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July 14, 2015 • 31 mins

In 1974, Chinese farmers discovered the first of what would number 7,000 terracotta soldiers meant to protect China's first emperor in the afterlife.

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Episode Transcript

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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to you stuff you should know from house stuff
Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm
Josh Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and Jerry. We're
just hanging figure we pressed record and see what happens. Yeah,

(00:21):
Alry Terracotta Army of three not very imposing or terra Cotta.
Did you go to the High Museum and see this
when it was around? No, I didn't. You know, Umi did,
and I wish I would have gone, but I did not. Yeah,
but she was quite blown away. It was awesome and
I didn't even Um, I hadn't heard of it until then.
And then when I went and saw it, was like,

(00:41):
this is pretty amazing, what a great story, And then
I wanted to podcast about it and then just sort
of forgot and now here it is a year later
or however long. Yes, it was a while ago. Yeah,
it was, um, but it's still a pretty fascinating story. Yeah.
In that exhibit. If you live um on planet Earth,

(01:02):
go to the website and see where it's going to be,
because it travels around there. Is it like the Body's exhibit? Yeah,
I mean there's uh, there's this exhibit. And then I
think there's permanent um exhibits elsewhere. There's a permanent exhibit
at the site itself. That's maybe one in London. I'm
not positive. Well London has everything, but they do, they

(01:23):
really do, know you. The only thing they don't have
is twelve ounces of bears. That's yeah, because there's sixteen
ounce that's right. Yeah, you don't need it. Took a
trip there. I was like, what's with all these tallboys?
And they're like, what's that? Oh? I get it now. Yeah,
And it's not like you when you go to the pub.
You don't go in for a twelve ounce or you
go for a point. Yeah, and it's an imperial point, right?

(01:47):
Is that more than sixteen ounces? Is that one point?
Is that sixteen point nine? Is that one point nine ounces?
I'll bet it is, Jerry? Hold up fingers. Jerry said
twenty ounces is an imperial point, so I was wrong.
Sixteen is a standard point? Are you sure it's not
twenty five? Jerry? That's called a double deuice. That's called
the core's double doucee. Double deuce is technically why because

(02:12):
the twelve is a single? Right, No, but a double
I thought double juice just meant, we're gonna put two
beers into one can. That's the double double beer. What
what are we talking about today? I don't know. I'm
thirsty all of a sudden, though. You want a beer.
It's Friday. I love a beer. Let me just reach
into my bag. Here, you're your cooler bag, carry around

(02:35):
like a purse. I wish man, that'll be fun, cooler
Fannie pack drinking on the job like it's the nineteen fifties.
All right, let's get serious, buddy, Okay, Chuck. On the
morning of March seven, farmers set out to dig a well,
so begins the article on how Stuff Works dot Com. Yes,

(02:55):
but it also begins this story, A pretty amazing story. Actually, yeah,
it's it's awesome. This was in the Chinese village of
Good Look. Uh oh, that was pretty good. That's what
I'm gonna say. Um And they were digging for water
and got down about thirteen feet and hit something hard
and dug up a terra cotta face and head. And

(03:20):
we're like, exactly, they're probably whoa yeah or whatever the
Chinese expression for what would be what was kind of universal. Okay,
I'm curious, we do have we found out we're not
banned in China, by the way. Yeah, so hello to
all of our listeners out there in China. Um, and
will you let us know what woe was in Chinese? Yeah?

(03:40):
I think we should do a show sometime on Universal Uh.
Sounds like um, I heard different um or read different
things about how people laugh in different countries and people
remark of of of affirmation or decline something like, I
think it'd be really interesting. Yeah. They're called idioms, right,

(04:01):
is that what it is? Like? Here we might go huh,
but somewhere else they might go what else I don't know.
We got we have focus here, Terracotta army. Yes. Um.
So they alerted the government like any good um citizens should,
and said, hey, I think we have something here. You
should come look at. Yeah, because when they dug down

(04:22):
a little more and they found shards of the same
type of pottery and a lot of it in kind
of vague human form, and that's when they're like, there's
something weird going on here, So let's contact the authorities,
And the authorities said archaeologists away and sent them out
to the site. Because it was nine seventy four, they said, hey,

(04:42):
let's contact the Chinese government right away. That's right. I
don't know what that would happen today. Uh the Chinese people,
you think, I don't know. It depends on who they are.
I would guess they probably were more likely to in
seventy four than today. So what they knew the the
government and experts and archaeologist said, well, hold on a minute,

(05:05):
you guys are digging near the burial ground of Chen
sure Handi, and Um he was the first emperor of China,
and he had a huge mausoleum. And I bet you
anything that's what you guys have found. And Uh, it
turns out they were right, the archaeologists right. So Um,
the legend had it that Um Chen sure Huangdi, China's

(05:29):
first emperor, Um had himself built a pretty awesome mausoleum.
As a matter of fact, you couldn't even call it
a mausoleum. It was called a funerary complex. It was
so massive. But as they started to dig and get
further and further along in this excavation, which they have
still not even and come close to completing from or something, Yeah,

(05:50):
it's the size of Manhattan, the size of Manhattan, his
his mausoleum. Yeah, Um, they started to realize, like it's
even big or than we ever thought, Like it wasn't lost.
They knew that he was buried somewhere around this area.
It was just you don't go digging up emperor's tombs.
But these these farmers had found something pretty interesting and

(06:13):
it was enough to get the archaeologists over that, and
they started to dig. And they still have yet to
excavate Cheen's tomb, his actual tomb where he's buried, and
we'll talk about that later. But when they started dig,
they started to reveal like more and more of these
terra cotta figures, and they would stumble upon one room.
And first they stumbled upon a room and they found chuck,

(06:35):
like six thousand of these things of infantry men, all
standing at the ready, all larger than life. They were
about six to six and a half feet tall. Yeah,
all made of terra cotta. Um, crossbows, finger on the trigger, um,
dudes on horses. Well, those are in separate rooms. So
first room was like six thousand infantrymen like a information

(07:00):
information would be lined up. Then there was another room
that had like specialists like cavalry, got archers with crossbows,
blow darters yeah, um and then there was a third
room that had I think eighties six like commanders. It
was like the command room. So basically what they revealed
was this terra cotta army information in this guy's grave, Yes,

(07:24):
with the idea that UM he wanted protection in the
afterlife because he was one of the great jerks of
world history. He really Yeah, he was terrible. He was
a tyrant for sure. He was a he perhaps was
responsible for the deaths of more than one million of
his citizens. He also though, got things done. Yeah, let's

(07:49):
talk about the guy. So he was the first emperor.
Before him, China had seven kingdoms, and UM in four
eighty one, all these kingdoms said, you know what, I
want to be the main kingdom. So it started what's
called the Warring States, the era of battling for land
and superiority. And I saw this really neat documentary on

(08:11):
that geo I think called China's Ghost Army. I think
it's what's called I posted a link on our on
our podcast page for this episode. Totally worth watching. It's
like an hour. But they say that UM before this,
prior to this Warring States era, when an emperor died
in Cheen, the Cheen um Kingdom. Uh. They would kill

(08:37):
the whole court, hundreds of people would be buried alive
with the emperor. And then this warring States, these battles
and wars were so significant as far as casualties went.
There like, we can't do that anymore, we need them
to go fight in the wars. So they stopped that tradition.
But it was because of this um the Warring States

(08:59):
era and thing. And that can you imagine like two
people just being mass buried alive together because the emperor died,
I can't imagine. So let's get back to this jerk
chen He Uh he overtook and basically was the first
emperor Uh forced people to be in the army, built

(09:22):
up a huge army. Um. He relocated in his first
year about a hundred and twenty thousand families. And that's
like Stalin did that same thing. It's like, you can't
have ethnic unity and then that kind of collective thought
and then potentially an uprising if you break up that
kind of ethnic bonds by basically bussing people in and

(09:43):
out of different areas. Yeah, it makes sense, but this
guy was doing it like UM a couple like about
two thousand years before Stalin crazy. He burned all the books,
he burned all the writings. Uh. Scholars that didn't jibe
with his line of thought were buried alive or behead. Yeah,
he was a piece of garbage and he was terrible. Um.

(10:04):
He assembled a workforce of a million men to build
about five thousand miles of roads, um. And the Great
Wall of China. Yeah, the first Great Wall of China.
So while he said he was a jerk, he made
a point. He got things done. I mean he he
got a monetary system that was unified. Yeah, he also

(10:26):
unified weights and measurements. Um. He unified China from seven
kingdoms into one country. And it's still that way today,
two thousand years later. And if you've noticed a similarity
between Chin and China, that's because the country is named
after him. So he got things done, vital figure in
China's history. But he did a brutal, brutal, controlling, murderous dictator. Right.

(10:50):
He wasn't asking and he also had a really conflated
view of his the empire that he'd put together, and
you can see this apparently the money that he meanted,
Like he there were different regions that he conquered had
different kinds of money, so he did create like a
single monetary system. I think you said, um, and that

(11:10):
that money was square shaped with a hole in the center.
It's kind of like a square donut. The band Liang
coin and that coin at the time in ancient China.
UM the square represented the earth and the circle represented
the sky or the heavens. And so what he was
saying is that this earth, my empire, is even greater

(11:32):
than the heavens that surround the earth. That's how how
good I'm feeling about myself right now? He felt pretty good,
but he was parah annoyed, and I think that usually
comes when you're on top and you get there by
any means necessary, you're gonna be watching your back your
whole life. Um. Specifically, he came from the west and
conquered eastward. So when he was buried, he had the

(11:56):
terracotta army facing east to protect him because of all
the badness he had done. And this is after he
had killed hundreds of scientists that he commissioned to try
and prolong his life. Yeah, so we talked about him
actually in the Bizarre Medical Treatments episode. I think without
realizing it that. Um. He at the back in the

(12:17):
day at the time, they believe mercury had some sort
of like life enhancing or immortality bestowing properties, and he
would take mercury pills. I think that that's ironically what
killed him. Um. But he in addition to mercury, he
sent out people to like find fountains of youth or

(12:38):
whatever was the Chinese legend version of that. Um. He
was obsessed with remaining alive and simultaneously, like you said,
totally paranoid with dying. So he must have been a
very tormented person. Yeah, he killed four eighty Um doctors
and scientists were killed who could not come up with

(12:59):
a way to make him immortal and again buried alive
or beheaded. Great. Not a good die. UM. All right,
you want to take a break here and talk more
about the Terracott Army. Yes, right, So Chuck Um, when

(13:34):
we uh we were talking about this guy, I think
you're painting it a pretty good picture of him. I
guess he comes to either he comes to grip with
the idea that he's gonna die because at the time,
like he's trying to chase immortality, he's concocting um like
a huge burial masso lium for himself. I guess, hedging
his bets in case he does die. But by this time,

(13:57):
like Confucius and other scholars in China had basically, like
philosophically debunked the idea of life after death. So this
man was utterly crazy by his contemporary standards. Um and
that kind of shows if you step back and really
think about the attitude and the mentality behind what he

(14:18):
was doing. But he at some point either came to
grips with the factor he was gonna die, or he
was just hedging his bets and thought he was going
to remain immortal. But just in case, let me have
this incredible grand funerary complex created, and let's build a
terra Cotta army to protect me in the afterlife. Yeah,
it's really neat to look at the Terracotta army now,

(14:38):
his art, but eight thousand soldiers, Like, this guy was
clearly cuckoo. He was off his rocker. Yeah, he's a batman.
He was a bad man. Alright, So shall we start
with the army. Yes, let's because it's not all that
is that he had commission, But the armies are very
it's pretty significant it is significant. Um, Like you said,

(14:58):
they are information. So the front dudes are Um, they're
kneeling down their bowmen and they were famous the armies
they had then, and this is one of the reasons
he took over. They figured out the crossbow, and they
figured out how to shoot while riding a horse. And
that was basically all she wrote. Yeah, everybody else is
like mother. Yeah, like down here with a sword on

(15:19):
the ground and you're shooting at me from twenty ft
away with some weird metallic bolt. I guess not metallic,
but wouldn't. Yeah, they weren't Fortune steel back then. I
wonder when they did start. I don't know, something like
a podcast it does how steel works. Yeah, it'd be
a good one. I could see that. Um. So you

(15:41):
have these bowmen they have on their armor, Um, their
fingers on the trigger there, incredibly detailed down to the
soles of their feet. Yeah. They have their shoes they're
wearing have like treadmarks on the bottom. It's all. They
took great pride, these artists, clearly because they probably didn't
want to get killed. Because each of them had to
sign in case there was a flaw. I could be

(16:02):
traced back to who built this one. Yeah, they were
killed that they didn't like it. They most decidedly were.
There were eighty three. They found the stamps, which were
ultimately the signatures of eighty three different foreman, and each
foreman had a team of apprentices working under him, and
the reason that they did assign those stamps so that
he could have them killed if he didn't like how

(16:23):
slow work was progressing, if he didn't like what it
looked like. Um. And at first, chuck, they were like, well,
this is clearly they just set up an assembly line.
Molds were known to the Chinese back then, and um,
that's the only way you could possibly create seven thousand
figures from a terra cotta army. And they found that yes,

(16:44):
actually the heads were um created through molds. I think
the arms were and stuff like that, but the bulk
of them were created by this thing called coiling. Okay,
so what is that like? Three D printing? Very much so.
Actually they take clay and hammer until it's soft impliable,
and then you wrap it in like a rope around it,

(17:06):
and then you mold it. And the thing it really
took these there's people who are recreating it to try
to figure out how they did it, and they've examined
like broken pieces so they can see the inside and
they can see the coiling evidence very clearly, and they're like,
it doesn't make any sense, Like you can't quickly make

(17:27):
um all these figures in an efficient way by coiling.
Why would they not just use molds? And finally somebody realized,
like this emperor was a bloodthirsty tyrant. He didn't care
about efficiency. He cared about differences distinctions. So while so
while the heads just the actual shape of the heads
were made in mold, the bodies were made by hand,

(17:51):
each one through this coiling method. So where you could
make like a molded body and maybe a week, it
would take a month to do one body by coiling.
And that's what they were doing because he wanted them different.
That's crazy. Yeah, he just didn't want to carbon carbon
copies soldiers. So each one of these the body was

(18:12):
made by hand through this incredibly intensive coiling method. So
they're starting from the ground up obviously with the base,
and then coiling their way up. The legs then were
molded and affixed, uh, as well as the arms and torsos.
No not the um okay, gotcha, but then the heads.

(18:32):
They said they found eight different head molds. Yes, and
that's just the big mold, not the faces. Right. The
faces were done by hand individually as well, right, each face. Yeah,
the hair and expressions, yeah yeah, and the hair. Uh.
You know, warriors who had had the most kills had
longer hair and a bigger up right big and um,

(18:56):
so they would. You know, they took great care into making,
you know, the the most revered soldiers have their hair
matched as it should basically as realistic as they could. Yea.
If you're just an infantry man, you'd be wearing like
one of one of those beanies beanie hat probably um,
with maybe like your bun just kind of sticking up
off to the side underneath. If you're a general, you

(19:19):
might be wearing a huge hat with a pheasant feather
and a bow tying the whole thing underneath you. Yeah,
very fancy. So these things were incredibly detailed. They weren't
like a knockoff Star Wars figure that you would find
in Bulgaria or something like that, you know, or China. Yeah,

(19:41):
sure that was way more appropriate than Bulgaria. They probably
make the real thing too. Um. Yeah, these were very detailed.
Not you know, you wouldn't want to say life like.
They're still artistic slightly, but they were pretty detailed still. Yeah,
and they the ones you see now when they see
him in the museum where you look it up on Google. Um,

(20:01):
they're not colored, but that is because of humidity and time.
But um, originally they fired him in the killing and
they painted and lacquered them as well. That's right. I'd
love to see those. Look at watch that National Geographic thing.
They've redone one in the original colors that they think,
and they're almost garish. They're so different like colorful wise

(20:21):
and um, lots of surprising lavenders and blues and purples
and things. Reds colors used to be way more garish, right, Um,
but so okay. They were doing some assembly line stuff.
Most of the bulk of it, though, was coiled by hand.

(20:43):
The faces, the hair all done by hand, and then
each one was painted by hand and then given a
coat of lacquer. That's insane. It's insane that the sky
would have had an assembly line of seven thousand of
these things built and unpainted. But he didn't. He went

(21:04):
even more detailed and apparently also I learned from that documentary.
At the time, lacquer was an extremely expensive um product
and he was using it on his terra cottas soldiers.
It still ain't cheap, uh, and that they there wasn't
just the soldiers, there were also um some uh, there
was a strong man in another room and some what

(21:28):
do you call him? That circus performers, Yeah, acrobats. And
I looked up the strong man and he was noted
for the detail of his biceps. And he had a gut,
he did, he had a gut and some guns, gutting guns.
He's missing his head, right, Yeah, I didn't see a head. Yeah,
but yeah, he's got he's a big boy. He's like um,
he was built like Andre the Giant. Yeah, kind of

(21:49):
all right, you want to take another little rest here,
We'll take a quick nap and then I'll I'll let
you awake very gently. Alright you well, we'll finish up

(22:22):
what cup buddy? Huh, it's time to finish the terracout army?
Oh man, Oh, I got crusted in my eyes, look
at you. Okay, I'm back, Chuck. Okay. So Jean wasn't
the only ruler to do this, right, No, he wasn't.
Who else did it well? Do you remember in our
Pyramids episode, although if it hasn't come out yet, no

(22:45):
one will know what I'm talking about, but you will eventually. Um,
we talked about how the Pyramid of Cufu was the
pinnacle of pyramid building in dynastic Egypt, and then the
pyramids got smaller because the rulers um cred I guess
went down as people started to worship the sun instead.
Great point that I had never considered. Very similar thing

(23:07):
happened in China as people as the well. The Ching
dynasty only lasted for another four years after chen or
huangdi Um died, and then the Han dynasty started, and
the Hans apparently had much um easier hand with their subjects,
and so as a result, even though they had terracotta

(23:28):
armies buried with them, they were like a third to
a sixth of the size of cheens terracatta army, and
they take that as a sign that this um might
empower over people. UM had diminished tremendously. Yeah. I think
it was symbolic of a kinder um regime UM and

(23:50):
one that was not also booby trapped with like very
much like Raiders of the Lost Arc apparently Cheens to
them or the whole complex booby trapped with like blow
darts and stuff ready to go. And also we did
we um. One of the reasons why this thing was
booby trapped was to prevent looters. Because remember there's a

(24:12):
historian that was that came along not too long after.
He's a part of the early Han dynasty. From what
I understand, the name as Sema kion Um and Seema
kion is the one who first described cheens mausoleum. And
one of the things he described is that um on
the ceiling was a constellation made of pearls and gems,

(24:34):
mountains had been chiseled out of gold, and that um
that Cheen's tomb itself was surrounded by a river of
mercury because remember again they since they said that um
it bestowed immortality. And from what I understand, a lot
of what Sima Kian was talking about a writing has
been proven correct. So UM, and they've also found that

(24:57):
in the soil around che tomb where they think he's buried,
there's higher than unusually high mercury levels, like super high. Yeah,
so they think like, yeah, these crazy people buried him
around a river of mercury, and who knows if there's
a constellation of pearls and Gempson's maybe seem Kian is right. Yeah,
and that also makes it super dangerous to excavate still um,

(25:22):
which is one of the reasons why they haven't done
more there. Um there are six hundred pits that they
have unearthed thus far, which is, like I said, I
think only about one percent. And um, they're sort of
afraid to look elsewhere because of the booby traps in
the mercury. I don't blame them. Uh So a few stats.

(25:42):
Thirty six years to complete this army or the tomb
I guess, um, seven hundred thousand laborers. They estimate eight
hundred and twenty thousand square feet a hundred feet deep
with I saw eight thousand warriors. This is seven. I've
seen different numbers. Two let's just say between six and
eight um forty weapons. And apparently these weapons are in

(26:08):
really good shape. Well yeah, I mean they're like bronze
swords and stuff like that. They weren't made of like, um,
paper mache, so I guess he did have metal, Yeah, bronze.
At least that answers that in each one of these
terracotta soldiers weighs about three thirty pounds, which is crazy
because they're not even solid. Oh yeah, it wouldn't be right.

(26:31):
So what is the coil on the inside and then
they smooth out the outside? Right? Okay, that makes sense.
So um we did mention that um Emperor han ling D,
who came fifty three years after Cheen, had his smaller
terracotta soldiers. There's also the Wei Shan site um which
they found in two thousand two, another terracotta army. But

(26:54):
they're all just a football they they they might as
well not even be there. Symbolic cute. That also symbolic
again of a kinder. What was the one quote from
do nothing in order to govern? Yeah, not quite the
same as Cheen. That was the Emperor han ling D's quote.
He was the motto Cheen was a little more do

(27:16):
whatever you need to do to squatch any disruption. Well yeah,
and Han ling D came along and said, you know what,
we're going to not text you guys that much, and
we're gonna do away with forced labor. So uh, let's party.
He was like the Rodney danger Field of the han
dymondsty I think he got respect though. Sure that's true.

(27:42):
So that's he was the Rodney Dangerfield post death because
Rodney has tons of respect. What was Rodney Dangerfield's epitaph?
Do you remember? It's like one of the best ever.
Someone I was on the Mark Maron's interview show w
t F was interviewed and they were talking about the
old days hanging out with Rodney and just what a

(28:03):
beast that guy was. What do you mean just party beast? Oh? Yeah,
like legendary. Um, you hang out with Rodney and you're
in for a long night. I can imagine. Yeah, but
a really good guy. I found it. Chuck. What his
epitaph on Rodney danger Fields grave stuff? There goes the
neighborhood so classic awesome? Yeah, but I had like that

(28:30):
you get a free bowl of soup. Oh that was
pretty good man. You were like the rich little of
this podcast. Uh, you got anything else? Nope. If you
want to know more about the terra Cotta army, go
see it. And while you're doing that, you can type
those words into the search bar at how stuff works
dot com. Terracotta is one word, by the way, one
word Smithsonian Magazine. Oh did they goop it? Uh? And

(28:54):
since I Shames Smithsonian Magazine. That means it's time for
listener mail. I'm gonna call this uh animal imprint feedback.
Hey guys, I'm currently listening to how animal imprinting works
and could not even finish it because I had to
write you My godmother's Dorsey. Uh and Susan live on
own and run an urban farm in Austin, Texas on

(29:16):
the east side. They have several animals such as chickens, bunnies, geese,
miniature donkeys, boy and ducks. Um. Recently, a mother duck
had no interest in her babies uh, and they got
adopted by a chicken. That chicken got sick of them
trying to play in all of the rain and we
have all the rain we've been getting and left them

(29:36):
on their own. A male goose named Gustavo took the
baby ducks in and treats them as his own. On
top of that, the next batch of baby ducks born
he went and took as his own. Now Gustavo has
about ten baby ducks that follow him around the nest.
With them, he has his own private army. That's right, um.

(29:57):
And they're not terra cotta. They're made of baby feathers
the softest army. I failed to mention that Gustavo is
the face of the farm, greets people, follows around my godmothers,
and gives tours whoever stops by, So she says, she
finishes with I started listening to y'all about five months
ago and cannot stop start many of my sentences now
with this podcast, I was listening to say many random

(30:20):
facts that I learned from You also teach high school
world history and on the days I need to uh
the students not to talk um a k A. The
days that I don't have a lesson plan that I
talked to all, I play one of your episodes that
applies to what we're learning and have them do bookwork.

(30:41):
I find many of them not working and listening to
your show instead. Nice. So that is from Christina, Maudie
and Christina, thank you for your work as a teacher,
and hello to all your students. And hello, Hello are
your godmothers and Gustavo. Hello miss Maudie's class, Thanks for listening.

(31:01):
Miss Maudie. That's so nice. Yeah, I'm sure that's what
they call her. That'd be great callor Christina, that's way
too modern of a school for me and big ups
to Gustavo. That's pretty cool. I want to take a
Gustavo to her someday. And she sent a picture of
gustav on the ducks too. Uh well, we should post
that somewhere alright, unless it's copyrighted. Let us know. If

(31:24):
you want to get in touch with us, you can
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can join us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you
Should Know. You can send us an email to Stuff
podcast at how stuff works dot com and has always
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