The range can be extended bycreating a mesh network where
(11:07):
devices act as repeaters relyingmessages to extend coverage,
validation and data rates.
Z-wave uses Galston frequencyshift keying for modulation.
The data rates of Z-Wave arerelatively low, typically
ranging from 9.6 kilobits to 100kilobits, suitable for the
(11:28):
control and monitoring of smarthome devices.
Mesh network similar to ZIG-B,zig-wave supports mesh
networking, allowing devices toform a network where messages
can be relayed through multiplenodes.
This enhance coverage andreliability within home.
Into operability Z-Wave aligns aconsortium of companies
(11:49):
supporting Z-Wave technologies.
Ensure into operability betweendifferent manufacturer devices.
Zig-wave certified devices canseemingly work together within
the same network.
Security ZIG-Wave includessecurity features to protect
communication between devices.
It uses AES-120A encryption forsecure data transmission.
(12:12):
Low power consumptions ZIG-Wavedevices are designed to be
energy efficient, making themsuitable for battery powered
devices like sensors.
Low power consumptioncontributes to longer battery
life.
Application profiles ZIG-Wavedefines various application
(12:32):
profiles that specify howdevices should be communicated
for specific applications,ensuring consistency of across
different ZIG-Wave devices.
Example includes lightingcontrol, climate control and
security.
Hub-based architecture ZIG-Wavetypically includes a central
hub or controller that managesand coordinates communications
(12:53):
between device.
The hub is responsible for userinterface, automation, logic
and integration with other smarthome systems.
In summary, zig-wave is awireless communication protocol
specifically tailored for homeautomation, offering features
like mesh network, low powerconsumptions and
interoperability among certifieddevices.
(13:15):
It's focused on the smart homemarket and has led to widespread
adoption in the home automationindustry.
Next we have cellular networks.
Cellular networks include 4G,lte and 5G, our wireless
communication system designedfor a wide area network to
provide mobile device and mobileservices.
(13:36):
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of cellular
network For the 4G.
4g LTE is designed to deliverhigh-speed mobile broadband
service, offering faster datarates, lower latency and improve
spectral efficiency compared toearlier generations.
Operates in a range offrequency bands, including low
(13:56):
700 megahertz, mid 1800 to 2100megahertz and high 2500
megahertz bands.
Multiple frequency bands allowfor increased capacity and
coverage.
Data rates provide high datarates, with theoretical peak
speeds reaching several hundredmegabytes per second for
(14:19):
downloads and uploads.
Support multimedia applications, video streaming, online gaming
and other data intensiveservices.
Offer lower latency compared toprevious generation, enabling
responsive communication forreal-time applications such as
online gaming and videoconferencing.
Multiple antenna technologies4G LTE utilize multiple antenna
(14:44):
technologies, including MIMO,multiple input, multiple output
and beamforming, to enhance datathrough throughput and network
efficiency.
Our backward compatible 4G arebackward compatible with 3G and
2G technologies, allowing olderdevice to connect to the network
(15:05):
.
Now let's go to 5G.
5g aims to provide only fastermobile broadband, but also
support a wide range of usecases, including massive
internet of things, criticalcommunication and ultra reliable
low latency applications.
Frequency bands operate in abroader spectrum, including the
low level sub 1 gigahertz, midband 1 through 6 gigahertz and
(15:29):
high band millimeter wave or MMwave, 24 gigahertz and above
frequency.
The use of MM Wave enablesextreme high data rates, but
with stronger ranges andsusceptible to obstacles.
Data rates offer significantlyhigher data rates than 4G LTE,
(15:50):
with peak speeds potentiallyreaching several gigabits per
second.
Enables faster downloads,improved video streaming quality
and support for emergingapplications like augmented
reality and virtual reality.
Latency 5G aims to achieve ultralow latency, reducing delay in
(16:10):
data transmission.
This is critical forapplications requiring real-time
responsiveness, such asautonomous vehicles and remote
surgery.
Network slicing introducesnetwork slicing allowing the
creation of virtualized networkstailored to specific use of
cases with varying requirementsfor bandwidth, latency and
(16:32):
reliability.
Massive MIMO and beamformingexpands on the multiple antenna
technologies of 4G LTE,implementing massive MIMO
utilizing a large number ofantennas and advanced
beamforming for improvedcoverage and efficiency.
Edge computing 5G networkfacilities edge computing,
(16:55):
bringing computer resourcescloser to the network edge to
reduce latency and supportapplications that require
real-time data processing.
In summary, both 4G LTE and 5Gare saluted network technologies
, with 5G representing the nextevolution, offering faster speed
, lower latency and support fordiverse applications beyond
(17:17):
traditional mobile broadbandservices.
The deployment of 5G is ongoingand expected to play a crucial
role in the advancement ofvarious industries and
technologies.
Next, we have NFC, nea FieldCommunication.
It's a short-range wirelesscommunication technology that
enables data exchange betweendevices in a close proximity.
(17:40):
We have the key features andcharacteristics of NFC Purpose
NFC is designed for short-rangecommunication, typically within
a range of few centimeters to amaximum of about 10 centimeters.
It is commonly used forcontactless data exchange,
mobile payment pairing,bluetooth devices and accessing
(18:01):
information with a simple tap.
Frequency bands operate at the13.56 MHz, which is high
frequency range.
The use of this frequency helpsbalance the tradeoff between
range and power consumption.
Communication modes NFCsupports two main modes of
communication Active mode, whichinvolves two power devices
(18:24):
communicating with each other,and passive mode.
One power device, which is theinitiator, communicates with the
passive device, which is thetarget, which does not require
its own power source.
Data rates NFC supportsrelatively low data rates,
typically ranging from 160kilobits to 424 kilobits.
(18:46):
While this speed is lower thansome wireless communication
technologies, it is more thanenough for the intended
application Operating range.
The typical operating range ofNFC is very short, making it
suitable for applications whereclose proximity is essential for
communications.
The short range enhancessecurity and prevents
(19:07):
unintentional data exchange.
So use case what do we use thisfor?
Mobile payments NFC is widelyused for context payments,
allowing users to maketransactions by tapping their
smartphones or contact-lickedcards on payment terminals.
Data transfer NFC facilitatesquick and easy data exchange
between devices, such as pairingBluetooth devices or
(19:31):
transferring small files.
Access control NFC is used foraccess control system, allowing
users to get entry to buildingsor facilities with a tap of the
NFC-enabled card or device.
Information retrieval NFC tags,which are passive devices
containing information, can beembedded in objects or posters.
(19:51):
Users can tap the NFC-enableddevice to retrieve information
or launch specific actions.
Security NFC includes securityfeatures to protect
communications.
This may include encryption andauthentication to ensure that
the data exchange is secure andnot susceptible to unauthorized
access.
Compatibility many modernsmartphones, tablets and other
(20:16):
devices come equipped with NFCcapabilities.
This widespread adoptioncontributes to ubiquity and
NFC-enabled applications.
Standardization NFC is based onthe international standard,
including the ISO IEC 1443 andISO IEC 18092, ensuring
(20:38):
interoperability betweendifferent NFC devices and
systems.
In summary, nfc is versatileand widely adopted technologies
that excel in providing secureand convenient short-range
communication for variousapplications, particularly those
requiring quick and simpleinteractions, with a physical
touch of close proximity.
(21:00):
Alright, the last one is Zigbee.
Zigbee is based on the IEEE802.15.4 standard and is a
wireless communication protocoldesigned for low power, low data
rate and short rangecommunications.
Here are the key features andcharacteristics of Zigbee.
Purpose Zigbee is designed forshort range communication and
(21:24):
low power, low data rateapplications, making it well
suited for you guessed it theInternet of Things devices, home
and automation, industrialcontrol and sensor networks.
Frequency band Zigbee operatesin the 2.4 GHz ISM band, the
same frequency band as Wi-Fi andBluetooth.
It also has regional variations.
(21:45):
That allows operation in the915 MHz and the 868 MHz bands.
Range Zigbee typically has ashort to medium range, covering
distance from a few meters toaround 100 meters, depending on
the power settings and theenvironmental conditions.
This range can be extended byforming a mesh network, where
(22:07):
devices act as routers, andextend the coverage.
Modulation and data ratesZigbee use direct SQL spectrum
for modulation.
Data rates are relatively low,typically ranging from 20 to 250
kBps, suitable for intermittentand low bandwidth
(22:29):
communications.
Power consumptions Zigbee isdesigned to be energy efficient,
making it suitable for batterypowered devices.
Devices can operate in lowpower mode and wake up
pre-artically to communicateTopology.
Zigbee supports mesh networkingwhere devices can act as
(22:49):
routers, forming a self-healingnetwork.
This allows for more extendedrange and improve reliability by
routing messages throughmultiple devices.
Application profiles Zigbeedefines various application
profiles that specify how Zigbeedevices should be communicate
(23:10):
for specific applications.
Xamp includes home automation,smart energy and healthcare.
Security.
Zigbee includes securityfeatures such as encryption and
authentication to ensure securecommunication.
It uses Zigbee Alliance keyestablishment framework for
security Interference.
(23:30):
Zigbee uses a 2.4 GHz bandmeans that it may experience
interference from other devicesoperating in the same frequency
range.
However, the mesh topologyhelps mitigate the impact of the
interference.
The Zigbee Alliance is aconsortium of companies that
(23:51):
promote the development andadoption of Zigbee technologies.
It oversees the development ofZigbee standards and
certification programs.
In summary, zigbee is awireless communication protocol
tailored for low powered, shortrange applications, particularly
in the Internet of Thingsscenarios.
(24:13):
Their devices need tocommunicate intermittently by
conserving energy.
The mesh network capabilitiesand defined application profiles
contribute to Zigbee'sversatility in various
industries.
Now, with that said, this stuffwill help you with both A plus
(24:38):
and actually network plus,because network plus has a lot
of this stuff also.
So if you're studying for bothexams, this will help you.
This particular podcast willhelp you and, as always, ladies
and gentlemen, if you're havingtrouble with your A plus exam,
if you're having trouble passing, if you're having trouble, you
(25:01):
know, studying or concentrating,you could always reach out to
me, professor J rod J R O D atgmailcom.
I know I paid someone to be mysocial media manager and she
kept putting J rod J A Y R O D.
For the last couple of podcastsI've been making sure that I
(25:24):
spell it right and then I'mactually getting more emails
from, from you guys, which isgreat.
I love communicating with myfans.
But again, I'm kind of I want todo a day of question answers
for A plus or network plus orsecurity plus, whatever you want
.
We can do it, you know, viazoom or via something you know I
(25:49):
don't know.
Think about doing a tiktok.
You let me know, we can do iton tiktok live, right?
If you want um, I don't knowyou, you let me know.
Email me at professor J rod atgmailcom that's J R O D at
gmailcom.
See if you'd be interested inlistening, right?
If I do likea, you know, we'lldo six questions on, you know,
(26:12):
on live, on on tiktok live.
But I don't know, I don't havethat many users.
So, um, we'll see.
We'll see.
Let's uh, let me know, give mesome ideas, guys, and let's
expand this.
All right, that's gonna put aball on today's episode.
Thank you so much for listening,and it's, this is close to
(26:35):
thanksgiving.
I want to wish each and everyone of you a happy thanksgiving.
I'll see you next time.
This is the production oflittle cha cha.
Productions are by sarah, musicby jokin.
If you want to reach me, youcan email me at professor j rod,
(26:59):
that's professor J R O D, atgmailcom.
You can also follow me oninstagram at professor J rod.
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