July 18, 2016 • 33 mins
We're halfway through the year, and we have SO MANY unearthed items already! So, after polling listeners, we're adding a mid-year edition of our Unearthed! series.
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our episodes on Google Play, Spotify, iTunes, and really anywhere
(00:46):
else you get your podcast. Welcome to Stuff you Missed
in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello,
I'm welcome to the podcast. I'm TRACB. Wilson and so
if you've been listening to our show for more than
(01:06):
six months or so, you know it's become a tradition
to have a couple of episodes at the end of
the year devoted to things that got unearthed either literally
or figured figuratively over the course of the prior year,
and it's a tradition that passed hosts of the show
started that first year the Holly and I came on.
It was kind of a struggle because, in addition to
the fact that we started on the show in March,
(01:27):
so we had missed a couple of months, we didn't
really start keeping track of it until really late in
the game. So we fixed that problem, and now we
have the opposite problem. We're halfway through the year and
our pindest board where we keep track of all this
stuff has a hundred and ninety six pens on it.
There are more than it now because I have penned things.
(01:48):
Since I wrote that down, the board had a hundred
and thirty seven pins on it for the entire year,
and the board had even fewer. So we know these favorites,
these episodes are favorites for a lot of our listeners.
And we made a poll. We made a poll, and
we put that poll up on our Facebook and our
Twitter and asked, would you rather have a mid year
(02:10):
unearthed episode and two at the end of the year
like normal or do more than two at the end
of the year, or stick with two episodes and just
don't do anything different, just talk about fewer of the
things that we heard about over the year. And it
was kind of a hilarious chart to watch because it
started as just a circle and then it very quickly
resolved into one big piece and two little pieces that
(02:33):
did not change shape anymore. The number the numbers change,
but the proportions remained deeper be exactly the same. Overwhelmingly,
like with more than eighty percent of the vote, people
wanted a mid year unearthed podcast, So that's what we're doing,
and we're gonna focus today's episode a lot on things
(02:55):
that are updates of previous episodes that have been unearthed,
because a lot of times that's was freshest on people's
minds when they asked us to put things in the
unearthed list of things to talk about. Past hosts tackled
the Black Death on the show, and even though that
happened in seven people are still researching it and discovering
(03:16):
or theorizing about the nuances of what happened and how
it managed to kill so much of the population of Europe.
A team from the Initiative for the Science of the
Human Past at Harvard announced that ice core research suggests
that an existing famine in Europe was a big part
in why the Black Death was so very devastating. The
announcement actually came last November, but it didn't really make
(03:39):
news until January of this year. This ice core was
drilled from the Alps in and this was the first
ice core that has been extracted specifically for historical study
and not so much for just scientific study and climate
study and that sort of thing. It basically places the
Black Death as an event that followed a prolonged period
(04:02):
of cool, wet weather that would have led to widespread
food shortages over a lot of the same area that
was then struck by the plague. So following this food shortage,
the theory goes, Europe's population was already really weak, and
that really weak population could not fight off the disease
very well. Uh In January, a team of historians announced
(04:23):
that they had finally confirmed the precise location of hangings
in the Salem Witch Trials. There have been multiple theories
about the exact location over the years, most of them
connected in some way to Gallows Hill and research into
the exact location has hinged on one particular detail. There's
extensive documentation related to the trials, but nothing that suggests
(04:45):
that gallows were built. So historians have operated under the
idea that the hangings were done from the limbs of
a tree. So this latest attempt to pinpoint the location
of the executions combined that knowledge with aerial photography, eyewitness
accounts from when the hangings took place, and mapping technology.
(05:06):
The eyewitness accounts then had to be cross referenced with
deed records. So if somebody was watching the hanging from
the windows of a house, where was that house located exactly,
and what parts of Gallows Hill could be seen from
the house. Eventually, the team narrowed the location down to
Proctor's Ledge, which is farther down Gallows Hill than some
(05:27):
of the other suggested Gallows locations. It's right by a
Walgreens today, uh Salem is planning to construct a memorial
there that should be dedicated in June of So. I
went to a talk on this at a thing called
History Camp in Boston earlier this year, and it was delightful.
Number one, it was delightful to hear the the whole
(05:50):
history of attempts to try to find this place, as
well as prior attempts to build a memorial there, some
of which were by today's standards very tacky. Um. But
the thing that was the best about it was the
historians who were talking about it. You can tell their
chagrin that the witch trials are what brings most people
(06:12):
to Salem for tourism purposes, and then the way that
story is handled in a lot of places is not
like the devastating and tragic event that it really was.
Like a lot of the atmosphere is more like, woo
whiches are scary, it's Halloween, which Halloween's great, but this
(06:33):
was a bunch of innocent people getting hangs that have
now been turned into sensationalized m tourist merchandise, right right right,
So like they there was definitely a sense of kind
of frustration with that flavor of a lot of not
definitely not all, but a lot of the the atmosphere
in Salem, and the hope that this monument will have
(06:56):
like another more accurate representation of the history of what
actually happened during the witch Trials. So next up in June,
So just last month, researchers announced the results of imaging
studies on the Antikithera mechanism. So, as we discussed in
our episode on that mechanism, this is a small device
(07:17):
that was brought up from a shipwreck off of a
Greek island by the same name, and it's been the
subject of a whole lot of study. Researchers had already
figured out that was basically an an astronomical analog computer
to track things like eclipses and the positions of stars,
and people have even built working reproductions of it out
of lego. And most of our updates on the anti
(07:38):
Kithera mechanism have been about other relics that were brought
up from that same shipwreck, but this time we have
one about the mechanism itself. There is writing on at
least eighty two known fragments of the device. This consists
of thousands of characters that up until this point had
not been deciphered very well. These characters were too small
and too inaccessible. You couldn't really get to some of
(08:01):
them without damaging the device, and in some cases they
weren't even visible to the naked eye. There was already
a two thousand six paper in the journal Nature, describing
text from the front and back doors, as well as
the back plate and lower back dial of the device.
But all of these are relatively accessible pieces of the text,
and at the same time, even by that years imaging standards,
(08:24):
they were really hard to decipher, and a lot of
the provisional translations that were published as part of that
paper are spotty at best. They sound kind of like
random astronomical words put on a paper Like I was
I was going to try to have like a quote
(08:44):
of some of them, and I had none of them.
They just felt like random word soup of of astronomy words.
It kind of feels like someone taught a parrot like
astronomy vocabulary and then it just spits out like what
it knows in random order. There's no real there's no
structure too. It's very difficult. So using scanning equipment including
(09:07):
CT scans and polynomial texture mapping, a team has analyzed
and deciphered about a quarter of the original text on
the device. Although some media outlets have described this text
as a user's manual, the research team has actually described
it more as an interpretive sign at a museum, so
not so much of how to manual of how to
(09:27):
use the device, but an explanation of what you're seeing
when you're using it. UH. And our last thing before
we take a quick break, we are still trying to
figure out exactly what's going on with Queen Nefertidi's tomb
and whether it is actually in a secret location UH.
In the team of King tut this is something that
we talked about in our most recent year and installment
(09:48):
of Unearthed. Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves of the University of Arizona
published up paper detailing irregularities that look like maybe they
could be plastered over doorways in King Touts tomb, and
he theorized that it's the secret burial place of Never TV.
Further scans completed after we recorded that end of year
(10:09):
episode suggests that yes, there might be something back there,
and a news conference held in March made it all
sound really promising. However, a team of national geographic radar
specialists could not replicate the results and there's been turnover
in Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities. The new minister has declared quote,
no physical exploration will be allowed unless there is one
(10:32):
certainty that there is a cavity behind the wall. It
seems unlikely that this one will be resolved in six
months when we do our year end Unearthed, but you
never know, but I doubt it's you never know. So
before we move on to our next little chunk of
past episode updates, we're going to take a great break
(10:54):
or a word from a sponsor to get back into
some things that have been brought up just in the
first six months of this year. A team of historic
Royal Palaces curators has suggested that an altar cloth found
in Hertfordshire is made from pieces of a sixteenth century dress.
(11:17):
And because this dress looks a lot like what she's
wearing in a painting known as the Rainbow Portrait, there's
a theory that this dress belonged to Queen Elizabeth, the
first subject of several archival episodes of the show. There's not, however,
a clear paper trail that definitively connects this this dress
to the Queen. And I will just say, if you
(11:38):
have not seen the Rainbow Portrait, go and do an
Internet search for it right this second, because it is
a spectacular piece of art and one of my favorite
portraits of Elizabeth. The first uh When we posted this
story on our Facebook, there was a little bit of
crankiness in the comments that people shouldn't be surprised that
an altar cloth used to be addressed because good fabric
is expensive and people turn a dresses into other things
(12:01):
all the time. Just look at your grandmother piecing her
wedding dress into a quilt. But your grandmother probably was
not Queen Elizabeth the First And even if it's not
Queen Elizabeth's address, it's still a really incredible find. The
fabric is called cloth of silver, which by law could
only be worn by royalty or high aristocracy. So even
(12:21):
if it wasn't Queen Elizabeth's address, there's likelihood that it
was another notable person's dress. And there's also the part
where that wonderful fabric has survived for hundreds of years. Yes,
and it's still really quite spectacular. And now we move
on to some uh closer to home unearthed news. On
(12:44):
march or villein Wilbur Wright of Dayton, Ohio filed a
patent for their flying machine, complete with a diagram, and
thirty six years ago that filing was misplaced after being
loaned to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum patent was
supposed to appear in an exhibition on the seventy anniversary
of the Right Brothers first flight, and after the exhibition
(13:08):
was over it was marked as returned, but it was
then lost. Somehow it wound up in storage in Kansas.
The National Archives found the original patent in March during
a quote special program launched to recover alienated and stolen
archival materials. It had just been misfiled. Uh, it's not
(13:29):
hard to imagine how that happened, though there are two
hundred and sixty nine million pages of patent records in
the National Archives. Yeah, every time we have a story
about something that was misplaced within an institution's own collection,
we see a similar wave of crankiness. You like, get
(13:50):
your act together. People like yeah, but like, yeah, you really,
you just can't. You can't have a hundred percent accuracy
on two hundred and sixty nine million pages of patent records. Well,
and I always liken it to uh in a way
to make it maybe a little easier for people to grasp. Like,
if you have ever gone to a library, you know that,
(14:13):
even with the best of intents, the books do not
always end up in their proper place. On the shelves.
And some of that is because different people go in
and touch them, but some of it is just because
it's really to misfile a slim book or a piece
of paper. Yep, yep. It's always amusing to me. Uh,
you know, I have my The library here is part
(14:33):
of a big network, and so you can request things
from any library and the network and more than once
I have requested something and you can kind of watch
the updates as as it is being shipped to you,
and occasionally like they'll be the thing that I requested
and the status of this object becomes missing, and then
I feel a little a little bad that my request
(14:53):
was what brought it up to the knowledge of everyone.
Oh this is actually missing. We don't know what happened
to it. No, that it's a good thing. Having worked
in the library for a decade, we love what has happened,
because while your heart sort of drops when you realize
you don't know where that piece of the collection is,
you at least know its status versus thinking it's there
(15:14):
and safest houses only to say, I just want to
have an accurate and accurate cataloging of your collection. I
just have weird guilt issues parent. So in another thing
that we've also also talked about in a previous episode
of Unearthed, we talked about some newly discovered Nasca glyphs
(15:36):
in Unearthed in which was an update to our podcast
on the Nascal lines. We have another new discovery on
that point is basically another geoglyph that looks like an
animal with a long tongue. Archaeologist Massado Sakai, E part
of the research team, said that he thinks this geoglyph
represents an imaginary animal and not a real one. I
(15:56):
sort of think we're just gonna keep finding them finding
Nasca glyph us forever. I think so too. We just
did a podcast on the Yelling Stones and Denmark's early royalty,
like just did it. Literally three days later, news broke
of a discovery of a really intriguing crucifix found by
an amateur archaeologist with a metal detector. And he found
(16:17):
that crucifix during an afternoon off of work. So this
crucifix looks almost identical to one previously found in Sweden,
and the Swedish figure has been dated to the first
half of the tenth century. So if this crucifix that
was found in Denmark is authenticated and dated to the
same period. That means it pre dates the Yelling Stones,
(16:40):
which were erected in nine sixty five and were to
this point believed to contain the oldest representation of Jesus
on the cross in all of Denmark. So basically, if
this turns out to be true, and this is a
verified piece of artifact, it will completely rewrite the history
that we talked about less than a week before this
(17:00):
news broke. It cracks me up. We get we get,
we we get requests uh for episodes sometimes that are
more recent than we normally talk about. And there are
a lot of reasons that we don't talk about things
that are really recent, but one of them is that
there they are more likely for this to happen. Yeah,
(17:23):
there's you know, developing stories everywhere, and the newer they are,
the more developing they are. Yes, So that's one of
many reasons. So okay, it's time for yet another update
on Pablo Naruta uh and Unearthed. In we talked about
his having been exhumed and part of an investigation to
figure out whether he had been poisoned or had really
(17:46):
died of cancer as was claimed at the time. Of
his death and then an unearthed in so six months
ago we talked about how Chile's Naruta Foundation had issued
a demand that his body be reburied immediately because it
had not in in that whole window between the exhumation
we talked about and when that demand was made, and
(18:09):
now in fresh updates. In February of sixteen, the judge
overseeing this investigation ordered that his remains be returned to
their tomb, and also recommended that some small bone samples
be preserved. Naruta was buried again for the fourth time
in April. Manuel Ariya, who was Naruta's bodyguard and personal secretary,
(18:31):
insists that he was murdered, although none of these investigations
have determined that to be true. As a sort of
tangential part of that update, twenty one poems discovered after
his death were also published in May in the collection
quote then come back the Lost Naruta poems to what
I would call mixed reviews, Like, there are lots of
(18:56):
people who say that it is great, and then some
other people who say they should have stayed lost. So
I guess even when you are a deceased famous Chilam poet,
you cannot please everyone. Nope. Back in we did a
podcast about the history of domesticated cats. We talked about
the widespread belief that ancient Egyptians domesticated cats, but that
(19:19):
an eight thousand year old jaw bone found on the
island of Cyprus indicated that cats and people were probably
living closely together by then, not necessarily in a totally
domesticated sense, but certainly moving in that direction. So in
that past episode we did not really get into how
cats made their way to China, but for a long
time that was the subject of a lot of debate.
(19:42):
There's sort of a question where cats domesticated in China
or did people bring already domesticated cats to China from
Western Asia and the Mediterranean and about three thousand BC,
which was the first known appearance of domesticated cats in China.
And to answer that question, researchers studied five small cat
(20:04):
skulls and determined that all five belonged to the leopard cat,
and all date back to about thirty five hundred BC,
so earlier than visitors were known to have brought cats
to Eastern Asia. The leopard cat is a small wildcat
common to much of Eastern Asia, which just like the
species from that eight thousand year old job bone from
Cyprus lives in areas with lots of humans, so it
(20:27):
seems most likely that the same process that played out
in Cyprus played out in China as well, meaning that
cats were domesticated independently in both places. And we are
still not done learning things from Utsy. I don't think
we ever will be me neither. So everyone's favorite iceman
has had his DNA sequenced, his SAT two's counted, and
(20:49):
now the contents of his stomach analyzed, and the bacteria
that we're living in there have had their DNA sequenced.
He was found to have H. Pylori back to area
in his gut, and half of all people living today
having it too. This is the bacteria that in some
people causes ulcers. Some researchers have speculated that humans have
(21:10):
always been infected with H. Pylori, and this is certainly
a suggestion that if it wasn't always, it was at
least for a very very long time. However, Utsie's H.
Pylori is a strain more common in South Asia today,
not one that's common in Europeans. It's long been theorized
that an Asian and an African strain of the bacteria
(21:31):
combined to form one that is common in Europe nowadays.
So with Utsie's h. Pylori analyzed, it seems as though
that probably happened after he lived, and there's also ongoing
research into his mitochondrial DNA as well, so maybe that
will be another update to Utzi sometime in the future.
(21:54):
We're gonna have another brief sponsor break before we get
to some things that are not updates of old episodes.
So now that we're through the updates and we are
sure more stuff will happen that will pertain to old
episodes before the end of the year. If not, I
will frankly be astonished. Here is just some other cool
(22:16):
assorted stuff. In February, archaeologists announced a major find in
New Zealand food storage pits dating back to before the
eighteen hundreds in Pillen's Point, which is on the northern
coast of New Zealand's North Island. The site was found
during archaeological excavations in advance of roadwork, and it provides
evidence of a large Maori settlement in the area. Upon
(22:40):
for their study, archaeologists from Heritage New Zealand found twenty
five underground food storage buildings and one above ground food
storage building, and this suggests a really large Maori settlement
that had lived in the area somewhere between two hundred
and four hundred years ago, although radio carbon dating had
not been done yet to pinpoint exactly when. Archaeologists also
(23:02):
found pieces of obsidian and some stone ads is. The
discovery is notable because Maori food storage structures have been
found in other parts of New Zealand pretty frequently, but
not in this location. It's also notable because, in spite
of lots of effort, we don't hear that many archaeological
(23:22):
updates from that part of the world, or Africa or
South America or On Earth episodes tends to be pretty American, European,
some of Asia centric. Uh So I was really excited
to hear one from New Zealand because I think that
might actually be the first inclusion of New Zealand and
(23:43):
the entirety of On Earth episodes I had worked on.
I could be wrong. A marriage contract witnessed by Napoleon
Bonaparte and his wife Josephine, was put up for auction
on Valentine's Day in Palm Beach, Florida. The marriage was
between General August who In and Marie Jean Louise Sier.
(24:03):
I did not pronounce either of those names very well
in terms of French. They got married on eighteen o
four in Paris, and so this was signed not long
after Napoleon declared himself emperor, but before his coronation ceremony,
and it's one of very few known documents bearing his
signature to be held in a private collection. The couple's
(24:25):
own marriage contract was sold at auction in two thousand
fourteen for four hundred thirty seven thousand, five hundred euros.
The expected price for this one was twenty thousand dollars,
although we were not able to discern what it ultimately
sold for. Yeah, I I then tried to go figure
it out. And I could have called the auction house
(24:45):
on the phone, I guess, but I did that. The
world's oldest known case of scurvy was unearthed in Egypt
in the form of a skeleton of a one year
old child, and the skeleton dates to between thirty eight
hundred and thirties centered BC. Analysis of the bones revealed
the structural changes that are caused by scurvy typically, although
(25:08):
the researchers are definitely not sure what caused the vitamin
C deficiency in this particular child. One of the very
first announcements of the year, literally it came out on
January one, was about an archaeological expedition from the Institute
of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences unearthing what
appears to be Ivan the Terribles private military arsenal. The
(25:31):
dig was at the sight of a sixteenth century village
known to be home to the Boyar family, one of
Ivan's hand picked thousand big wigs. This dig, which also
excavated sixty village buildings, found a very large structure lined
with timber, and in it there were just all kinds
of armor and weapons. The weapons included arrows, sabers, sabers
(25:53):
and col chugs, which are a type of cuirass. And
among the armor were spiked helmets used by Russian night
There were supplies to including camp tents and cooking gear.
And this doesn't appear to have been a secret cash
but a warehouse meant to keep a private standing army
ready to go. And on a lighter note than that,
(26:14):
just to wrap things up in late May, so Pretty recently,
Ars Technica picked up a story from New Scientists, uh,
and the Arts Technical win was the one that seemed
to be shared a whole lot. And this was about
the world's oldest paycheck stub. Uh. This is now housed
in the British Museum, and it's a five thousand year
old clay tablet marked in Cuneiform from Mesopotamia, detailing that
(26:37):
this particular worker was paid in beer. I saw that
on my Facebook wall so many times too. So that's
just some of the highlights of the almost two hundred
things on our unearthed Pinterest board. We will see what
additional things are on Earth between now and the end
(26:58):
of the year. I can't even imagine, but I'm excited.
Maybe there will be more exciting fabric fines that would
be cool. I kept like I as as I was pinning,
I was like, we're gonna We're gonna pass where we
were for all of last year, And then I realized
we were only we were halfway through the year and
(27:20):
had way more pins than last year. UH. And I
think some of that is because I keep broadening the
like the sites that I keep up with to find stuff,
because I do feel like it's important to have more
more findings from more of the world than we have
typically been able to do. So that's part of it.
(27:43):
And a little bit of it is that sometimes I
will pin something and then I will find a better
story on it, and I will pin that one too.
But I think some of it is just that there
is a lot going on that seems interesting. And even
though there are some broad categories that I don't pin
every single one, like re single horde of Viking coins
found in Britain, like I have stopped pinning all of
(28:06):
those because it happens like literally all the time. I
only pined the horde of Viking coins if it's notable
in some way. But even with that, it's just that
we're overrun with things that have come out of the
ground or closets or altars or whatever. Do you also
have some listener mail for us? I do listener mails
from Sasha and so as a context. The question that
(28:30):
we have been asked sometimes on our Facebook is why
certain episodes are not tagged a particular way on our website,
And the answer to that is that the tags did
not exist until the website existed, uh and the web
the podcasts have been out for a while. We thought
we had a bunch of podcasts before tags even existed,
(28:51):
and so a bunch of things are not tagged because,
like Holly and I did not work on them, and
there were not tags when those podcasts that initially came out.
So it sort of led to a question of what
would you do if a listener just sent you a
bunch of tags. So, Hello Holly and Tracy. Several months ago,
I commented on one of your Facebook posts and Tracy
(29:13):
and I discussed the tagging system on your website. I
asked if someone were to listen to all the episodes
and send you a list of possible tags for each
if that would be okay, and she insinuated that such
a list would not be turned away. Well, after several
months of devoted listening and not taking I have made
(29:34):
up a list of the first two hundred and seventy episodes.
Actually have made a list of possible tags for all
the episodes before the Holly and Tracy era, but they're
all on scrap paper scrap paper, and I'm still working
on digitizing them. I really wanted to complete the entire
catalog of pre Holly and Tracy era episodes, but the
time has gotten away from me, and I figured it
would be better to send you a partial list than
(29:55):
to not send it at all. So I will continue
to work on digitizing all the tags come up with
and send it your way in a hopefully timely manner.
Ha ha. I have not yet re listened to all
of the Holly and Tracy era because I wasn't sure
if you guys were in need of help with his episode,
since you have the show notes and everything on them.
If there is a need, let me know. I wouldn't
mind re listening to all those two. I haven't listed
(30:17):
every possible tag breach episode as I wasn't sure how
specific you wanted the tags, but hopefully it's good start
and perhaps you guys can build off them and add
more that would be appropriate. Uh. And then Sasha also
sent some some pictures of dolls. There's a doll collection
and customization hobby uh and so there was a doll
(30:39):
picture attached. So, first of all, thank you so much.
I think what I said, like, we had a whole
conversation about where like could you have volunteers do this?
And I said, well, in the part of a for
profit company, like a for profit company can't rely on
volunteer labor. And we had this whole back and forth,
like a philosophical philosophical debate, and it sort of came
(31:02):
around to, well, if somebody basically gave you a present
and the present was tags, and I was like, well,
I mean, I'd probably be really delighted to receive a
present of tags, and so has exactly what Sasha has
done here. So thank you so much. Thank you, thank you,
thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you,
(31:22):
thank you, thank you. Um. We have not put the
tags on the website yet because we are anticipating some
forthcoming updates to the like the architecture of our website
that will make it way easier to update those kinds
of things in bulk than we currently can do. So
I have these squirreled away in a safe place for
that pending change when it happens. Uh. And again, thank you,
(31:45):
thank you, thank you, thank you. Uh. It's so like
the we have great dreams of things to do with
with tags, and then it's the witness, just two of us.
Not all dreams come true in a timely manner, not necessarily.
And then I also I have a very quick thing
just to end on because I got this email this
(32:05):
morning and then I laughed so hard that I hurt myself.
It is from Jonathan who writes about our Jacobite Rebellion
podcast that just came out yesterday as of when we
are recording, and Jonathan says, I just wanted to let
you guys know that your latest podcast on the Jacobite
Rebellion Rebellion has inspired what is undoubtedly the best new
band name ever, impostor Baby and the Frances Advances. You're welcome.
(32:33):
I was thank you. I was hugely delighted, so thank you,
Thank you, Jonathan, Thank you again for the tags. Thank
you Jonathan for that delightful band name. If you would
like to write to us about this or any other
podcast from History podcast at how Stuffworks dot com. We're
also on Facebook, Facebook dot com slash miss in History
and on Twitter, I missed in History. Our tumbler is
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(32:54):
at pinterest dot com slash miss in History. Also our
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anything we post turn your notifications on for our page
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If you would like to learn more about what we
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(33:14):
put in the word archaeology in the search part. You
will find an article about how archaeology works. If you
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in History dot com, you will find the show notes
to all the episodes Holly and I have done. You
will find an archive of every episode. Ever, at some
point they will all be tagged and that will be wonderful.
So you can do all that and a whole lot more.
How stuff works dot com or missed in History dot
(33:35):
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(00:46):
else you get your podcast. Welcome to Stuff you Missed
in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello,
I'm welcome to the podcast. I'm TRACB. Wilson and so
if you've been listening to our show for more than
(01:06):
six months or so, you know it's become a tradition
to have a couple of episodes at the end of
the year devoted to things that got unearthed either literally
or figured figuratively over the course of the prior year,
and it's a tradition that passed hosts of the show
started that first year the Holly and I came on.
It was kind of a struggle because, in addition to
the fact that we started on the show in March,
(01:27):
so we had missed a couple of months, we didn't
really start keeping track of it until really late in
the game. So we fixed that problem, and now we
have the opposite problem. We're halfway through the year and
our pindest board where we keep track of all this
stuff has a hundred and ninety six pens on it.
There are more than it now because I have penned things.
(01:48):
Since I wrote that down, the board had a hundred
and thirty seven pins on it for the entire year,
and the board had even fewer. So we know these favorites,
these episodes are favorites for a lot of our listeners.
And we made a poll. We made a poll, and
we put that poll up on our Facebook and our
Twitter and asked, would you rather have a mid year
(02:10):
unearthed episode and two at the end of the year
like normal or do more than two at the end
of the year, or stick with two episodes and just
don't do anything different, just talk about fewer of the
things that we heard about over the year. And it
was kind of a hilarious chart to watch because it
started as just a circle and then it very quickly
resolved into one big piece and two little pieces that
(02:33):
did not change shape anymore. The number the numbers change,
but the proportions remained deeper be exactly the same. Overwhelmingly,
like with more than eighty percent of the vote, people
wanted a mid year unearthed podcast, So that's what we're doing,
and we're gonna focus today's episode a lot on things
(02:55):
that are updates of previous episodes that have been unearthed,
because a lot of times that's was freshest on people's
minds when they asked us to put things in the
unearthed list of things to talk about. Past hosts tackled
the Black Death on the show, and even though that
happened in seven people are still researching it and discovering
(03:16):
or theorizing about the nuances of what happened and how
it managed to kill so much of the population of Europe.
A team from the Initiative for the Science of the
Human Past at Harvard announced that ice core research suggests
that an existing famine in Europe was a big part
in why the Black Death was so very devastating. The
announcement actually came last November, but it didn't really make
(03:39):
news until January of this year. This ice core was
drilled from the Alps in and this was the first
ice core that has been extracted specifically for historical study
and not so much for just scientific study and climate
study and that sort of thing. It basically places the
Black Death as an event that followed a prolonged period
(04:02):
of cool, wet weather that would have led to widespread
food shortages over a lot of the same area that
was then struck by the plague. So following this food shortage,
the theory goes, Europe's population was already really weak, and
that really weak population could not fight off the disease
very well. Uh In January, a team of historians announced
(04:23):
that they had finally confirmed the precise location of hangings
in the Salem Witch Trials. There have been multiple theories
about the exact location over the years, most of them
connected in some way to Gallows Hill and research into
the exact location has hinged on one particular detail. There's
extensive documentation related to the trials, but nothing that suggests
(04:45):
that gallows were built. So historians have operated under the
idea that the hangings were done from the limbs of
a tree. So this latest attempt to pinpoint the location
of the executions combined that knowledge with aerial photography, eyewitness
accounts from when the hangings took place, and mapping technology.
(05:06):
The eyewitness accounts then had to be cross referenced with
deed records. So if somebody was watching the hanging from
the windows of a house, where was that house located exactly,
and what parts of Gallows Hill could be seen from
the house. Eventually, the team narrowed the location down to
Proctor's Ledge, which is farther down Gallows Hill than some
(05:27):
of the other suggested Gallows locations. It's right by a
Walgreens today, uh Salem is planning to construct a memorial
there that should be dedicated in June of So. I
went to a talk on this at a thing called
History Camp in Boston earlier this year, and it was delightful.
Number one, it was delightful to hear the the whole
(05:50):
history of attempts to try to find this place, as
well as prior attempts to build a memorial there, some
of which were by today's standards very tacky. Um. But
the thing that was the best about it was the
historians who were talking about it. You can tell their
chagrin that the witch trials are what brings most people
(06:12):
to Salem for tourism purposes, and then the way that
story is handled in a lot of places is not
like the devastating and tragic event that it really was.
Like a lot of the atmosphere is more like, woo
whiches are scary, it's Halloween, which Halloween's great, but this
(06:33):
was a bunch of innocent people getting hangs that have
now been turned into sensationalized m tourist merchandise, right right right,
So like they there was definitely a sense of kind
of frustration with that flavor of a lot of not
definitely not all, but a lot of the the atmosphere
in Salem, and the hope that this monument will have
(06:56):
like another more accurate representation of the history of what
actually happened during the witch Trials. So next up in June,
So just last month, researchers announced the results of imaging
studies on the Antikithera mechanism. So, as we discussed in
our episode on that mechanism, this is a small device
(07:17):
that was brought up from a shipwreck off of a
Greek island by the same name, and it's been the
subject of a whole lot of study. Researchers had already
figured out that was basically an an astronomical analog computer
to track things like eclipses and the positions of stars,
and people have even built working reproductions of it out
of lego. And most of our updates on the anti
(07:38):
Kithera mechanism have been about other relics that were brought
up from that same shipwreck, but this time we have
one about the mechanism itself. There is writing on at
least eighty two known fragments of the device. This consists
of thousands of characters that up until this point had
not been deciphered very well. These characters were too small
and too inaccessible. You couldn't really get to some of
(08:01):
them without damaging the device, and in some cases they
weren't even visible to the naked eye. There was already
a two thousand six paper in the journal Nature, describing
text from the front and back doors, as well as
the back plate and lower back dial of the device.
But all of these are relatively accessible pieces of the text,
and at the same time, even by that years imaging standards,
(08:24):
they were really hard to decipher, and a lot of
the provisional translations that were published as part of that
paper are spotty at best. They sound kind of like
random astronomical words put on a paper Like I was
I was going to try to have like a quote
(08:44):
of some of them, and I had none of them.
They just felt like random word soup of of astronomy words.
It kind of feels like someone taught a parrot like
astronomy vocabulary and then it just spits out like what
it knows in random order. There's no real there's no
structure too. It's very difficult. So using scanning equipment including
(09:07):
CT scans and polynomial texture mapping, a team has analyzed
and deciphered about a quarter of the original text on
the device. Although some media outlets have described this text
as a user's manual, the research team has actually described
it more as an interpretive sign at a museum, so
not so much of how to manual of how to
(09:27):
use the device, but an explanation of what you're seeing
when you're using it. UH. And our last thing before
we take a quick break, we are still trying to
figure out exactly what's going on with Queen Nefertidi's tomb
and whether it is actually in a secret location UH.
In the team of King tut this is something that
we talked about in our most recent year and installment
(09:48):
of Unearthed. Egyptologist Nicholas Reeves of the University of Arizona
published up paper detailing irregularities that look like maybe they
could be plastered over doorways in King Touts tomb, and
he theorized that it's the secret burial place of Never TV.
Further scans completed after we recorded that end of year
(10:09):
episode suggests that yes, there might be something back there,
and a news conference held in March made it all
sound really promising. However, a team of national geographic radar
specialists could not replicate the results and there's been turnover
in Egypt's Ministry of Antiquities. The new minister has declared quote,
no physical exploration will be allowed unless there is one
(10:32):
certainty that there is a cavity behind the wall. It
seems unlikely that this one will be resolved in six
months when we do our year end Unearthed, but you
never know, but I doubt it's you never know. So
before we move on to our next little chunk of
past episode updates, we're going to take a great break
(10:54):
or a word from a sponsor to get back into
some things that have been brought up just in the
first six months of this year. A team of historic
Royal Palaces curators has suggested that an altar cloth found
in Hertfordshire is made from pieces of a sixteenth century dress.
(11:17):
And because this dress looks a lot like what she's
wearing in a painting known as the Rainbow Portrait, there's
a theory that this dress belonged to Queen Elizabeth, the
first subject of several archival episodes of the show. There's not, however,
a clear paper trail that definitively connects this this dress
to the Queen. And I will just say, if you
(11:38):
have not seen the Rainbow Portrait, go and do an
Internet search for it right this second, because it is
a spectacular piece of art and one of my favorite
portraits of Elizabeth. The first uh When we posted this
story on our Facebook, there was a little bit of
crankiness in the comments that people shouldn't be surprised that
an altar cloth used to be addressed because good fabric
is expensive and people turn a dresses into other things
(12:01):
all the time. Just look at your grandmother piecing her
wedding dress into a quilt. But your grandmother probably was
not Queen Elizabeth the First And even if it's not
Queen Elizabeth's address, it's still a really incredible find. The
fabric is called cloth of silver, which by law could
only be worn by royalty or high aristocracy. So even
(12:21):
if it wasn't Queen Elizabeth's address, there's likelihood that it
was another notable person's dress. And there's also the part
where that wonderful fabric has survived for hundreds of years. Yes,
and it's still really quite spectacular. And now we move
on to some uh closer to home unearthed news. On
(12:44):
march or villein Wilbur Wright of Dayton, Ohio filed a
patent for their flying machine, complete with a diagram, and
thirty six years ago that filing was misplaced after being
loaned to the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum patent was
supposed to appear in an exhibition on the seventy anniversary
of the Right Brothers first flight, and after the exhibition
(13:08):
was over it was marked as returned, but it was
then lost. Somehow it wound up in storage in Kansas.
The National Archives found the original patent in March during
a quote special program launched to recover alienated and stolen
archival materials. It had just been misfiled. Uh, it's not
(13:29):
hard to imagine how that happened, though there are two
hundred and sixty nine million pages of patent records in
the National Archives. Yeah, every time we have a story
about something that was misplaced within an institution's own collection,
we see a similar wave of crankiness. You like, get
(13:50):
your act together. People like yeah, but like, yeah, you really,
you just can't. You can't have a hundred percent accuracy
on two hundred and sixty nine million pages of patent records. Well,
and I always liken it to uh in a way
to make it maybe a little easier for people to grasp. Like,
if you have ever gone to a library, you know that,
(14:13):
even with the best of intents, the books do not
always end up in their proper place. On the shelves.
And some of that is because different people go in
and touch them, but some of it is just because
it's really to misfile a slim book or a piece
of paper. Yep, yep. It's always amusing to me. Uh,
you know, I have my The library here is part
(14:33):
of a big network, and so you can request things
from any library and the network and more than once
I have requested something and you can kind of watch
the updates as as it is being shipped to you,
and occasionally like they'll be the thing that I requested
and the status of this object becomes missing, and then
I feel a little a little bad that my request
(14:53):
was what brought it up to the knowledge of everyone.
Oh this is actually missing. We don't know what happened
to it. No, that it's a good thing. Having worked
in the library for a decade, we love what has happened,
because while your heart sort of drops when you realize
you don't know where that piece of the collection is,
you at least know its status versus thinking it's there
(15:14):
and safest houses only to say, I just want to
have an accurate and accurate cataloging of your collection. I
just have weird guilt issues parent. So in another thing
that we've also also talked about in a previous episode
of Unearthed, we talked about some newly discovered Nasca glyphs
(15:36):
in Unearthed in which was an update to our podcast
on the Nascal lines. We have another new discovery on
that point is basically another geoglyph that looks like an
animal with a long tongue. Archaeologist Massado Sakai, E part
of the research team, said that he thinks this geoglyph
represents an imaginary animal and not a real one. I
(15:56):
sort of think we're just gonna keep finding them finding
Nasca glyph us forever. I think so too. We just
did a podcast on the Yelling Stones and Denmark's early royalty,
like just did it. Literally three days later, news broke
of a discovery of a really intriguing crucifix found by
an amateur archaeologist with a metal detector. And he found
(16:17):
that crucifix during an afternoon off of work. So this
crucifix looks almost identical to one previously found in Sweden,
and the Swedish figure has been dated to the first
half of the tenth century. So if this crucifix that
was found in Denmark is authenticated and dated to the
same period. That means it pre dates the Yelling Stones,
(16:40):
which were erected in nine sixty five and were to
this point believed to contain the oldest representation of Jesus
on the cross in all of Denmark. So basically, if
this turns out to be true, and this is a
verified piece of artifact, it will completely rewrite the history
that we talked about less than a week before this
(17:00):
news broke. It cracks me up. We get we get,
we we get requests uh for episodes sometimes that are
more recent than we normally talk about. And there are
a lot of reasons that we don't talk about things
that are really recent, but one of them is that
there they are more likely for this to happen. Yeah,
(17:23):
there's you know, developing stories everywhere, and the newer they are,
the more developing they are. Yes, So that's one of
many reasons. So okay, it's time for yet another update
on Pablo Naruta uh and Unearthed. In we talked about
his having been exhumed and part of an investigation to
figure out whether he had been poisoned or had really
(17:46):
died of cancer as was claimed at the time. Of
his death and then an unearthed in so six months
ago we talked about how Chile's Naruta Foundation had issued
a demand that his body be reburied immediately because it
had not in in that whole window between the exhumation
we talked about and when that demand was made, and
(18:09):
now in fresh updates. In February of sixteen, the judge
overseeing this investigation ordered that his remains be returned to
their tomb, and also recommended that some small bone samples
be preserved. Naruta was buried again for the fourth time
in April. Manuel Ariya, who was Naruta's bodyguard and personal secretary,
(18:31):
insists that he was murdered, although none of these investigations
have determined that to be true. As a sort of
tangential part of that update, twenty one poems discovered after
his death were also published in May in the collection
quote then come back the Lost Naruta poems to what
I would call mixed reviews, Like, there are lots of
(18:56):
people who say that it is great, and then some
other people who say they should have stayed lost. So
I guess even when you are a deceased famous Chilam poet,
you cannot please everyone. Nope. Back in we did a
podcast about the history of domesticated cats. We talked about
the widespread belief that ancient Egyptians domesticated cats, but that
(19:19):
an eight thousand year old jaw bone found on the
island of Cyprus indicated that cats and people were probably
living closely together by then, not necessarily in a totally
domesticated sense, but certainly moving in that direction. So in
that past episode we did not really get into how
cats made their way to China, but for a long
time that was the subject of a lot of debate.
(19:42):
There's sort of a question where cats domesticated in China
or did people bring already domesticated cats to China from
Western Asia and the Mediterranean and about three thousand BC,
which was the first known appearance of domesticated cats in China.
And to answer that question, researchers studied five small cat
(20:04):
skulls and determined that all five belonged to the leopard cat,
and all date back to about thirty five hundred BC,
so earlier than visitors were known to have brought cats
to Eastern Asia. The leopard cat is a small wildcat
common to much of Eastern Asia, which just like the
species from that eight thousand year old job bone from
Cyprus lives in areas with lots of humans, so it
(20:27):
seems most likely that the same process that played out
in Cyprus played out in China as well, meaning that
cats were domesticated independently in both places. And we are
still not done learning things from Utsy. I don't think
we ever will be me neither. So everyone's favorite iceman
has had his DNA sequenced, his SAT two's counted, and
(20:49):
now the contents of his stomach analyzed, and the bacteria
that we're living in there have had their DNA sequenced.
He was found to have H. Pylori back to area
in his gut, and half of all people living today
having it too. This is the bacteria that in some
people causes ulcers. Some researchers have speculated that humans have
(21:10):
always been infected with H. Pylori, and this is certainly
a suggestion that if it wasn't always, it was at
least for a very very long time. However, Utsie's H.
Pylori is a strain more common in South Asia today,
not one that's common in Europeans. It's long been theorized
that an Asian and an African strain of the bacteria
(21:31):
combined to form one that is common in Europe nowadays.
So with Utsie's h. Pylori analyzed, it seems as though
that probably happened after he lived, and there's also ongoing
research into his mitochondrial DNA as well, so maybe that
will be another update to Utzi sometime in the future.
(21:54):
We're gonna have another brief sponsor break before we get
to some things that are not updates of old episodes.
So now that we're through the updates and we are
sure more stuff will happen that will pertain to old
episodes before the end of the year. If not, I
will frankly be astonished. Here is just some other cool
(22:16):
assorted stuff. In February, archaeologists announced a major find in
New Zealand food storage pits dating back to before the
eighteen hundreds in Pillen's Point, which is on the northern
coast of New Zealand's North Island. The site was found
during archaeological excavations in advance of roadwork, and it provides
evidence of a large Maori settlement in the area. Upon
(22:40):
for their study, archaeologists from Heritage New Zealand found twenty
five underground food storage buildings and one above ground food
storage building, and this suggests a really large Maori settlement
that had lived in the area somewhere between two hundred
and four hundred years ago, although radio carbon dating had
not been done yet to pinpoint exactly when. Archaeologists also
(23:02):
found pieces of obsidian and some stone ads is. The
discovery is notable because Maori food storage structures have been
found in other parts of New Zealand pretty frequently, but
not in this location. It's also notable because, in spite
of lots of effort, we don't hear that many archaeological
(23:22):
updates from that part of the world, or Africa or
South America or On Earth episodes tends to be pretty American, European,
some of Asia centric. Uh So I was really excited
to hear one from New Zealand because I think that
might actually be the first inclusion of New Zealand and
(23:43):
the entirety of On Earth episodes I had worked on.
I could be wrong. A marriage contract witnessed by Napoleon
Bonaparte and his wife Josephine, was put up for auction
on Valentine's Day in Palm Beach, Florida. The marriage was
between General August who In and Marie Jean Louise Sier.
(24:03):
I did not pronounce either of those names very well
in terms of French. They got married on eighteen o
four in Paris, and so this was signed not long
after Napoleon declared himself emperor, but before his coronation ceremony,
and it's one of very few known documents bearing his
signature to be held in a private collection. The couple's
(24:25):
own marriage contract was sold at auction in two thousand
fourteen for four hundred thirty seven thousand, five hundred euros.
The expected price for this one was twenty thousand dollars,
although we were not able to discern what it ultimately
sold for. Yeah, I I then tried to go figure
it out. And I could have called the auction house
(24:45):
on the phone, I guess, but I did that. The
world's oldest known case of scurvy was unearthed in Egypt
in the form of a skeleton of a one year
old child, and the skeleton dates to between thirty eight
hundred and thirties centered BC. Analysis of the bones revealed
the structural changes that are caused by scurvy typically, although
(25:08):
the researchers are definitely not sure what caused the vitamin
C deficiency in this particular child. One of the very
first announcements of the year, literally it came out on
January one, was about an archaeological expedition from the Institute
of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences unearthing what
appears to be Ivan the Terribles private military arsenal. The
(25:31):
dig was at the sight of a sixteenth century village
known to be home to the Boyar family, one of
Ivan's hand picked thousand big wigs. This dig, which also
excavated sixty village buildings, found a very large structure lined
with timber, and in it there were just all kinds
of armor and weapons. The weapons included arrows, sabers, sabers
(25:53):
and col chugs, which are a type of cuirass. And
among the armor were spiked helmets used by Russian night
There were supplies to including camp tents and cooking gear.
And this doesn't appear to have been a secret cash
but a warehouse meant to keep a private standing army
ready to go. And on a lighter note than that,
(26:14):
just to wrap things up in late May, so Pretty recently,
Ars Technica picked up a story from New Scientists, uh,
and the Arts Technical win was the one that seemed
to be shared a whole lot. And this was about
the world's oldest paycheck stub. Uh. This is now housed
in the British Museum, and it's a five thousand year
old clay tablet marked in Cuneiform from Mesopotamia, detailing that
(26:37):
this particular worker was paid in beer. I saw that
on my Facebook wall so many times too. So that's
just some of the highlights of the almost two hundred
things on our unearthed Pinterest board. We will see what
additional things are on Earth between now and the end
(26:58):
of the year. I can't even imagine, but I'm excited.
Maybe there will be more exciting fabric fines that would
be cool. I kept like I as as I was pinning,
I was like, we're gonna We're gonna pass where we
were for all of last year, And then I realized
we were only we were halfway through the year and
(27:20):
had way more pins than last year. UH. And I
think some of that is because I keep broadening the
like the sites that I keep up with to find stuff,
because I do feel like it's important to have more
more findings from more of the world than we have
typically been able to do. So that's part of it.
(27:43):
And a little bit of it is that sometimes I
will pin something and then I will find a better
story on it, and I will pin that one too.
But I think some of it is just that there
is a lot going on that seems interesting. And even
though there are some broad categories that I don't pin
every single one, like re single horde of Viking coins
found in Britain, like I have stopped pinning all of
(28:06):
those because it happens like literally all the time. I
only pined the horde of Viking coins if it's notable
in some way. But even with that, it's just that
we're overrun with things that have come out of the
ground or closets or altars or whatever. Do you also
have some listener mail for us? I do listener mails
from Sasha and so as a context. The question that
(28:30):
we have been asked sometimes on our Facebook is why
certain episodes are not tagged a particular way on our website,
And the answer to that is that the tags did
not exist until the website existed, uh and the web
the podcasts have been out for a while. We thought
we had a bunch of podcasts before tags even existed,
(28:51):
and so a bunch of things are not tagged because,
like Holly and I did not work on them, and
there were not tags when those podcasts that initially came out.
So it sort of led to a question of what
would you do if a listener just sent you a
bunch of tags. So, Hello Holly and Tracy. Several months ago,
I commented on one of your Facebook posts and Tracy
(29:13):
and I discussed the tagging system on your website. I
asked if someone were to listen to all the episodes
and send you a list of possible tags for each
if that would be okay, and she insinuated that such
a list would not be turned away. Well, after several
months of devoted listening and not taking I have made
(29:34):
up a list of the first two hundred and seventy episodes.
Actually have made a list of possible tags for all
the episodes before the Holly and Tracy era, but they're
all on scrap paper scrap paper, and I'm still working
on digitizing them. I really wanted to complete the entire
catalog of pre Holly and Tracy era episodes, but the
time has gotten away from me, and I figured it
would be better to send you a partial list than
(29:55):
to not send it at all. So I will continue
to work on digitizing all the tags come up with
and send it your way in a hopefully timely manner.
Ha ha. I have not yet re listened to all
of the Holly and Tracy era because I wasn't sure
if you guys were in need of help with his episode,
since you have the show notes and everything on them.
If there is a need, let me know. I wouldn't
mind re listening to all those two. I haven't listed
(30:17):
every possible tag breach episode as I wasn't sure how
specific you wanted the tags, but hopefully it's good start
and perhaps you guys can build off them and add
more that would be appropriate. Uh. And then Sasha also
sent some some pictures of dolls. There's a doll collection
and customization hobby uh and so there was a doll
(30:39):
picture attached. So, first of all, thank you so much.
I think what I said, like, we had a whole
conversation about where like could you have volunteers do this?
And I said, well, in the part of a for
profit company, like a for profit company can't rely on
volunteer labor. And we had this whole back and forth,
like a philosophical philosophical debate, and it sort of came
(31:02):
around to, well, if somebody basically gave you a present
and the present was tags, and I was like, well,
I mean, I'd probably be really delighted to receive a
present of tags, and so has exactly what Sasha has
done here. So thank you so much. Thank you, thank you,
thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you,
(31:22):
thank you, thank you. Um. We have not put the
tags on the website yet because we are anticipating some
forthcoming updates to the like the architecture of our website
that will make it way easier to update those kinds
of things in bulk than we currently can do. So
I have these squirreled away in a safe place for
that pending change when it happens. Uh. And again, thank you,
(31:45):
thank you, thank you, thank you. Uh. It's so like
the we have great dreams of things to do with
with tags, and then it's the witness, just two of us.
Not all dreams come true in a timely manner, not necessarily.
And then I also I have a very quick thing
just to end on because I got this email this
(32:05):
morning and then I laughed so hard that I hurt myself.
It is from Jonathan who writes about our Jacobite Rebellion
podcast that just came out yesterday as of when we
are recording, and Jonathan says, I just wanted to let
you guys know that your latest podcast on the Jacobite
Rebellion Rebellion has inspired what is undoubtedly the best new
band name ever, impostor Baby and the Frances Advances. You're welcome.
(32:33):
I was thank you. I was hugely delighted, so thank you,
Thank you, Jonathan, Thank you again for the tags. Thank
you Jonathan for that delightful band name. If you would
like to write to us about this or any other
podcast from History podcast at how Stuffworks dot com. We're
also on Facebook, Facebook dot com slash miss in History
and on Twitter, I missed in History. Our tumbler is
missed in History dot tumbler dot com. We're on Pinterest
(32:54):
at pinterest dot com slash miss in History. Also our
Instagram is missing History. If you're following us on Facebook
and you've noticed that you don't seem to ever see
anything we post turn your notifications on for our page
and you will be notified when we post new stuff.
If you would like to learn more about what we
talked about today, you can come to our parent company's website,
which is how stuff Works dot com and you can
(33:14):
put in the word archaeology in the search part. You
will find an article about how archaeology works. If you
would like to come to our website that is missed
in History dot com, you will find the show notes
to all the episodes Holly and I have done. You
will find an archive of every episode. Ever, at some
point they will all be tagged and that will be wonderful.
So you can do all that and a whole lot more.
How stuff works dot com or missed in History dot
(33:35):
com for more on this and thousands of other topics
because it has stuff works dott
Stuff You Missed in History Class News
Hosts And Creators
Holly Frey
Tracy Wilson
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