May 22, 2025 • 51 mins
In this episode of Stuff to Blow Your Mind, Robert and Joe explore the amazing social power of urine, especially as it relates to urine-based communication in the animal world.
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Speaker 1 (00:03):
Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:12):
Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind. My
name is Robert.
Speaker 3 (00:15):
Lenn and I am Joe McCormick, and we're back with
Part three in our series on urine based communication in
the animal Kingdom. Humans, of course, have the gift of language,
which is a wonderful multimodal information sharing tool of infinite versatility,
and the fact that we possess the capacity for complex
(00:35):
language is maybe the most unique and amazing thing about
us as a species. But one mode of communication that
we don't really use but which is quite popular throughout
the animal kingdom is communication through urine. So in the
last couple of episodes we discussed a whole bunch of examples.
We started off in part one talking about male Amazon
(00:58):
river dolphins, which have been observed doing this amazing thing
where they pee on each other's faces using aerial streams
that project over the top of the water. Still an
open question as to why they do this, but the
leading explanation seems to be that it's some kind of
information sharing about fitness and competitive ability. We also talked
(01:20):
about why animals with urinary bladders usually have voluntary control
over urination as opposed to it just kind of leaking
out whenever, wherever, And we also got into a bit
about urination as a socially negotiated activity in human culture.
In the last episode, we talked about the vast, mysterious
world of scent marking in dogs, including all the different
(01:43):
kinds of information that we know dogs do share with
each other through urine, but also about how much there
is to this olfactory literary scene that we still don't understand.
One interesting question that came up in the context of
dogs was whether dogs can actually attempt to lie or
at least exaggerate with their urine Marx one study finding
(02:05):
evidence that smaller dogs may try to deceive other dogs
about their size by way of increasingly obtuse leg angles
when marking an elevated object. Then we also talked about
the fascinating example of lobster urine. The simplified version is
that lobsters pee out of their faces into other lobsters faces,
(02:26):
and these urine exchanges help lobsters navigate highly variable scenarios,
including courtship and mating, as well as competition and intimidation.
And we're back today to talk about more.
Speaker 2 (02:38):
Yeah. Yeah, returning first, I believe, to the waters and
discussing something we teased out a little bit in our
discussion of lobster.
Speaker 3 (02:46):
That's right, so yes. In the previous episode we talked
about urine based communication in crustaceans. I wanted to return
to the aquatic domain to mention p mail in fish.
So here I wanted to get into a couple of
things from a paper called Aggressive Communication in Aquatic Environments.
This was published in the journal Functional Ecology in twenty twenty.
(03:08):
The author is Johim Frohman, and Frohman is a behavioral
ecologist at Manchester Metropolitan University in England. I got interested
in this guy's work because I saw him quoted in
an article in Scientific American, which was covering the Amazon
River dolphins, talking about how other aquatic species can use
urine for communication. One example cited in that article had
(03:31):
to do with mating among sticklebackfish. Apparently, female sticklebackfish can
get information about male stickleback fish from their urine, but
in this case not just the kind of health, dominance
and fitness information we've been mostly talking about so far. Instead,
the stickleback female is looking for information about the male's
(03:54):
immune system to see if the male's immune system and
tissue is compatible with her own. So anyway, I looked
up this paper in functional ecology. It is focused primarily
on aggressive communication, a communication used to negotiate competition and
fighting among rivals that live in the water. Now, obviously,
(04:16):
using urine for information sharing works a little bit differently
in aquatic environments than it does on land. Now, why
would that be? Well, for one thing in the water
froman points out that you cannot place long lasting territorial
scent marks. So a dog will tag its physical environment
(04:38):
with territorial marks it peas on the world, and in
doing so, it fills the world with information about itself.
And also it smells the marks left by others in
the same places. So for the dog, you can consider
space itself kind of marked up with socially relevant metadata.
It is a urine based social augmented reality.
Speaker 2 (05:00):
That's a good way of putting it. Yeah, with all
of our augmented reality VR innovations that we're working on
Google Class and all of that, we're essentially trying to
create a world of dog pe and the reading of
dog pe for the human experience.
Speaker 3 (05:16):
Yeah, it would be like if we could walk through
space and just find objects throughout the physical environment tagged
with the profiles of people who have touched them more
peen on them, I guess.
Speaker 1 (05:27):
So.
Speaker 3 (05:28):
Lots of other land based mammals that we've talked about
do this. You know, last time we talked about the
dwarf mongooses who leave the antogenital scent marks by doing handstands.
But you can't really do this kind of thing in
the water because you're in the water. Froman mentions a
couple of reasons for this. First of all, chemical cues
(05:48):
tend to be soluble in water, so the water will
actually just wash them away, diffuse them, and get rid
of any local marks that you leave pretty quickly. Beyond that,
there is a different microbial environment in the water. Fromen writes,
quote the ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic environments might rapidly degrade
(06:09):
any scent mark. So for aquatic species, it's just a
lot harder to associate a chemical mark with a physical
location across time. Chemical cues in the water tend to
be more temporary, used for what Fromann calls short term interactions,
and they will also more often be associated spatially with
(06:32):
your own physical body from which they emerge, rather than
a fixed, separate place in the environment. So I get
the feeling that in the water there's going to be
less of what you were talking about rob with this
sort of the werewolf character that can go into a
room and see the past in the room. Because of
all these scents associated with physical locations. In the water,
(06:54):
everything just kind of gets washed around. So I wonder
if in the water there may be a more Oh,
I don't know. Maybe you can get little tiny whiffs
of things that may have once been nearby, but they're
going to be a lot less associated with physical places.
Speaker 2 (07:10):
That's a good point.
Speaker 3 (07:11):
So anyway, what are these short term interactions. They include
things like mate choice what Froeman calls social decisions, detecting
predatory threats, and sharing information about those threats with other conspecifics.
The best research on chemical communication underwater has been focused
on crustaceans, hence all the lobster research we talked about
(07:32):
last time. There's a bunch of similar work on crayfish
as well, and Frohman discusses a lot of the same
stuff we got into. For example, the finding that the
presence of aggressor urine during competition between lobsters and crayfish
can actually reduce fighting. Essentially, the information in the urine
better allows at least one of these crustaceans to figure
(07:56):
out that the fight is not in their interest. So,
in a way, you could think of actual physical fighting
in nature often being the result of confusion or ambiguity.
You know, it happens when the competitors don't have enough
information to figure out in advance who would probably win.
Speaker 2 (08:15):
Yeah, this is something that that you can you can
certainly relate to human gambling scenarios. In some cases, you
could be talking about actual gambling for money or various
games and little card games and apps in which there
is like the gambling of some sort of unit but
not actual that doesn't have an actual monetary value or
(08:35):
at least an avert monetary value. There is often often
comes down to a question of should I fold or not,
or should I you know, up the ante, should I
keep playing and trying to evaluate do I have a
shot at winning? And you know, that's very much the
same math that's going on for these various organisms using
(08:56):
the data that is available to them, which might be
available to them in the form of urine.
Speaker 3 (09:00):
That's a good analogy. Yeah, so the sharing of the
urine could essentially be like the poker players just showing
each other their cards. You're like not keeping them hidden anymore,
so one player immediately knows I'm just going to fold.
Speaker 2 (09:12):
Yeah, Or there's always going to be a certain amount
of data on the table, right yea, and that that
is often going to be the main data you're going
to go on in a card game. Now there's the
added wrinkle, of course in a card game, and that
your opponent may want you to venture into combat that
you couldn't win in order to increase the spoils of
the game. Generally, it's not quite what you're looking at
(09:34):
when you're dealing with mate competition in the wild.
Speaker 3 (09:37):
Oh yeah, that'd be interesting to see if there are
examples of that in nature, where like the opponent would
want to keep, you know, getting you to up the
ante and bluff you along. But yeah, usually I think
even the stronger party would prefer to avoid a fight.
Speaker 2 (09:53):
Yeah.
Speaker 3 (09:54):
Anyway, so froman here mentions a variable called resource holding
potential RH. You might see this referred to in some
papers like this. Basically it's a variable that means an
individual animal's ability to win a fight. So urine helps
communicate your RHP, making the actual fight unnecessary. So after
(10:16):
talking about urine and RHP in crustaceans, Fromann goes on
to talk about fish, saying similar uses of chemical signals
have been observed in several African cichlid species and in
some tilapia to establish RHP dominance without needing a fight.
But here we get to something interesting that came up
(10:37):
in the last episode. In part two, we talked about
some good reasons for thinking that dogs use urine based
signals to encode not only the kind of fixed feeling
information about individual identity, health and fitness, sex, and mating status,
(10:58):
but much more flat leading momentary things like psychological information.
Remember the example we talked about last time was that
domestic dogs have been found to detect biomarkers of stress
in human urine, and they seem to use that information
they use it in cognition and learning. Still to be
(11:21):
determined to what extent, if any, dogs use that information
from scent markings urine markings about each other, but it
seems quite plausible that they do that they're saying, oh,
not just this is Jeff the dog down the street,
and not just health status, does it have parasites and
all that, but also like Jeff is stressed out or
(11:42):
Jeff is happy, and that might affect how the dog
that smells the pee behaves. We don't know for sure,
but it seems plausible that it does so to some extent.
This kind of I would say, makes sense to us
with dogs. It's fascinating, but it's not crazy, because we
already think of dogs as emotional animals with emotional inner lives.
(12:04):
Their feelings and motivation states are familiar and meaningful to us.
But it seems there are some likely equivalents to this
pea based emotion or at least motivation state sharing, even
among the colder and less snugly inhabitants of the water.
I think you could say that lobsters, as we talked
(12:25):
about last time, and even fish, to some extent, pee
their feelings. Frohman mentions that quote in juvenile nile telapia
or Oreochromis nylocticus, the exchange of chemical cues informs about
the sender's motivation and about individual identity, and then also
(12:47):
speaking about neolam prologus pulture froman rites quote. In this species,
members of both sexes change their urination patterns during agonistic
encounters agonistic meaning aggressive encounters. Competition quote blocking olfactory contact
between contestants led to an increase in fight intensity and
(13:09):
to a higher rate of overt aggressive attacks, in line
with what we've talked about before, but going on quote,
As larger individuals excreted, larger amounts of urine, chemical cues
might be a reliable proxy of the opponent's body size,
which might be beneficial, especially under turbid conditions. Furthermore, an
aggression mediated increase in urination frequency was accompanied by an
(13:33):
increased amount of conjugated eleven ketotestosterone in the water. Thus,
urine might not only transfer information about the contestants resource
holding potential, but also about the opponent's motivational state. So again,
something about what this the urine might communicate, something about
(13:54):
what is going on essentially in the brain, in the
nervous system of the other fish, what they want, what
they intend to do, which I guess it's debatable whether
you would call that motivational state an emotion, but I
think the case could be made emotions and motivational states
have significant overlap, at least in humans and in other animals.
Speaker 2 (14:16):
We can think of yeah, yeah, I mean from the
human standpoint, if there is a standoff between two human beings,
the broadcasting of emotional state, be it an honest broadcast
or an attempted deception, is going to be an important
part of that standoff. You know, how mean are they looking,
how cool are they looking, and so forth.
Speaker 3 (14:39):
And of course this squares with what you were talking
about last time, rob with the lobster urine in competition
between aggressive lobsters. The urine shares state information about, for example,
prior victory or defeat in these agonistic encounters. Sounds a
lot like again people, people might quibble with the use
(15:01):
of the word emotion, but that feels something like emotion
to me, like feeling victorious or feeling defeated.
Speaker 2 (15:07):
Yeah, Like I believe one of the papers was I
was talking about there being a lot of serotonin in
the urine of a victorious lobster. You know, it's is
that an emotional stay Maybe not, but it's saying something
about like where that that creature's physiology is following a
specific victory.
Speaker 3 (15:28):
So I don't know. When we started doing this series
about urine based communication, I don't think I realized we
would come up with so many examples where it looked
like the urine was not only sharing just the more
relatively fig I mean, I guess nothing biological is really fixed,
but the more stable sort of biological health information, not
(15:51):
just that, but sharing something like psychological information, sharing something
the urine says something about what's going on in your
nervous system and in your brain, which we may call
emotions or we may call intentions or motivations. That's being
communicated through urine as well. And to me, that makes
it a lot more like what we think of with language.
(16:13):
I mean, we've made these distinctions before about the differences
between what you can say with urine versus what you
can say with language. Obviously, language is going to be
much much more versatile because you can intentionally, voluntarily craft
an infinite number of different kinds of messages, truthful or deceptive,
(16:33):
and urine may not have that level of versatility, but
it can communicate not just these sort of stable facts
about the body, but can communicate this fleeting information about
the mind. And if you want to get touchy feely
the soul. I guess that just causes me to think
about P based communication as something with more potential for
(16:57):
kind of meaning and complexity. You know that it carries
potentially emotional information that it lends itself more to the
idea that there could be P based literature.
Speaker 2 (17:07):
Yeah, yeah, I think yeah. By and large, all this
information we're looking at does drive home the fact that
humans just don't don't speak urine. For the most part,
we have a very blunt understanding of what urine is
and what it can convey, and it's just a much
richer experience for other animals, to the point that it's
(17:28):
not really urine for them anymore, not in the human sense,
like our language for urine is kind of inadequate to
truly describe what it is for various other species. Now,
(17:49):
I want to bring things back to the mammal world here,
to the surface world, in particular, to talk about the
fleming response. This may have been on some of your
mind as we were talking about this topic in earlier episodes,
because in evaluating the urine communication of another it may
prove necessary to assume the fleming response, as it was
(18:12):
dubbed by German zoologist Carl Max Schneider in the nineteen thirties,
but the expression itself had been known to naturalists since
at least the eighteenth century. The term flemen apparently comes
from upper saxon German, where it means to curl the
upper lip and or to look spiteful. It's not just
for smelling urine, but that's certainly one of the odorous
(18:34):
bouquets that it picks up on.
Speaker 3 (18:36):
So the word am I understanding in the human context
originally refers to an expression like a sneer, the curled lip.
Speaker 2 (18:44):
Yeah, a sneer that you know, honestly, I don't know
that you see. I don't know. I feel like you
don't see people make this face a lot, and we'll
come back to one of the reasons why. But in general,
like how often do you see someone do like a
spiteful sneer in which they expose their upper teeth? Like
the main example I was finding. I found a couple
(19:07):
of articles that had a picture of Harrison Ford doing
the face, you know, maybe accidentally in the midst of
talking or something. But for the most part, the main
thing I was reminded of is the snarl that Bella
Lagosi gives in some of the in some one particular scene,
but also some production stills for the nineteen thirties Dracula.
Speaker 3 (19:27):
Oh okay, you attached a picture in the outline, and
I can see that he he almost looks not quite
human here. It looks a bit like a like a
big cat.
Speaker 2 (19:35):
Yeah, yeah, exactly. And that's key because we do see
this in cats. We see it in big cats, and
we see it in house cats, and in the world
of house cats it is sometimes informally referred to as
the stinky kitty face.
Speaker 3 (19:52):
I didn't know about this.
Speaker 2 (19:54):
Yeah, it's one of these things where you know, as
a cat owner, it's gonna obviously things are going to
vary depending on the exact nature and personality of your cat,
but it's something you'll pick up on them doing from
time to time. They might be checking out something that
you would associate with a smell, like, I don't know,
a spot on the couch or a pair of shoes,
(20:14):
that sort of thing. It might also just be a
little less clear what they are responding to, but generally
the idea is that they are assuming this kind of
a sneer that also looks a little bit goofy. And
what they are doing is they are heightening their exposure
to the odor so is to better analyze it. Interesting, So,
(20:38):
in general, across various animals, you're going to see this
generally entailing a curling back of the upper lip, exposure
of the top teeth, and breathing. And then they're going
to breathe in slowly through the mouth alone. And this
is all about allowing better access of smells and pheromones
to the specialized vomer nasal organ, the vino or the
(20:59):
Jacobsen's or this is a chemoreception organ in the roof
of the mouth. This occurs in ungulates as well horses
and girafts, which both smell and in the latter example
of the diraffe, they also taste the urine of mares
that are in estrus.
Speaker 3 (21:18):
Huh okay, well wait a minute. That makes me wonder
if all these other mammals have a vomor nasal organ.
Do we have one? Can we can we smell with
the roof of our mouth like this?
Speaker 2 (21:30):
Humans do not, so far as anyone can apparently tell,
have one of these, at least not a functional one
as adults. According to twenty fourteen's Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences,
second edition by Moon. At all vomor nasal organs are
prominent in the fetus and show up vestigially in adults.
Though there has apparently been a lot of back and
(21:52):
forth debate over this, it seems like the majority of view, though,
is that while some primates have functional vomit nasal organs,
main like New World monkeys, chimps, and humans do not.
Interesting I'd also point out something that I saw reference
in an article is that the obviousness of the fleming
response to humans in another organism, like how pronounced the
(22:18):
fleming response is, doesn't necessarily correlate to how strong their
ability to sense things happens to be, which I guess
is kind of a no brainer when you're driving home
like that. But you know, some fleming responses are really wild,
like included a photo here of a horse's fleming response
where they just look like mad demons, whereas certainly a
(22:40):
housecat's fleming response just looks a little bit funny, you know,
But our interpretation of it doesn't actually necessarily give us
any clues into how strong their ability to sense things
happens to be. But we again. We certainly see it
again in ungulates and dogs and cats and other mammals.
I've even seen articles looking at the fleming response in
(23:01):
things like sea otters and elephants. So it's it's all
over the place.
Speaker 3 (23:06):
That's interesting. I'm going to be on the lookout for
it now.
Speaker 2 (23:09):
Yeah, if you spend any time with cats, you will
see the stinky kitty face from time to time. And yeah,
it's just a sign that there's some sort of smell
going on. Don't take it personally. It doesn't mean it's
you or something in your environment. They might just but
something has occurred or they've noticed something that requires just
a little more in depth analysis.
Speaker 3 (23:29):
Well, I would like to transition to something else, but
we're gonna stick with mammals at least for the moment.
So I want to mention an interesting paper I came
across about social urination in mammals, which may or may
not turn out to be communicative in nature. This paper
was by Ana Onishi, James Brooks, Sota Inoe, and Shinya Yamamoto,
(23:52):
published in Current Biology in twenty twenty five this year,
and it's called socially contagious urination in Panzees, So I
hope that title's got your interests peaked. The authors here
are affiliated with a few different institutions in Japan, such
as Kyoto University. I was also reading an article about
(24:12):
this paper in Scientific American that I wanted to flag.
This was by Megan Bartel's from January twenty twenty five,
so apparently the lead author on this paper, ana Onishi,
was inspired in part by the fact that humans often
seem to treat urination as a social behavior. This kind
(24:34):
of came up in our first episode of the series.
Despite the fact that we often think of urination as
a solitary activity, an activity where we seek at least
a visual isolation for the sake of modesty, in reality,
people often do treat urination or trips to the bathroom
as social occasions. So think about it like this. You
(24:55):
are out somewhere and a restaurant or a concert look event,
and somebody from the group you're with says they're going
to go to the bathroom, and then somebody else says, oh,
wait up, I'll go with you, and then somebody else
says me too. Hey, it is actually a socially organized
social trip to the bathroom. People are urinating as a group.
Speaker 2 (25:17):
You know, I hadn't thought about this as much until
you mentioned it. But you could also factor our social
technology into this equation and say, well, what even if
you go to the bathroom by yourself during one of
these situations, there's a very strong possibility you are going
to check your phone and in doing so, you are
going to engage in some alternate online socialization whilst going
(25:41):
to the bathroom. I don't know to what extent we
should factor that into all of this, but maybe you
could make a case for even solitary urination is social
given the right technology.
Speaker 3 (25:51):
Socially coordinated, synchronized trips to urinate are actually very common,
and this is not just part of American culture where
where I'm familiar with it. The author of this scientific
American article actually mentions there is a word in Japanese.
It is suri sean t s u r E s
h o n, which refers to the phenomenon where people
(26:14):
get up and go to the bathroom as a group.
Speaker 2 (26:17):
That would be interesting to get into. It makes me
think of the various yo kai traditions that involve the
potential threats, or at least that you know the very
scary things that it can occur when you go to
a dark bathroom at night by yourself. Yeah. I can't
help but wonder to what extent these two things might
be connected culturally.
Speaker 3 (26:37):
Yeah, the bathroom stall ghosts. And there are other examples
of biological activities that seem to be socially contagious. One
example is yawning. I think we've all experienced this. Somebody
else yawns, you see them yawn and then you yawn yourself,
or maybe even inter species contagious yawning. You yawn and
(26:58):
then your dog yawns, vice versa. A very interesting question
about why seeing somebody else yawn makes you more likely
to yaw. Maybe we could come back to that in
the future if we haven't done a whole episode on
that before. Have we actually don't remember.
Speaker 2 (27:14):
I don't think we have. Yawning. Yeah, that would be
a good one, you know, if only to generate the
responses that I can't believe they did an episode on yawning.
So boring. No, it's probably pretty exciting.
Speaker 3 (27:26):
Also, scratching, Hey, that's exciting. What's more exciting than the scratching.
Scratching is contagious as well. Socially contagious scratching. You see
somebody scratch, you're more likely to scratch.
Speaker 2 (27:36):
Yeah, scratching could be Yeah, it could easily be its
own episode as well. That one gets pretty intense anyway.
Speaker 3 (27:42):
So, while observing chimpanzees as a doctoral researcher at the
Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, the lead author of this
paper Onishi thought she observed a similar pattern of socially
contagious urination among the chimpanzees, so she staged a quantitative
(28:02):
experiment to measure whether this was really the case. The
way it worked is researchers studied a group of twenty
chimpanzees living in captivity at a place called Kumamoto Sanctuary
in Japan, and they filmed them and reviewed more than
six hundred hours of footage to meticulously track exactly when
(28:22):
each ape urinated, where it was at the time, and
who was nearby. Then they created a computer simulation of
randomized chimpanzee urination to compare the actual results to and
the analysis revealed that chimpanzees were not just peeing randomly,
there actually was social correlation. On average, an ape was
(28:46):
significantly more likely to pee if another ape had just
peed within the past sixty seconds, and especially if that
ape was very close by within ten feet so up ip.
Another interesting factor b yond time and proximity was social rank.
The researchers looked into whether the identity and social rank
(29:09):
of each urinate or mattered in how much how much
influence there was from one eight peeing to another eight peeing,
and the identities did matter. So they initially looked to
see whether the ape equivalent of social friendship was an influence,
and it seems the answer there was no, but social
(29:30):
rank was an influence. As quoted in Scientific American, Onehi
said quote, I initially expected that if social influences existed,
they might resemble those seen in yawning, such as stronger
contagion between socially close pairs. That in itself is an
interesting thing about yawning, that, like social social closeness, makes
(29:52):
the yawn more contagious. But that is not what they found,
continuing the quote from Onehi. Instead, we observed a c
your influence of social rank, with lower ranking individuals being
more likely to follow the urination of others. So if
you are a lower ranking chimpanzee in the group, it
(30:12):
might be more like the boss PE's ip or maybe
you know the cooler person ps ip. Now some caveats here.
Obviously this was done in captive chimpanzees, and when a
behavior is observed in captive animals, it's always worth asking
whether the same behavior is seen in the wild. Some
(30:33):
strange traits emerge in zoos or labs or sanctuaries that
are not seen in wild conspecifics. The researchers here believe
for a number of reasons that this probably is also
true in the wild, but that's worth investigating on its
own and follow up research. But finally we come to
the question of would this contagious urination count as communication?
(30:54):
If one ape is getting a signal from another ape
to do something, I think that is communication. Though it's
funny because here it's not, as far as we know,
anything like the smell of my urine will now give
you updated information about my health that you can use
in determining how to act. Instead, it's more like the
fact that I am peeing informs you that it is
(31:16):
also time for you to pee. Now, what is the
value of that? Why would it be biologically useful for
one ape to signal to another that it's time to pee.
It's possible that it could have some role in maintaining
general social cohesion in a way that's hard for us
to understand. So like, when you think about it, a
(31:37):
lot of synchronized group bonding behaviors among humans would be
really hard to explain the exact biological utility of except
to say that we just know because we are humans
and we know how we feel when we do them.
We can say that doing these things together at the
same time makes us feel more bonded and helps motivate
(32:00):
us to cooperate with each other in other domains. So
there is clearly some synchronized activities just contribute to social
cohesion and bonding. Not always easy to say why, but
they do.
Speaker 2 (32:12):
Yeah, yeah, I mean you know this way, you're not
splitting the party every time every time this random individual
wants to pay or needs to pay.
Speaker 3 (32:20):
Beyond establishing and maintaining social cohesion, there are a few
other ideas the authors mentioned. One idea is that coordinated
urination may play, to quote the paper quote, potential roles
in preparation for collective departure I evoiding before long distance travel.
So you know, parents may be familiar with this, Like,
(32:41):
you know, we're about to go on a car trip,
you need to go to the bathroom before we leave.
Speaker 2 (32:46):
Yeah, yeah, this is a this is a big one.
This is this is a frequent point of discussion in
my household and.
Speaker 3 (32:53):
Even apart from long distance travel. One researcher quoted in
the Scientific American article just pointed out the idea of
a daily routine among chimpanzees. So at different times throughout
the day, chimpanzees will often get up and relocate to
a different place. These relocations as a group are generally
controlled by higher ranking chimpanzees in the group, the group leaders.
(33:17):
So it could be that the group leader pees, signaling
I am about to initiate a relocation, it is time
for the bathroom break before we move, And then the
others notice that the leader is peeing and they follow
suit because they know they're about to relocate. Another possible
explanation that mentioned the authors mentioned could be quote territorial
(33:38):
scent marking i e. Coordination of chemosensory signals. So what's
better than you individually doing a territorial scent mark with
your pee, getting all your buds to mark at the
same time. One can imagine that this does a number
of things. It increases detectability. Allah where we were talking
about elevated scent marking and dogs, it's important to make
(34:00):
your scent markings in the environment more detectable. But also
you can think about the amount of information presented with
a whole group peeing together instead of just one, you know,
peeing individually, and maybe also more individuals peeing would communicate
more of a threat level within the collective mark.
Speaker 2 (34:20):
Yeah, depending on sensitivity to these markers, you might think, okay, well,
this is either a whole bunch of chimps and not
just one individual, or if it is one individual, it's
one huge chimps. There's no messing with this guy. This
is not potential prey or some chimp that I can
possibly best and about just best to keep my distance.
Speaker 3 (34:41):
So anyway, chimpanzee p based communication. They pee to communicate
about peeing for the purpose of peeing. That's fascinating and
maybe for other purposes as well. But yeah, I thought
that was good man.
Speaker 2 (35:05):
All Right, as we round out this episode, I want
to come back to a topic that I've teased out
a couple of times in the previous episodes. And that
is the idea that even if humans cannot speak urine
as well as other creatures, and certainly can't read urine
as well as other creatures, we do have the advantage
(35:26):
of having technology. And this is where we get into
the field of your analysis. Your analysis, via lab work,
automated systems, and now even artificial intelligence, can reveal quite
a lot about a person. Your analysis is used to
detect and manage a wide range of disorders, to check
overall health, to look for particular conditions, and or to
(35:49):
manage known conditions. Some very general prognosis can be made
visually with a human urine sample if you know what
you're doing. But much in your analysis is revealed via
lab work and via machines and technology. Yeah, uh, that's
not going to become as a shocker to many of you.
We've all had to give urine samples that the doctor before, uh,
(36:12):
and they've given us the lab read out and or
we've you know, we've paid for that that uh, that
lab v on top of our visit. It's worth pointing out,
by the way, technically urine does contain DNA, but DNA
deteriorates quickly in human urine and is not the best
source of DNA for say, forensic analysis and so forth.
Speaker 3 (36:35):
I don't know this is the reason, but I would
imagine there are other chemicals in the urine that probably
attack the DNA and break it down.
Speaker 2 (36:42):
Yeah, that's my understanding. Yeah, so you know, things like
certainly blood saliva, these are far better sources for DNA. So,
like if you were dealing with like a hardcore like
TV forensics example, I guess there might be a scenario,
and there may be scenarios where some sort of a
usable DNA information is obtainable via urine sample, but for
(37:06):
the most part, like it's considered like not a great
source of DNA. Now, in the last episode, we did
mention in passing the idea of using someone else's urine
as a way to dupe a drug test, a urinary
drug test. This is indeed a well known aspect of
human urine evaluation. Everyone's familiar with this an EVE. If
(37:27):
you haven't been had your urine tested for work or
some sort of legal process in the past, you've probably
seen it on TV. I believe there's a famous episode
of the Office that I only vaguely remember, but I
know I've seen it that involves like drug testing of
the Office, because what Dwight found half a joint in
the parking lot.
Speaker 3 (37:46):
Oh do they have to pee for that? I don't remember.
Speaker 2 (37:48):
Yeah, I was trying to refresh on this. I think
like Michael Scott, the boss on The Office, ends up
getting paranoid because he once quote got high accidentally at
an Alicia Keys concert, and so he's like trying to
pressure Dwide into giving him some clean urine that he used.
Speaker 3 (38:05):
Yeah, but though it has played for jokes here, I mean,
I guess, I guess p fraud is a real thing
in the world because absolutly some people are going to
want to avoid the implications of a drug test.
Speaker 2 (38:16):
That's right. And while we did mention the idea of
using someone else's urine as occurs in this episode of
The Office or there there's the attempt to do this,
and I've seen this particular plot point come up in
other shows as well, we didn't mention another option that
has certainly entered the market over the past many years,
and that is the use of synthetic human urine. This
(38:36):
is indeed apparently a product you can get that at
least claims you know, I'm not going to get into
certainly into individual brands or claims made by these brands,
but you can go to places and you can buy
something that claims to be synthetic human urine for the
express purpose of duping a urinary drug testow. Now, this
(38:57):
may be new to many of you, but to be clear,
we've actually had synthetic human urine for a very long time.
I was reading about this at on the website Maoclinic
Proceedings dot org and they point out that German chemist
Frederick Wohler, who lived eighteen hundred to eighteen eighty two,
was the first to produce synthetic urine synthetic human urine
(39:18):
back in eighteen twenty eight.
Speaker 3 (39:20):
Well, the date on that discovery makes me think that
that was not intended to fool a drug test, so
there must be uses for it beyond beyond just the
p fraud.
Speaker 2 (39:30):
Absolutely, yeah, this was not for a drug test, Welder.
It was a was a prolific and highly influential chemist.
We may have brought him up on the show before.
I feel like there's a strong possibility and the main
tangible benefit of the at the time for the creation
of synthetic human urine was for testing of medical equipment,
and this is something it's still used for today. In fact,
(39:53):
you can easily you can go online, you can find
medical grade companies that sell synthetic human urine and it'll
often be calibrated for very specific testing purposes, like you
want to test this kind of medical equipment and you
need synthetic urine to do so. Well, here's the right
kind of urine for that test, okay. And so that
(40:13):
was kind of like the broad call for synthetic urine
at the time, but there was this there's an entire
additional layer to Frederick go Whulder's contribution here as well.
So his synthesis of human urea without the aid of
a human kidney proved that organic compounds could be synthesized
(40:35):
without the aid of the quote unquote vital force found
in a living organism, getting here into the vital force
theory or vitalism, which on the whole argue that you
could not reduce life to a mechanistic or certainly a
chemical explanation, like you couldn't you couldn't just create something
that a human or animal body made, because there is
(40:58):
something beyond our science in that body that is making
the substance in question.
Speaker 3 (41:04):
Oh okay, So while I think you could still argue
today that there might be something in the more ambiguous
term life that is not quite captured in reproducible chemical experiments,
basically all of the processes within the body could be
recreated in the lab.
Speaker 2 (41:20):
Yeah, and I think getting back into our own blunted
human understanding of urine, most people today certainly are not
going to hear this and think, well, that's blasphemous. You
can't synthesize human urine. Human urine is holy and it
is made only by human body. Like, nobody's really probably
feeling that because we don't think about urine as having
any intrinsic value. It is just waste product that on
(41:42):
the whole we prefer not to produce. It just kind
of gets in the way. Of course, as we've been discussing, dogs, lobsters,
so many other animals if they could express, if they could,
you know, express feelings about urine, would disagree with us,
and they might say no. A dog might say no,
urine is holy. Urine is information, and it comes from
(42:04):
a dog or it comes from some other animal, and
that is what I'm reading, and the idea that you
could fake that is just you know, abysmal p.
Speaker 3 (42:14):
Is vitalistic poetry. Yeah.
Speaker 2 (42:16):
Yeah, So at the time this was actually a big
deal though, because even though it was quote unquote just
urine that was synthesized, it paved the way for so
many world changing advancements in organic chemistry. So again coming
back to today, yes, you can buy synthetic urine in
various places, either for legitimate medical testing purposes, educational purposes,
(42:40):
but also products that seem to be intended just for
the duping of drug tests.
Speaker 3 (42:45):
I haven't looked these up. How are they marketed? Do
they just say like, fool a drug test on them?
Or do they have euphemistic language.
Speaker 2 (42:52):
I'm not going to mention any products by name, but
some of them have like expectedly kind of goofy product names.
You can definitely, or it seems to me, you can
definitely tell the difference between a product that is marketed
for clinical usage versus things that are marketed for the
duping of drug tests. I think it's pretty obvious. But
(43:15):
these products, if I'm understanding this correctly, and maybe the
literature is a little incomplete on when things like this
start popping up. But I believe we've had products like
this on the market of some sort since like the
late nineties, so they've been around for a while. I
had not heard of them, so I thought this was
maybe like a very new thing, But yeah, these products
(43:37):
have been around. Some of them are banned in certain areas,
certain states for example now because of their usage to
try and dupe at drug test. Now, synthetic you're in
in general the variety is aimed at drug tests, but
also clinically they've grown quite advanced, and of course this
has led to advancements in drug testing. So I was
(43:59):
reading some some sources here that we're talking about how
drug tests have had to look for new markers in
synthetic urines that can then be targeted on a drug
test so that they can figure out like, Okay, well
this this is odd. This urine looks clean, but it's
also obviously purchased, you know, at the local smoke shop.
Speaker 3 (44:20):
This is the evolutionary arms race in the synthetic urine
and the h and the drug tests.
Speaker 2 (44:26):
Yeah, and of course you can't help but imagine what
would a dog think of all this? Like they would
probably like like it would be, like, you know, because
there's probably a similar discussion to be made around say,
AI generated literature, you know, where you know, someone might say, well,
how could you possibly be fooled by this? Like clearly
was written by a machine and so forth, Like the
dogs probably have a very low would have a very
(44:49):
uh like low estimation of synthetic urines and like what
it's telling them. Though I guess that's a that's a
whole topic under it unto itself that we're not really
going to get into today, into the like to what
degree does synthetic urine fool animals that have these heightened
senses to understand it?
Speaker 3 (45:07):
Or I wonder would the dog really have the concept
of authenticity when reading the urine or would it just
be like, huh, this is from a strange type of
creature I've never encountered before.
Speaker 2 (45:18):
That's right, It would maybe be more like, this is
a this is a weird communication that I'm reading. This
is a very strange dog. More information is required. I
probably need to see this dog in person now to
be clear. Outside of the market for synthetic human urine,
there is also a market for synthetic animal urines.
Speaker 3 (45:38):
Wait a minute. For Could this be for scent marking
fraud essentially carried out by humans?
Speaker 2 (45:44):
Yeah, yeah, in instances where there is some sort of
a human interest involved in some sort of communication fraud
with animal urine. One example of this that you can
find pretty readily, say online, is synthetic deer urine. And
this is apparently a product that exists because you have
(46:06):
in the past used actual deer urine to say, you know,
bait a buck, that sort of a thing. But there
are a number of states that have banned the use
of actual deer urine to help prevent the spread of
chronic wasting disease and deer ah. Okay, yeah, Because to
come back to urine in general, like urine, healthy human urine,
(46:27):
for example, is generally thought to be largely sterile. But yes,
there are various things that can be various contaminants, various
illnesses that can be contracted through unhealthy urine.
Speaker 3 (46:40):
So this would be using animal urine fraud for the
purpose of an attractant by hunters. But I've read about
animal urine fraud being used for the opposite purpose to
deter animals by using a predator urine. So you synthesize
there's not really a cougar in the area, but you
put cougar pee out there, and it supposedly it will
(47:02):
keep away the pest animals that you don't want in
your garden or whatever.
Speaker 2 (47:06):
Exactly. Yes, and that is the other major synthetic urine
product that you see. And this is another case though,
where there are products that at least claim to use
actual urine from say fox or a bear, or you know,
whatever whatever the predator happens to be, and then there
are cases where they're making a point of it being
(47:27):
synthetic animal urine. I can't speak to the to how
efficient these are, but you know, coming back to our
dog example, if they are efficient enough to like raise
the specter of a potential predator being present, then perhaps
it is useful enough. We talked about chimpanzees. I want
to mention that for medical purposes, you can also buy
(47:48):
synthetic chimpanzee urine. I included a link here for you, Joe.
If you look around for it, you can find it.
There's one company in particular that has a website and
they have various forms of synthetic human urine that is
to be clear intended for clinical purposes and the testing
of like medical equipment and tests and educational purposes as well.
(48:10):
But you can also buy synthetic chimpanzee urine for the
same purpose, because, of course the study of chimpanzee physiology
and chimpanzee biological responses is vitally important for human medicine
as well.
Speaker 3 (48:25):
But is it cheaper than the synthetic human urine And
if so, with somebody trying to pass the drug tests,
save a few bucks and get the chimpanzee urine instead.
Speaker 2 (48:34):
Well, let's check real quick. I'll pull up the website. Okay,
I'm looking at the costs for simulated monkey urine. Okay,
all right, okay, and then let's see. You know, it
looks about like it's the same price for humans, so
there's no there's no need to go cheaper for chimp urine.
I have a feeling chimp urine would not work. I
(48:55):
feel like they would catch you if you try to
use chimp urine to synthetic chimp urine to pass like
a work drug test. But also I should add that
you're probably I'm thinking most of the people trying to
pass a drug test using the synthetic urine They're probably
not buying it from a biomedical company. They're buying it
a like at the local smoke shop or something from
(49:16):
some other supplier, which I'm assuming are you know, ultimately
not the same corporation.
Speaker 3 (49:22):
Listeners, if anybody in the audience has ever tried to
spoof a drug test by using like cougar urine or something,
let us know how that went. Did it work?
Speaker 2 (49:32):
Yeah? Or in general, if there are people out there
who have experience using synthetic animal urines either to attract
or drive away organisms, write in with your experiences with
these products. You know, we're not going to mention specific products,
you know, obviously, but in general, I'd love to hear
how this has worked. Like maybe get an idea of
like where the where the science is in terms of
(49:55):
making synthetic urine that can not only be useful for
biomedical purposes and testing equipment in the human world, but
potentially in communicating with other animals, even in a very
blunt manner.
Speaker 3 (50:08):
Yeah. Oh, and hey, we also we know we've got
a lot of scientists in the audience. If you use
synthetic you're in in your research, Let us know how
what do you use it for?
Speaker 2 (50:16):
Yeah, absolutely. All right, on that note, we're going to
go ahead and close out this episode, but yeah, right in,
we'd love to hear from everyone. Just remind it that
Stuff to Blow Your Mind is primarily a science and
culture podcast, with core episodes on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and
on Fridays, we set aside most serious concerns to just
talk about a weird film on Weird House Cinema.
Speaker 3 (50:33):
Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producer JJ Posway.
If you would like to get in touch with us
with feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest
a topic for the future, or just to say hello,
you can email us at contact death, Stuff to Blow
your Mind dot com.
Speaker 1 (50:55):
Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For
more podcasts from my heart Radio, it's the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.
Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:12):
Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind. My
name is Robert.
Speaker 3 (00:15):
Lenn and I am Joe McCormick, and we're back with
Part three in our series on urine based communication in
the animal Kingdom. Humans, of course, have the gift of language,
which is a wonderful multimodal information sharing tool of infinite versatility,
and the fact that we possess the capacity for complex
(00:35):
language is maybe the most unique and amazing thing about
us as a species. But one mode of communication that
we don't really use but which is quite popular throughout
the animal kingdom is communication through urine. So in the
last couple of episodes we discussed a whole bunch of examples.
We started off in part one talking about male Amazon
(00:58):
river dolphins, which have been observed doing this amazing thing
where they pee on each other's faces using aerial streams
that project over the top of the water. Still an
open question as to why they do this, but the
leading explanation seems to be that it's some kind of
information sharing about fitness and competitive ability. We also talked
(01:20):
about why animals with urinary bladders usually have voluntary control
over urination as opposed to it just kind of leaking
out whenever, wherever, And we also got into a bit
about urination as a socially negotiated activity in human culture.
In the last episode, we talked about the vast, mysterious
world of scent marking in dogs, including all the different
(01:43):
kinds of information that we know dogs do share with
each other through urine, but also about how much there
is to this olfactory literary scene that we still don't understand.
One interesting question that came up in the context of
dogs was whether dogs can actually attempt to lie or
at least exaggerate with their urine Marx one study finding
(02:05):
evidence that smaller dogs may try to deceive other dogs
about their size by way of increasingly obtuse leg angles
when marking an elevated object. Then we also talked about
the fascinating example of lobster urine. The simplified version is
that lobsters pee out of their faces into other lobsters faces,
(02:26):
and these urine exchanges help lobsters navigate highly variable scenarios,
including courtship and mating, as well as competition and intimidation.
And we're back today to talk about more.
Speaker 2 (02:38):
Yeah. Yeah, returning first, I believe, to the waters and
discussing something we teased out a little bit in our
discussion of lobster.
Speaker 3 (02:46):
That's right, so yes. In the previous episode we talked
about urine based communication in crustaceans. I wanted to return
to the aquatic domain to mention p mail in fish.
So here I wanted to get into a couple of
things from a paper called Aggressive Communication in Aquatic Environments.
This was published in the journal Functional Ecology in twenty twenty.
(03:08):
The author is Johim Frohman, and Frohman is a behavioral
ecologist at Manchester Metropolitan University in England. I got interested
in this guy's work because I saw him quoted in
an article in Scientific American, which was covering the Amazon
River dolphins, talking about how other aquatic species can use
urine for communication. One example cited in that article had
(03:31):
to do with mating among sticklebackfish. Apparently, female sticklebackfish can
get information about male stickleback fish from their urine, but
in this case not just the kind of health, dominance
and fitness information we've been mostly talking about so far. Instead,
the stickleback female is looking for information about the male's
(03:54):
immune system to see if the male's immune system and
tissue is compatible with her own. So anyway, I looked
up this paper in functional ecology. It is focused primarily
on aggressive communication, a communication used to negotiate competition and
fighting among rivals that live in the water. Now, obviously,
(04:16):
using urine for information sharing works a little bit differently
in aquatic environments than it does on land. Now, why
would that be? Well, for one thing in the water
froman points out that you cannot place long lasting territorial
scent marks. So a dog will tag its physical environment
(04:38):
with territorial marks it peas on the world, and in
doing so, it fills the world with information about itself.
And also it smells the marks left by others in
the same places. So for the dog, you can consider
space itself kind of marked up with socially relevant metadata.
It is a urine based social augmented reality.
Speaker 2 (05:00):
That's a good way of putting it. Yeah, with all
of our augmented reality VR innovations that we're working on
Google Class and all of that, we're essentially trying to
create a world of dog pe and the reading of
dog pe for the human experience.
Speaker 3 (05:16):
Yeah, it would be like if we could walk through
space and just find objects throughout the physical environment tagged
with the profiles of people who have touched them more
peen on them, I guess.
Speaker 1 (05:27):
So.
Speaker 3 (05:28):
Lots of other land based mammals that we've talked about
do this. You know, last time we talked about the
dwarf mongooses who leave the antogenital scent marks by doing handstands.
But you can't really do this kind of thing in
the water because you're in the water. Froman mentions a
couple of reasons for this. First of all, chemical cues
(05:48):
tend to be soluble in water, so the water will
actually just wash them away, diffuse them, and get rid
of any local marks that you leave pretty quickly. Beyond that,
there is a different microbial environment in the water. Fromen writes,
quote the ubiquitous bacteria in aquatic environments might rapidly degrade
(06:09):
any scent mark. So for aquatic species, it's just a
lot harder to associate a chemical mark with a physical
location across time. Chemical cues in the water tend to
be more temporary, used for what Fromann calls short term interactions,
and they will also more often be associated spatially with
(06:32):
your own physical body from which they emerge, rather than
a fixed, separate place in the environment. So I get
the feeling that in the water there's going to be
less of what you were talking about rob with this
sort of the werewolf character that can go into a
room and see the past in the room. Because of
all these scents associated with physical locations. In the water,
(06:54):
everything just kind of gets washed around. So I wonder
if in the water there may be a more Oh,
I don't know. Maybe you can get little tiny whiffs
of things that may have once been nearby, but they're
going to be a lot less associated with physical places.
Speaker 2 (07:10):
That's a good point.
Speaker 3 (07:11):
So anyway, what are these short term interactions. They include
things like mate choice what Froeman calls social decisions, detecting
predatory threats, and sharing information about those threats with other conspecifics.
The best research on chemical communication underwater has been focused
on crustaceans, hence all the lobster research we talked about
(07:32):
last time. There's a bunch of similar work on crayfish
as well, and Frohman discusses a lot of the same
stuff we got into. For example, the finding that the
presence of aggressor urine during competition between lobsters and crayfish
can actually reduce fighting. Essentially, the information in the urine
better allows at least one of these crustaceans to figure
(07:56):
out that the fight is not in their interest. So,
in a way, you could think of actual physical fighting
in nature often being the result of confusion or ambiguity.
You know, it happens when the competitors don't have enough
information to figure out in advance who would probably win.
Speaker 2 (08:15):
Yeah, this is something that that you can you can
certainly relate to human gambling scenarios. In some cases, you
could be talking about actual gambling for money or various
games and little card games and apps in which there
is like the gambling of some sort of unit but
not actual that doesn't have an actual monetary value or
(08:35):
at least an avert monetary value. There is often often
comes down to a question of should I fold or not,
or should I you know, up the ante, should I
keep playing and trying to evaluate do I have a
shot at winning? And you know, that's very much the
same math that's going on for these various organisms using
(08:56):
the data that is available to them, which might be
available to them in the form of urine.
Speaker 3 (09:00):
That's a good analogy. Yeah, so the sharing of the
urine could essentially be like the poker players just showing
each other their cards. You're like not keeping them hidden anymore,
so one player immediately knows I'm just going to fold.
Speaker 2 (09:12):
Yeah, Or there's always going to be a certain amount
of data on the table, right yea, and that that
is often going to be the main data you're going
to go on in a card game. Now there's the
added wrinkle, of course in a card game, and that
your opponent may want you to venture into combat that
you couldn't win in order to increase the spoils of
the game. Generally, it's not quite what you're looking at
(09:34):
when you're dealing with mate competition in the wild.
Speaker 3 (09:37):
Oh yeah, that'd be interesting to see if there are
examples of that in nature, where like the opponent would
want to keep, you know, getting you to up the
ante and bluff you along. But yeah, usually I think
even the stronger party would prefer to avoid a fight.
Speaker 2 (09:53):
Yeah.
Speaker 3 (09:54):
Anyway, so froman here mentions a variable called resource holding
potential RH. You might see this referred to in some
papers like this. Basically it's a variable that means an
individual animal's ability to win a fight. So urine helps
communicate your RHP, making the actual fight unnecessary. So after
(10:16):
talking about urine and RHP in crustaceans, Fromann goes on
to talk about fish, saying similar uses of chemical signals
have been observed in several African cichlid species and in
some tilapia to establish RHP dominance without needing a fight.
But here we get to something interesting that came up
(10:37):
in the last episode. In part two, we talked about
some good reasons for thinking that dogs use urine based
signals to encode not only the kind of fixed feeling
information about individual identity, health and fitness, sex, and mating status,
(10:58):
but much more flat leading momentary things like psychological information.
Remember the example we talked about last time was that
domestic dogs have been found to detect biomarkers of stress
in human urine, and they seem to use that information
they use it in cognition and learning. Still to be
(11:21):
determined to what extent, if any, dogs use that information
from scent markings urine markings about each other, but it
seems quite plausible that they do that they're saying, oh,
not just this is Jeff the dog down the street,
and not just health status, does it have parasites and
all that, but also like Jeff is stressed out or
(11:42):
Jeff is happy, and that might affect how the dog
that smells the pee behaves. We don't know for sure,
but it seems plausible that it does so to some extent.
This kind of I would say, makes sense to us
with dogs. It's fascinating, but it's not crazy, because we
already think of dogs as emotional animals with emotional inner lives.
(12:04):
Their feelings and motivation states are familiar and meaningful to us.
But it seems there are some likely equivalents to this
pea based emotion or at least motivation state sharing, even
among the colder and less snugly inhabitants of the water.
I think you could say that lobsters, as we talked
(12:25):
about last time, and even fish, to some extent, pee
their feelings. Frohman mentions that quote in juvenile nile telapia
or Oreochromis nylocticus, the exchange of chemical cues informs about
the sender's motivation and about individual identity, and then also
(12:47):
speaking about neolam prologus pulture froman rites quote. In this species,
members of both sexes change their urination patterns during agonistic
encounters agonistic meaning aggressive encounters. Competition quote blocking olfactory contact
between contestants led to an increase in fight intensity and
(13:09):
to a higher rate of overt aggressive attacks, in line
with what we've talked about before, but going on quote,
As larger individuals excreted, larger amounts of urine, chemical cues
might be a reliable proxy of the opponent's body size,
which might be beneficial, especially under turbid conditions. Furthermore, an
aggression mediated increase in urination frequency was accompanied by an
(13:33):
increased amount of conjugated eleven ketotestosterone in the water. Thus,
urine might not only transfer information about the contestants resource
holding potential, but also about the opponent's motivational state. So again,
something about what this the urine might communicate, something about
(13:54):
what is going on essentially in the brain, in the
nervous system of the other fish, what they want, what
they intend to do, which I guess it's debatable whether
you would call that motivational state an emotion, but I
think the case could be made emotions and motivational states
have significant overlap, at least in humans and in other animals.
Speaker 2 (14:16):
We can think of yeah, yeah, I mean from the
human standpoint, if there is a standoff between two human beings,
the broadcasting of emotional state, be it an honest broadcast
or an attempted deception, is going to be an important
part of that standoff. You know, how mean are they looking,
how cool are they looking, and so forth.
Speaker 3 (14:39):
And of course this squares with what you were talking
about last time, rob with the lobster urine in competition
between aggressive lobsters. The urine shares state information about, for example,
prior victory or defeat in these agonistic encounters. Sounds a
lot like again people, people might quibble with the use
(15:01):
of the word emotion, but that feels something like emotion
to me, like feeling victorious or feeling defeated.
Speaker 2 (15:07):
Yeah, Like I believe one of the papers was I
was talking about there being a lot of serotonin in
the urine of a victorious lobster. You know, it's is
that an emotional stay Maybe not, but it's saying something
about like where that that creature's physiology is following a
specific victory.
Speaker 3 (15:28):
So I don't know. When we started doing this series
about urine based communication, I don't think I realized we
would come up with so many examples where it looked
like the urine was not only sharing just the more
relatively fig I mean, I guess nothing biological is really fixed,
but the more stable sort of biological health information, not
(15:51):
just that, but sharing something like psychological information, sharing something
the urine says something about what's going on in your
nervous system and in your brain, which we may call
emotions or we may call intentions or motivations. That's being
communicated through urine as well. And to me, that makes
it a lot more like what we think of with language.
(16:13):
I mean, we've made these distinctions before about the differences
between what you can say with urine versus what you
can say with language. Obviously, language is going to be
much much more versatile because you can intentionally, voluntarily craft
an infinite number of different kinds of messages, truthful or deceptive,
(16:33):
and urine may not have that level of versatility, but
it can communicate not just these sort of stable facts
about the body, but can communicate this fleeting information about
the mind. And if you want to get touchy feely
the soul. I guess that just causes me to think
about P based communication as something with more potential for
(16:57):
kind of meaning and complexity. You know that it carries
potentially emotional information that it lends itself more to the
idea that there could be P based literature.
Speaker 2 (17:07):
Yeah, yeah, I think yeah. By and large, all this
information we're looking at does drive home the fact that
humans just don't don't speak urine. For the most part,
we have a very blunt understanding of what urine is
and what it can convey, and it's just a much
richer experience for other animals, to the point that it's
(17:28):
not really urine for them anymore, not in the human sense,
like our language for urine is kind of inadequate to
truly describe what it is for various other species. Now,
(17:49):
I want to bring things back to the mammal world here,
to the surface world, in particular, to talk about the
fleming response. This may have been on some of your
mind as we were talking about this topic in earlier episodes,
because in evaluating the urine communication of another it may
prove necessary to assume the fleming response, as it was
(18:12):
dubbed by German zoologist Carl Max Schneider in the nineteen thirties,
but the expression itself had been known to naturalists since
at least the eighteenth century. The term flemen apparently comes
from upper saxon German, where it means to curl the
upper lip and or to look spiteful. It's not just
for smelling urine, but that's certainly one of the odorous
(18:34):
bouquets that it picks up on.
Speaker 3 (18:36):
So the word am I understanding in the human context
originally refers to an expression like a sneer, the curled lip.
Speaker 2 (18:44):
Yeah, a sneer that you know, honestly, I don't know
that you see. I don't know. I feel like you
don't see people make this face a lot, and we'll
come back to one of the reasons why. But in general,
like how often do you see someone do like a
spiteful sneer in which they expose their upper teeth? Like
the main example I was finding. I found a couple
(19:07):
of articles that had a picture of Harrison Ford doing
the face, you know, maybe accidentally in the midst of
talking or something. But for the most part, the main
thing I was reminded of is the snarl that Bella
Lagosi gives in some of the in some one particular scene,
but also some production stills for the nineteen thirties Dracula.
Speaker 3 (19:27):
Oh okay, you attached a picture in the outline, and
I can see that he he almost looks not quite
human here. It looks a bit like a like a
big cat.
Speaker 2 (19:35):
Yeah, yeah, exactly. And that's key because we do see
this in cats. We see it in big cats, and
we see it in house cats, and in the world
of house cats it is sometimes informally referred to as
the stinky kitty face.
Speaker 3 (19:52):
I didn't know about this.
Speaker 2 (19:54):
Yeah, it's one of these things where you know, as
a cat owner, it's gonna obviously things are going to
vary depending on the exact nature and personality of your cat,
but it's something you'll pick up on them doing from
time to time. They might be checking out something that
you would associate with a smell, like, I don't know,
a spot on the couch or a pair of shoes,
(20:14):
that sort of thing. It might also just be a
little less clear what they are responding to, but generally
the idea is that they are assuming this kind of
a sneer that also looks a little bit goofy. And
what they are doing is they are heightening their exposure
to the odor so is to better analyze it. Interesting, So,
(20:38):
in general, across various animals, you're going to see this
generally entailing a curling back of the upper lip, exposure
of the top teeth, and breathing. And then they're going
to breathe in slowly through the mouth alone. And this
is all about allowing better access of smells and pheromones
to the specialized vomer nasal organ, the vino or the
(20:59):
Jacobsen's or this is a chemoreception organ in the roof
of the mouth. This occurs in ungulates as well horses
and girafts, which both smell and in the latter example
of the diraffe, they also taste the urine of mares
that are in estrus.
Speaker 3 (21:18):
Huh okay, well wait a minute. That makes me wonder
if all these other mammals have a vomor nasal organ.
Do we have one? Can we can we smell with
the roof of our mouth like this?
Speaker 2 (21:30):
Humans do not, so far as anyone can apparently tell,
have one of these, at least not a functional one
as adults. According to twenty fourteen's Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences,
second edition by Moon. At all vomor nasal organs are
prominent in the fetus and show up vestigially in adults.
Though there has apparently been a lot of back and
(21:52):
forth debate over this, it seems like the majority of view, though,
is that while some primates have functional vomit nasal organs,
main like New World monkeys, chimps, and humans do not.
Interesting I'd also point out something that I saw reference
in an article is that the obviousness of the fleming
response to humans in another organism, like how pronounced the
(22:18):
fleming response is, doesn't necessarily correlate to how strong their
ability to sense things happens to be, which I guess
is kind of a no brainer when you're driving home
like that. But you know, some fleming responses are really wild,
like included a photo here of a horse's fleming response
where they just look like mad demons, whereas certainly a
(22:40):
housecat's fleming response just looks a little bit funny, you know,
But our interpretation of it doesn't actually necessarily give us
any clues into how strong their ability to sense things
happens to be. But we again. We certainly see it
again in ungulates and dogs and cats and other mammals.
I've even seen articles looking at the fleming response in
(23:01):
things like sea otters and elephants. So it's it's all
over the place.
Speaker 3 (23:06):
That's interesting. I'm going to be on the lookout for
it now.
Speaker 2 (23:09):
Yeah, if you spend any time with cats, you will
see the stinky kitty face from time to time. And yeah,
it's just a sign that there's some sort of smell
going on. Don't take it personally. It doesn't mean it's
you or something in your environment. They might just but
something has occurred or they've noticed something that requires just
a little more in depth analysis.
Speaker 3 (23:29):
Well, I would like to transition to something else, but
we're gonna stick with mammals at least for the moment.
So I want to mention an interesting paper I came
across about social urination in mammals, which may or may
not turn out to be communicative in nature. This paper
was by Ana Onishi, James Brooks, Sota Inoe, and Shinya Yamamoto,
(23:52):
published in Current Biology in twenty twenty five this year,
and it's called socially contagious urination in Panzees, So I
hope that title's got your interests peaked. The authors here
are affiliated with a few different institutions in Japan, such
as Kyoto University. I was also reading an article about
(24:12):
this paper in Scientific American that I wanted to flag.
This was by Megan Bartel's from January twenty twenty five,
so apparently the lead author on this paper, ana Onishi,
was inspired in part by the fact that humans often
seem to treat urination as a social behavior. This kind
(24:34):
of came up in our first episode of the series.
Despite the fact that we often think of urination as
a solitary activity, an activity where we seek at least
a visual isolation for the sake of modesty, in reality,
people often do treat urination or trips to the bathroom
as social occasions. So think about it like this. You
(24:55):
are out somewhere and a restaurant or a concert look event,
and somebody from the group you're with says they're going
to go to the bathroom, and then somebody else says, oh,
wait up, I'll go with you, and then somebody else
says me too. Hey, it is actually a socially organized
social trip to the bathroom. People are urinating as a group.
Speaker 2 (25:17):
You know, I hadn't thought about this as much until
you mentioned it. But you could also factor our social
technology into this equation and say, well, what even if
you go to the bathroom by yourself during one of
these situations, there's a very strong possibility you are going
to check your phone and in doing so, you are
going to engage in some alternate online socialization whilst going
(25:41):
to the bathroom. I don't know to what extent we
should factor that into all of this, but maybe you
could make a case for even solitary urination is social
given the right technology.
Speaker 3 (25:51):
Socially coordinated, synchronized trips to urinate are actually very common,
and this is not just part of American culture where
where I'm familiar with it. The author of this scientific
American article actually mentions there is a word in Japanese.
It is suri sean t s u r E s
h o n, which refers to the phenomenon where people
(26:14):
get up and go to the bathroom as a group.
Speaker 2 (26:17):
That would be interesting to get into. It makes me
think of the various yo kai traditions that involve the
potential threats, or at least that you know the very
scary things that it can occur when you go to
a dark bathroom at night by yourself. Yeah. I can't
help but wonder to what extent these two things might
be connected culturally.
Speaker 3 (26:37):
Yeah, the bathroom stall ghosts. And there are other examples
of biological activities that seem to be socially contagious. One
example is yawning. I think we've all experienced this. Somebody
else yawns, you see them yawn and then you yawn yourself,
or maybe even inter species contagious yawning. You yawn and
(26:58):
then your dog yawns, vice versa. A very interesting question
about why seeing somebody else yawn makes you more likely
to yaw. Maybe we could come back to that in
the future if we haven't done a whole episode on
that before. Have we actually don't remember.
Speaker 2 (27:14):
I don't think we have. Yawning. Yeah, that would be
a good one, you know, if only to generate the
responses that I can't believe they did an episode on yawning.
So boring. No, it's probably pretty exciting.
Speaker 3 (27:26):
Also, scratching, Hey, that's exciting. What's more exciting than the scratching.
Scratching is contagious as well. Socially contagious scratching. You see
somebody scratch, you're more likely to scratch.
Speaker 2 (27:36):
Yeah, scratching could be Yeah, it could easily be its
own episode as well. That one gets pretty intense anyway.
Speaker 3 (27:42):
So, while observing chimpanzees as a doctoral researcher at the
Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, the lead author of this
paper Onishi thought she observed a similar pattern of socially
contagious urination among the chimpanzees, so she staged a quantitative
(28:02):
experiment to measure whether this was really the case. The
way it worked is researchers studied a group of twenty
chimpanzees living in captivity at a place called Kumamoto Sanctuary
in Japan, and they filmed them and reviewed more than
six hundred hours of footage to meticulously track exactly when
(28:22):
each ape urinated, where it was at the time, and
who was nearby. Then they created a computer simulation of
randomized chimpanzee urination to compare the actual results to and
the analysis revealed that chimpanzees were not just peeing randomly,
there actually was social correlation. On average, an ape was
(28:46):
significantly more likely to pee if another ape had just
peed within the past sixty seconds, and especially if that
ape was very close by within ten feet so up ip.
Another interesting factor b yond time and proximity was social rank.
The researchers looked into whether the identity and social rank
(29:09):
of each urinate or mattered in how much how much
influence there was from one eight peeing to another eight peeing,
and the identities did matter. So they initially looked to
see whether the ape equivalent of social friendship was an influence,
and it seems the answer there was no, but social
(29:30):
rank was an influence. As quoted in Scientific American, Onehi
said quote, I initially expected that if social influences existed,
they might resemble those seen in yawning, such as stronger
contagion between socially close pairs. That in itself is an
interesting thing about yawning, that, like social social closeness, makes
(29:52):
the yawn more contagious. But that is not what they found,
continuing the quote from Onehi. Instead, we observed a c
your influence of social rank, with lower ranking individuals being
more likely to follow the urination of others. So if
you are a lower ranking chimpanzee in the group, it
(30:12):
might be more like the boss PE's ip or maybe
you know the cooler person ps ip. Now some caveats here.
Obviously this was done in captive chimpanzees, and when a
behavior is observed in captive animals, it's always worth asking
whether the same behavior is seen in the wild. Some
(30:33):
strange traits emerge in zoos or labs or sanctuaries that
are not seen in wild conspecifics. The researchers here believe
for a number of reasons that this probably is also
true in the wild, but that's worth investigating on its
own and follow up research. But finally we come to
the question of would this contagious urination count as communication?
(30:54):
If one ape is getting a signal from another ape
to do something, I think that is communication. Though it's
funny because here it's not, as far as we know,
anything like the smell of my urine will now give
you updated information about my health that you can use
in determining how to act. Instead, it's more like the
fact that I am peeing informs you that it is
(31:16):
also time for you to pee. Now, what is the
value of that? Why would it be biologically useful for
one ape to signal to another that it's time to pee.
It's possible that it could have some role in maintaining
general social cohesion in a way that's hard for us
to understand. So like, when you think about it, a
(31:37):
lot of synchronized group bonding behaviors among humans would be
really hard to explain the exact biological utility of except
to say that we just know because we are humans
and we know how we feel when we do them.
We can say that doing these things together at the
same time makes us feel more bonded and helps motivate
(32:00):
us to cooperate with each other in other domains. So
there is clearly some synchronized activities just contribute to social
cohesion and bonding. Not always easy to say why, but
they do.
Speaker 2 (32:12):
Yeah, yeah, I mean you know this way, you're not
splitting the party every time every time this random individual
wants to pay or needs to pay.
Speaker 3 (32:20):
Beyond establishing and maintaining social cohesion, there are a few
other ideas the authors mentioned. One idea is that coordinated
urination may play, to quote the paper quote, potential roles
in preparation for collective departure I evoiding before long distance travel.
So you know, parents may be familiar with this, Like,
(32:41):
you know, we're about to go on a car trip,
you need to go to the bathroom before we leave.
Speaker 2 (32:46):
Yeah, yeah, this is a this is a big one.
This is this is a frequent point of discussion in
my household and.
Speaker 3 (32:53):
Even apart from long distance travel. One researcher quoted in
the Scientific American article just pointed out the idea of
a daily routine among chimpanzees. So at different times throughout
the day, chimpanzees will often get up and relocate to
a different place. These relocations as a group are generally
controlled by higher ranking chimpanzees in the group, the group leaders.
(33:17):
So it could be that the group leader pees, signaling
I am about to initiate a relocation, it is time
for the bathroom break before we move, And then the
others notice that the leader is peeing and they follow
suit because they know they're about to relocate. Another possible
explanation that mentioned the authors mentioned could be quote territorial
(33:38):
scent marking i e. Coordination of chemosensory signals. So what's
better than you individually doing a territorial scent mark with
your pee, getting all your buds to mark at the
same time. One can imagine that this does a number
of things. It increases detectability. Allah where we were talking
about elevated scent marking and dogs, it's important to make
(34:00):
your scent markings in the environment more detectable. But also
you can think about the amount of information presented with
a whole group peeing together instead of just one, you know,
peeing individually, and maybe also more individuals peeing would communicate
more of a threat level within the collective mark.
Speaker 2 (34:20):
Yeah, depending on sensitivity to these markers, you might think, okay, well,
this is either a whole bunch of chimps and not
just one individual, or if it is one individual, it's
one huge chimps. There's no messing with this guy. This
is not potential prey or some chimp that I can
possibly best and about just best to keep my distance.
Speaker 3 (34:41):
So anyway, chimpanzee p based communication. They pee to communicate
about peeing for the purpose of peeing. That's fascinating and
maybe for other purposes as well. But yeah, I thought
that was good man.
Speaker 2 (35:05):
All Right, as we round out this episode, I want
to come back to a topic that I've teased out
a couple of times in the previous episodes. And that
is the idea that even if humans cannot speak urine
as well as other creatures, and certainly can't read urine
as well as other creatures, we do have the advantage
(35:26):
of having technology. And this is where we get into
the field of your analysis. Your analysis, via lab work,
automated systems, and now even artificial intelligence, can reveal quite
a lot about a person. Your analysis is used to
detect and manage a wide range of disorders, to check
overall health, to look for particular conditions, and or to
(35:49):
manage known conditions. Some very general prognosis can be made
visually with a human urine sample if you know what
you're doing. But much in your analysis is revealed via
lab work and via machines and technology. Yeah, uh, that's
not going to become as a shocker to many of you.
We've all had to give urine samples that the doctor before, uh,
(36:12):
and they've given us the lab read out and or
we've you know, we've paid for that that uh, that
lab v on top of our visit. It's worth pointing out,
by the way, technically urine does contain DNA, but DNA
deteriorates quickly in human urine and is not the best
source of DNA for say, forensic analysis and so forth.
Speaker 3 (36:35):
I don't know this is the reason, but I would
imagine there are other chemicals in the urine that probably
attack the DNA and break it down.
Speaker 2 (36:42):
Yeah, that's my understanding. Yeah, so you know, things like
certainly blood saliva, these are far better sources for DNA. So,
like if you were dealing with like a hardcore like
TV forensics example, I guess there might be a scenario,
and there may be scenarios where some sort of a
usable DNA information is obtainable via urine sample, but for
(37:06):
the most part, like it's considered like not a great
source of DNA. Now, in the last episode, we did
mention in passing the idea of using someone else's urine
as a way to dupe a drug test, a urinary
drug test. This is indeed a well known aspect of
human urine evaluation. Everyone's familiar with this an EVE. If
(37:27):
you haven't been had your urine tested for work or
some sort of legal process in the past, you've probably
seen it on TV. I believe there's a famous episode
of the Office that I only vaguely remember, but I
know I've seen it that involves like drug testing of
the Office, because what Dwight found half a joint in
the parking lot.
Speaker 3 (37:46):
Oh do they have to pee for that? I don't remember.
Speaker 2 (37:48):
Yeah, I was trying to refresh on this. I think
like Michael Scott, the boss on The Office, ends up
getting paranoid because he once quote got high accidentally at
an Alicia Keys concert, and so he's like trying to
pressure Dwide into giving him some clean urine that he used.
Speaker 3 (38:05):
Yeah, but though it has played for jokes here, I mean,
I guess, I guess p fraud is a real thing
in the world because absolutly some people are going to
want to avoid the implications of a drug test.
Speaker 2 (38:16):
That's right. And while we did mention the idea of
using someone else's urine as occurs in this episode of
The Office or there there's the attempt to do this,
and I've seen this particular plot point come up in
other shows as well, we didn't mention another option that
has certainly entered the market over the past many years,
and that is the use of synthetic human urine. This
(38:36):
is indeed apparently a product you can get that at
least claims you know, I'm not going to get into
certainly into individual brands or claims made by these brands,
but you can go to places and you can buy
something that claims to be synthetic human urine for the
express purpose of duping a urinary drug testow. Now, this
(38:57):
may be new to many of you, but to be clear,
we've actually had synthetic human urine for a very long time.
I was reading about this at on the website Maoclinic
Proceedings dot org and they point out that German chemist
Frederick Wohler, who lived eighteen hundred to eighteen eighty two,
was the first to produce synthetic urine synthetic human urine
(39:18):
back in eighteen twenty eight.
Speaker 3 (39:20):
Well, the date on that discovery makes me think that
that was not intended to fool a drug test, so
there must be uses for it beyond beyond just the
p fraud.
Speaker 2 (39:30):
Absolutely, yeah, this was not for a drug test, Welder.
It was a was a prolific and highly influential chemist.
We may have brought him up on the show before.
I feel like there's a strong possibility and the main
tangible benefit of the at the time for the creation
of synthetic human urine was for testing of medical equipment,
and this is something it's still used for today. In fact,
(39:53):
you can easily you can go online, you can find
medical grade companies that sell synthetic human urine and it'll
often be calibrated for very specific testing purposes, like you
want to test this kind of medical equipment and you
need synthetic urine to do so. Well, here's the right
kind of urine for that test, okay. And so that
(40:13):
was kind of like the broad call for synthetic urine
at the time, but there was this there's an entire
additional layer to Frederick go Whulder's contribution here as well.
So his synthesis of human urea without the aid of
a human kidney proved that organic compounds could be synthesized
(40:35):
without the aid of the quote unquote vital force found
in a living organism, getting here into the vital force
theory or vitalism, which on the whole argue that you
could not reduce life to a mechanistic or certainly a
chemical explanation, like you couldn't you couldn't just create something
that a human or animal body made, because there is
(40:58):
something beyond our science in that body that is making
the substance in question.
Speaker 3 (41:04):
Oh okay, So while I think you could still argue
today that there might be something in the more ambiguous
term life that is not quite captured in reproducible chemical experiments,
basically all of the processes within the body could be
recreated in the lab.
Speaker 2 (41:20):
Yeah, and I think getting back into our own blunted
human understanding of urine, most people today certainly are not
going to hear this and think, well, that's blasphemous. You
can't synthesize human urine. Human urine is holy and it
is made only by human body. Like, nobody's really probably
feeling that because we don't think about urine as having
any intrinsic value. It is just waste product that on
(41:42):
the whole we prefer not to produce. It just kind
of gets in the way. Of course, as we've been discussing, dogs, lobsters,
so many other animals if they could express, if they could,
you know, express feelings about urine, would disagree with us,
and they might say no. A dog might say no,
urine is holy. Urine is information, and it comes from
(42:04):
a dog or it comes from some other animal, and
that is what I'm reading, and the idea that you
could fake that is just you know, abysmal p.
Speaker 3 (42:14):
Is vitalistic poetry. Yeah.
Speaker 2 (42:16):
Yeah, So at the time this was actually a big
deal though, because even though it was quote unquote just
urine that was synthesized, it paved the way for so
many world changing advancements in organic chemistry. So again coming
back to today, yes, you can buy synthetic urine in
various places, either for legitimate medical testing purposes, educational purposes,
(42:40):
but also products that seem to be intended just for
the duping of drug tests.
Speaker 3 (42:45):
I haven't looked these up. How are they marketed? Do
they just say like, fool a drug test on them?
Or do they have euphemistic language.
Speaker 2 (42:52):
I'm not going to mention any products by name, but
some of them have like expectedly kind of goofy product names.
You can definitely, or it seems to me, you can
definitely tell the difference between a product that is marketed
for clinical usage versus things that are marketed for the
duping of drug tests. I think it's pretty obvious. But
(43:15):
these products, if I'm understanding this correctly, and maybe the
literature is a little incomplete on when things like this
start popping up. But I believe we've had products like
this on the market of some sort since like the
late nineties, so they've been around for a while. I
had not heard of them, so I thought this was
maybe like a very new thing, But yeah, these products
(43:37):
have been around. Some of them are banned in certain areas,
certain states for example now because of their usage to
try and dupe at drug test. Now, synthetic you're in
in general the variety is aimed at drug tests, but
also clinically they've grown quite advanced, and of course this
has led to advancements in drug testing. So I was
(43:59):
reading some some sources here that we're talking about how
drug tests have had to look for new markers in
synthetic urines that can then be targeted on a drug
test so that they can figure out like, Okay, well
this this is odd. This urine looks clean, but it's
also obviously purchased, you know, at the local smoke shop.
Speaker 3 (44:20):
This is the evolutionary arms race in the synthetic urine
and the h and the drug tests.
Speaker 2 (44:26):
Yeah, and of course you can't help but imagine what
would a dog think of all this? Like they would
probably like like it would be, like, you know, because
there's probably a similar discussion to be made around say,
AI generated literature, you know, where you know, someone might say, well,
how could you possibly be fooled by this? Like clearly
was written by a machine and so forth, Like the
dogs probably have a very low would have a very
(44:49):
uh like low estimation of synthetic urines and like what
it's telling them. Though I guess that's a that's a
whole topic under it unto itself that we're not really
going to get into today, into the like to what
degree does synthetic urine fool animals that have these heightened
senses to understand it?
Speaker 3 (45:07):
Or I wonder would the dog really have the concept
of authenticity when reading the urine or would it just
be like, huh, this is from a strange type of
creature I've never encountered before.
Speaker 2 (45:18):
That's right, It would maybe be more like, this is
a this is a weird communication that I'm reading. This
is a very strange dog. More information is required. I
probably need to see this dog in person now to
be clear. Outside of the market for synthetic human urine,
there is also a market for synthetic animal urines.
Speaker 3 (45:38):
Wait a minute. For Could this be for scent marking
fraud essentially carried out by humans?
Speaker 2 (45:44):
Yeah, yeah, in instances where there is some sort of
a human interest involved in some sort of communication fraud
with animal urine. One example of this that you can
find pretty readily, say online, is synthetic deer urine. And
this is apparently a product that exists because you have
(46:06):
in the past used actual deer urine to say, you know,
bait a buck, that sort of a thing. But there
are a number of states that have banned the use
of actual deer urine to help prevent the spread of
chronic wasting disease and deer ah. Okay, yeah, Because to
come back to urine in general, like urine, healthy human urine,
(46:27):
for example, is generally thought to be largely sterile. But yes,
there are various things that can be various contaminants, various
illnesses that can be contracted through unhealthy urine.
Speaker 3 (46:40):
So this would be using animal urine fraud for the
purpose of an attractant by hunters. But I've read about
animal urine fraud being used for the opposite purpose to
deter animals by using a predator urine. So you synthesize
there's not really a cougar in the area, but you
put cougar pee out there, and it supposedly it will
(47:02):
keep away the pest animals that you don't want in
your garden or whatever.
Speaker 2 (47:06):
Exactly. Yes, and that is the other major synthetic urine
product that you see. And this is another case though,
where there are products that at least claim to use
actual urine from say fox or a bear, or you know,
whatever whatever the predator happens to be, and then there
are cases where they're making a point of it being
(47:27):
synthetic animal urine. I can't speak to the to how
efficient these are, but you know, coming back to our
dog example, if they are efficient enough to like raise
the specter of a potential predator being present, then perhaps
it is useful enough. We talked about chimpanzees. I want
to mention that for medical purposes, you can also buy
(47:48):
synthetic chimpanzee urine. I included a link here for you, Joe.
If you look around for it, you can find it.
There's one company in particular that has a website and
they have various forms of synthetic human urine that is
to be clear intended for clinical purposes and the testing
of like medical equipment and tests and educational purposes as well.
(48:10):
But you can also buy synthetic chimpanzee urine for the
same purpose, because, of course the study of chimpanzee physiology
and chimpanzee biological responses is vitally important for human medicine
as well.
Speaker 3 (48:25):
But is it cheaper than the synthetic human urine And
if so, with somebody trying to pass the drug tests,
save a few bucks and get the chimpanzee urine instead.
Speaker 2 (48:34):
Well, let's check real quick. I'll pull up the website. Okay,
I'm looking at the costs for simulated monkey urine. Okay,
all right, okay, and then let's see. You know, it
looks about like it's the same price for humans, so
there's no there's no need to go cheaper for chimp urine.
I have a feeling chimp urine would not work. I
(48:55):
feel like they would catch you if you try to
use chimp urine to synthetic chimp urine to pass like
a work drug test. But also I should add that
you're probably I'm thinking most of the people trying to
pass a drug test using the synthetic urine They're probably
not buying it from a biomedical company. They're buying it
a like at the local smoke shop or something from
(49:16):
some other supplier, which I'm assuming are you know, ultimately
not the same corporation.
Speaker 3 (49:22):
Listeners, if anybody in the audience has ever tried to
spoof a drug test by using like cougar urine or something,
let us know how that went. Did it work?
Speaker 2 (49:32):
Yeah? Or in general, if there are people out there
who have experience using synthetic animal urines either to attract
or drive away organisms, write in with your experiences with
these products. You know, we're not going to mention specific products,
you know, obviously, but in general, I'd love to hear
how this has worked. Like maybe get an idea of
like where the where the science is in terms of
(49:55):
making synthetic urine that can not only be useful for
biomedical purposes and testing equipment in the human world, but
potentially in communicating with other animals, even in a very
blunt manner.
Speaker 3 (50:08):
Yeah. Oh, and hey, we also we know we've got
a lot of scientists in the audience. If you use
synthetic you're in in your research, Let us know how
what do you use it for?
Speaker 2 (50:16):
Yeah, absolutely. All right, on that note, we're going to
go ahead and close out this episode, but yeah, right in,
we'd love to hear from everyone. Just remind it that
Stuff to Blow Your Mind is primarily a science and
culture podcast, with core episodes on Tuesdays and Thursdays, and
on Fridays, we set aside most serious concerns to just
talk about a weird film on Weird House Cinema.
Speaker 3 (50:33):
Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producer JJ Posway.
If you would like to get in touch with us
with feedback on this episode or any other, to suggest
a topic for the future, or just to say hello,
you can email us at contact death, Stuff to Blow
your Mind dot com.
Speaker 1 (50:55):
Stuff to Blow Your Mind is production of iHeartRadio. For
more podcasts from my heart Radio, it's the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you're listening to your favorite shows.
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