November 4, 2025 • 33 mins
In this final episode of Unearthed: The need for seeds, Cate Blanchett looks ahead to the next 25 years of the Millennium Seed Bank – and beyond.
First stop: space. Dr Anne Visscher is a Research Fellow in the seed and stress biology team. She shares her pioneering work sending seeds to the International Space Station, revealing how experiments in orbit are helping scientists understand how plants might survive extreme environments — from future planets to a changing Earth.
Back on the ground, Senior Research Leader in seed biology Dr Louise Colville takes Cate into the cryogenic labs to uncover how scientists are developing new preservation techniques for seeds too fragile for conventional storage.
The MSB’s mission is also growing worldwide. Megan Engelhardt, Seed Bank Manager at Missouri Botanical Garden, USA, and James Amponsah, Head of the Tree Seed Centre at Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, explain how Kew’s training and expertise are helping them to share their knowledge across the USA and Ghana.
Finally, Cate reflects on what she’s learned, banking on the knowledge that something as small as a seed can provide one of the greatest solutions to our planet’s future.
Unearthed - The need for seeds is a Fresh Air production for the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Series Producer: Hannah Fisher, Executive Producer: Annie Day, Director of Content: Michaela Hallam. Sound Design by Dan King.
With special thanks to everyone at Wakehurst and the Millennium Seed bank who helped with the production behind the scenes.
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:01):
Five, four, three, two, one.
Cate Blanchett (00:13):
You're probably wondering why you're hearing the sound of a
rocket launch in a podcast about seeds. Well, it's because
at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank in Wakehurst's wild botanic gardens,
scientists are sending seeds into space to test the boundaries
of life as we know it. They're asking huge questions
(00:34):
like what happens when a seed leaves the planet that
shaped it? How might seeds help us adapt, survive, even
thrive in environments beyond our own? And how might those
answers help us adapt to our own very quickly changing
world? It may sound like science fiction, but it's happening
(00:54):
right now.
Anne Visscher (00:55):
It's taken us our life on earth, more than three
billion years to send the first organisms into space. So,
I think it's good to start working on it now
and not wait until the last moment.
Cate Blanchett (01:09):
Sending seeds into space is one way of testing the
limits of life, another is far closer to home. Cryopreservation,
plunging seeds into temperatures far below anything it'd ever encounter
in nature, is pushing the boundaries of what's possible here
on earth. And it's offering a lifeline for species that
(01:30):
conventional storage can't protect.
Louise Colville (01:33):
Inside are these racks, and as the racks are very cold,
so even with my gloves on I can still feel
it's quite cold to hold. And in here, I think
there's space for thousands of samples inside each of these vessels.
Cate Blanchett (01:46):
The choices we make now, the seeds we protect today,
and the science that makes their preservation possible will shape
the lives of generations to come. I'm Cate Blanchett, Kew's
ambassador for Wakehurst, and this is Unearthed
Seeds. Episode three, The Future. If you're wondering, as I
(02:16):
did, why with so many pressing challenges here on Earth,
Wakehurst is casting their gaze out into space, I don't
blame you. Space is perhaps the harshest environment imaginable, and
certainly not the easiest to reach. But for Anne Visscher,
a research fellow in the seed and stress biology team
(02:37):
here at the MSB, putting seeds into space opens up
an extraordinary spectrum of possibilities.
Anne Visscher (02:45):
There are several aims for sending seeds into space, and
one of them is to have them included in life
support systems for human missions to Mars or the moon.
Another reason might be to store seeds as part of
small banks on the moon as a second backup for
use on earth, and those are called biorepositories. And then,
(03:09):
a third aim has been mentioned for years already is
the idea of maybe perhaps terraforming Mars in the distant future.
Cate Blanchett (03:16):
Anne is at the heart of several remarkable space projects,
two of which are destined for the International Space Station.
Anne Visscher (03:23):
One will be housed on the outside, exposing 24 different
species to the actual outer space conditions, and then about
six species will be going to the inside of this station.
Cate Blanchett (03:36):
And one is even set to journey to the moon.
Anne Visscher (03:39):
And then there's a project that is preparing to send
seeds to the surface of the moon, first in a
dry state, and then a subsequent mission to do a
germination kind of experiment as well.
Cate Blanchett (03:52):
Space is an environment so unforgiving that just surviving is
a challenge, and that is exactly what Anne and her
team are putting these seeds up against.
Anne Visscher (04:02):
So, the conditions that our seeds will be exposed to
on the outside of the International Space Station will be
vacuum and radiation, and that way we can not only
look at the effect of vacuum, and radiation, and temperature
in combination, which will make it harder to understand what
each condition does for the seed, but we'll try to
(04:23):
separate them out and that way we can analyze the
effect of either vacuum on its own, the radiation on
its own, and temperature fluctuations we'll try to mimic on
the ground.
Cate Blanchett (04:34):
Now stay with me here, it might sound far removed,
but what we learn up there has real consequences for
how we safeguard seeds back down here at the MSB.
Anne Visscher (04:44):
Research on earth has shown that some species actually benefit
from being stored without oxygen or at even lower humidities
that we're using as a standard in the bank. Not
all species, but some show increased longevity, which means that
if you store them for a certain length of time
and try to germinate them afterwards, you see a larger
(05:06):
number of seeds still germinating than if you store them
with oxygen or at high water contents. So, some of
our findings that might come from our space research can
have an impact on how we store seeds on earth
in the bank.
Cate Blanchett (05:22):
The team are sending seeds into the International Space Station
to understand how the conditions there impact germination, and every
single seed has been carefully chosen to be part of
this experiment.
Anne Visscher (05:35):
We've really tried to cover as much diversity as possible to
be able to see if those factors make a difference,
and these factors include the climate that they were collected
from. Also, the family. We are also trying to have
a range of different seed characteristics, so the size of
(05:56):
the embryo or whether they're dormant or not, thickness of
the seed coat.
Cate Blanchett (06:01):
By including a wide range of seeds, Anne and her
team can begin to understand which species are most resilient
in space, but these aren't quick experiments. These are carefully
planned long- term projects.
Anne Visscher (06:16):
We've been working on this since 2014, so we're already
11 years underway. So, it is really a practice in patience. Hopefully
it will fly in the next few years and we'll
get data back within five years. And it's always a
matter of reducing your expectations and seeing the long- term
(06:38):
picture, but taking it one step at a time.
Cate Blanchett (06:41):
Closer to home, Anne is studying some of the most
extreme environments on earth as part of the Western Global
Tree Seed Bank, a project we first heard about in
episode two from Nattanit Yiamthaisong, the PhD student from Thailand.
Anne Visscher (06:56):
We are trying to identify species that can survive really
high temperatures during germination, over 40 degrees Celsius. And what
I'm doing there is screening over 100 different collections from
the Millennium Seed Bank by looking at the areas in
(07:16):
the world where we can see the highest average annual
temperature over 27 degrees. They're particularly interested in tree species,
and what I'm trying to do is identify ones that
have really high germination at 42 and a half degrees
Celsius. So, we've now screened approximately 50 collections and we've
(07:39):
discovered several that show really good percentages of germination at
that temperature. So, we are excited to hopefully discover species
that not only grow really well in the mature plant
state in those hot regions, but for which we also
know that they can survive really high temperatures in their
really early phase of germination, when the root tip first
(08:03):
comes out and the seedling then develops, because ultimately what
we're interested in is using our collections to restore habitats
and reforest regions.
Cate Blanchett (08:14):
The team wanted to know if the temperature of the
site where each seed was collected would predict how well
it germinated under high heat, but the results are surprising.
Seeds from hotter regions aren't automatically better at coping with
extreme temperatures.
Anne Visscher (08:30):
So, we were hoping that perhaps choosing seeds from plants
that grow in the hottest areas, even within these very
hot regions, we may have a higher amount of candidate
species that are also tolerant during germination, but that doesn't
seem to be necessarily the case. It seems relatively random,
which ones are the tolerant ones and which ones are
(08:51):
the sensitive ones. So, we really do need to do
this screen to find out.
Cate Blanchett (08:56):
Anne's work depends on the seeds safely stored here at
the Millennium Seed Bank, and many of these seeds come
through the MSB's international partners, collecting locally, banking locally, and
sending duplicates back here to Wakehurst. But the work here
isn't just about storing seeds, it's thinking about how to
(09:16):
make collections stronger for the long term. One way this
is happening is through the new trainer certification scheme, which
trains local collectors. The idea is simple, but powerful. Equip
people globally with the skills to collect and care for
seeds in their own backyards so knowledge and seeds don't
(09:37):
stay in one place.
Meg Engelhardt (09:40):
My name is Meg Engelhardt, and I'm the seed bank
manager for the Missouri Botanical Garden. One project that we're
working on right now is we're able to pull orchid
seeds from the past that are in populations that don't
really exist anymore or we haven't seen them in a
long time, and we're working on reintroducing those back into
their native landscapes in central Missouri. And we have woodlands
(10:04):
and glades there that are part of the Ozarks, and so
we're working on those areas specifically. Kew was a big
inspiration for our founder, so we've been peer institutions over
time, and in more recent decades, that's really turned into
a heavy focus on plant conservation and trying to halt
this biodiversity loss.
Cate Blanchett (10:24):
Meg's excited to take what she's learned here at the MSB,
and share that knowledge back home.
Meg Engelhardt (10:29):
Now I get to come back here and help develop
this program so that we can take it to our
home countries and adapt to the people that are going
to use it in our specific areas, but also the
most exciting part for me is that we're all working
from the same standards that have been set by the
Millennium Seed Bank. And so, when I get home I'll
(10:51):
be able to train people who are leading their own
programs or maybe just starting a small program, all the
way down to practitioners who are maybe a seed collector,
who then grow seeds out that people can use for
restoration. So, it will apply to professionals down to practitioners.
Cate Blanchett (11:10):
Meg says that the knowledge sharing is crucial, it's the
key to stopping the decline of species and ecosystems.
Meg Engelhardt (11:17):
Halting the loss of biodiversity has been at the forefront
of our institution's work, and this is going to have
such a strong impact in our ability to collaborate and
share that knowledge, and not keep that knowledge just to
the people who have access but make sure that everyone
that can contribute to this really difficult problem have that
knowledge and experience.
Louise Colville (11:45):
In this room we have three silver vessels, which look
a bit like the vats you might see in a
brewery. Each of them contain liquid nitrogen. So, liquid nitrogen
temperature is minus 196 degrees Celsius, but on these vessels
you can see the temperature gauge is around minus 170
degrees Celsius. So, that's the temperature of the liquid nitrogen vapor in
(12:07):
which the seeds are stored.
Cate Blanchett (12:09):
This is Louise Colville, senior research leader in seed biology,
guiding us through one of the most futuristic looking parts
of Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the cryopreservation storage room. Wearing
thick gloves and safety goggles, she opens one of the
enormous metal barrels and a cloud of swirling vapor pours out.
Louise Colville (12:35):
So, in here we have our racks which are filled
with our samples, so that noise was the fan to
clear the vapor because we can just see a big
cloud of vapor now. And inside are these racks, and
in each rack there'll be storage boxes which contain our
samples. The racks are very cold, so even with my
gloves on I can still feel it's quite cold to
(12:57):
hold. And in here, I think there's space for thousands
of samples inside each of these vessels. So, they contain
quite a lot of our short- lived orthodox seed collections,
which are duplicated from the seed bank.
Cate Blanchett (13:08):
Cryopreservation is reserved for seeds that don't take kindly to the
usual drying and storage process. The more tricky ones are
called recalcitrant seeds, ones that we touched on briefly with
seed curator, Sian McCabe, in the previous episode.
Louise Colville (13:25):
Recalcitrant seeds tend to be larger, they also contain a
lot of water, and they tend to have thin seed
coats as well. So, if we think about something which
probably lots of people are familiar with acorns from oak
trees, also chestnuts. So, you tend to find species which
produce recalcitrant seeds in wetter environments. So for example, trees
in rainforests, and the same with species like sea grass,
(13:46):
so they're grown in marine environments and produce recalcitrant seeds.
Cate Blanchett (13:50):
And different seeds have different needs.
Louise Colville (13:53):
The cryopreservation process typically has to be optimized or adapted
for each species. So, there's not one approach which works
for everything, which is one of the major challenges with
using cryopreservation. So, what we do is we take out
the part of the seed called the embryonic axis, and
that's the part of the seed which develops into the
new plant. And because it's much smaller, it means we
(14:16):
can then very rapidly partially dry that tissue to a
point where we remove the water, which will form ice.
And then, once we've reached that point we can then
very rapidly freeze it using liquid nitrogen.
Cate Blanchett (14:28):
The embryonic axis is that little white part you see
inside a seed. It's what I saw when we cut
one open with Ted Chapman and Isabel Negri in the
previous episode. It's basically the heart of a seed. It's
the part that will grow into a new plant, which
is why Louise and her team focus on preserving it
so carefully, but it comes with its own challenges. You
(14:53):
can't just germinate these cryo- preserved seeds like you would
a regular seed. They need in vitro techniques, essentially coaxing
the seed to grow from scratch in a Petri dish.
Louise Colville (15:05):
That is very complicated, and I think one of the
challenges as well is that if we can regenerate after
cryo using in vitro techniques, it's then moving on from
that to be able to take those plants into the
nursery, because obviously they've become quite used to their nice
protected conditions, and then to go out where they're exposed
to further stress is a big step for them.
Cate Blanchett (15:24):
Louise and her team are still in the research phase,
working out how different species respond to this type of
preservation. It's crucial that they get it right, because each
seed is different, and some very important seeds rely on
this specific method to remain viable.
Louise Colville (15:42):
Although only around 10% of the world's seed- bearing plants produce
recalcitrant seeds. In some regions such as tropical rainforests, around
50% of tree species will produce recalcitrant seeds, and most
of those species will also be under greater threat of
extinction. So, I think there's a real pressure here that
we should be conserving not just orthodox seeds that we
(16:04):
can conserve quite easily, but also looking at addressing the
challenges of conserving these more difficult to preserve species. Most
of our work so far has been on UK trees,
and actually oaks. So quercus robur, the English oak, is
quite difficult to cryopreserve and we're not really sure why.
We think part of it is down to the chemistry
of the seed. So, as soon as we remove the embryonic acid
(16:25):
it's starting to oxidize. As you watch, you can see
them start to brown. So, it's at that point where
the challenge starts, so we need to use antioxidants to
help prevent that browning before we can then move into
our cryopreservation process. But even then, even if you have
a successful protocol, survival might only be 40% after cryopreservation,
(16:46):
and that would be considered quite good.
Cate Blanchett (16:47):
The team anticipate that cryo- preserved seeds will endure far
longer than those in conventional seed bank storage, though the long-
term data isn't in yet. Still, this approach could offer
a lifeline for plants that don't produce seeds at all.
Louise Colville (17:03):
So, cryopreservation is not just for seeds, but it's also an
approach that can be used for the conservation of a
much wider range of plants, mosses and ferns, seaweeds, for
example. These don't produce seeds, but they instead reproduce via
spores. Over half of the UK native species do not
produce seeds. So, by using cryopreservation we can really scale
(17:24):
up the diversity of the British flora that we can conserve.
Cate Blanchett (17:30):
Cryopreservation gives us a way to protect a huge variety
of plant life, and Louise's research is a prime example
of the innovation happening at the MSB. But of course,
preservation and conservation aren't confined to the UK. Around the
world, MSB partners are working to safeguard their own local
ecosystems. Cutting edge science and on the- ground action go
(17:53):
hand in hand.
James Amponsah (17:55):
My name is James Amponsah, I'm working with the Forestry
Research Institute of Ghana, and specifically that institute has a
national seed bank called the National Tree Seed Center. I'm
in charge of managing seed conservation, especially with forest seeds
in Ghana. So, we are expected to supervise and undertake
(18:19):
seed collections across the country.
Cate Blanchett (18:22):
As a partner of Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the Forestry
Research Institute of Ghana has collaborated on joint research projects
and contributed seeds to the MSB. But back home, their
National Tree Seed Center is also actively involved in restoring
land across Ghana, including rehabilitating former mine sites.
James Amponsah (18:46):
Ghana is currently facing a lot of problems with small
scale illegal mining, polluting water bodies and degrading our forest
resources. And so, we have been involved in selecting species
and making sure that we have the right framework species
for restoring these degraded forests back to their natural states.
Cate Blanchett (19:04):
James is part of the very first cohort to take
part in the new trainer certification scheme. And just like Meg
says, he's bringing those skills back home to help others
and make a real difference on the ground.
James Amponsah (19:17):
This certification program for me is taking our partnership to
another level. It's really going to help contribute to our
seed bank's ability to train others. So, I think it's
very important. This training is really beneficial for us as
participant. We have come in thinking that it's going to
be more of training on the standards, but in going
(19:42):
beyond that we are now being trained with how to
deliver high quality training, how to engage with our participants,
how to make our training back home more impactful.
Cate Blanchett (19:55):
For James and for everyone he trains back in Ghana,
tapping into local knowledge is just as important as any
lab experiment.
James Amponsah (20:03):
When we use local knowledge in seed conservation, it's really
helpful. Sometimes local people know best where we could find
best sources for seed collection. They may even have traditional
ways of pre- treating their seeds for better germination. And so,
when you ignore that you will be losing out actually
as a research scientist. And so, local knowledge is very
(20:25):
critical for seed conservation at all levels. The work of the
MSP is really enhancing biodiversity conservation. With climate change and
with biodiversity losses on the rise, working hard to conserve
seeds is actually helping us to safeguard our plant biodiversity. It is
(20:45):
also a way of ensuring that seed banks across the
world will get to know of improved standards to help
us benefit nature and people in the end. And this
for me is great. It's really a way of empowering
us to deliver our best in terms of seed conservation
across our country, and even across Africa.
Cate Blanchett (21:07):
Insightful words from James, and another reminder of how seed
banking really is a global effort. But back here in
the labs, researchers Anne and Louise are tackling a different type
of challenge, cracking the secrets of seed dormancy. Their work
centers around what makes a seed stay asleep and what
(21:29):
wakes it up or start to germinate. Imagine a seed
in autumn. It survives the winter lying in the soil
until bursting into life and spring. Now, sometimes that awakening
depends on a nudge from the environment, a physical cue
to tell it the time is right.
Anne Visscher (21:50):
It can be through wetting and drying, and over time this
creates small cracks. It can also be by passage through
animals, by the seeds being eaten. It can also happen
through temperature fluctuations, again, causing small morphological changes and then
(22:11):
eventually cracks. Or it can be a molecular reason where
there are certain hormones that are really high at that
time that stop other processes from happening so that the
whole germination growth process doesn't start. Temperature is a well-
known trigger, for example in these temperate climates that we're
living in here in the UK, so some seeds are dispersed
(22:35):
in the autumn but they won't germinate during the winter,
and it's often because of their dormancy. And what happens
is that after a certain number of cold hours that
they experience, they are then ready to germinate under the
spring conditions.
Cate Blanchett (22:52):
But with climate change altering weather patterns, many seeds aren't
reaching the temperatures they need to break dormancy. That's where
Louise's team is turning to an unexpected solution.
Louise Colville (23:06):
Plasma is the fourth state of matter. So we have
solid, liquids, gases and plasma. It's actually the most abundant
state of matter in the universe. Plasma consists of highly
reactive molecules and ions. It's produced by either heating or
applying an electric charge to a gas. So, plasma's very abundant
(23:28):
in stars, for example. On earth, when lightning strikes, that
generates plasma.
Cate Blanchett (23:33):
Yeah, plasma. It's the same stuff that makes your TV
glow, only a bit more alive.
Louise Colville (23:40):
Plasma consists of these reactive molecules. We know that these
interact with the molecular pathways which control seed dormancy and
germination. We're interested in whether plasma could be used to
treat seeds and break dormancy.
Cate Blanchett (23:54):
Tree species often belong to the long dormancy club. Many
species need months of cold before they're ready to germinate.
Louise Colville (24:04):
We were interested in whether we could use plasma treatments
to accelerate the process of dormancy break, perhaps shorten the
requirement for the cold treatment or maybe eliminating it altogether.
We were working with Hazel, Rowan, and Beech, so those
seeds all require long periods of cold stratification to germinate.
And then we also used free shallow dormant species, which
(24:25):
was Scots pine, downy birch, and common alder. And so,
they require just a short period of cold stratification.
Cate Blanchett (24:32):
The team applied two different styles of plasma treatments, the
first is very direct.
Louise Colville (24:38):
The seeds are put on a conveyor belt and they're
passed underneath a plasma generator, and you can see little
purple lightning strikes of plasma discharges connecting with the seed.
Cate Blanchett (24:48):
And the second is indirect, using air and water.
Louise Colville (24:52):
So, we treated air with plasma and then exposed the
seeds to that plasma treated air, and we did the
same with water. So, we plasma treated water and then
soaked the seeds in that plasma treated water. And what
we found is that for three of the species, for
Rowan, Hazel, and downy birch, we found that the plasma
treated air was effective at breaking dormancy. It improved the
(25:16):
germination in combination with a cold treatment compared to not
having the plasma treatment.
Cate Blanchett (25:21):
Now, the team didn't see this coming, and they suspect
it might have something to do with how the plasma
interacts with the plant's own hormones.
Louise Colville (25:29):
So what we're thinking, and we still need to work
further on this, is that the plasma- treated air treatment
in particular is interacting with the molecular pathways controlling dormancy.
So, dormancy is particularly controlled by the balance of two
hormones, and we think that the plasma is interacting with
the molecular pathways which are controlling the balance of the
plant hormones to help to break dormancy.
Cate Blanchett (25:51):
Now, it might sound a bit like science fiction, but
this treatment could have real world impact.
Louise Colville (25:57):
The reason that we started working on it is that
the UK government has tree planting targets, and in order
to meet those targets we need to scale up tree
production in nurseries. But one of the key barriers to
that is germination. So, dormancy represents a block to basically
scaling up nursery production of trees, and the reason we
chose plasma treatments is because you can treat lots of
(26:19):
seeds at once.
Cate Blanchett (26:20):
Innovations like plasma treatments show just how science can tackle
real world challenges, and the work being done in the
cryogenic space and even in space itself all feels pretty
futuristic. But I guess 25 years ago the idea of
the Millennium Seed Bank in itself was futuristic. We heard
(26:42):
from Roger Smith in the first episode, how the initial
idea for the seed bank was seen as being a
little radical or out there. However, the ambition was also
huge, to build something that would last for 30 generations,
a whole other millennium. So in that respect, the MSB
is really only just getting started. From cutting edge labs
(27:06):
to the people protecting their ecosystems across the world, the
seed bank is a reminder that the future of plant
conservation is being written right now. It's a story that
is still unfolding and one that is full of passionate
people, pushing boundaries of what is possible in a united
mission to protect the future of our planet.
Speaker 7 (27:28):
The threats that we're facing are global and they are
large, and there is so much more to be done
that we really need to scale our work. There's been a
lot of technological advances since we started 25 years ago,
and we need to be embracing some of those and
bringing them into the ways that we're working. The work
that happens in this seed bank is literally saving plants
(27:48):
and stopping us losing them. So, to me there can't
be any better reason to get out better than that.
Speaker 8 (27:53):
I love plants, they're our drugs, they're our food, they
are lots of people's livelihoods, and they're under so much
threat from land loss and climate change. We need to
save these seeds, we need to keep them alive, we
need to turn them into plants. I feel like it's
such a privilege to be able to help a little
(28:15):
bit towards that, and I'm really proud to work here.
Anne Visscher (28:19):
Working at the Millennium Seed Bank allows me to make
a more active and creative contribution to stopping biodiversity loss.
Nowhere else on earth do we have access to 40,000
wild plant species to ask questions about which species are
good for restoration and reforestation, and then even beyond the
(28:43):
earth.
Speaker 9 (28:43):
The MSB is like a treasure in the future for everyone.
Speaker 10 (28:50):
We all come from different cultures, different countries, but we're
all striving for the same goal, whether it's conserving biodiversity,
ending the extinction crisis, ensuring food security in the future,
and that's what I find is very rewarding.
Louise Colville (29:06):
The MSB is the only global program of its type, and it's not
just about the collections that we've acquired over the last
25 years and the partnerships we've made, but it's also
about the knowledge that we've generated as well, whether it's in
restoration or conservation. We're hopeful for the future and that
what we're doing is good.
Speaker 11 (29:24):
I think when you work in conservation, it can sometimes
be hard to feel like you're having an impact, but
a seed bank, to take seed from the wild, store
it, keep it safe, study it, understand it, and then
reintroduce it, it's really just a tangible thing that we
can do to support plant conservation, and that makes it
very satisfying and meaningful to me.
Speaker 12 (29:47):
When I think of the Millennium Seed Bank, I think the
strength is there's so many people working together and connecting,
collaborating, and that's what allows us to be so strong,
even in the face of climate change and biodiversity loss.
Speaker 11 (30:03):
Always talk about options for the future, and that's really
what it feels like. It's a hopeful, optimistic approach to
conservation, I think.
Speaker 13 (30:11):
I'm proudest of the fact that a strange ragbag of
individuals, in which I include myself quite happily, should come
together and do something that had global significance.
Cate Blanchett (30:30):
Often we think of us as humans as being part
of the destruction of nature. But here at Wakehurst we're
poignantly reminded of our part, and what a responsible and
exciting and positive part we can play in the regeneration
of nature. And every single person I spoke to, you
can tell from their engagement in the natural world and
(30:52):
in the collection of seeds, how positive they are about
the outlook that the natural world has. And they feel
a really strong responsibility of playing their role within that,
which was really inspiring to hear. I've always known that
the seed bank is an important place, and the work
that goes on here is deep time and meticulous, but
(31:14):
to be out in the field with Ted and Isabel,
and watch the process from the beginning right through the
process of sorting, and cleaning, and collection, and freezing, it
reminds me how hopeful one can be, that the work
is actually happening and that it's happening not only here
(31:34):
in this country but around the world, and the hub
of that work is Wakehurst. And I just think everyone
needs to come here, and look in the windows and
see that that work is being done, because what it
leaves me with is wanting to go back out and
grow a beautiful garden and be thankful for what we
all have, and help in our own small way outside
(31:55):
of these grounds to help preserve and protect it. Often
we think, " Well, it's all over. There's nothing we can
do." But it starts with a seed, and often that seed
is infinitesimal and then it will grow into a beautiful
orchid, or a massive redwood, or a Wollemi. Just walking
through the garden you're reminded of the role that science
(32:16):
can play in the restoration of things that are natural.
They're not antithetical, they're inextricably linked. A huge, huge thank
you to everyone who has participated in this story, and
(32:37):
everyone I've spoken to, the scientists, seed collectors, students, and
local communities whose dedication has made this series possible. Every
seed collected, every experiment tested, every partnership built is a
step towards regenerating nature and protecting biodiversity for generations to
come. And you can be part of it too. By
(33:00):
supporting Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, you're helping protect the seeds of
our planet and the future they promise. Together, we can
grow a world where nature not only survives, but thrives.
As we said at the start, life begins with seeds,
and so does our best chance to save it. I'm
(33:23):
Cate Blanchett, Kew's ambassador for Wakehurst, and this has been
Unearthed
Five, four, three, two, one.
Cate Blanchett (00:13):
You're probably wondering why you're hearing the sound of a
rocket launch in a podcast about seeds. Well, it's because
at Kew's Millennium Seed Bank in Wakehurst's wild botanic gardens,
scientists are sending seeds into space to test the boundaries
of life as we know it. They're asking huge questions
(00:34):
like what happens when a seed leaves the planet that
shaped it? How might seeds help us adapt, survive, even
thrive in environments beyond our own? And how might those
answers help us adapt to our own very quickly changing
world? It may sound like science fiction, but it's happening
(00:54):
right now.
Anne Visscher (00:55):
It's taken us our life on earth, more than three
billion years to send the first organisms into space. So,
I think it's good to start working on it now
and not wait until the last moment.
Cate Blanchett (01:09):
Sending seeds into space is one way of testing the
limits of life, another is far closer to home. Cryopreservation,
plunging seeds into temperatures far below anything it'd ever encounter
in nature, is pushing the boundaries of what's possible here
on earth. And it's offering a lifeline for species that
(01:30):
conventional storage can't protect.
Louise Colville (01:33):
Inside are these racks, and as the racks are very cold,
so even with my gloves on I can still feel
it's quite cold to hold. And in here, I think
there's space for thousands of samples inside each of these vessels.
Cate Blanchett (01:46):
The choices we make now, the seeds we protect today,
and the science that makes their preservation possible will shape
the lives of generations to come. I'm Cate Blanchett, Kew's
ambassador for Wakehurst, and this is Unearthed
Seeds. Episode three, The Future. If you're wondering, as I
(02:16):
did, why with so many pressing challenges here on Earth,
Wakehurst is casting their gaze out into space, I don't
blame you. Space is perhaps the harshest environment imaginable, and
certainly not the easiest to reach. But for Anne Visscher,
a research fellow in the seed and stress biology team
(02:37):
here at the MSB, putting seeds into space opens up
an extraordinary spectrum of possibilities.
Anne Visscher (02:45):
There are several aims for sending seeds into space, and
one of them is to have them included in life
support systems for human missions to Mars or the moon.
Another reason might be to store seeds as part of
small banks on the moon as a second backup for
use on earth, and those are called biorepositories. And then,
(03:09):
a third aim has been mentioned for years already is
the idea of maybe perhaps terraforming Mars in the distant future.
Cate Blanchett (03:16):
Anne is at the heart of several remarkable space projects,
two of which are destined for the International Space Station.
Anne Visscher (03:23):
One will be housed on the outside, exposing 24 different
species to the actual outer space conditions, and then about
six species will be going to the inside of this station.
Cate Blanchett (03:36):
And one is even set to journey to the moon.
Anne Visscher (03:39):
And then there's a project that is preparing to send
seeds to the surface of the moon, first in a
dry state, and then a subsequent mission to do a
germination kind of experiment as well.
Cate Blanchett (03:52):
Space is an environment so unforgiving that just surviving is
a challenge, and that is exactly what Anne and her
team are putting these seeds up against.
Anne Visscher (04:02):
So, the conditions that our seeds will be exposed to
on the outside of the International Space Station will be
vacuum and radiation, and that way we can not only
look at the effect of vacuum, and radiation, and temperature
in combination, which will make it harder to understand what
each condition does for the seed, but we'll try to
(04:23):
separate them out and that way we can analyze the
effect of either vacuum on its own, the radiation on
its own, and temperature fluctuations we'll try to mimic on
the ground.
Cate Blanchett (04:34):
Now stay with me here, it might sound far removed,
but what we learn up there has real consequences for
how we safeguard seeds back down here at the MSB.
Anne Visscher (04:44):
Research on earth has shown that some species actually benefit
from being stored without oxygen or at even lower humidities
that we're using as a standard in the bank. Not
all species, but some show increased longevity, which means that
if you store them for a certain length of time
and try to germinate them afterwards, you see a larger
(05:06):
number of seeds still germinating than if you store them
with oxygen or at high water contents. So, some of
our findings that might come from our space research can
have an impact on how we store seeds on earth
in the bank.
Cate Blanchett (05:22):
The team are sending seeds into the International Space Station
to understand how the conditions there impact germination, and every
single seed has been carefully chosen to be part of
this experiment.
Anne Visscher (05:35):
We've really tried to cover as much diversity as possible to
be able to see if those factors make a difference,
and these factors include the climate that they were collected
from. Also, the family. We are also trying to have
a range of different seed characteristics, so the size of
(05:56):
the embryo or whether they're dormant or not, thickness of
the seed coat.
Cate Blanchett (06:01):
By including a wide range of seeds, Anne and her
team can begin to understand which species are most resilient
in space, but these aren't quick experiments. These are carefully
planned long- term projects.
Anne Visscher (06:16):
We've been working on this since 2014, so we're already
11 years underway. So, it is really a practice in patience. Hopefully
it will fly in the next few years and we'll
get data back within five years. And it's always a
matter of reducing your expectations and seeing the long- term
(06:38):
picture, but taking it one step at a time.
Cate Blanchett (06:41):
Closer to home, Anne is studying some of the most
extreme environments on earth as part of the Western Global
Tree Seed Bank, a project we first heard about in
episode two from Nattanit Yiamthaisong, the PhD student from Thailand.
Anne Visscher (06:56):
We are trying to identify species that can survive really
high temperatures during germination, over 40 degrees Celsius. And what
I'm doing there is screening over 100 different collections from
the Millennium Seed Bank by looking at the areas in
(07:16):
the world where we can see the highest average annual
temperature over 27 degrees. They're particularly interested in tree species,
and what I'm trying to do is identify ones that
have really high germination at 42 and a half degrees
Celsius. So, we've now screened approximately 50 collections and we've
(07:39):
discovered several that show really good percentages of germination at
that temperature. So, we are excited to hopefully discover species
that not only grow really well in the mature plant
state in those hot regions, but for which we also
know that they can survive really high temperatures in their
really early phase of germination, when the root tip first
(08:03):
comes out and the seedling then develops, because ultimately what
we're interested in is using our collections to restore habitats
and reforest regions.
Cate Blanchett (08:14):
The team wanted to know if the temperature of the
site where each seed was collected would predict how well
it germinated under high heat, but the results are surprising.
Seeds from hotter regions aren't automatically better at coping with
extreme temperatures.
Anne Visscher (08:30):
So, we were hoping that perhaps choosing seeds from plants
that grow in the hottest areas, even within these very
hot regions, we may have a higher amount of candidate
species that are also tolerant during germination, but that doesn't
seem to be necessarily the case. It seems relatively random,
which ones are the tolerant ones and which ones are
(08:51):
the sensitive ones. So, we really do need to do
this screen to find out.
Cate Blanchett (08:56):
Anne's work depends on the seeds safely stored here at
the Millennium Seed Bank, and many of these seeds come
through the MSB's international partners, collecting locally, banking locally, and
sending duplicates back here to Wakehurst. But the work here
isn't just about storing seeds, it's thinking about how to
(09:16):
make collections stronger for the long term. One way this
is happening is through the new trainer certification scheme, which
trains local collectors. The idea is simple, but powerful. Equip
people globally with the skills to collect and care for
seeds in their own backyards so knowledge and seeds don't
(09:37):
stay in one place.
Meg Engelhardt (09:40):
My name is Meg Engelhardt, and I'm the seed bank
manager for the Missouri Botanical Garden. One project that we're
working on right now is we're able to pull orchid
seeds from the past that are in populations that don't
really exist anymore or we haven't seen them in a
long time, and we're working on reintroducing those back into
their native landscapes in central Missouri. And we have woodlands
(10:04):
and glades there that are part of the Ozarks, and so
we're working on those areas specifically. Kew was a big
inspiration for our founder, so we've been peer institutions over
time, and in more recent decades, that's really turned into
a heavy focus on plant conservation and trying to halt
this biodiversity loss.
Cate Blanchett (10:24):
Meg's excited to take what she's learned here at the MSB,
and share that knowledge back home.
Meg Engelhardt (10:29):
Now I get to come back here and help develop
this program so that we can take it to our
home countries and adapt to the people that are going
to use it in our specific areas, but also the
most exciting part for me is that we're all working
from the same standards that have been set by the
Millennium Seed Bank. And so, when I get home I'll
(10:51):
be able to train people who are leading their own
programs or maybe just starting a small program, all the
way down to practitioners who are maybe a seed collector,
who then grow seeds out that people can use for
restoration. So, it will apply to professionals down to practitioners.
Cate Blanchett (11:10):
Meg says that the knowledge sharing is crucial, it's the
key to stopping the decline of species and ecosystems.
Meg Engelhardt (11:17):
Halting the loss of biodiversity has been at the forefront
of our institution's work, and this is going to have
such a strong impact in our ability to collaborate and
share that knowledge, and not keep that knowledge just to
the people who have access but make sure that everyone
that can contribute to this really difficult problem have that
knowledge and experience.
Louise Colville (11:45):
In this room we have three silver vessels, which look
a bit like the vats you might see in a
brewery. Each of them contain liquid nitrogen. So, liquid nitrogen
temperature is minus 196 degrees Celsius, but on these vessels
you can see the temperature gauge is around minus 170
degrees Celsius. So, that's the temperature of the liquid nitrogen vapor in
(12:07):
which the seeds are stored.
Cate Blanchett (12:09):
This is Louise Colville, senior research leader in seed biology,
guiding us through one of the most futuristic looking parts
of Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the cryopreservation storage room. Wearing
thick gloves and safety goggles, she opens one of the
enormous metal barrels and a cloud of swirling vapor pours out.
Louise Colville (12:35):
So, in here we have our racks which are filled
with our samples, so that noise was the fan to
clear the vapor because we can just see a big
cloud of vapor now. And inside are these racks, and
in each rack there'll be storage boxes which contain our
samples. The racks are very cold, so even with my
gloves on I can still feel it's quite cold to
(12:57):
hold. And in here, I think there's space for thousands
of samples inside each of these vessels. So, they contain
quite a lot of our short- lived orthodox seed collections,
which are duplicated from the seed bank.
Cate Blanchett (13:08):
Cryopreservation is reserved for seeds that don't take kindly to the
usual drying and storage process. The more tricky ones are
called recalcitrant seeds, ones that we touched on briefly with
seed curator, Sian McCabe, in the previous episode.
Louise Colville (13:25):
Recalcitrant seeds tend to be larger, they also contain a
lot of water, and they tend to have thin seed
coats as well. So, if we think about something which
probably lots of people are familiar with acorns from oak
trees, also chestnuts. So, you tend to find species which
produce recalcitrant seeds in wetter environments. So for example, trees
in rainforests, and the same with species like sea grass,
(13:46):
so they're grown in marine environments and produce recalcitrant seeds.
Cate Blanchett (13:50):
And different seeds have different needs.
Louise Colville (13:53):
The cryopreservation process typically has to be optimized or adapted
for each species. So, there's not one approach which works
for everything, which is one of the major challenges with
using cryopreservation. So, what we do is we take out
the part of the seed called the embryonic axis, and
that's the part of the seed which develops into the
new plant. And because it's much smaller, it means we
(14:16):
can then very rapidly partially dry that tissue to a
point where we remove the water, which will form ice.
And then, once we've reached that point we can then
very rapidly freeze it using liquid nitrogen.
Cate Blanchett (14:28):
The embryonic axis is that little white part you see
inside a seed. It's what I saw when we cut
one open with Ted Chapman and Isabel Negri in the
previous episode. It's basically the heart of a seed. It's
the part that will grow into a new plant, which
is why Louise and her team focus on preserving it
so carefully, but it comes with its own challenges. You
(14:53):
can't just germinate these cryo- preserved seeds like you would
a regular seed. They need in vitro techniques, essentially coaxing
the seed to grow from scratch in a Petri dish.
Louise Colville (15:05):
That is very complicated, and I think one of the
challenges as well is that if we can regenerate after
cryo using in vitro techniques, it's then moving on from
that to be able to take those plants into the
nursery, because obviously they've become quite used to their nice
protected conditions, and then to go out where they're exposed
to further stress is a big step for them.
Cate Blanchett (15:24):
Louise and her team are still in the research phase,
working out how different species respond to this type of
preservation. It's crucial that they get it right, because each
seed is different, and some very important seeds rely on
this specific method to remain viable.
Louise Colville (15:42):
Although only around 10% of the world's seed- bearing plants produce
recalcitrant seeds. In some regions such as tropical rainforests, around
50% of tree species will produce recalcitrant seeds, and most
of those species will also be under greater threat of
extinction. So, I think there's a real pressure here that
we should be conserving not just orthodox seeds that we
(16:04):
can conserve quite easily, but also looking at addressing the
challenges of conserving these more difficult to preserve species. Most
of our work so far has been on UK trees,
and actually oaks. So quercus robur, the English oak, is
quite difficult to cryopreserve and we're not really sure why.
We think part of it is down to the chemistry
of the seed. So, as soon as we remove the embryonic acid
(16:25):
it's starting to oxidize. As you watch, you can see
them start to brown. So, it's at that point where
the challenge starts, so we need to use antioxidants to
help prevent that browning before we can then move into
our cryopreservation process. But even then, even if you have
a successful protocol, survival might only be 40% after cryopreservation,
(16:46):
and that would be considered quite good.
Cate Blanchett (16:47):
The team anticipate that cryo- preserved seeds will endure far
longer than those in conventional seed bank storage, though the long-
term data isn't in yet. Still, this approach could offer
a lifeline for plants that don't produce seeds at all.
Louise Colville (17:03):
So, cryopreservation is not just for seeds, but it's also an
approach that can be used for the conservation of a
much wider range of plants, mosses and ferns, seaweeds, for
example. These don't produce seeds, but they instead reproduce via
spores. Over half of the UK native species do not
produce seeds. So, by using cryopreservation we can really scale
(17:24):
up the diversity of the British flora that we can conserve.
Cate Blanchett (17:30):
Cryopreservation gives us a way to protect a huge variety
of plant life, and Louise's research is a prime example
of the innovation happening at the MSB. But of course,
preservation and conservation aren't confined to the UK. Around the
world, MSB partners are working to safeguard their own local
ecosystems. Cutting edge science and on the- ground action go
(17:53):
hand in hand.
James Amponsah (17:55):
My name is James Amponsah, I'm working with the Forestry
Research Institute of Ghana, and specifically that institute has a
national seed bank called the National Tree Seed Center. I'm
in charge of managing seed conservation, especially with forest seeds
in Ghana. So, we are expected to supervise and undertake
(18:19):
seed collections across the country.
Cate Blanchett (18:22):
As a partner of Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, the Forestry
Research Institute of Ghana has collaborated on joint research projects
and contributed seeds to the MSB. But back home, their
National Tree Seed Center is also actively involved in restoring
land across Ghana, including rehabilitating former mine sites.
James Amponsah (18:46):
Ghana is currently facing a lot of problems with small
scale illegal mining, polluting water bodies and degrading our forest
resources. And so, we have been involved in selecting species
and making sure that we have the right framework species
for restoring these degraded forests back to their natural states.
Cate Blanchett (19:04):
James is part of the very first cohort to take
part in the new trainer certification scheme. And just like Meg
says, he's bringing those skills back home to help others
and make a real difference on the ground.
James Amponsah (19:17):
This certification program for me is taking our partnership to
another level. It's really going to help contribute to our
seed bank's ability to train others. So, I think it's
very important. This training is really beneficial for us as
participant. We have come in thinking that it's going to
be more of training on the standards, but in going
(19:42):
beyond that we are now being trained with how to
deliver high quality training, how to engage with our participants,
how to make our training back home more impactful.
Cate Blanchett (19:55):
For James and for everyone he trains back in Ghana,
tapping into local knowledge is just as important as any
lab experiment.
James Amponsah (20:03):
When we use local knowledge in seed conservation, it's really
helpful. Sometimes local people know best where we could find
best sources for seed collection. They may even have traditional
ways of pre- treating their seeds for better germination. And so,
when you ignore that you will be losing out actually
as a research scientist. And so, local knowledge is very
(20:25):
critical for seed conservation at all levels. The work of the
MSP is really enhancing biodiversity conservation. With climate change and
with biodiversity losses on the rise, working hard to conserve
seeds is actually helping us to safeguard our plant biodiversity. It is
(20:45):
also a way of ensuring that seed banks across the
world will get to know of improved standards to help
us benefit nature and people in the end. And this
for me is great. It's really a way of empowering
us to deliver our best in terms of seed conservation
across our country, and even across Africa.
Cate Blanchett (21:07):
Insightful words from James, and another reminder of how seed
banking really is a global effort. But back here in
the labs, researchers Anne and Louise are tackling a different type
of challenge, cracking the secrets of seed dormancy. Their work
centers around what makes a seed stay asleep and what
(21:29):
wakes it up or start to germinate. Imagine a seed
in autumn. It survives the winter lying in the soil
until bursting into life and spring. Now, sometimes that awakening
depends on a nudge from the environment, a physical cue
to tell it the time is right.
Anne Visscher (21:50):
It can be through wetting and drying, and over time this
creates small cracks. It can also be by passage through
animals, by the seeds being eaten. It can also happen
through temperature fluctuations, again, causing small morphological changes and then
(22:11):
eventually cracks. Or it can be a molecular reason where
there are certain hormones that are really high at that
time that stop other processes from happening so that the
whole germination growth process doesn't start. Temperature is a well-
known trigger, for example in these temperate climates that we're
living in here in the UK, so some seeds are dispersed
(22:35):
in the autumn but they won't germinate during the winter,
and it's often because of their dormancy. And what happens
is that after a certain number of cold hours that
they experience, they are then ready to germinate under the
spring conditions.
Cate Blanchett (22:52):
But with climate change altering weather patterns, many seeds aren't
reaching the temperatures they need to break dormancy. That's where
Louise's team is turning to an unexpected solution.
Louise Colville (23:06):
Plasma is the fourth state of matter. So we have
solid, liquids, gases and plasma. It's actually the most abundant
state of matter in the universe. Plasma consists of highly
reactive molecules and ions. It's produced by either heating or
applying an electric charge to a gas. So, plasma's very abundant
(23:28):
in stars, for example. On earth, when lightning strikes, that
generates plasma.
Cate Blanchett (23:33):
Yeah, plasma. It's the same stuff that makes your TV
glow, only a bit more alive.
Louise Colville (23:40):
Plasma consists of these reactive molecules. We know that these
interact with the molecular pathways which control seed dormancy and
germination. We're interested in whether plasma could be used to
treat seeds and break dormancy.
Cate Blanchett (23:54):
Tree species often belong to the long dormancy club. Many
species need months of cold before they're ready to germinate.
Louise Colville (24:04):
We were interested in whether we could use plasma treatments
to accelerate the process of dormancy break, perhaps shorten the
requirement for the cold treatment or maybe eliminating it altogether.
We were working with Hazel, Rowan, and Beech, so those
seeds all require long periods of cold stratification to germinate.
And then we also used free shallow dormant species, which
(24:25):
was Scots pine, downy birch, and common alder. And so,
they require just a short period of cold stratification.
Cate Blanchett (24:32):
The team applied two different styles of plasma treatments, the
first is very direct.
Louise Colville (24:38):
The seeds are put on a conveyor belt and they're
passed underneath a plasma generator, and you can see little
purple lightning strikes of plasma discharges connecting with the seed.
Cate Blanchett (24:48):
And the second is indirect, using air and water.
Louise Colville (24:52):
So, we treated air with plasma and then exposed the
seeds to that plasma treated air, and we did the
same with water. So, we plasma treated water and then
soaked the seeds in that plasma treated water. And what
we found is that for three of the species, for
Rowan, Hazel, and downy birch, we found that the plasma
treated air was effective at breaking dormancy. It improved the
(25:16):
germination in combination with a cold treatment compared to not
having the plasma treatment.
Cate Blanchett (25:21):
Now, the team didn't see this coming, and they suspect
it might have something to do with how the plasma
interacts with the plant's own hormones.
Louise Colville (25:29):
So what we're thinking, and we still need to work
further on this, is that the plasma- treated air treatment
in particular is interacting with the molecular pathways controlling dormancy.
So, dormancy is particularly controlled by the balance of two
hormones, and we think that the plasma is interacting with
the molecular pathways which are controlling the balance of the
plant hormones to help to break dormancy.
Cate Blanchett (25:51):
Now, it might sound a bit like science fiction, but
this treatment could have real world impact.
Louise Colville (25:57):
The reason that we started working on it is that
the UK government has tree planting targets, and in order
to meet those targets we need to scale up tree
production in nurseries. But one of the key barriers to
that is germination. So, dormancy represents a block to basically
scaling up nursery production of trees, and the reason we
chose plasma treatments is because you can treat lots of
(26:19):
seeds at once.
Cate Blanchett (26:20):
Innovations like plasma treatments show just how science can tackle
real world challenges, and the work being done in the
cryogenic space and even in space itself all feels pretty
futuristic. But I guess 25 years ago the idea of
the Millennium Seed Bank in itself was futuristic. We heard
(26:42):
from Roger Smith in the first episode, how the initial
idea for the seed bank was seen as being a
little radical or out there. However, the ambition was also
huge, to build something that would last for 30 generations,
a whole other millennium. So in that respect, the MSB
is really only just getting started. From cutting edge labs
(27:06):
to the people protecting their ecosystems across the world, the
seed bank is a reminder that the future of plant
conservation is being written right now. It's a story that
is still unfolding and one that is full of passionate
people, pushing boundaries of what is possible in a united
mission to protect the future of our planet.
Speaker 7 (27:28):
The threats that we're facing are global and they are
large, and there is so much more to be done
that we really need to scale our work. There's been a
lot of technological advances since we started 25 years ago,
and we need to be embracing some of those and
bringing them into the ways that we're working. The work
that happens in this seed bank is literally saving plants
(27:48):
and stopping us losing them. So, to me there can't
be any better reason to get out better than that.
Speaker 8 (27:53):
I love plants, they're our drugs, they're our food, they
are lots of people's livelihoods, and they're under so much
threat from land loss and climate change. We need to
save these seeds, we need to keep them alive, we
need to turn them into plants. I feel like it's
such a privilege to be able to help a little
(28:15):
bit towards that, and I'm really proud to work here.
Anne Visscher (28:19):
Working at the Millennium Seed Bank allows me to make
a more active and creative contribution to stopping biodiversity loss.
Nowhere else on earth do we have access to 40,000
wild plant species to ask questions about which species are
good for restoration and reforestation, and then even beyond the
(28:43):
earth.
Speaker 9 (28:43):
The MSB is like a treasure in the future for everyone.
Speaker 10 (28:50):
We all come from different cultures, different countries, but we're
all striving for the same goal, whether it's conserving biodiversity,
ending the extinction crisis, ensuring food security in the future,
and that's what I find is very rewarding.
Louise Colville (29:06):
The MSB is the only global program of its type, and it's not
just about the collections that we've acquired over the last
25 years and the partnerships we've made, but it's also
about the knowledge that we've generated as well, whether it's in
restoration or conservation. We're hopeful for the future and that
what we're doing is good.
Speaker 11 (29:24):
I think when you work in conservation, it can sometimes
be hard to feel like you're having an impact, but
a seed bank, to take seed from the wild, store
it, keep it safe, study it, understand it, and then
reintroduce it, it's really just a tangible thing that we
can do to support plant conservation, and that makes it
very satisfying and meaningful to me.
Speaker 12 (29:47):
When I think of the Millennium Seed Bank, I think the
strength is there's so many people working together and connecting,
collaborating, and that's what allows us to be so strong,
even in the face of climate change and biodiversity loss.
Speaker 11 (30:03):
Always talk about options for the future, and that's really
what it feels like. It's a hopeful, optimistic approach to
conservation, I think.
Speaker 13 (30:11):
I'm proudest of the fact that a strange ragbag of
individuals, in which I include myself quite happily, should come
together and do something that had global significance.
Cate Blanchett (30:30):
Often we think of us as humans as being part
of the destruction of nature. But here at Wakehurst we're
poignantly reminded of our part, and what a responsible and
exciting and positive part we can play in the regeneration
of nature. And every single person I spoke to, you
can tell from their engagement in the natural world and
(30:52):
in the collection of seeds, how positive they are about
the outlook that the natural world has. And they feel
a really strong responsibility of playing their role within that,
which was really inspiring to hear. I've always known that
the seed bank is an important place, and the work
that goes on here is deep time and meticulous, but
(31:14):
to be out in the field with Ted and Isabel,
and watch the process from the beginning right through the
process of sorting, and cleaning, and collection, and freezing, it
reminds me how hopeful one can be, that the work
is actually happening and that it's happening not only here
(31:34):
in this country but around the world, and the hub
of that work is Wakehurst. And I just think everyone
needs to come here, and look in the windows and
see that that work is being done, because what it
leaves me with is wanting to go back out and
grow a beautiful garden and be thankful for what we
all have, and help in our own small way outside
(31:55):
of these grounds to help preserve and protect it. Often
we think, " Well, it's all over. There's nothing we can
do." But it starts with a seed, and often that seed
is infinitesimal and then it will grow into a beautiful
orchid, or a massive redwood, or a Wollemi. Just walking
through the garden you're reminded of the role that science
(32:16):
can play in the restoration of things that are natural.
They're not antithetical, they're inextricably linked. A huge, huge thank
you to everyone who has participated in this story, and
(32:37):
everyone I've spoken to, the scientists, seed collectors, students, and
local communities whose dedication has made this series possible. Every
seed collected, every experiment tested, every partnership built is a
step towards regenerating nature and protecting biodiversity for generations to
come. And you can be part of it too. By
(33:00):
supporting Kew's Millennium Seed Bank, you're helping protect the seeds of
our planet and the future they promise. Together, we can
grow a world where nature not only survives, but thrives.
As we said at the start, life begins with seeds,
and so does our best chance to save it. I'm
(33:23):
Cate Blanchett, Kew's ambassador for Wakehurst, and this has been
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