July 30, 2018 • 32 mins
Continuing the 2018 mid-year edition of unearthed goodies, this episode will cover shipwrecks, exhumations, repatriations, and edibles and potables.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We're back
with part two of Unearthed in July because we have
so many Unearthed things now that we have grown to
(00:25):
a second installment in July instead of just the one
installment that we previously grew to. Soon it will just
be a year's worth of unearths. We have people sometimes
who were like, what if you did a whole podcast
that was like your new Unearthed podcast, And I'm like,
that is an intriguing idea, but this one is part
(00:45):
of our whole complex production system to make sure we
always have new episodes. So this time we've got some favorites,
including the exclimations and the shipwrecks and the things that
you know in theory are edible. But you shouldn't eat
two thousand year old food. I don't know we could
be missing out on exactly where the flavor is. Don't
(01:09):
eat two thousand year old food. I'm just making a joke. Uh.
Last time, we ended with a set of discoveries that
were all about how mobile people have been going back
thousands of years, and this time we're starting off with
some discoveries that are still about where people have lived
and moved, but not quite on a global scale. First,
researchers at the University of New Brunswick are trying to
(01:30):
map the canoe routes that have been used by the
area's first nations people's, particularly the Wabanaki Confederacy. These canoe
routes date back thousands of years and knowledge of some
of them has been preserved through the community's oral histories.
Botanist and cartographer William Francis Gennong also documented some of
(01:51):
these early in the early twentieth century, but at this
point some of them are knowledge of exactly where they
are has been lost. Multiple teams of re searchers are
working on this. Some of the waterways would have been
accessible only at certain times of the year based on
varying water levels, so one team at the University of
New Brunswick is cross referencing information about water levels with
(02:14):
archaeological sites to try to reconstruct the travel routs. A
PhD candidate from the College of William and Mary in
Virginia is studying the languages spoken by the people who
used these waterways to try to find patterns in how
those languages shifted and spread. In other news, a grad
student from the University of New Mexico uncovered a map
(02:35):
at the BiblioTech Nationale de France which was drawn by
Tony of the Arikara tribe for Merywether Lewis and William Clark.
Tony had joined the expedition with the hope of negotiating
a piece between his tribe, the Acara, and another, the Man.
Then this map has been described as the quote best
(02:55):
preserved of the Native American maps drawn for Lewis and Clark.
Historian Clay Jenkinson also said of the find quote, this
map deepens our understanding of how dependent Lewis and Clark
were on Native American geographers. We tend to think that
they were traveling blind into terra incognita. This is simply
not true. Two Nays. Map lifts the expeditions encounter with
(03:18):
the Arikara to new prominence, and it proves that individuals
like to Nay were as important to the success of
the expedition as say Sacca Jewellah. The last one in
the set is from a slightly different angle, but it's
still about moving and living places. Archaeologists from the University
of Exeter have found the remains of geoglyphs and fortified
(03:40):
villages and parts of the Amazon Rainforest that were previously believed,
at least among Western archaeologists too, have been uninhabited. This
runs alongside discoveries we have talked about in previous episodes
of Unearthed, where archaeologists and botanists realized that the so
called pristine and untouched rain forest had actually been deliberately
(04:02):
shaped centuries ago through forestry and intentional cultivation. In this case,
the find involves evidence for thousands of villages that continually
existed from about twelve fifty to fift hundred in places
that were previously believed to have been uninhabited for virtually
all of their history. And now we've gotten to the shipwrecks.
(04:25):
A team from the Widda Pirate Museum say they may
have found a leg bone belonging to the Widda's captain,
pirate Black Sam Bellamy. They think that it's Bellamy's leg
bone because they found it in a fused mass of
sand near what is believed to be Bellamy's pistol in
the vicinity of the wreck of the Widda. Researchers at
(04:47):
the University of New Haven are going to try to
test the DNA and compare it to the descendants of
one of Bellamy's siblings, which will definitely be more conclusive
than we found it near the Pistol. Research was at
Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced that they
had found the remains of two ships and a sunken
(05:08):
lighthouse off the Yucatan Peninsula in January. One of the
ships is an eighteenth century Dutch warship and the other
is a British steamer dating back to the nineteenth century.
The Dutch warship, which was partially covered in coral, was
one of two mentioned in a seventeen twenty two letter
from Antonio de Corterre, but they're not sure which of
the two. It is. Seemed a little weird to me
(05:30):
that they had found a sunken lighthouse near some shipwrecks,
since the purpose of a lighthouse is to try to
prevent the shipwrecks. This lighthouse probably toppled into the ocean
during a storm. The National Museum of the Great Lakes
and the Cleveland Underwater Explorers announced the discovery of the
wreck of the Margaret Old Will in March. The Margaret
Old Will sank in Lake Erie during a northeaster in
(05:53):
eight Eight people were killed in that wreck, including the
captain and his family. Some folk who were out just
for a day at the beach in Florida also stumbled
onto a chunk of an eighteenth century shipwreck in March.
This find is described as forty seven and a half
feet long and overall very well preserved, with Roman numerals
and other markings still visible on the hull. When we
(06:15):
say very well preserved, it's like, uh, the keel and
sort of ribs of the ship are what's there, and
those bits of it are very well preserved. No word
yet though on what this ship might have been. In
the search for Malaysia Airlines, flight MH three seventy found
two shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean. Both were nineteenth century
(06:39):
sailing ships that were spotted during sonar searches of the
sea floor. This year, researchers announced that they had identified
which ships these probably were. One was probably the Brig
W Gordon or the Bark Magdala. Either way, it probably
sank after a coal explosion. The other was probably the
Bark west Ridge, which disappeared while sailing from England to
(07:03):
India in eighteen eighty three. And now we have something
we joked that we are going to have to do
that now we actually do find ourselves having to do,
which is a whole bunch of stuff that was found
by Microsoft co founder Paul Allen and the crew of
the r V Petrol in addition to the U S
s Indianapolis that we did in a whole other episode
during an Earth season last year. First one from the
(07:25):
end of last year the USS Ward, which fired the
first American shot during World War Two from off of
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Ward fired on and hit a
Japanese submarine that was en route to Pearl Harbor. Three
years to the day later, the Ward was hit by
a kamikaze aircraft off of the Philippines. Second, they found
(07:46):
the wreck of the USS Lexington, which was an aircraft
carrier that was scuttled during World War Two. The ship
and thirty five aircraft went down at the end of
the Battle of the Coral Sea in ninety two. Third,
the cruiser Juno, which was to pedoed by the Japanese
during the Battle of Guadalcanal on November. Among those lost
(08:06):
were the five Sullivan brothers from Waterloo, Iowa. And fourth
the USS Helena, which was struck by three torpedoes and
sunk on July sixty three during the Battle of Coola Gulf,
was found off the Solomon Islands. The thinking of the
Helena was followed by an enormous multi day rescue effort,
and seven hundred and thirty two of the nine hundred
(08:28):
crew were ultimately rescued at that time. All those last
three were found just in March, and at this rate,
Paul Allen probably found a shipwreck between when we recorded
this and when the episode came out. He's busy. He's
doing a whole lot of looking for some World War
two sunken ships. We're gonna take a week sponsor break
(08:50):
and then come back with some more unearthing. Now all
we are going to move on to a collection of repatriations.
You may remember last time on Unearthed when we talked
about hobby lobby trafficking in illegal antiquities. The looted antiquities
(09:12):
were repatriated to Iraq on May two of this year,
and according to one of the researchers who was able
to examine them. They contain things like letters and contracts
and legal documents, all dating back to between twenty one
and six d b c all from what's now southern Iraq.
Last time, we also talked about the repatriation of the
(09:33):
remains of three Northern Arapaho boys who died at Carlisle
Indian School, but when it was time to exhume the bodies,
the remains of one child, Little Plume, could not be found.
This year, archaeologists for the Army National Military Cemeteries confirmed
Little plumes burial place at Carlisle and his body was
(09:54):
returned to Wyoming in June. It gets me a little
teary um. The tenth thousand year old remains of a
Native American man have been repatriated to the Santa and
As band of Chumash Indians, who have reburied those remains.
They had been accidentally unearthed in two thousand five, and
at that point the National Park Service worked with the
(10:14):
Chumash tribe to decide what to do. The tribe agreed
to work with the National Park Service to excavate the
site in two thousand and five because it was being
threatened with erosion. Basically, they didn't do something about it
that the remains are going to be damaged or lost.
After a full scientific study on the remains, they were
returned to the tribe in June. In the words of
(10:35):
tribal chairman Kenneth Kahan, quote, protecting the final resting place
of our ancestors is of paramount importance to the Santa
and As Band of Chumash Indians. When our tribe learned
of the discovery made by archaeologists on San Miguel Island,
we made it a priority to ensure that our ancestor
was laid to rest with a proper burial. Thanks to
(10:55):
years of cooperation with the National Park Service, we were
granted that opportunity. Lastly, Germany returned a mummified, tattooed head
of a Maori man that had been acquired by a
Cologne museum director more than a hundred years ago. They
returned that to New Zealand this year. The skull is
going to be kept in a museum in New Zealand
(11:15):
until its descendants can be found and it can be
returned to the correct Maori tribe. And this is part
of a huge ongoing effort to have Maori remains and
artifacts returned to New Zealand. Another ongoing favorite on the
show is exhumations, and we have a couple uh in
the ongoing Salvador Dolly saga. His exhumed remains were reburied
(11:36):
after a paternity test in March, and there is really
not much to add to that at this point. I'm
hoping we're done disturbing the remains Salvador Dolly for a while,
because that was that dragged. One time I was at
the Dolly Museum in St. Petersburg not that long ago,
and there was a sense among the docents of like,
we are ready for this to be put to rest. Yeah.
(12:00):
The remains of Martha Brown, who was convicted of murder
and executed in eighteen fifty six, were approved for exclamation
and reburial in March. Brown was the inspiration for the
Thomas Hardy character tests of the Derbervilles. This decision came
after the jail where she was executed was sold and
developers were planning to just build on top of the
(12:21):
former graveyard. Did they not watch Poltergeist? Do they not
know how this plays out? I was shocked that that
was the plan at all. Uh intervention came in the
form of Julian Fellows of Downton Abbey fame, who insisted
that all of the people buried there had to be
exhumed and reintered elsewhere. Thank you, Julian Fellows. So we
(12:43):
often have a collection of things that I just thought
were really cool, but they aren't actually related to one
another all that well, So we're calling this next bit
pot pourri, like a Jeopardy category, all interesting stuff that
just does not have quite as much of a thematic connection.
So first up, the oldest known Dutch art has been
pulled out of the North Sea. It is an intricately
(13:05):
carved bison bone and it is thirteen thousand, five hundred
years old. It was actually pulled out of the ocean
in two thousand five, but research detailing its age and
significance just came out in February. It is carved all
over in a herring bone pattern and probably had a
ritual use. Archaeologists from the University of York have found
(13:26):
a ten thousand year old ochre crayon. It's very small,
about twenty two millimeters long, and an ochre pebble was
also found not far away. This crayon is particularly interesting.
It's shaped, Although it's very small, it is shaped just
like a crayon that we would use today, with a
pointed tip, and the team speculates that it was used
to mark or to decorate animal skins. In two thousand six,
(13:50):
archaeologist Greg Hare found a one thousand year old barbed
arrow point in Yukon sticking out of some melting ice,
and this year radio carbon dating can firm to find
as one of the oldest examples of copper metallurgy ever
found there. It was found in the territory of the
Cargos Taggish First Nation. This is an example of early
(14:11):
bow and arrow technology from the area. The arrow itself
is made from both copper and caribou antler and if
a thousand years old sounds kind of new for bows
and arrows, it's because the indigenous hunters of the region
were more often using the addle addle or throwing dart
for hunting, and it was only about a thousand years
ago that they started using bows and arrows instead. A
(14:33):
team in Peru has unearthed the set of ceremonial chambers
from the pre income Moche people. It is a fine
they've been specifically looking for. These chambers were used for
important political ceremonies, and they were notable enough to be
depicted in Moche ceramics. Apart from the satisfaction of finally
finding the actual place that is shown in existing arts
(14:55):
that people had already unearthed, archaeologists are hoping that the
find will help them determined exactly what happened to these people.
One theory is that massive climate change or a weather
catastrophe caused the civilization to collapse. In January, officials in
China announced that they had finished a seventeen year project
(15:16):
to restore an ancient dragon bed. This bed is about
years old and it is the best preserved lacquer bed
ever unearthed in China. This bed is covered in uh
really intricate lacquer designs, including designs of dragons, which is
what's been named for. It probably belongs to a king
(15:38):
during the Warring States period. Archaeologists working near Mexico City
have found what they believed to be an ancient model
of the universe that also connects to an ancient Meso
American creation myth. So first, the myth uh C. Pat Lee,
who was described as a monster with the qualities of
a fish and a crocodile was floating in the primordial water,
(15:59):
and his body formed the earth and the sky. In
some versions of the story, his body actually splits to
do this. And the fine in question is believed to
be a temple was placed in the middle of a
pond in such a way that it formed an image
of the universe floating on the surface of the water.
This is just incredible to me. The researchers describe it
(16:21):
as a miniature model of the universe which you would
see floating there, just as see Pactley would have done.
The area around this natural pond is full of springs
and streams, and the researchers also believed that flow from
these sources had to be carefully controlled to keep that
image properly reflected on the surface of the water. This is,
(16:42):
as Tracy said, just mind blowing. Yeah. Of all the
things in this uh, this is one of the ones
that when I read about it, I was like, that's amazing. Yeah.
I feel like if you walked into like an exhibit
today that was built with modern technology that did this
same thing, it would blow your mind. And this was
before we had all of the tricks of lighting and
(17:03):
effects that we have now. Yeah, as of when they
released this finding, they had not pinpointed yet exactly when
the shrine was built, but the other artifacts around this
area date back to between seven fifty and eleven fifty C.
And we're gonna pause and have a word from one
(17:23):
of the great sponsors that keeps his show going, and
then we're gonna be back with some games. That's holly
noted before the break. Now we have some games, and
gaming researchers in Slovakia are trying to figure out how
to play a sixteen hundred year old board game. This
(17:46):
particular game was unearest in the tomb of a prince
in two thousand and six, with the board and the
pieces all very well preserved. The board has a grid
sort of like a chessboard, and they're also green and
white playing pieces that are made out of glass. Researchers
think that this is a portable board for a game
known as mercenaries or the game of Brigands. There are
(18:09):
much larger versions of this board carved into floors of
Greek and Roman temples dating back to around the same time.
Even though they've concluded that all of these boards are
probably just larger or smaller versions of the same game.
We don't really know what the rules are yet, and
that's what they're trying to figure out. There's no like
(18:31):
documentation of the rules. There's no little rules hand out
that's been on Earth anywhere um and descriptions of the
game in ancient writings are pretty vague. And speaking of
games researchers that you see, Davis have released their work
on two thousand years worth of dice. The highlights dice
are way more standardized and fair now than they were
(18:53):
in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman dice tended
to be visibly irregular. Then around eleven hundred dice started
becoming more standardized in terms of how the faces were numbered,
at first using a system where the opposite faces added
up to prime numbers, so the one and the two
would be opposite, and the three and the four and
the five and the six, And then in fourteen fifty
(19:15):
people started using the number system that's more common today,
where opposite faces of the cube all add up to seven.
And speaking of dice, archaeologists in Norway found a medieval
die that contained no one or two. Instead, it has
an extra four and an extra five, which the team
concluded was probably used for cheating and not for a
(19:37):
game that for some reason required dice that were numbered three, four, four, five,
five six. I mean, it's totally possible to have a
game where you need dice that go three, four, four
or five five six. I have various dice that are
numbered weirdly because that's what the game requires. But they
think it was just the teeter. Yeah. Archaeologists excavating a
(19:58):
fort near Hadrian's Wall found a pair of Roman boxing gloves.
They're padded and they covered just the knuckle part, not
the whole hand, But the researchers think the gloves can
still fit on a hand. They are both made of
leather and they are packed with natural material. Next, we've
got a chunk of medical fines. Starting off, Researchers at
(20:18):
the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source or the s s
r L at the Department of Energies s L, a
C National Accelerator Laboratory, have been doing an X ray
fluorescence study to try to reveal a previously lost sixth
century translation of Galen of Programmas on the Mixtures and
Powers of Simple Drugs. So the text of this book
(20:41):
was scraped off of the pages in the eleventh century
so that the paper could be used for something else.
It was replaced with hymns. This was really common because
parchment was in short supply they would need to reuse it,
so they would take a book where they were like,
we don't need this book anymore, just gonna scrape all
the words off of it and make a different book.
This also reminds me of bit of the papyrus research
(21:02):
that we talked about with the mummy cases in part
one of this unearthed in July. This is really really
detailed work. It takes about ten hours to scan each
page of the text, but they are getting a lot
of text out of it, on top of just rediscovering
a work that was previously believed to be lost. This
will also help fill in some details about early medicine.
(21:25):
Neurologists have determined that the ancient Inca were skilled surgeons
by examining skulls that had been trepanned Japanning is drilling
a hole into the skull, and in some parts of
the world it's been used for not remotely medically sound reasons,
but it has also been used to treat head injuries
like skull fractures. We do still drill holes into people's
(21:47):
skulls for medical reasons today, but today we usually call
it a craniotomy and not trep a Nation that usually
has some more dubious connotations. And it is a thing
that I learned was a thing from Star Trek, thank you.
I think I learned it was a thing from his
Dark materials. And then there's like a whole Trepa Nation
(22:09):
sequence in one of the most recent seasons of Outlander. Yeah,
I definitely learned it from Star Trek because there was
discussion of how primitive it was. Uh. This study though
that we're talking about, looked at fifty nine skulls from
the southern coast of Peru. If the borders of the
hole on the in the bone were rough, it meant
(22:29):
that the person had died during the procedure or not
long after. But if the whole was smooth and healed,
that indicated that the person lived long enough for that
to happen. It's a pretty typical way of like, how
long did a person live after this bone injury happened?
Is that healed or is it not? Number One, The
Inca unsurprisingly got better at doing this over time. The
(22:50):
oldest skulls dated back to four hundred b C and
there was only a survival rate, but between one thousand
and fourteen hundred C, the survival rate was up to
eighty per cent. By comparison, during the U S Civil War,
the survival rate during this procedure was only fift Some
of these skulls had actually been trepanned multiple times, and
(23:14):
in some cases there was no obvious head injury being treated.
The researchers speculated that in those cases the procedure may
have been treating something like chronic headaches or some sort
of mental illness. Researchers at McMaster University were studying a
mummy that was long believed to have been someone who
died of smallpox. They sequenced the DNA of the pathogen
(23:38):
involved and they did not find smallpox. They found an
ancient strain of the hepatitis B virus. The mummified remains
are those of a small child buried in Basilica of St.
Dominico Majori in Naples, Italy. They thought the child had
died of smallpox because the body was covered in a
really distinctive rash. The remains also date back to the
(24:00):
sixteenth century, which would have made it one of the
earliest examples of smallpox in that particular region. But it
turns out the hepatitis being can cause a similar rash
in children, and that seems to have been what happened here.
Moving on to a more veterinary or animal husbandry angle,
back in nineteen fourteen, workers uncovered a grave near Bond, Germany.
(24:23):
The grave was about fourteen thousand years old and it
contains the remains of a man, a woman, and two dogs,
and it appears that not only were the dogs domesticated,
but also that one of them was taken care of
while it was sick. Based on the condition of the
dog's teeth, researchers concluded that it had canine distemper and
that it had contracted distemper at the age of about
(24:44):
three to four months old. But this dog lived to
be six or seven months old, which meant that it
would have been seriously ill for weeks of its life.
This contradicts the idea that dogs at this point were
considered just to be working animals and that people weren't
emotionally attached to um, only considering it worthwhile to feed
and care for them. If they were able to work.
(25:05):
Being nursed through this many weeks of illness while the
dog wasn't able to work suggests that it was being
treated more like a pet. And we'll end moving on
to another subject on another favorite every time we do
on Earth, which is unearthed food and drink. First up,
archaeologists found a two thousand year old bronze kettle containing
(25:26):
some liquor in a tomb in western China. The opening
of this vessel had been packed with natural fibers, and
inside of it there was still about three hundred million
liters of alcohol. A team at the sandy Borg Ring
four too on the island of Oland, Sweden, found a
burned onion while excavating a fireplace, and at first its
condition was so charred that the team thought it was
(25:47):
some kind of nut, but analysis at the Swedish History
Museum uncovered that it was in fact a fifteen hundred
year old onion. Onions, though we're not really used in
Scandinavian cuisine that long ago, but they were used in
the Roman Empire, so the team believes that Romans brought
this onion with them. That is probably the least sad
(26:09):
part of the archaeological work being done at sandy Borg,
which was the site of a medieval massacre. Yeah, a
lot of the work is to try to get more
of the detail about that massacre, because we know the
massacre happened, but there's no written documentation of exactly what
happened anywhere. So this onion offers one small bit of
levity in an otherwise very dour research project. Moving on,
(26:32):
carbon fourteen dating has revealed that a collection of peach
pits that was unearthed in western Japan dates back to
between the years one thirty five and two thirty There
are thousands of peach pits in this fine and researchers
are hoping that it will help them pinpoint the location
of the Japanese Kingdom of Your Might a Coku. It's
(26:54):
a kingdom that has been described in ancient texts, but
the exact location of where exactly it was is still
something of a mystery. Researchers have found Italy's oldest olive
oil in a jar from the Bronze Age settlement of
Castelluccio in Sicily, and this dates back to about five
thousand years ago, and a team from Lundon University has
(27:16):
concluded that beer was being brewed in southern Sweden and
the Iron Age in the years four d six hundred.
This was thanks to finding carbonized remains of some germinated
grains that were being used in the malting process, and
this is currently the oldest evidence of beer making in
that particular area. There's also some new research related to
(27:36):
Mesopotamian beers. The ongoing conclusion has been that in Mesopotamia
people drank beer out of communal jars, using a bendy
straw to actually consume the liquid. But according to a
paper titled Revealing Invisible Bruise, a New approach to the
chemical identification of ancient beer, Mesopotamians used all kinds of
(27:57):
vessels to drink a barley beer out of a variety
of cups, goblets and whatnot. And because we always have
leutsy news will end with this one. If he had
lived longer, Letsy might have died of a heart attack
or a stroke based on CT scans that showed plaques
around his heart and his carotid artery. Every article that
(28:19):
I saw about this when pulling together this installment of
Unearth went back to that previous UTSI fine that we
talked about about him eating some kind of fatty dried
meat that news articles kept describing as bacon, even though
it was not made of pork. Uh. They were all like,
maybe if Utsy had had better dietary habits wouldn't need
that bacon all the time, he would not have had
(28:40):
these plaques in his cardiovascular system. I like that we
can even judge poor Utsi's nutritional choice, right. That is
the rapt for Unearthed in July. Yeah, that's a whole
new way of last time that we had Unearthed in July. Um,
I we had a whole bunch of things that were
(29:02):
related to previous episodes of the show or had been
really major news headlines, and like that was a whole episode,
and this time it was more of a straight up,
like I do it at the end of the year. Yeah,
there's been a lot of stuff. Yeah. I hopefully the
the stream of unearthed stuff that doesn't suddenly dry up
(29:23):
and prevent us from having enough for two parts in December.
That would be really sad. I don't think that's gonna
be a problem me neither. Do you have a listener?
My oldest time around I do. It's from Karen. Karen
says dear Tracy and Holly, I love your show. I
recommend it to all my friends and colleagues. I just
listened to the Six Impossible episodes about the evacuation of
(29:45):
children because of war or unrest. In the segment about
the English children separated from their parents, you mentioned that
researchers uncovered years later that many of the children suffered
from serious illnesses. It's not at all surprising that so
many of them suffered. A host of illness is later
in life. Being separated from your parents can be a
traumatic event. Despite a widespread belief that children are resilient,
(30:07):
and they are when they have strong positive support systems,
adults need to pay careful attention to the traumatic events
in the lives of children that can result in years
of mental and physical health issues. You might not know
about the ACE Study, which brought this issue to light
in an important way. Back in the CDC and Kaiser
Permanente studied the health records of over seventeen thousand members
(30:29):
who completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood experiences and compared
them to their current health histories. To quote from the
CDC's website, quote, childhood experiences both positive and negative have
a tremendous impact on future violence, victimizations and perpetration, and
lifelong health and opportunity. As such, early experiences are an
(30:50):
important public health issue. Much of the foundational research in
this area has been referred to as adverse childhood experiences
parentheses ACES. Given everything happening in our country today, including
the efforts to finally reunite children with their parents seeking
safety from our unrest and their home countries, more people
need to know about ACES. Maybe than our policies could
(31:13):
be more informed and compassionate from the start. Perhaps you
could devote a show to this important topic. Keep up
the inspiring work. All the best, Karen, Thank you Karen
for that detail. Um, the studies that we were talking
about in that particular episode were about the children that
had been evacuated from Finland, and I did want to
clarify that. The thing that I found to be really
(31:34):
unique about that research was that it seemed to be
trying to answer the question of was it worth it
too evacuate these children? Like there is research on this
thing happened in a person's early life. Here is what
the effect seems to have been. But I don't as
often see that like motivated by was it worth it
(31:57):
to evacuate these children? Which was really what um struck
me about that particular Finish War children research that I
kept finding. Anyway, thank you so much Karen for sending
us that additional context about all of that. So, if
you would like to write to us about this or
any other podcast or history podcasts at how stuff works
(32:18):
dot com. We are also all over social media missed
in History. That is our Facebook and our Twitter, and
our Pinterest and our Instagram. You can come to our website,
which is missed in History dot com, where you will
find show notes for all the episodes that Holly and
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And you can find and subscribe to our podcast on
(32:38):
Apple podcasts and Google podcasts and really wherever else you
want to get a podcast for more on this and
thousands of other topics, is it how stuff works dot
com
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. We're back
with part two of Unearthed in July because we have
so many Unearthed things now that we have grown to
(00:25):
a second installment in July instead of just the one
installment that we previously grew to. Soon it will just
be a year's worth of unearths. We have people sometimes
who were like, what if you did a whole podcast
that was like your new Unearthed podcast, And I'm like,
that is an intriguing idea, but this one is part
(00:45):
of our whole complex production system to make sure we
always have new episodes. So this time we've got some favorites,
including the exclimations and the shipwrecks and the things that
you know in theory are edible. But you shouldn't eat
two thousand year old food. I don't know we could
be missing out on exactly where the flavor is. Don't
(01:09):
eat two thousand year old food. I'm just making a joke. Uh.
Last time, we ended with a set of discoveries that
were all about how mobile people have been going back
thousands of years, and this time we're starting off with
some discoveries that are still about where people have lived
and moved, but not quite on a global scale. First,
researchers at the University of New Brunswick are trying to
(01:30):
map the canoe routes that have been used by the
area's first nations people's, particularly the Wabanaki Confederacy. These canoe
routes date back thousands of years and knowledge of some
of them has been preserved through the community's oral histories.
Botanist and cartographer William Francis Gennong also documented some of
(01:51):
these early in the early twentieth century, but at this
point some of them are knowledge of exactly where they
are has been lost. Multiple teams of re searchers are
working on this. Some of the waterways would have been
accessible only at certain times of the year based on
varying water levels, so one team at the University of
New Brunswick is cross referencing information about water levels with
(02:14):
archaeological sites to try to reconstruct the travel routs. A
PhD candidate from the College of William and Mary in
Virginia is studying the languages spoken by the people who
used these waterways to try to find patterns in how
those languages shifted and spread. In other news, a grad
student from the University of New Mexico uncovered a map
(02:35):
at the BiblioTech Nationale de France which was drawn by
Tony of the Arikara tribe for Merywether Lewis and William Clark.
Tony had joined the expedition with the hope of negotiating
a piece between his tribe, the Acara, and another, the Man.
Then this map has been described as the quote best
(02:55):
preserved of the Native American maps drawn for Lewis and Clark.
Historian Clay Jenkinson also said of the find quote, this
map deepens our understanding of how dependent Lewis and Clark
were on Native American geographers. We tend to think that
they were traveling blind into terra incognita. This is simply
not true. Two Nays. Map lifts the expeditions encounter with
(03:18):
the Arikara to new prominence, and it proves that individuals
like to Nay were as important to the success of
the expedition as say Sacca Jewellah. The last one in
the set is from a slightly different angle, but it's
still about moving and living places. Archaeologists from the University
of Exeter have found the remains of geoglyphs and fortified
(03:40):
villages and parts of the Amazon Rainforest that were previously believed,
at least among Western archaeologists too, have been uninhabited. This
runs alongside discoveries we have talked about in previous episodes
of Unearthed, where archaeologists and botanists realized that the so
called pristine and untouched rain forest had actually been deliberately
(04:02):
shaped centuries ago through forestry and intentional cultivation. In this case,
the find involves evidence for thousands of villages that continually
existed from about twelve fifty to fift hundred in places
that were previously believed to have been uninhabited for virtually
all of their history. And now we've gotten to the shipwrecks.
(04:25):
A team from the Widda Pirate Museum say they may
have found a leg bone belonging to the Widda's captain,
pirate Black Sam Bellamy. They think that it's Bellamy's leg
bone because they found it in a fused mass of
sand near what is believed to be Bellamy's pistol in
the vicinity of the wreck of the Widda. Researchers at
(04:47):
the University of New Haven are going to try to
test the DNA and compare it to the descendants of
one of Bellamy's siblings, which will definitely be more conclusive
than we found it near the Pistol. Research was at
Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History announced that they
had found the remains of two ships and a sunken
(05:08):
lighthouse off the Yucatan Peninsula in January. One of the
ships is an eighteenth century Dutch warship and the other
is a British steamer dating back to the nineteenth century.
The Dutch warship, which was partially covered in coral, was
one of two mentioned in a seventeen twenty two letter
from Antonio de Corterre, but they're not sure which of
the two. It is. Seemed a little weird to me
(05:30):
that they had found a sunken lighthouse near some shipwrecks,
since the purpose of a lighthouse is to try to
prevent the shipwrecks. This lighthouse probably toppled into the ocean
during a storm. The National Museum of the Great Lakes
and the Cleveland Underwater Explorers announced the discovery of the
wreck of the Margaret Old Will in March. The Margaret
Old Will sank in Lake Erie during a northeaster in
(05:53):
eight Eight people were killed in that wreck, including the
captain and his family. Some folk who were out just
for a day at the beach in Florida also stumbled
onto a chunk of an eighteenth century shipwreck in March.
This find is described as forty seven and a half
feet long and overall very well preserved, with Roman numerals
and other markings still visible on the hull. When we
(06:15):
say very well preserved, it's like, uh, the keel and
sort of ribs of the ship are what's there, and
those bits of it are very well preserved. No word
yet though on what this ship might have been. In
the search for Malaysia Airlines, flight MH three seventy found
two shipwrecks in the Indian Ocean. Both were nineteenth century
(06:39):
sailing ships that were spotted during sonar searches of the
sea floor. This year, researchers announced that they had identified
which ships these probably were. One was probably the Brig
W Gordon or the Bark Magdala. Either way, it probably
sank after a coal explosion. The other was probably the
Bark west Ridge, which disappeared while sailing from England to
(07:03):
India in eighteen eighty three. And now we have something
we joked that we are going to have to do
that now we actually do find ourselves having to do,
which is a whole bunch of stuff that was found
by Microsoft co founder Paul Allen and the crew of
the r V Petrol in addition to the U S
s Indianapolis that we did in a whole other episode
during an Earth season last year. First one from the
(07:25):
end of last year the USS Ward, which fired the
first American shot during World War Two from off of
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The Ward fired on and hit a
Japanese submarine that was en route to Pearl Harbor. Three
years to the day later, the Ward was hit by
a kamikaze aircraft off of the Philippines. Second, they found
(07:46):
the wreck of the USS Lexington, which was an aircraft
carrier that was scuttled during World War Two. The ship
and thirty five aircraft went down at the end of
the Battle of the Coral Sea in ninety two. Third,
the cruiser Juno, which was to pedoed by the Japanese
during the Battle of Guadalcanal on November. Among those lost
(08:06):
were the five Sullivan brothers from Waterloo, Iowa. And fourth
the USS Helena, which was struck by three torpedoes and
sunk on July sixty three during the Battle of Coola Gulf,
was found off the Solomon Islands. The thinking of the
Helena was followed by an enormous multi day rescue effort,
and seven hundred and thirty two of the nine hundred
(08:28):
crew were ultimately rescued at that time. All those last
three were found just in March, and at this rate,
Paul Allen probably found a shipwreck between when we recorded
this and when the episode came out. He's busy. He's
doing a whole lot of looking for some World War
two sunken ships. We're gonna take a week sponsor break
(08:50):
and then come back with some more unearthing. Now all
we are going to move on to a collection of repatriations.
You may remember last time on Unearthed when we talked
about hobby lobby trafficking in illegal antiquities. The looted antiquities
(09:12):
were repatriated to Iraq on May two of this year,
and according to one of the researchers who was able
to examine them. They contain things like letters and contracts
and legal documents, all dating back to between twenty one
and six d b c all from what's now southern Iraq.
Last time, we also talked about the repatriation of the
(09:33):
remains of three Northern Arapaho boys who died at Carlisle
Indian School, but when it was time to exhume the bodies,
the remains of one child, Little Plume, could not be found.
This year, archaeologists for the Army National Military Cemeteries confirmed
Little plumes burial place at Carlisle and his body was
(09:54):
returned to Wyoming in June. It gets me a little
teary um. The tenth thousand year old remains of a
Native American man have been repatriated to the Santa and
As band of Chumash Indians, who have reburied those remains.
They had been accidentally unearthed in two thousand five, and
at that point the National Park Service worked with the
(10:14):
Chumash tribe to decide what to do. The tribe agreed
to work with the National Park Service to excavate the
site in two thousand and five because it was being
threatened with erosion. Basically, they didn't do something about it
that the remains are going to be damaged or lost.
After a full scientific study on the remains, they were
returned to the tribe in June. In the words of
(10:35):
tribal chairman Kenneth Kahan, quote, protecting the final resting place
of our ancestors is of paramount importance to the Santa
and As Band of Chumash Indians. When our tribe learned
of the discovery made by archaeologists on San Miguel Island,
we made it a priority to ensure that our ancestor
was laid to rest with a proper burial. Thanks to
(10:55):
years of cooperation with the National Park Service, we were
granted that opportunity. Lastly, Germany returned a mummified, tattooed head
of a Maori man that had been acquired by a
Cologne museum director more than a hundred years ago. They
returned that to New Zealand this year. The skull is
going to be kept in a museum in New Zealand
(11:15):
until its descendants can be found and it can be
returned to the correct Maori tribe. And this is part
of a huge ongoing effort to have Maori remains and
artifacts returned to New Zealand. Another ongoing favorite on the
show is exhumations, and we have a couple uh in
the ongoing Salvador Dolly saga. His exhumed remains were reburied
(11:36):
after a paternity test in March, and there is really
not much to add to that at this point. I'm
hoping we're done disturbing the remains Salvador Dolly for a while,
because that was that dragged. One time I was at
the Dolly Museum in St. Petersburg not that long ago,
and there was a sense among the docents of like,
we are ready for this to be put to rest. Yeah.
(12:00):
The remains of Martha Brown, who was convicted of murder
and executed in eighteen fifty six, were approved for exclamation
and reburial in March. Brown was the inspiration for the
Thomas Hardy character tests of the Derbervilles. This decision came
after the jail where she was executed was sold and
developers were planning to just build on top of the
(12:21):
former graveyard. Did they not watch Poltergeist? Do they not
know how this plays out? I was shocked that that
was the plan at all. Uh intervention came in the
form of Julian Fellows of Downton Abbey fame, who insisted
that all of the people buried there had to be
exhumed and reintered elsewhere. Thank you, Julian Fellows. So we
(12:43):
often have a collection of things that I just thought
were really cool, but they aren't actually related to one
another all that well, So we're calling this next bit
pot pourri, like a Jeopardy category, all interesting stuff that
just does not have quite as much of a thematic connection.
So first up, the oldest known Dutch art has been
pulled out of the North Sea. It is an intricately
(13:05):
carved bison bone and it is thirteen thousand, five hundred
years old. It was actually pulled out of the ocean
in two thousand five, but research detailing its age and
significance just came out in February. It is carved all
over in a herring bone pattern and probably had a
ritual use. Archaeologists from the University of York have found
(13:26):
a ten thousand year old ochre crayon. It's very small,
about twenty two millimeters long, and an ochre pebble was
also found not far away. This crayon is particularly interesting.
It's shaped, Although it's very small, it is shaped just
like a crayon that we would use today, with a
pointed tip, and the team speculates that it was used
to mark or to decorate animal skins. In two thousand six,
(13:50):
archaeologist Greg Hare found a one thousand year old barbed
arrow point in Yukon sticking out of some melting ice,
and this year radio carbon dating can firm to find
as one of the oldest examples of copper metallurgy ever
found there. It was found in the territory of the
Cargos Taggish First Nation. This is an example of early
(14:11):
bow and arrow technology from the area. The arrow itself
is made from both copper and caribou antler and if
a thousand years old sounds kind of new for bows
and arrows, it's because the indigenous hunters of the region
were more often using the addle addle or throwing dart
for hunting, and it was only about a thousand years
ago that they started using bows and arrows instead. A
(14:33):
team in Peru has unearthed the set of ceremonial chambers
from the pre income Moche people. It is a fine
they've been specifically looking for. These chambers were used for
important political ceremonies, and they were notable enough to be
depicted in Moche ceramics. Apart from the satisfaction of finally
finding the actual place that is shown in existing arts
(14:55):
that people had already unearthed, archaeologists are hoping that the
find will help them determined exactly what happened to these people.
One theory is that massive climate change or a weather
catastrophe caused the civilization to collapse. In January, officials in
China announced that they had finished a seventeen year project
(15:16):
to restore an ancient dragon bed. This bed is about
years old and it is the best preserved lacquer bed
ever unearthed in China. This bed is covered in uh
really intricate lacquer designs, including designs of dragons, which is
what's been named for. It probably belongs to a king
(15:38):
during the Warring States period. Archaeologists working near Mexico City
have found what they believed to be an ancient model
of the universe that also connects to an ancient Meso
American creation myth. So first, the myth uh C. Pat Lee,
who was described as a monster with the qualities of
a fish and a crocodile was floating in the primordial water,
(15:59):
and his body formed the earth and the sky. In
some versions of the story, his body actually splits to
do this. And the fine in question is believed to
be a temple was placed in the middle of a
pond in such a way that it formed an image
of the universe floating on the surface of the water.
This is just incredible to me. The researchers describe it
(16:21):
as a miniature model of the universe which you would
see floating there, just as see Pactley would have done.
The area around this natural pond is full of springs
and streams, and the researchers also believed that flow from
these sources had to be carefully controlled to keep that
image properly reflected on the surface of the water. This is,
(16:42):
as Tracy said, just mind blowing. Yeah. Of all the
things in this uh, this is one of the ones
that when I read about it, I was like, that's amazing. Yeah.
I feel like if you walked into like an exhibit
today that was built with modern technology that did this
same thing, it would blow your mind. And this was
before we had all of the tricks of lighting and
(17:03):
effects that we have now. Yeah, as of when they
released this finding, they had not pinpointed yet exactly when
the shrine was built, but the other artifacts around this
area date back to between seven fifty and eleven fifty C.
And we're gonna pause and have a word from one
(17:23):
of the great sponsors that keeps his show going, and
then we're gonna be back with some games. That's holly
noted before the break. Now we have some games, and
gaming researchers in Slovakia are trying to figure out how
to play a sixteen hundred year old board game. This
(17:46):
particular game was unearest in the tomb of a prince
in two thousand and six, with the board and the
pieces all very well preserved. The board has a grid
sort of like a chessboard, and they're also green and
white playing pieces that are made out of glass. Researchers
think that this is a portable board for a game
known as mercenaries or the game of Brigands. There are
(18:09):
much larger versions of this board carved into floors of
Greek and Roman temples dating back to around the same time.
Even though they've concluded that all of these boards are
probably just larger or smaller versions of the same game.
We don't really know what the rules are yet, and
that's what they're trying to figure out. There's no like
(18:31):
documentation of the rules. There's no little rules hand out
that's been on Earth anywhere um and descriptions of the
game in ancient writings are pretty vague. And speaking of
games researchers that you see, Davis have released their work
on two thousand years worth of dice. The highlights dice
are way more standardized and fair now than they were
(18:53):
in the days of the Roman Empire. Roman dice tended
to be visibly irregular. Then around eleven hundred dice started
becoming more standardized in terms of how the faces were numbered,
at first using a system where the opposite faces added
up to prime numbers, so the one and the two
would be opposite, and the three and the four and
the five and the six, And then in fourteen fifty
(19:15):
people started using the number system that's more common today,
where opposite faces of the cube all add up to seven.
And speaking of dice, archaeologists in Norway found a medieval
die that contained no one or two. Instead, it has
an extra four and an extra five, which the team
concluded was probably used for cheating and not for a
(19:37):
game that for some reason required dice that were numbered three, four, four, five,
five six. I mean, it's totally possible to have a
game where you need dice that go three, four, four
or five five six. I have various dice that are
numbered weirdly because that's what the game requires. But they
think it was just the teeter. Yeah. Archaeologists excavating a
(19:58):
fort near Hadrian's Wall found a pair of Roman boxing gloves.
They're padded and they covered just the knuckle part, not
the whole hand, But the researchers think the gloves can
still fit on a hand. They are both made of
leather and they are packed with natural material. Next, we've
got a chunk of medical fines. Starting off, Researchers at
(20:18):
the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source or the s s
r L at the Department of Energies s L, a
C National Accelerator Laboratory, have been doing an X ray
fluorescence study to try to reveal a previously lost sixth
century translation of Galen of Programmas on the Mixtures and
Powers of Simple Drugs. So the text of this book
(20:41):
was scraped off of the pages in the eleventh century
so that the paper could be used for something else.
It was replaced with hymns. This was really common because
parchment was in short supply they would need to reuse it,
so they would take a book where they were like,
we don't need this book anymore, just gonna scrape all
the words off of it and make a different book.
This also reminds me of bit of the papyrus research
(21:02):
that we talked about with the mummy cases in part
one of this unearthed in July. This is really really
detailed work. It takes about ten hours to scan each
page of the text, but they are getting a lot
of text out of it, on top of just rediscovering
a work that was previously believed to be lost. This
will also help fill in some details about early medicine.
(21:25):
Neurologists have determined that the ancient Inca were skilled surgeons
by examining skulls that had been trepanned Japanning is drilling
a hole into the skull, and in some parts of
the world it's been used for not remotely medically sound reasons,
but it has also been used to treat head injuries
like skull fractures. We do still drill holes into people's
(21:47):
skulls for medical reasons today, but today we usually call
it a craniotomy and not trep a Nation that usually
has some more dubious connotations. And it is a thing
that I learned was a thing from Star Trek, thank you.
I think I learned it was a thing from his
Dark materials. And then there's like a whole Trepa Nation
(22:09):
sequence in one of the most recent seasons of Outlander. Yeah,
I definitely learned it from Star Trek because there was
discussion of how primitive it was. Uh. This study though
that we're talking about, looked at fifty nine skulls from
the southern coast of Peru. If the borders of the
hole on the in the bone were rough, it meant
(22:29):
that the person had died during the procedure or not
long after. But if the whole was smooth and healed,
that indicated that the person lived long enough for that
to happen. It's a pretty typical way of like, how
long did a person live after this bone injury happened?
Is that healed or is it not? Number One, The
Inca unsurprisingly got better at doing this over time. The
(22:50):
oldest skulls dated back to four hundred b C and
there was only a survival rate, but between one thousand
and fourteen hundred C, the survival rate was up to
eighty per cent. By comparison, during the U S Civil War,
the survival rate during this procedure was only fift Some
of these skulls had actually been trepanned multiple times, and
(23:14):
in some cases there was no obvious head injury being treated.
The researchers speculated that in those cases the procedure may
have been treating something like chronic headaches or some sort
of mental illness. Researchers at McMaster University were studying a
mummy that was long believed to have been someone who
died of smallpox. They sequenced the DNA of the pathogen
(23:38):
involved and they did not find smallpox. They found an
ancient strain of the hepatitis B virus. The mummified remains
are those of a small child buried in Basilica of St.
Dominico Majori in Naples, Italy. They thought the child had
died of smallpox because the body was covered in a
really distinctive rash. The remains also date back to the
(24:00):
sixteenth century, which would have made it one of the
earliest examples of smallpox in that particular region. But it
turns out the hepatitis being can cause a similar rash
in children, and that seems to have been what happened here.
Moving on to a more veterinary or animal husbandry angle,
back in nineteen fourteen, workers uncovered a grave near Bond, Germany.
(24:23):
The grave was about fourteen thousand years old and it
contains the remains of a man, a woman, and two dogs,
and it appears that not only were the dogs domesticated,
but also that one of them was taken care of
while it was sick. Based on the condition of the
dog's teeth, researchers concluded that it had canine distemper and
that it had contracted distemper at the age of about
(24:44):
three to four months old. But this dog lived to
be six or seven months old, which meant that it
would have been seriously ill for weeks of its life.
This contradicts the idea that dogs at this point were
considered just to be working animals and that people weren't
emotionally attached to um, only considering it worthwhile to feed
and care for them. If they were able to work.
(25:05):
Being nursed through this many weeks of illness while the
dog wasn't able to work suggests that it was being
treated more like a pet. And we'll end moving on
to another subject on another favorite every time we do
on Earth, which is unearthed food and drink. First up,
archaeologists found a two thousand year old bronze kettle containing
(25:26):
some liquor in a tomb in western China. The opening
of this vessel had been packed with natural fibers, and
inside of it there was still about three hundred million
liters of alcohol. A team at the sandy Borg Ring
four too on the island of Oland, Sweden, found a
burned onion while excavating a fireplace, and at first its
condition was so charred that the team thought it was
(25:47):
some kind of nut, but analysis at the Swedish History
Museum uncovered that it was in fact a fifteen hundred
year old onion. Onions, though we're not really used in
Scandinavian cuisine that long ago, but they were used in
the Roman Empire, so the team believes that Romans brought
this onion with them. That is probably the least sad
(26:09):
part of the archaeological work being done at sandy Borg,
which was the site of a medieval massacre. Yeah, a
lot of the work is to try to get more
of the detail about that massacre, because we know the
massacre happened, but there's no written documentation of exactly what
happened anywhere. So this onion offers one small bit of
levity in an otherwise very dour research project. Moving on,
(26:32):
carbon fourteen dating has revealed that a collection of peach
pits that was unearthed in western Japan dates back to
between the years one thirty five and two thirty There
are thousands of peach pits in this fine and researchers
are hoping that it will help them pinpoint the location
of the Japanese Kingdom of Your Might a Coku. It's
(26:54):
a kingdom that has been described in ancient texts, but
the exact location of where exactly it was is still
something of a mystery. Researchers have found Italy's oldest olive
oil in a jar from the Bronze Age settlement of
Castelluccio in Sicily, and this dates back to about five
thousand years ago, and a team from Lundon University has
(27:16):
concluded that beer was being brewed in southern Sweden and
the Iron Age in the years four d six hundred.
This was thanks to finding carbonized remains of some germinated
grains that were being used in the malting process, and
this is currently the oldest evidence of beer making in
that particular area. There's also some new research related to
(27:36):
Mesopotamian beers. The ongoing conclusion has been that in Mesopotamia
people drank beer out of communal jars, using a bendy
straw to actually consume the liquid. But according to a
paper titled Revealing Invisible Bruise, a New approach to the
chemical identification of ancient beer, Mesopotamians used all kinds of
(27:57):
vessels to drink a barley beer out of a variety
of cups, goblets and whatnot. And because we always have
leutsy news will end with this one. If he had
lived longer, Letsy might have died of a heart attack
or a stroke based on CT scans that showed plaques
around his heart and his carotid artery. Every article that
(28:19):
I saw about this when pulling together this installment of
Unearth went back to that previous UTSI fine that we
talked about about him eating some kind of fatty dried
meat that news articles kept describing as bacon, even though
it was not made of pork. Uh. They were all like,
maybe if Utsy had had better dietary habits wouldn't need
that bacon all the time, he would not have had
(28:40):
these plaques in his cardiovascular system. I like that we
can even judge poor Utsi's nutritional choice, right. That is
the rapt for Unearthed in July. Yeah, that's a whole
new way of last time that we had Unearthed in July. Um,
I we had a whole bunch of things that were
(29:02):
related to previous episodes of the show or had been
really major news headlines, and like that was a whole episode,
and this time it was more of a straight up,
like I do it at the end of the year. Yeah,
there's been a lot of stuff. Yeah. I hopefully the
the stream of unearthed stuff that doesn't suddenly dry up
(29:23):
and prevent us from having enough for two parts in December.
That would be really sad. I don't think that's gonna
be a problem me neither. Do you have a listener?
My oldest time around I do. It's from Karen. Karen
says dear Tracy and Holly, I love your show. I
recommend it to all my friends and colleagues. I just
listened to the Six Impossible episodes about the evacuation of
(29:45):
children because of war or unrest. In the segment about
the English children separated from their parents, you mentioned that
researchers uncovered years later that many of the children suffered
from serious illnesses. It's not at all surprising that so
many of them suffered. A host of illness is later
in life. Being separated from your parents can be a
traumatic event. Despite a widespread belief that children are resilient,
(30:07):
and they are when they have strong positive support systems,
adults need to pay careful attention to the traumatic events
in the lives of children that can result in years
of mental and physical health issues. You might not know
about the ACE Study, which brought this issue to light
in an important way. Back in the CDC and Kaiser
Permanente studied the health records of over seventeen thousand members
(30:29):
who completed confidential surveys regarding their childhood experiences and compared
them to their current health histories. To quote from the
CDC's website, quote, childhood experiences both positive and negative have
a tremendous impact on future violence, victimizations and perpetration, and
lifelong health and opportunity. As such, early experiences are an
(30:50):
important public health issue. Much of the foundational research in
this area has been referred to as adverse childhood experiences
parentheses ACES. Given everything happening in our country today, including
the efforts to finally reunite children with their parents seeking
safety from our unrest and their home countries, more people
need to know about ACES. Maybe than our policies could
(31:13):
be more informed and compassionate from the start. Perhaps you
could devote a show to this important topic. Keep up
the inspiring work. All the best, Karen, Thank you Karen
for that detail. Um, the studies that we were talking
about in that particular episode were about the children that
had been evacuated from Finland, and I did want to
clarify that. The thing that I found to be really
(31:34):
unique about that research was that it seemed to be
trying to answer the question of was it worth it
too evacuate these children? Like there is research on this
thing happened in a person's early life. Here is what
the effect seems to have been. But I don't as
often see that like motivated by was it worth it
(31:57):
to evacuate these children? Which was really what um struck
me about that particular Finish War children research that I
kept finding. Anyway, thank you so much Karen for sending
us that additional context about all of that. So, if
you would like to write to us about this or
any other podcast or history podcasts at how stuff works
(32:18):
dot com. We are also all over social media missed
in History. That is our Facebook and our Twitter, and
our Pinterest and our Instagram. You can come to our website,
which is missed in History dot com, where you will
find show notes for all the episodes that Holly and
I have worked on together, and you will find a
searchable archive of all the episodes we have ever done.
And you can find and subscribe to our podcast on
(32:38):
Apple podcasts and Google podcasts and really wherever else you
want to get a podcast for more on this and
thousands of other topics, is it how stuff works dot
com
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