Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:03):
Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff
Works dot Com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind.
My name is Robert Lamb and mine is Julie Douglas.
Julie tell me this. Uh, you in your husband using
an iPhone? Do you not to traverse the world around
you? You You depend on its maps? Affirmative? Mr Lamb, We
(00:26):
do so you like like like My household were probably
somewhat distraught when the maps changed all of a sudden.
We're recording this early October two thousand twelve, just a
week or two ago. Everyone updated their iOS and suddenly
Google Maps were no more on the phone. It was
Apple Maps instead, and there were some There was some
(00:47):
some ensuing confusion. Bridges melting melting bridges. Uh. The system
that we were used to was no longer in play,
and suddenly we were unable to simply drive a mile
from our house to to a location that we've been
to before. Nobody showed up at work. They didn't know
how to get here anymore because the maps weren't working.
(01:09):
I think that all this points to the fact that
maps are totally underrated and people don't realize how important
they are and actually how difficult it is to get
a good system in place. And I mean, speaking of systems,
remember what it was like before all this. I mean
by the time I was actively driving two places I've
never been to before, I think I had what was
(01:30):
the map Quest at my disposal, which even map Quest
was really confusing. Yeah, you had your print out of
map Quest and then the Sun's direction and you're on
your own. Yeah, and and and I and I'd still
get lost. And then we eventually had you know, Google
Maps with an improvement as far as I'm consappie, as
far as most people were concerned. And then then came
the more affordable GPS devices and we were able to
(01:53):
navigate more without thinking about it. Well and uh, we
have seen actually instances where people absolutely did not even
think about it. And um, this was made fun of
in the TV episode The Office, But Michael Scott, Yeah,
he drives into the lake because it's not on the map.
On the map, the GPS says that you know, the
(02:13):
road keeps going, and it's a joke, but I think
this has actually happened to some people. It was amazing
when I when I was looking at into our history
with maps and and sort of comparing our modern understanding
of maps and use of these highly technological maps, and
comparing that two models of the past. I found these
photo auto guides from around nineteen o five really interesting. Basically,
(02:34):
if if I was to go back in time to
nineteen o five and then I had access to a
car and we're touring the country, and I was touring
the country and I was like, WHOA, my GPS doesn't work.
I brought it back. I bothered to bring it back
with me, but it has no satellites to playoff off,
so it's just setting there without a signal. What should
I do? What? What would it be like then? If
I were to try and replicate the GPS driving experience
(02:57):
using early twentieth century technology, or not even technology, but
just printing abilities and photography abilities, you would end up
with the photo auto guide, which was basically a detailed
set of directions for it to drive from one place
to another that would include photographs of intersections, detailed instructions
(03:18):
about how to navigate in order by turn. Yeah, so
kind of a combo an early version of both the
map quest print out of directions and a detailed GPS
p o V of where you are and where you're going,
but also travel guide of sorts do right because they're
talking about landmarks and about the different things that you
(03:39):
will encounter on the way. So as humans, we need maps,
and that's basically what we're talking about in this this
episode of stuff to blow your mind about our relationship
with maps from its early goings and on into the
future and just how tired we are to them. We
may not think about them all the time, you know,
you may not think about the map until you're having
to navigate somewhere you haven't been to before, or you
(04:01):
don't really remember the instructions are you're having to share
these instructions, these directions with someone else. But the map
is always there in the mind like it's it's really
part of our neural architecture at at a very deep
and important level. But at one point you could argue
that it wasn't there right because we didn't have even
though you know, humans have been nomadic for some time, uh,
(04:22):
we didn't necessarily have a sense of place beyond the
say of like I don't know two mile radius that
you might forage in. So there's some arguments about whether
or not there have been true maps made at those
times and or whether or not those were just sort
of moral like you know, turn right at the boulder, um,
and when we started to make maps in earnest as humans. Yeah,
(04:46):
now's this interesting. You said place. It's really important to
think about place, and certainly the difference between place and
space is reading in this book To Take Place Toward
Theory and Ritual by Jonathan Z. Smith, which is one
of my old college religious studies books, but like really
deep stuff about like the origins of ritual. But there's
a part where they talk about the use of maps
(05:07):
and he he quotes UM geographer Yi Futuin who says,
this space is more abstract than place. What begins as
undifferentiated space becomes place as we get to know it
better and endow it with value. If we think of
space as that which allows movement, then place is pause.
(05:28):
Each pause in movement makes it possible for location to
be transformed into place. So this is sense of in
a sense, it's like bringing order out of chaos. You're
bringing place out of space. Well, I like this idea
of movement too, because I think of that in those
terms of like spaces being a frontier something you're going
to explore and Emmanuel can't. Also, he argued that geography
(05:53):
was the study of knowledge in a location, while history
is the study of knowledge and time. Okay, So it
comes down to, you know, it's it's core to our
perception of reality in the world around us. This this
map of where we are in space, of this place
that we inhabit that is full of things that have
(06:13):
value and meaning. Well, and that's what I think is
so intriguing about maps is that it tries to do
double duty. It tries to take space, place, and time
and combine it all on on one surface, right right,
one sort of understanding. Um, it is thought that the
oldest known maps are preserved. Um, well, not that they're preserved,
(06:33):
but that they actually go back to and then they
are preserved on Babylonian clay tablets from that time and
an ancient Greece, where photography was considerably advanced. The concept
of a spherical earth was well known among Greek philosophers
by the time of Aristotle. So we're talking about three
and fifty BC. So this idea that you're going to
(06:55):
map that space has been around and we know that
humans have tried to Harn said, Um, it's certainly one
of those things that if someone says that what was
the first map, there's no way of knowing, because that's
something that really vanishes into the murk of history. It's
probably some you know, some dude with a stick and
the dust or something. You know, it's it's not something
that's going to survive. And then even if it is
(07:16):
on paper, that it's not going to survive. And then
a lot of the things we end up keeping are
that we may think, we may interpret them as maps,
it's not necessarily the case. In our previous podcast, we
talked about allegorical maps, maps of things that are not real,
and you really get into a weird area with old
maps where you have to judge, all right, to what
extent is this a map of anything in physical reality?
(07:38):
To what extent is this, say, a map of this
more cosmological in its sense, doesn't have to do with
religious matters, is it is it have to do it
with ritual or is it just merely some sort of
illustrative art. Well, into what extent is it our brains
interpreting something that isn't a map, but looking at patterns,
(07:58):
And we'll talk about is it depictogram, is a religious artifact.
Is it just a landscape? Yeah, and describing our own
meaning to it. I did want to point out that
Greek and Roman cartography reached a culmination um with Claudius Ptolemius,
and this was an a d around and his world
map depicted the old world from about sixty degrees north
(08:20):
to thirty degrees latitude uh south, and his writing was
called Guide to Geography, and it was really the authoritative
reference uh to maps in world geography until the Renaissance.
So that's quite a bit of chunk of time there. Um.
And then of course you can also fast forward to
about eleven fifty four when an Arab geographer named Muhammad
(08:43):
all the Reci produced his atlas and that actually was
used quite a bit as well. Um. He incorporated the
knowledge of Africa, Indian Ocean in the Far East gathered
by Arab merchants. And this is something that we're going
to see repeating over and over in history and matt making.
Is this idea that maps really came about as a
(09:03):
sort of crowdsourcing. Everybody else's knowledge dumped into this one
document to say, okay, this is what my experience was
in this landscape, and you had to trust that you
had people who actually were capable of of contributing to
the dialogue and weren't just gonna be like what he said.
I don't I'm just gonna go along with what this
previous person said, because then you end up keeping not
(09:25):
only uh, this previous cartographer's successes, but also his inaccuracies.
And we do see huge inaccuracies with maps even today. Um.
But when you think about these trade routes um, you know,
either by by foot or by horse or camel um,
then you get to you know, well established points of
reference and you can begin to make a mental mapping
(09:47):
of the landscape. But this is one of those outrageous
overstatements of the obvious, which is sometimes necessary in dealing
with mind building content, because you have to actually step
back and think about something that you already knew. And
that is that until very recently, we were not able
to look down at the earth from above and see
that is the shape of that island, that is the
(10:09):
shape of that peninsula, that is the manner in which
that river cuts across the continent. This is all that
is all really new technology, really new information to have,
and prior to that, you had to to to deal
with it all based on observation, mathematics and slowly pieced
together this top side vision of the world. It was
(10:30):
not possible. Yeah, it's true. Seventeen and eighteenth centuries really
ushered in mathematics and technology. Clockmaking made it possible for
travelers to determine their or longitude accurately, made it much
more easier to make more accurate maps. Uh for instance,
using degrees, minutes, and seconds. Meridians measure how far east
or west a location is from the prime meridian, and
(10:51):
parallels measure how far north or south of location is
from the equator. So if you didn't have all this
information mapped out in the first place, it would be
very difficult to even try to figure out that journey,
let along how long it would take. But thankfully we
had that sort of technology coming online in the form
of magnetic compasses, telescopes in six tons, which are these
(11:12):
instruments that really measure the angle between two visible objects.
So but as you say, it wasn't really until we
could get above and confirmed. Yeah, and actually Joan Jehan
Glenn said that when he first went up and he
saw he was, you know, going he was traveling away
(11:32):
from Earth and he looked down and he saw the
state of Florida. He was really impressed because he thought, wow,
our our map making is pretty accurate, because that is
a really great representation of Florida. We're not so far off.
So yeah, we're talking about the ability to obtain aerial photography,
which of course one has to have the technology to
at least send up a balloon um or or climb
(11:54):
something very high, I guess, in a very simple, limited,
not really aerial form of photography, and of course you
need took graph It helps, it helps a lot. And
we actually had the technology of aerial photography back in
eighty eight, but it's kind of hard to believe that
it wasn't until after World War One that we began
to really use it. In earnest Um, it was used
(12:14):
in reconnaissance missions. Yeah, so prior to that, we there
was a huge chunks of the world that were really
uncharted because we didn't have the aerial photography. And then
of course you had satellites come online, and in the
beginning of the US military, satellites were equipped with hi
rese cameras for the purpose of aerial photography. But they
(12:36):
had no way to develop the film or transmit the images.
And we take that so for granted right now, right
you think about you know, Mars curiosity beaming back these images. Um.
But what they would do is that these early satellites
would drop film packets into the atmosphere and these were
outfitted with parachutes. Just kind of cute to think about, um,
(12:57):
and then they were retrieved mid air by military mill
terry transport planes. Yeah. So there, yeah, I mean, yeah, alright,
we're gonna take a quick little break here, and when
we come back, we're going to deal with a really
ancient possibly a map, maybe not a map, you'll find
out when we discuss it. And also are unstoppable need
(13:17):
to see maps in the world around us? And there's
actual term for this cartok kofies. All right, we're back,
and before we get really hardcore back into maps, let's
talk a little bit about apophenia. Okay, we've talked about
this before. It is the spontaneous perception of connections and
meaningfulness of unrelated phenomena. Yeah. Yeah, the coin was too
(13:42):
the coin. The term was coined by k. Conrad in
nine and neurologist Peter Bruger studied apophenia and patients who
had psychotic episodes, and he noticed that they were they
were finding meaning and random aspects of their lives. And
his research actually indicates that high levels of dopamine effect
propensity to find meaning. In other words, when you find
(14:04):
a pattern, you get a little ding ding from dopamine,
your reward system of your brain lights up a bit.
So it would make sense that first that the human
brain is hardwired to try to find pattern just really
important in trying to survive, and too, that it would
get rewarded for that. Yeah, So if you have enough
dopamine in your system, if you listen to that Led
(14:25):
Zeppelin song and you finally figure out what he was
talking about, man, that kind of thing. I mean, it's
it's essentially a type one error in which we are
you're seeing patterns that aren't necessarily there. It's part of
everything from our ability to see a smiley face where
there isn't one to see, you know, because we can
look at anything but even the vaguest human face pattern
(14:46):
in it and we we sort of personify it. And
so there's a little bit of it going on there,
but been in it's more extreme cases, it's it plays
into conspiracy theories, it plays into religious experience, paranormal experience.
It's just drawing all these connections that aren't there where
Suddenly you realize that whoa, this uh, this thing that
happened with my car is something wrong with the engine
(15:08):
and it's totally because of the government, and they're probably
watching me through my TV. Meanwhile, you fellow dopamine release
for making that connection. Right, So it's not surprising that
there would be a little something called cartok cothies, which
is this uncontrollable urge to see maps where there aren't none. Yeah,
which is which is pretty pretty pretty phenomenal. I mean,
(15:28):
at one level we mentioned that, and I imagined a
lot of you are thinking, wow, well, when when would
one have the opportunity to make that mistake? Because you know,
I'm thinking about just my daily life. How many times
do I encounter something that's not a map that I
could interpret as a map, Like maybe if I found
like a scrap of paper and I was wondering if
it was a treasure map. You know, I just I
(15:50):
don't see this being a big deal for the average person. No,
And I don't think it is. I think it's for
people who are map minded and intend to gravitate towards
Matt and particularly archaeologist and anthropologists were looking back in
human history finding these relics, and in many cases it
may just be some scratches on a on a wall
on ancient cave site, and then trying to figure out
(16:12):
what what was this ancient person whose mind I can
barely comprehend, if at all comprehend what were they thinking
when they did this? Well, and it seems benign until
you start to consider that if you, if you tend
to see maps where there are not, then if someone
is an archaeologist and they're looking at something, they could
(16:32):
perhaps uh perceive something that is not there and in
doing so, really warp our understanding of that culture, of
that period of time and history. Um and I am
thinking about something called the Caltahyak Map. It was first
brought to our attention in a nineteen article entitled Excavations
at Katahayak. And this is by James Mollart, who at
(16:57):
the time recognized it as a city plan. Yes, now,
the original scratch, the original scratches, the original markings do
kind of look like scratches on a wall, not not
to discredit the work of an ancient people, but it
hadn't really survived all that well, it's it's it's kind
of abstract. But the popularized version of this though, is
a sketch that he did of it. It's the sketch
(17:18):
that's the problems because the sketch really plays into his
interpretation of it. So you see in his sketch what
really looks like a laid out city like grid work
of the of the city and then above it interrupting
volcano right and um now he is saying that this, uh,
this sort of neolithic map dates back to six BC
(17:40):
and that it would have been one of the first maps.
Now that's really important because all of a sudden you
have pinned in time when man started to really make maps.
Um or you know, the surrounding areas are certainly just
you know, you have one of the earliest examples of it.
And that's that's amazing because we can actually put a date.
You're right, that's more accurate that you can actually just
(18:01):
put a date to it rather than trying to figure
out when we started to make maps. And then you know,
you start to think, okay, well that's older than any
writing system, you know, four thousand years ago and older
than the oldest known alphabetical writing system. And this really
begins to shape this story about humans. Um, the problem is,
(18:22):
as you say, is that this was a picture that
he made of a cave painting, and so it's it's
just full of I guess you could say, his impression
of what he thought it was. Yeah, And like like
I said earlier too, even if you're dealing with an
actual map, uh from an ancient culture, you have to
really navigate that gray area of to what extent is
(18:43):
this just a person trying to figure out what their
places in the surrounding space and what to what point
is this a cosmological or religious work, To what extent
is it are they just seeing things in the world
around them and making pictures of them. You get into
that gray area of what a map is to an
ancient people, well certainly to a non language people, even
(19:05):
even more difficult to the fathom. Well, archaeologist Stephanie Mice
is the person who actually illuminated this problem because she said,
first of all, it's been taking out of context. Let's
go and look at this cave painting in the context
with other cave paintings and see what we find and
lo and behold. When she examined it, she said, m okay,
Now in the context, I can see that this volcano
(19:28):
it's spotted like a leopard skin, and if you look
at it, it's not really a volcano. It's kind of
two peaks. One peak is larger than the other. Now
I'm going to compare it against this other cave painting
in which they have stretched out tiger skins or excuse me,
leopard skins, and you begin to see that this volcano.
It's really funny. When you first look at it, you
(19:49):
do see a volcano, but when you see her explanation,
you see that it is a stretched out it's totally yeah,
it's not a volcano. And these other little scratches aren't,
you know, necessarily the houses in that town or the huts.
It reminds me of the episode of Rest of Development,
where there's a cell phone picture that they think is
showing w M D S. But Tobias just took a
(20:11):
picture of himself by accident in the bathtub. You know. Well,
it's like Ken Jennings and map Head looks at Krishev's
forehead and sees a country I think it's Thailand or something.
Because he can't help it, and he's drawn the connections
to in that book between the shapes of various states
and the shapes of other countries. I mean, yeah, you
(20:32):
can't help but think those connections in your mind. All right,
So sent for doing some time traveling. Let's go forward
into the way way future, which is now um and
think about what maps mean to us today, particularly with
sort of technology that we have. Are you know, recapable
of making a similar mistake and misinterpreting information and layering
(20:52):
information that we have now? Well, if a future society
or alien culture comes back and looks at our maps now,
they're probably either going to be a little confused by
all the maps that we have of things that are
not actually real, which we discussed in our previous podcasts,
are gonna be like whoa, they have all these maps
of Hell, like tons of them. And and then there
are all these these other planets. I guess there's some
(21:14):
place called Middle Earth. It doesn't match up with anything
on the planet. There's the Hobbits. We don't see anything
in the record. So again, on one level, there's the
just the complexity of of our map obsession that we
have maps of things that aren't real. We have maps
that that deserve a purpose other than navigating the physical world.
(21:36):
But then our modern day maps are rather unique in
that they certainly something on your anything you're gonna have
in your smartphone, you're dealing with a real time map.
You're dealing in the map that not only charts the
streets in your world, but also the traffic on those streets,
how they're affected by weather, how they're affected by public
transportation system. So you have a lot of real time
(21:57):
data informing the shape of that map. Think about Google Earth.
It uses satellites, planes, hot air balloons. I did not
know that, uh, camera equipped kites and cars to capture
their images and then create this this virtual Earth for us,
and then you it has the keyhole technology UM which
actually before Google acquired it, I gave that program to
(22:19):
my dad because he's an early adopter of technology and
that was like the one thing I knew he didn't have.
So that gave them the ability to swoop in and
out UM, you know, with two D graphics and try
to make it even more accurate representation. UM. The goal
of Google is to have a sentiment centimeter per pixel
(22:39):
imagery for the entirety of the globe, So every square
centimeter is its own pixel on the map. So now
that's overlaid with real time data like traffic and weather
and also crowdsourcing photos. Right, you can overlay virtually anything
on top of that, and you begin to wonder, is
this a more greate picture of of humanity in the
(23:02):
places that we live or is it still could there
be a bias in this, because some people will say
that that maps are biased in ways depending on the
sort of information that you share. Yes, And Uh. The
interesting thing too about going forward and thinking about the
information that shared in the map. We're talking about engaging
the map with even more and more information. We talked
(23:23):
in the past about the Living Earth simulator, this idea
that will essentially create a simulated model of the Earth.
Now it's it's not necessarily and it's it's least in
its short term vision. It's we're not talking about a
virtual Earth than which you could jack into and see,
you know, what the Queen is doing tomorrow and how
(23:43):
it's affecting Wall Street, that kind of thing. But you'd
be able to take a virtual world, Uh, Q in
the data that is essential to your problem, such as
say I don't know how Hollywood blockbusters affect the global
seafood market. You would put in the Hollywood data that
you put in the seafood data, you put in maybe
a few other data sets that play between those, and
(24:05):
then you would let it roll like a weather model
and see what the forecast is for tomorrow or the
day after in terms of fish and Hollywood movies. So
I think what we're talking about is the capability to
have a mapping system that can tell you what's going
on in the here and now, that can also extrapolate
what's going on a year from now, thirty days, ten
(24:27):
years predicated on these models for the Living Earth simulator
that at least in the program in its present form, right.
And then you think about Google's Liquid Galaxy, which is
this cluster of computers running Google Earth to create a
really immersive effect, and you begin to get this picture
of the future where you would never have to leave
(24:48):
your home to have pretty immersive experiences, right, because you
can even go out into the galaxy. We talked about
about the Internet, interstellar in net and how we're trying
to connect our solar system and trying to get trying
to figure out ways that will be connected. Think about
(25:08):
what that means in terms of the images that we're
getting from Mars curiosity, in that sort of data pace
that we're building up. Yeah, the map becomes more and
more complex. Ideally it is still providing a simplified model
or view of the world to the user, but the
map itself, that the technology and the information in it
just swells and swells. I can't help but be reminded
(25:30):
of your Hey, Leuis Borges story on exactitude in science,
in which an empire that's obsessed with cartography creates a
map of the empire that is that is one to
one scale, so it's the map is the size of
the thing that it's mapping, and it just lays over
the earth um which which is an idea that the
(25:53):
Boorhees took from or he adapted from Loose Carroll and
something yeah, and and so borgyes Is was always up
for some sort of mind twisting, magical realistic idea, and
so he played with that in his short story and
it was pretty pretty thought provoking. Silly but thought provoking.
You know, well, it certainly appliable to a virtual map world, Like,
(26:15):
what point does it become the equal of the thing
it's mapping in terms of its complexity? Well, and what
other frontiers are we mapping? Again, going back to Mars
curiosity and just in September, they discovered an area where
they think there was water and uh, the rocks are
in this large canyon and NASA's team named this rock
outcrop um Hotel. I believe that's the way to pronounce it,
(26:39):
after Canada's Hota Lake. So I mean already we're beginning
to take our history and propel it forward into these
uncharted areas. And then of course we get into the
area of augmented reality. Now um I believe it was
umberto Echo and one of his essays and numberto Eco
writes about everything from comic books to obscure things and
(26:59):
medieval literature. Great writer, but he wrote a piece where
he was talking about Borges story on exactitude and science,
and he was talking about making the map um see
through It would be okay so that you could you
could lay it out over the thing that it's mapping.
You wouldn't you wouldn't be able to you wouldn't say
something like, oh, where's the park. I can't see the
park for the map of the park that's on top
(27:19):
of it. To a certain extent, augmented reality is exactly that,
the idea of putting on a pair of enhanced augmented
reality glasses that then overlay the world around us with
information about that world. It becomes a c through one
to one map of the world that we live in. Yeah,
we've already seen the technology and play with surfaces too,
(27:42):
so um, yeah, it's kind of interesting to to imagine
walking down the street with you know, contacts that are
super imposing information and map coordinates at the same time.
You know, is this uh, I mean, I guess this
is just another version of the map, right. You can
kind of awful lies about it and be a Cassandra
about it, but this is the reality of living at
(28:05):
a different time in the world when map technology is
now this instead of your Rand McNally tattered in your
back pocket. Yeah, maps amazes. There you go. All right,
let's call over the robot. Then we'll do a quick
listener or email. All right, we heard from Adam, and
Adam is of course the chief Happiness Officer that we've
(28:25):
heard about before. He has a website Happiness plunge dot com,
as well as crazy Hair fundraiser dot com and uh.
He wrote into us in a response to our bat episodes.
He says, Hey guys, great timing on the podcast. I
was just on the island of Samal in the Philippines,
working with the community fighting to keep its land from
being deserved by business interests to make resorts. Anyway, I
(28:47):
stayed just a short walk away from the Guinness Record
biggest colony um of Jeffrey Rose's fruit bats in the world.
There are approximately one point eight million there. I had
never seen a bat before, so it was quite an experience.
We went about an hour before twilight, so that the
bats were active, flying around inside the cave and moving
around upside down. The noise the bats make is quite distinct.
(29:10):
It's hard to describe, but maybe like a high pitched
mouse mixed with nails on a chalkboard. It didn't smell
at all until one of the cave openings. Then the
smell just kind of slapped me across the face and
was horrible. I don't think their exit is quite as dramatic,
since there are several openings in the cave, but it
might be a site to see when they all leave
from the same area. Thanks for the great podcast and
(29:32):
information about these amazing, pollinating creatures, attached to some pictures
and videos for your enjoyment. Uh And indeed he includes
some really cool photos and video. I'm right after this podcast,
I guess I will go and put it on the Facebook,
so by the time you listen to this you will
have maybe seen them already. But he took some really
cool photographs, Like the beautiful creature. It's very uh, like
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the the color of their their wing webbing versus the
wings limbs themselves. It's very distinct, really beautiful. I think
in general bouts are elegant. That's probably not something people
for around when they talk about bats, but they are.
To me. Well, if you don't find that's beautiful, I
challenge that you have not really stopped to look at
the bat. Yeah, yeah, yes, all right. Well, if you
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have something to share with us about the beauty of bats,
or about our obsession with maps, about our ability to
see maps in the world around us, let us know.
I'd love to hear if any of you out there
compulsively see maps where there are no maps. Um, I'm
interested in anyone's personal experience with these new map technologies
that we're dealing with, whether it's just getting lost due
(30:39):
to some mishap with your a GPS, or some thoughts
on how your GPS and your augmented technology actually informs
your understanding and view of the world around you. Let
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(31:00):
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