September 13, 2010 • 14 mins
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in December of 1791, bringing his profound career to an untimely end. But how exactly did he die? Join Katie and Sarah as they examine the life of Mozart -- and the questions surrounding his death -- in this podcast.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to Stuff you missed in history class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Katie Lambert and I'm fair at DOUTI. In July,
a strange messenger showed up in Mozart's life. He asked
(00:23):
him to compose a requiem for however much money the
composer wanted, as long as he did it quickly. And
some say this messenger was simply an envoy of Count
Franz von Balsegg, who was looking for a way to
honor his dead wife, but others say he was sent
by freemasons to slash Mozart's throat. Oh, that seems like
(00:43):
quite a leap. Well, welcome to the mystery of Mozart's death.
So Mozart takes the commission, this mysterious commission, whoever it's from,
but he doesn't finish the requiem right away because he
has other work to finish first, lo Clemenza de Tito
for Emperor Leopold's coronation. But he promises this anty messenger
that he'll get right to work on it as soon
(01:04):
as he returns to Vienna from Prague. And his work
went well in Prague, but he was in ill health
for most of the time that he was there, but
despite feeling sick, he was in a good mood. His
last known letter, which was to his wife in October,
sev said he'd taken his rival composer Antonio Salieri to
see the Magic Flute, and that Salieri loved it and
(01:27):
even gave out a few brother So he gets back
to Vienna, and he seems a little sicker though, and
and more depressed, and he continues with the Requiem, but
he's not quite himself, and in November Mozart takes to
his bed. Fifteen days later, he's dead December five. He's
(01:48):
only thirty five years old. And since we're sleuthing, let's
examine the evidence we have. This is the scene on
the day of his death. He's still working on the
Requiem and he sees some friends. They all sing parts
of the requiam together. But at some point during that
day it became clear that things had taken a turn
for the worse, and one of his doctors, doctor Close,
(02:10):
was summoned, but he was at a play and decided
he would rather stay until the end of the play.
You need a new doctor, and how would you like that?
Is your legacy. You're the doctor who stayed till the
end of the play while the help out Mozart. So
when Close finally does get on the scene, he does
what he can, but he can't save Mozart. And according
to Sophie, who is the sister of Mozart's wife in
(02:33):
this essay written by Albert Borrowitz, it's really good. The
last thing that Mozart does is imitate the kettle drums
in the requam, which is so appropriate that his his
last words aren't weren't words at all, and he fell
into unconsciousness two hours before his death. He was loose
it up till then, and he was buried in a
mass unmarked grave. Salieri followed his coffin to the cemetery,
(02:57):
but his wife and most of his friends did not,
which we should make a point there too. A mass
unmarked grave sounds it sounds slightly disturbing, but it's pretty
common for someone of Mozart's class during this time, the
following to the not following him to the grave, though
that's weird. It's very strange. His wife was supposedly prostrate
(03:18):
with grief, which you know, you can completely understand. Other
stories say that there was some sort of wintry storm
that turned everyone back, but there's no evidence of that
if you look back to the weather of long long ago.
So that's one of those things that still bothers our historians.
But less than a week after his death, a paper
printed the possibility that Mozart was poisoned, and most people
(03:42):
thought Salieri did it. So is poisoning a reasonable possibility?
Will consider what we know, So let's start with Mozart symptoms.
So the best source we have about Mozart staff comes
from Constanza's sister, Sophie, who we mentioned earlier because she
actually wrote things down relatively soon after his death, as
opposed to decades later or something. So Sophie said that
(04:06):
he had a swollen body, the quote taste of death
in his mouth, and a fever. We also know that
he was vomiting and he had diarrhea, and that he
was covered in a rash. But there's no autopsy, so
there's no official report of all of this, and the
doctors don't even fill out death certificates. Church registers have
a little bit of information. We find his cause of death.
(04:26):
They're listed as severe miliary fever, but that's not a
cause of death. Now it's just a name for a
collection of symptoms. Yeah, it's it's what killed him. It's
the symptoms that killed him. So first we'll look at
what else could explain these symptoms. Not poisoning, rheumatic fever, grip, tuberculosis, dropsy, meningitis,
(04:48):
heart failure, graves disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, parasites, or
my favorites, overwork and irregular living. Did his mozart come on? So?
Dr William J. Dawson wrote in the journal Medical Problems
of Performing Artists, which the real journal, They get that specific.
He wrote that other researchers have suggested a total of
(05:11):
one hundred and eighteen possible causes of death. So that
was our short list. I didn't want to read all one,
or rather I did, but I didn't think you would
want to hear it. But kidney disease is currently considered
the most likely culprit. So at the end, his kidneys
failed and that's why his body was so swollen. Urania
explains many of his symptoms, even the rash, which might
(05:33):
sound strange that you know your kidneys failing wouldn't cause
a rash, but your kidneys do a lot more than
you think, so take care of your organs everyone. But
part of the reason why it's considered so likely that
he did die of kidney failure is that kidney failure
could be caused by strepto cockle infections earlier in life.
And Mozart had his fair share of childhood illnesses. According
(05:55):
to his father's writing, he had scarlet fever, which can
lead to kidney disease. Rheumatic fever also leads to kidney disease,
possibly abdominal typhus, which almost killed his sister. Yeah, and
smallpox and toothache. So and and I would like to add,
in case you didn't know, untreated dental conditions can lead
to bacteria getting into your bloodstream and killing you. So
(06:19):
take care of your teeth. Katie's p s A for
the Discovery health. So. Leopold Mozart's father also liked to
treat his own kids childhood conditions with mysterious things like
black powder. That's what he called it, black powder. So
I mean, the point is Leopold might not be the
best source for medical information, but unfortunately he's the only
(06:41):
source we have for Mozart's childhood illnesses. But some say
that renal failure just doesn't fit because if his kidneys
were failing, why wasn't he tired or thirsty near the end?
Why was he conscious until two hours before his death?
And we're relying on his dad's testimony to die nos
earlier illnesses. He's not a doctor, and his sister had
(07:04):
most of the same ailments, but she turned out fine.
So this brings us to fallacious conclusion that Mozart was poisoned.
And we get that idea from Constanza, his wife, and
according to the Borrowitz article that we mentioned earlier, this
is what she tells one biographer. Mozart began to speak
of death and declared that he was writing the requiem
(07:26):
for himself. Tears came to the eyes of this sensitive man.
I feel definitely, he continued, that I will not last
much longer. I am sure I have been poisoned. I
cannot rid myself of this idea. Mozart really did think
he was being poisoned, and he thought it might be arsenic.
Others have suggested mercury, but that was a little bit
hard to get. It was used only to treat syphilis,
(07:49):
so a poisoner would have to be a little tricky
to get his or her hands on it. And that's
when a myth arose that Mozart was trying to treat
his own syphilis with mercury, just from someone misreading, misunderstanding
the sources. You know, And poison wasn't an uncommon weapon
of murder at the time, so this isn't too far fetched.
But if he was poisoned, who did it? So it
(08:12):
is of course rumored that on his own deathbed, Mozart's
competitor Salieri, confessed to murdering him before trying to kill himself.
And I have Amadeus coming on my netlick a few soon,
so I'm lucky to find out more about this little
theory in a few days. I guess this doesn't happen, though,
according to the men who were there with them, But
(08:33):
people believe it, partly because they've believed it all along.
Salieri was one of the leading composers of his day.
He was a favorite of Joseph the second, and we
all know what royal favor means, influence and lots of
perks that you can use against your professional enemies. A
contemporary called him quote a clever shrewd man possessed of
(08:54):
what Bacon called crooked wisdom unquote, and Mozart was definitely
his rival, so Saliari tries to sabotage him when he can,
and took away patrons and theaters and possibly even disrupted
a performance of Figaro. But that was professionally, and we
should make that distinction because personally it seems like they
(09:16):
were pretty okay with each other, right remember the letter
about him yelling Bravo after accompanying Mozart to that performance
of the Magic Flute. And you know, they lent each
other scores from their libraries, and they did have to
interact in social situations, and it's not like they were
standing on opposite sides of the room sharks and jets.
You know, they were saying hello. And he also followed
(09:38):
the coffin, as we mentioned, and later taught one of
Mozart's sons. And if Constanza had thought that he was
the killer, surely she would not have let that happen. Regardless,
though at a performance of the Nine Symphony in eight
four leaflets are handed out accusing Saliari of the crime,
and because the rumor has really only picked up steam
(10:00):
since then, very cruel intentions. But we get a rebuttal
almost immediately. A friend publishes a letter from a doctor
who was a friend of Mozart's doctor telephone medical history
Taliso polluted there but saying that plenty of people were
sick with rheumatic fever and vienna at the time. And
then the men with him in his last days said
that the confession story was just made up. Saliari never
(10:23):
confessed murdering Mozart, but the damage had already been done.
And of course that's how we think of him today,
not as this great composer and the teacher of Beethoven,
Schubert en Liszt, but as the man who might have
poisoned Mozart. And since we based so much of this
on Mozart's own beliefs about his health, about you know,
(10:44):
thinking he was being poisoned, could there be another explanation,
you know, perhaps he was just tired and overworked and
got a little paranoid and working for five years old. Well,
he's a genius, so he gets excuses for that sort
of thing. German music historian Herman Appert referred to his
quote morbidly over stimulated emotional state end quote and you know,
(11:06):
if your Mozart, you can you can be a little overstimulated.
But still we've we've got to remember that his wife
does always insist that Mozart was poisoned. So does his
son to Carl, So the family is on the poisoning side.
Oh but Sarah, there's there's a totally different thing that
we haven't covered yet. And best of all, maybe he
(11:28):
was murdered by Freemasons, which is something that persists to
this day. So Mozart became a Mason in seventeen eighty four,
and even then, or especially then, the Freemasons were regarded
with suspicion by both rulers and the people. But he
wrote many pieces for the Masons. And it's believed that
the Magic Flute is the most famous, the one that's
(11:50):
most loaded with meaning. So if you are writing the
Magic Flute for someone, why would they kill you as
a sacrifice, Sarah, as a sacrifice. Or they were punishing
him for telling Mason's secrets in the Magic Flute, or
they were punishing him for not telling enough about the
Masons magic my favorite. They depends and some of the
(12:13):
proponents of the Freemason idea were also anti Semites, so
they said, perhaps it was a Jew. As we have
seen in history, the Jewish people were often implicated in
schemes in which they had no part. So will we
ever know why the start died? If, if he was murdered,
who killed him, what exactly happened? We can't exoom Sarah.
(12:35):
We can't because he's buried in that mass grave, so
we can't dig him up. But stories like this appear
a lot in the news, These these stories about how
did someone die? What really happened? I've seen too. I
saw one about ed Garland poem, one about Jane Austen
the other day. What that final illness was? When we
did our our medici episode not that long, the feuding journals,
(12:57):
medical journals. But of course, why does it matter to us?
And I've got a quote from an article by Daniel J.
Waken in The New York Times. The very idea that
remarkable individuals who gave life so much beauty could be
brought down by ordinary physical ailments, particularly diseases that are
now easily treatable, is inherently fascinating. That perception makes people
(13:19):
of genius seem closer to us. And I think he
has something there definitely, and of course people always like
a good conspiracy story and for more of that, you
should check out one of our video podcast stuff They
Don't Want You To Know. I was watching one on
Pope John Paul the First and his Mysterious Stuff the
other day. We should also thank one of our music
(13:39):
podcasters from a podcast from the past, Stuff from the
b Side, John Fuller, for suggesting this topic, which it's
good to have. Folks looking out for cool musical history
topics for you well, and we like accepting your topic
ideas and email history podcast at how stuff works dot
com that a quicker way to get to us is
probably through Twitter feed at missed in History or our
(14:02):
Facebook fan page because we can respond to you in
real time. And if you'd like to learn a bit
more about geniuses like Mozart, you should check out our
article how Geniuses Work, which you can search for on
our homepage at www dot how stuff works dot com
for more on this and thousands of other topics because
(14:24):
at how stuff works dot com
Welcome to Stuff you missed in history class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Katie Lambert and I'm fair at DOUTI. In July,
a strange messenger showed up in Mozart's life. He asked
(00:23):
him to compose a requiem for however much money the
composer wanted, as long as he did it quickly. And
some say this messenger was simply an envoy of Count
Franz von Balsegg, who was looking for a way to
honor his dead wife, but others say he was sent
by freemasons to slash Mozart's throat. Oh, that seems like
(00:43):
quite a leap. Well, welcome to the mystery of Mozart's death.
So Mozart takes the commission, this mysterious commission, whoever it's from,
but he doesn't finish the requiem right away because he
has other work to finish first, lo Clemenza de Tito
for Emperor Leopold's coronation. But he promises this anty messenger
that he'll get right to work on it as soon
(01:04):
as he returns to Vienna from Prague. And his work
went well in Prague, but he was in ill health
for most of the time that he was there, but
despite feeling sick, he was in a good mood. His
last known letter, which was to his wife in October,
sev said he'd taken his rival composer Antonio Salieri to
see the Magic Flute, and that Salieri loved it and
(01:27):
even gave out a few brother So he gets back
to Vienna, and he seems a little sicker though, and
and more depressed, and he continues with the Requiem, but
he's not quite himself, and in November Mozart takes to
his bed. Fifteen days later, he's dead December five. He's
(01:48):
only thirty five years old. And since we're sleuthing, let's
examine the evidence we have. This is the scene on
the day of his death. He's still working on the
Requiem and he sees some friends. They all sing parts
of the requiam together. But at some point during that
day it became clear that things had taken a turn
for the worse, and one of his doctors, doctor Close,
(02:10):
was summoned, but he was at a play and decided
he would rather stay until the end of the play.
You need a new doctor, and how would you like that?
Is your legacy. You're the doctor who stayed till the
end of the play while the help out Mozart. So
when Close finally does get on the scene, he does
what he can, but he can't save Mozart. And according
to Sophie, who is the sister of Mozart's wife in
(02:33):
this essay written by Albert Borrowitz, it's really good. The
last thing that Mozart does is imitate the kettle drums
in the requam, which is so appropriate that his his
last words aren't weren't words at all, and he fell
into unconsciousness two hours before his death. He was loose
it up till then, and he was buried in a
mass unmarked grave. Salieri followed his coffin to the cemetery,
(02:57):
but his wife and most of his friends did not,
which we should make a point there too. A mass
unmarked grave sounds it sounds slightly disturbing, but it's pretty
common for someone of Mozart's class during this time, the
following to the not following him to the grave, though
that's weird. It's very strange. His wife was supposedly prostrate
(03:18):
with grief, which you know, you can completely understand. Other
stories say that there was some sort of wintry storm
that turned everyone back, but there's no evidence of that
if you look back to the weather of long long ago.
So that's one of those things that still bothers our historians.
But less than a week after his death, a paper
printed the possibility that Mozart was poisoned, and most people
(03:42):
thought Salieri did it. So is poisoning a reasonable possibility?
Will consider what we know, So let's start with Mozart symptoms.
So the best source we have about Mozart staff comes
from Constanza's sister, Sophie, who we mentioned earlier because she
actually wrote things down relatively soon after his death, as
opposed to decades later or something. So Sophie said that
(04:06):
he had a swollen body, the quote taste of death
in his mouth, and a fever. We also know that
he was vomiting and he had diarrhea, and that he
was covered in a rash. But there's no autopsy, so
there's no official report of all of this, and the
doctors don't even fill out death certificates. Church registers have
a little bit of information. We find his cause of death.
(04:26):
They're listed as severe miliary fever, but that's not a
cause of death. Now it's just a name for a
collection of symptoms. Yeah, it's it's what killed him. It's
the symptoms that killed him. So first we'll look at
what else could explain these symptoms. Not poisoning, rheumatic fever, grip, tuberculosis, dropsy, meningitis,
(04:48):
heart failure, graves disease, chronic kidney disease, stroke, parasites, or
my favorites, overwork and irregular living. Did his mozart come on? So?
Dr William J. Dawson wrote in the journal Medical Problems
of Performing Artists, which the real journal, They get that specific.
He wrote that other researchers have suggested a total of
(05:11):
one hundred and eighteen possible causes of death. So that
was our short list. I didn't want to read all one,
or rather I did, but I didn't think you would
want to hear it. But kidney disease is currently considered
the most likely culprit. So at the end, his kidneys
failed and that's why his body was so swollen. Urania
explains many of his symptoms, even the rash, which might
(05:33):
sound strange that you know your kidneys failing wouldn't cause
a rash, but your kidneys do a lot more than
you think, so take care of your organs everyone. But
part of the reason why it's considered so likely that
he did die of kidney failure is that kidney failure
could be caused by strepto cockle infections earlier in life.
And Mozart had his fair share of childhood illnesses. According
(05:55):
to his father's writing, he had scarlet fever, which can
lead to kidney disease. Rheumatic fever also leads to kidney disease,
possibly abdominal typhus, which almost killed his sister. Yeah, and
smallpox and toothache. So and and I would like to add,
in case you didn't know, untreated dental conditions can lead
to bacteria getting into your bloodstream and killing you. So
(06:19):
take care of your teeth. Katie's p s A for
the Discovery health. So. Leopold Mozart's father also liked to
treat his own kids childhood conditions with mysterious things like
black powder. That's what he called it, black powder. So
I mean, the point is Leopold might not be the
best source for medical information, but unfortunately he's the only
(06:41):
source we have for Mozart's childhood illnesses. But some say
that renal failure just doesn't fit because if his kidneys
were failing, why wasn't he tired or thirsty near the end?
Why was he conscious until two hours before his death?
And we're relying on his dad's testimony to die nos
earlier illnesses. He's not a doctor, and his sister had
(07:04):
most of the same ailments, but she turned out fine.
So this brings us to fallacious conclusion that Mozart was poisoned.
And we get that idea from Constanza, his wife, and
according to the Borrowitz article that we mentioned earlier, this
is what she tells one biographer. Mozart began to speak
of death and declared that he was writing the requiem
(07:26):
for himself. Tears came to the eyes of this sensitive man.
I feel definitely, he continued, that I will not last
much longer. I am sure I have been poisoned. I
cannot rid myself of this idea. Mozart really did think
he was being poisoned, and he thought it might be arsenic.
Others have suggested mercury, but that was a little bit
hard to get. It was used only to treat syphilis,
(07:49):
so a poisoner would have to be a little tricky
to get his or her hands on it. And that's
when a myth arose that Mozart was trying to treat
his own syphilis with mercury, just from someone misreading, misunderstanding
the sources. You know, And poison wasn't an uncommon weapon
of murder at the time, so this isn't too far fetched.
But if he was poisoned, who did it? So it
(08:12):
is of course rumored that on his own deathbed, Mozart's
competitor Salieri, confessed to murdering him before trying to kill himself.
And I have Amadeus coming on my netlick a few soon,
so I'm lucky to find out more about this little
theory in a few days. I guess this doesn't happen, though,
according to the men who were there with them, But
(08:33):
people believe it, partly because they've believed it all along.
Salieri was one of the leading composers of his day.
He was a favorite of Joseph the second, and we
all know what royal favor means, influence and lots of
perks that you can use against your professional enemies. A
contemporary called him quote a clever shrewd man possessed of
(08:54):
what Bacon called crooked wisdom unquote, and Mozart was definitely
his rival, so Saliari tries to sabotage him when he can,
and took away patrons and theaters and possibly even disrupted
a performance of Figaro. But that was professionally, and we
should make that distinction because personally it seems like they
(09:16):
were pretty okay with each other, right remember the letter
about him yelling Bravo after accompanying Mozart to that performance
of the Magic Flute. And you know, they lent each
other scores from their libraries, and they did have to
interact in social situations, and it's not like they were
standing on opposite sides of the room sharks and jets.
You know, they were saying hello. And he also followed
(09:38):
the coffin, as we mentioned, and later taught one of
Mozart's sons. And if Constanza had thought that he was
the killer, surely she would not have let that happen. Regardless,
though at a performance of the Nine Symphony in eight
four leaflets are handed out accusing Saliari of the crime,
and because the rumor has really only picked up steam
(10:00):
since then, very cruel intentions. But we get a rebuttal
almost immediately. A friend publishes a letter from a doctor
who was a friend of Mozart's doctor telephone medical history
Taliso polluted there but saying that plenty of people were
sick with rheumatic fever and vienna at the time. And
then the men with him in his last days said
that the confession story was just made up. Saliari never
(10:23):
confessed murdering Mozart, but the damage had already been done.
And of course that's how we think of him today,
not as this great composer and the teacher of Beethoven,
Schubert en Liszt, but as the man who might have
poisoned Mozart. And since we based so much of this
on Mozart's own beliefs about his health, about you know,
(10:44):
thinking he was being poisoned, could there be another explanation,
you know, perhaps he was just tired and overworked and
got a little paranoid and working for five years old. Well,
he's a genius, so he gets excuses for that sort
of thing. German music historian Herman Appert referred to his
quote morbidly over stimulated emotional state end quote and you know,
(11:06):
if your Mozart, you can you can be a little overstimulated.
But still we've we've got to remember that his wife
does always insist that Mozart was poisoned. So does his
son to Carl, So the family is on the poisoning side.
Oh but Sarah, there's there's a totally different thing that
we haven't covered yet. And best of all, maybe he
(11:28):
was murdered by Freemasons, which is something that persists to
this day. So Mozart became a Mason in seventeen eighty four,
and even then, or especially then, the Freemasons were regarded
with suspicion by both rulers and the people. But he
wrote many pieces for the Masons. And it's believed that
the Magic Flute is the most famous, the one that's
(11:50):
most loaded with meaning. So if you are writing the
Magic Flute for someone, why would they kill you as
a sacrifice, Sarah, as a sacrifice. Or they were punishing
him for telling Mason's secrets in the Magic Flute, or
they were punishing him for not telling enough about the
Masons magic my favorite. They depends and some of the
(12:13):
proponents of the Freemason idea were also anti Semites, so
they said, perhaps it was a Jew. As we have
seen in history, the Jewish people were often implicated in
schemes in which they had no part. So will we
ever know why the start died? If, if he was murdered,
who killed him, what exactly happened? We can't exoom Sarah.
(12:35):
We can't because he's buried in that mass grave, so
we can't dig him up. But stories like this appear
a lot in the news, These these stories about how
did someone die? What really happened? I've seen too. I
saw one about ed Garland poem, one about Jane Austen
the other day. What that final illness was? When we
did our our medici episode not that long, the feuding journals,
(12:57):
medical journals. But of course, why does it matter to us?
And I've got a quote from an article by Daniel J.
Waken in The New York Times. The very idea that
remarkable individuals who gave life so much beauty could be
brought down by ordinary physical ailments, particularly diseases that are
now easily treatable, is inherently fascinating. That perception makes people
(13:19):
of genius seem closer to us. And I think he
has something there definitely, and of course people always like
a good conspiracy story and for more of that, you
should check out one of our video podcast stuff They
Don't Want You To Know. I was watching one on
Pope John Paul the First and his Mysterious Stuff the
other day. We should also thank one of our music
(13:39):
podcasters from a podcast from the past, Stuff from the
b Side, John Fuller, for suggesting this topic, which it's
good to have. Folks looking out for cool musical history
topics for you well, and we like accepting your topic
ideas and email history podcast at how stuff works dot
com that a quicker way to get to us is
probably through Twitter feed at missed in History or our
(14:02):
Facebook fan page because we can respond to you in
real time. And if you'd like to learn a bit
more about geniuses like Mozart, you should check out our
article how Geniuses Work, which you can search for on
our homepage at www dot how stuff works dot com
for more on this and thousands of other topics because
(14:24):
at how stuff works dot com
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