TechStuff Classic: The Golden Age of Radio

How did broadcast radio get its start? What were the challenges and controversies? And how did the golden age fade into history?

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:04):
Welcome to tech Stuff, a production from My Heart Radio.
Hey there, and welcome to tech Stuff. I'm your host,
Jonathan Strickland, executive producer or I heart radio and I
love all things tech. Today we're going to listen to

(00:25):
a classic episode the Golden Age of radio. This episode
originally published March eleven, two thousand fifteen. I will now
stop talking like that, because I know it's obnoxious. I
couldn't resist it. Probably should have. I apologize, but no,
We're gonna listen to this classic episode of the Golden
Age of radio. I hope you enjoy. Radio is one

(00:46):
of those things that I have loved all my life. Um,
well before I started working for a company that owns
hundreds of radio stations. Uh, and I have been a
part of radio drama groups that didn't produce classic radio drama,
but rather wrote new radio dramas in the style of

(01:07):
the classic radio plays. So I have a real fondness
for Golden age radio. Anyway, let's take a listen to
this episode, which originally published on March eleventh, two thousand
and fifteen. Today, Christian and I are going to talk
about a subject that was suggested by a listener, and
first of all, I must apologize to said listener because

(01:27):
despite my heroic efforts of researching where this suggestion came from,
couldn't find it. So I'm guessing this was actually an
older one. But said the forward thinking, bad prediction story
about Hugo Gernsback got me thinking about how crazy it
must have been to have lived through the debut of
public radio, all the excitement and so little understanding, fireside chats,
fearmongering about radio death rays. A history episode about the

(01:50):
promises in popular notions surrounding radio could be fun and
uh so we wanted to talk about the dawn of
broadcast radio. Before we get into that, I should mentioned
that way back in April two thousand eleven, Chris Palette
and I sat down and recorded an episode titled Who
Invented the Radio, which was mostly about the inventors who

(02:11):
discovered radio waves and found ways to generate radio waves,
obviously including the two big names Tesla and Marconi. Anyone
who knows anything about the patent wars knows about there
was a big kerfuffle between the two of those guys.
Uh little peek behind the curtain. That is the first time,
and I think the only time I have recorded an

(02:33):
entire episode and immediately said we can't use that, Let's
do it again, recorded it all over. Because the ghost
of Marconi was haunting you. There was that, and we
had in the old studio, we had a portrait of
Nicola Tesla on the wall, and we felt judged. But
mainly Chris and I both felt that we gave such
a disjointed story that we were jumping around so much

(02:58):
that made no sense as we after talking it through
once we went back rerecorded, so that first episode that
we recorded it's lost to time. We don't have it anymore.
I wish I could, at least hope will be more
organized today. But I'll tell you just from going through
all this research that this is such a vast amount
of information for this period of time, and I feel

(03:21):
like and it's and you can you can get a
PhD in radio communication in the history of radio and
understanding these things, and it's yeah, we will probably only
scratch the surface today. I imagine, Yeah, they're there. And
there's so many crazy dramatic stories of betrayal, of of

(03:42):
con men, of big ball early media. It's like this
pirate industry of people just messing with each other. It's
it's fascinating. In fact, there there's probably two or three
podcast worth of information that we could cover, but we're
gonna try and get this in one if we can.
So first thing I gotta mentioned is that radio and
broadcast radio are two different things. You know, radio in

(04:03):
the sense of what Tesla and Marconi were looking at,
they were looking at ways of transmitting short signals across
distances without using wires, so that was it. They were
looking largely at using Morse code. So they might use
a spark gap technology where they would create sparks and
send messages that way. But you couldn't really do a

(04:26):
sustained message that way without creating a lot of static
and noise, and that was a real problem. So we
need to look at another person for broadcast radio. That
would be a Canadian by the name of Reginald Fessenden,
who essentially invented am radio. That would be uh, the

(04:46):
amplitude modulated radio. And so from your notes here your notes,
it says he worked with Edison for Edison. He actually
he actually worked for both Westinghouse and Edison at different
it's in his career. So yeah, he just like Tesla.
Tesla also worked for both yea, although you know again
working for like it's like me saying that, you know,

(05:09):
I worked for the head of our parent company, and
technically I do, but I don't have any contact with them.
So uh. He had dropped out of school as a
young man. He actually did not complete his school work,
but he was keenly interested in electricity and this potential
to transmit messages wirelessly, and he was using that spark
gap technology. But that was the problem, was that it

(05:31):
was creating so much static and noise that it was
very difficult to get any intelligible message across. Yeah. So
actually I want to interject here for sure. So um,
in like the model of human communication, when scholars are
looking at how human beings communicate with each other, regardless
of media, they actually use uh this Feestenden Marconi uh

(05:55):
model of transmissions as like the baseline for it. And
it's all about like ending and receiving with feedback and
feed forward and then there's a signal to noise ratio.
That's how it's all understood whether you and I are
sitting here talking in the same room, or it's mass
media or it's uh like like in the early days
of radio. That the way they literally thought of it

(06:18):
was two ships that were thousands of yards away from
one another trying to contact each other using this old
radio technology, and they would have so much static they
would have to constantly give each other feedback and feed
forward to make sure the message was understood. It makes
perfect sense, I mean, especially when you see the brilliance
of Fessenden. He thought, well, they I can. I can

(06:39):
create these sparks of electricity, create these electromagnetic fields and
thus creating radio waves, but it isn't giving me the
fidelity I need in order to communicate properly. He then thought,
what if I used a continuous wave, So I create
a sign wave and oscillating wave with the same amplitude,
same frequency, So it's just steady. Now, that's not carrying

(07:02):
any information by itself. It's if you could if you
could hear it, it would just be a steady tone.
But it's actually talking about using frequencies above the limit
of human hearing. So let's say you create this wave,
and then you were too introduce a second wave, one
that was created by your voice, so you'd speak into

(07:25):
a microphone. It gets converted into electric waves. You add
that on top of the uh, the existing wave you've
already created, and you allow it to change the amplitude
of that wave as the two waves are overlaid on
top of one another. Sure it is genius, It's absolutely genius. Uh.
So this was a M radio. This was the idea

(07:49):
that that became a M radio because it does modulate
the amplitude of that wave. So the amplitude, by the way,
is the the peak to peak uh difference, Right, it's not.
It's not how many oscillations. This is just the the
amplitude of the wave itself, how tall the peaks are,

(08:09):
how low the troughs are. If you were looking at
the wave across a line the way at Assuming that
this innovation of his significantly reduced the noise and static
it did, it did. It did still have issues and
that you could have interference with other waves that were
created at that same frequency. It also meant that you

(08:33):
could get interference with other electromagnetic phenomenon like like a
lightning strike. So also if you pass below, like if
you go under a bridge, you would hear, you know,
the disruption of the signal. So it wasn't perfect, but
it was an incredible step forward and this was revolutionary.

(08:54):
I mean he tested it successfully. He did a short
distance test between two towers and it worked fine. And
then in n six he had his infamous Christmas concert
for sailors. See this is yeah, this is where I
think that that boat to boat the idea comes from, right, yeah,
Because it turns out the disaster of the Titanic would

(09:17):
end up really making this uh clear that there needed
to be some radio communication for ships at sea. But
what he wanted to do was he wanted to send
out a message to essentially telegraph operators aboard ships. That
was his plan. So he proceeded the concert with an
actual telegraph message that essentially translates into hey, pay attention.

(09:42):
And then once he did that, he started knew it
was coming though, right they were not most of them.
They just knew to pay attention because they got the message.
Yeah there, they were like, well, here's the message, whatever
is going to happen, We need to really focus. And
so what they were expecting to hear were just the
noises they would hear for the dot, some dashes of
Morse code. So then he he gives a short speech.

(10:04):
He plays a violin, uh and plays a Holy Night.
There were supposed to be other people who talked into
the microphone too, but most of them chickened out because
they got like terrible stage fright because they realized all
of a sudden that they were speaking to like hundreds
of people, right right, yeah. Yeah, And so anyway, it
ended up being a big hit. Sailors up and down

(10:25):
the Atlantic coast were we're able to hear him and
reported back to it, so it was known to be
a success. And that's how AM radio got started. Yeah yeah,
I like that. Yeah, so that's a nice start to
it ends up being industry. Yeah. So so he he
demonstrates this capability, and immediately other physicists and engineers start

(10:51):
to experiment with it because some of them had been
independently working on this same kind of idea. Fessenden ended
up being the first to make it really work in
a public demonstration. So you had a lot of other
people who were who either adopted his ideas or continued
to develop their own ideas, and a lot of amateurs
were starting to experiment with radio transmissions, including transmitting out

(11:16):
to telegraph operators who often were very much entertained by
this because it was different from just listening to clicks
on the headphones. This is the part that's the most
fascinating about the evolution of radio to me is that
even though the technology is ultimately made for mass communication,
people originally started using it as one to one communication

(11:38):
across long distances, replacing a telegraph. And then uh, these
amateur operators, these like d I y uh people in
their in their garage, is just you know, tinkering around
with the technology that they could get a hold of.
We're able to turn it into this mass communication then yeah.

(11:58):
And it's funny because when you look at the early ones,
obviously they were using very low wattage transmitters, so that
meant that they couldn't transmit very far, most of them.
I mean, if you were a big name, you might
be able to work with someone like General Electric to
get a really big transmitter and be able to send
a signal far away. Because the signals reach is largely

(12:18):
dependent upon the power of the transmitter. Right, the further
way you get, the weaker the signal is, and the
less you'll be likely you are able to pick it
up with a receiver. So in the early days, people
were happy to experiment with this, and there was really
no regulation because there there hadn't been a demonstrable need

(12:39):
to regulate yet, because no one had the power to
interfere that much with anything that was important. We have
more to say about the golden age of radio after
these brief messages, Festal would invent a high frequency electric

(12:59):
generator to create radio waves in the Hurts frequency, which
was really important. And in Dr Charles Aaron Culver, who
was newly hired as a professor of physics at Beloit
College or bell Watt if you prefer Um and So college.
I've never it's it's in a town called bell Watt actually,

(13:23):
but set up a radio telegraph assembly which became the
foundation for the college is radio station, though voice in
music transmission wouldn't be part of it until the nineteen twenties.
But this this became like again, it was someone a
physics professor, in this case, a physics professor who was
already interested in radio and had been working on it independently,
setting up a thing that would eventually evolve into an

(13:46):
early early radio station. Yeah, and that's kind of another
interesting aspect of this too, is that these early amateur
radio stations weren't just uh d I y kind of
hobbyists doing it on their own. A lot of it
was educational institutions, not just colleges, but also high schools
that were just you know, trying to use it for

(14:07):
educational purposes. Yeah, and that it's interesting later on what
happens when amateur radio sort of gets more regulated. It
really reminds me of the early days of personal computers
and how how it first started off as a hobbyist thing,
and then you know, you had bleeding edge adopters who
might not build a computer, but they're curious about how

(14:29):
they might use it. And then later you had people
who were uh, you know more it became more and
more mainstream as time went on. So we've seen other
emerging technologies that have followed a similar pathway to radio.
Uh not always with the dramatics. I mean, there were
some deffinite dramatics and early personal computers too. But we

(14:50):
got some crazy stories to tell. But first we have
another big name in radio that we have to mention. Yeah,
so in nine and ten, this guy lead to Forest
really podcasted like the first sort of broad meant for
mass communication. Radio broadcast uh, specifically of a guy named
Enrico Caruso singing. I believe it was opera singing from

(15:13):
what I understood, um, and that he he ushered in
this area era of radio communications. And unfortunately, though even
though he was broadcasting, probably on Fessenden's news system, for
the most part it was static and radio interference, so
the audience barely heard anything. But you know, for a
decade afterwards, radio fans were both using uh, these amateur

(15:36):
radio units to broadcast and receive. Yeah, it wasn't just
them receiving. Yeah, it wasn't like they were a passive audience.
They were creating as well. And again, depending upon the
power of their radio transmitters, it maybe that they were
only transmitting to people in their general neighborhood or even
small time, but you wouldn't be able to necessarily pick

(15:58):
up that signal for much. Further, also depends on the
quality of the receiver as well. Like you could build
a very simple a radio receiver that doesn't even require
a battery and as a crystal, a very long antenna
and some headphones, and uh, you can pick up radio
signals if you're close enough to a transmitter. Uh. And
in fact, that's a fun project to do. You can

(16:19):
look up how to do that online. So also in
nineteen ten, the same time Leada Forrest was was experimenting
with us, you had a guy named Charles David Harold
who opened a school that he called the Herald College
of Engineering and Wireless, and he was experimenting with wireless
voice transmissions as early as nineteen o nine and providing
a thrill to telegraph operators who suddenly were able to

(16:40):
hear voices over the telegraph lines. Now this is out
in California, so he's surprising people out there who normally
they weren't expecting it at all, but they loved it
because you would imagine this job is a little probably
very tedious. Yeah. So he actually started setting up a
regular broadcast time, like the first radio programming in a way.

(17:03):
And by nineteen ten he had created this, uh, this
program that would include reading out news to telegraph operators.
And his wife Sybil got involved and she started playing
records that the description I said was the kind of
records young people like to listen to back in Yeah,
so playing records, So playing music for these telegraph operators

(17:25):
and holding the first radio contests, and here's all the
radio contest work. Back then. She would instruct people listening
to come by their house sign a guest book with
their name and where they were from, and then they
might win a little prize Number seven. No, wasn't calling
number seven. Uh. And here's the coolest part. I think

(17:47):
this little amateur station eventually over time in ninety one
would become k q W, and in nineteen it would
evolve into k CBS, then the CBS. Yeah. I thought
that was really interesting, especially like we'll talk later about,
CBS is sort of importance in the big game of

(18:08):
radio development. Yeah. So nineteen ten is also when the
US passed the Wireless Ship Act, which required all ships
of the US traveling more than two miles off the
coast and carrying more than fifty passengers to have a
wireless radio equipment on board with a with an operator,
and the transmission range had to be at least a
hundred miles. And that meant that it created a lot

(18:31):
more radio transmissions broadcast without any regulation. This is where
the United States government starts to say, this is going
to become a problem because now we we already have
a lot of radio traffic going on just through amateurs
as well as ship to land land to ship communication. Uh,
it's starting to get a little crowded and we're starting
to get interference. We need to figure out how to

(18:52):
handle this. So in nineteen twelve, they passed the Radio
Act of nineteen twelve, which is good because if they
had passed the Radio Act of nineteen twelve and like
nineteen eleven, every one would have been confused. Uh, and
marked the first time the US government required radio stations
to be licensed. So the licensing was really just to
create order in chaos, and it was really kind of like,
you know, we want to make sure that we're keeping

(19:15):
certain frequencies free so that we can have these these
very important transmissions go uninterrupted because am transmissions, if you
transmit two things on the same frequency, you get lots
of interference and just different from there was a military
component to this as well, because World War One was
on the horizon, was happening, and they the government banned

(19:39):
amateur radio broadcasting during the war for you know, the
reason that they were trying to transmit signals to one
another of important nature. If somebody was talking in their
garage about, uh, you know, their favorite records something or you. Yeah,
the ones that the young people listened to, they would
overlap and they didn't get these important messages, so they

(20:01):
shut it all down. And also just radio detection to
the the remote possibility that they might detect radio transmissions
from either allies or enemies. It would mean that yeah, yeah,
this is this is before the whole Bletchley Park on
Enigma thing, which is I've talked about that in the

(20:21):
previous episode of tech Stuff. But fascinating story fourteen Edwin Armstrong,
who's going to be important throughout this conversation, and his
story is amazing and tragic. Uh. He patents a radio
receiver circuit that increases the selectivity which allows you to
tune into specific frequencies and the sensitivity of radio receivers.

(20:42):
That means it was able to pick up weaker radio
signals than previous receivers. So selectivity obviously very important. You
want to be able to say, I'm looking at this
particular band of frequencies and I don't want anything outside
of that um and we would see that get better
and better. In en he would invent the super heterodyne

(21:02):
radio receiver or superhead. So this principle is actually really fascinating,
and I gotta admit to you, Christian, I had to
really sit down and read this a few times to
kind of get what was going on. Yeah, because I
mean this is radio, electromagnetic and radio broadcast. I have
a basic understanding of it, but it does go well

(21:23):
beyond what I studied in school. And it took a while,
but now I think I've got it. Will explain it
to me, because yeah, I'm more of the on the
side of the like cultural examination of radio, whereas like
the technology of it escapes me sometimes, So yeah, hit me.
All right. Let's say, let's say I want to transmit
a radio signal at a high frequency, so it's not

(21:46):
going to interfere with anything else, but that processing high
frequencies is a little tricky, so you might have a
receiver that can process frequencies up to I'm just gonna
take an arbitrary number, a hundred killer hurts. But I
want to transmit at fifteen hundred killer hurts. If I

(22:06):
were to introduce that frequency to an oscillator tuned to
a different frequency, suddenly I would be able to receive
that uh, not just at the original frequency. I transmit
at but the difference between that and the oscillating one.
So another easy example, let's say they have an oscillating
frequency at a thousand killer hurts. Yeah, okay, that would

(22:30):
mean that if you used a receiver tuned to five
killer hurts, killer hurts or two thousand five killer hurts,
you would pick up that signal one could process it. Okay,
So and I'm imagining that this is a process that's
still used today. Yeah. This is the principle of transmitting
and receiving with a radio so that your radio doesn't

(22:52):
have to have as wide a spectrum. It's called an
interminute frequency. And it took me a long time to
figure out what was going on, is the oscillator was
throwing me off. And then I realized, oh, the oscilators
tuned to a different frequency, and that's what gives you
the broader range that you can pick up. It's pretty fascinating.
And again Armstrong was absolutely brilliant coming up with this. Uh.

(23:13):
And then we move up to the nineteen twenties. Yeah,
and the twenties is when this educational stuff that I
was talking about earlier, it really hits a boom. There
was like more than two hundred educational organizations across the
United States of America that we're requesting broadcasting licenses so
that they could transmit, and whether they were using it
as a an opportunity for their students to learn about

(23:36):
the technology or to broadcast educational information didn't really matter.
The unfortunate thing is that thirteen years later, by three
or more of these educational institutions had folded and and
basically it was because of and this is going to
be a huge theme of this episode, because of ad
based programming and stronger stations, commercial stations that were able

(23:59):
to overlapped their signal. Yeah, you essentially had not just
the fact that the companies had more technological behind them,
but the government was favoring those over the educational ones.
When we get into a little bit more about the politics,
you're going to hear that repeated a few times, and
it's it's a little upsetting, honestly, And I also i'd

(24:23):
like to say, like, it's interesting because despite whatever my
political beliefs are reading. One of the articles that we
used as as research for this was written in nineteen
from the perspective of somebody at Harvard University looking back
at the Federal Radio Radio Commission before it turned into
the FCC that we have now and kind of just

(24:45):
doing a broad review of the last like ten years
of this, and it's very very similar and reminiscent of
arguments that we've seen with media throughout the last hundred
years and that we're seeing right now in arguments about
net neutrality. Yeah, it's really similar to net neutrality, the
idea being that everyone should be free to use the
Internet to send and receive whatever information they want. In radio,

(25:10):
we saw the same argument, except in that case radio
it was it ended up being that those folks were
kind of pushed away and that the the the corporations,
the companies that had the money were the ones that
had the voice. Yeah, and and so like you know,
as we were talking earlier, there's these amateur radio stations,
right and they here's the kind of content you might

(25:31):
find on amateur radio stations. Maybe somebody's giving a sermon,
or they're they're they're just reading out of their Bible,
or they're talking about sports out of today's newspaper, updating
their neighborhood on what happened in sports around the country
that day. Maybe they're reading a poem, maybe they're giving
a speech about something political at the time, perhaps the

(25:51):
usage of radio, or like we were talking earlier, just
playing records and at the time there was no you know,
aacensing or copyright and effect for for how music was broadcasted.
So they just throw any record on and kind of
entertain the neighborhood. Right in a way, you can think
of it as like the predecessor of blogs. Yeah, you

(26:12):
know it really in a in a real way, it was,
and uh, this was amazing. This was an ability for
someone to have a platform to have their voice heard.
Some people made very good use of that. Some people,
may you may think, made frivolous use of it, just
like the internet. Sure, yeah, exactly, And that's just like blogging,

(26:36):
except for for people like us I suppose, who do
get paid to do it. A lot of these these
amateur radioists that they weren't getting paid for this. They
had day jobs. In fact, Like one of the stories
I read was about how there's this guy who ran
a gas station, but he also had a radio station
running out of his gas station, and so he'd be
on air and then he'd say, hold on a minute,

(26:56):
I have to go, uh sell some gas and he'd go,
he'd just appear for five minutes, and they had come
back and just pick up again. And that was just
how it is. They didn't really worry about dead air
or anything like that. Yeah. Um. And and at the
same time, there's also this other, like broader, more important thing,
which I think is why the government started to become

(27:16):
more involved in it, which is that radio allowed the
listeners to sample other cultures from far away states that
and and and learn more about what this kind of
idea of America as a nation meant. You know, even
though they may have never visited Nebraska, they would be
hearing what these amateur radioists in Nebraska were talking about.

(27:38):
They were giving them sort of a peek into what
the culture in those towns were like. It's really cool. Yeah, yeah,
absolutely yeah. And moving over to nineteen twenty, that's when
we get the first commercial radio station launching. That's Kadi
k A. Now, amateur radio stations, like Christian was saying,
had already been around, and a guy named Henry P.

(27:58):
Davis was inspired by an mature named Frank Conrad and
saw the potential to actually make some money off this
whole radio thing, and not just not just broadcast out
for free, but to actually make it a commercial enterprise.
So the radio station went live on November two, nineteen twenty,
Henry P. Davis himself read out the results of the
presidential elections on the air, and he would become heavily

(28:22):
involved in broadcast radio, in fact becoming the first chairman
of the National Broadcasting Company also known as NBC. So yeah, exactly, pacock. Yeah.
Then the opening of thirty Rock in nine s kt
k A was owned and operated by Westinghouse Electric and
Manufacturing Company, and you might not be surprised to hear

(28:44):
that Westinghouse used the radio station as a means of
convincing people to go out and buy radios, because up
to this point, again it was very much an amateur thing.
People who were interested in the science would go out
and get the equipment or build the equipment from from
whatever they could, and that's how they participated. But now
we're talking about actually making commercial radio sets for people

(29:06):
to go out and buy. And this is also the
beginning of things starting to get a little dodgy on
the corporate side of things, because previously the patents for
radios were all over the place. But what happened was
the big companies G E, A, T and T. Weird,
they're such a familiar name nowadays. G A, T and T,
International Radio and Telegraph and Westinghouse all got together and said,

(29:29):
let's pull together our patents, and they created r c A,
the Radio Corporation of America, for the express purpose of
allowing them to build and sell radio equipment like transmitters
and receivers that were designed not for broadcast broadcast, but
for for telegraphing, but also to keep these amateur radio

(29:52):
out of business, basically so that they couldn't just go
and buy an out of the box kit anymore. They
would have to they would have to really build it themselves.
R c A flexed its muscles in ways that I
think just about anyone would describe as odious and uh
and a lot of the stories we're gonna cover, yeah yeah,
yeah yeah, um. And what's kind of interesting is just that,

(30:15):
you know, there's there's this other article that I read
for this that was called The Design of Symbiosis that
was all about, you know, the the longevity of radio
and in these corporations interacting, and there's a quote from
it that I want to read, which is about this
specific thing. It says it was no accident that the
General Electric Corporation G, after acquiring rights to the Marconi

(30:38):
wireless patents in the United States, spearheaded the formation of
the r c A, which in turn launched the National
Broadcasting Corporation NBC, one of gs many subsidiaries. It still is,
I believe right. Well again you got Universal Yeah, yeah,
it's even larger than that and a leading content company.

(30:58):
So it's like one thing led to another, from one
corporation to the next as they kind of built out
their their subsidiaries and spread their spread out kind of
like an umbrella and it and it. Don't get me wrong,
this wasn't all negative. They were very positive effects at
the time as well. From this we will conclude the
story of the Golden Age of radio, if I can

(31:19):
say such a grandiose thing, after we take this quick break.
I love that you have this bit about a T
and T and their their business strategy. This is one
of the so apparently they like repeatedly, we're trying to

(31:42):
charge people for commercial broadcasting over their sets, and they
wanted to charge tolls in the same way that they
were charging people for phone calls, which I think is
amazing when you when you think about it, you know,
there's just these these negotiations between the public and the
large corporations. When these new media hit the scene, and

(32:02):
and we're experiencing it right now, we'll probably always be
experiencing it, I imagine. So, and it's interesting to you
you make a delineation in our notes about how how
the radio system is treated in America versus in other nations, right, yeah,
So the thing that's unique about the American radio system.

(32:22):
This isn't to say that that no other countries did this,
but the American radio system specifically evolved as a unique
combination between private enterprises like these ones that we were
just talking about, in government regulation, whereas in other countries,
for the most part, it went for public ownership. So
places like Iceland, the United Kingdom obviously with the BBC, Italy,

(32:44):
Turkey and the uss are it was all public um.
And so the problem that radio had that was unique
in America was that all of these consumers could receive
any signal at equal equality, very much like again blogging,
right sure in theory, and that any broadcaster, however, whether

(33:07):
it's NBC or a guy operating out of his garage
would be able to overwhelm multiple frequencies and overwrite what
was being played by somebody else's broadcasts. Yeah, the very
least you could interfere with the signal. Um, we'll talk
about FM and a little bit. The interesting difference, one
of the many interesting differences between a M and FM

(33:29):
is if you have two AM broadcasts that are coming
out at the same signal, they interfere with one another
the same frequency, I should say they interfere with one
of FM. If you have two of the same frequency,
it's whichever frequency is the most powerful is the one
you will receive. So you could have a little station
that is broadcasting on a very small amount of power

(33:52):
that if you are close to it, you would be
able to pick it up on an FM band that
would normally be for a radio station that might mean
miles way. That could be a giant corporations one. So
there's a lot of back and forth with this too,
which is today we think of this. You and I
were talking about this the other day when we proposed
this idea. We think of it as pirate radio, right,
and I think I always think of pop up the

(34:14):
volume of the Yeah, and Christians later driving around his
neighborhood with his his pirate radio station at the back
of his car. Yeah, it's also similar. I did a
story with Chuck Bryant about it was television, not radio,
but the same same principle, uh the Max Headroom incident
where in Chicago that was also the same principle as

(34:34):
FM radio, and that if you were able to send
a signal along the same frequency but at a higher
power rate, then you could overpower that and people would
receive your signal not someone else's. Yeah, but anyway, and
so as these these conflicts are going on, these like
weird ven diagrams of stations playing up against one another,

(34:55):
the government starts to become interested, as we as we've
talked about, and especially because of military reasons. So the
Navy says, you know what, we should really take control
of this as a means of national defense. And the
way that they thought it should be run was basically
like the post office, that the you know, the federal
government should own and control what is broadcast on radio signals.

(35:17):
Obviously that that didn't end up happening, but then you
get this huge boom because of the amateur radio movement.
From nine to nineteen twenty three, the number of radio
sets in America increased from sixty thousand to one point
five millions. That's a huge adoption rates massive and UH
in nineteen two there were twenty eight stations in operation,

(35:41):
but I think it like exploded to hundreds very quickly. Um.
And then enter the scene a little guy named Herbert Hoover,
who was at the time the Secretary of Commerce, right,
and the and the Department of Commerce oversaw radio at
this time. Yeah, yeah, And he was really the initiative
of that idea. He was the one who said, uh,

(36:03):
you know, uh, he really wanted the Department of Commerce
to control it first of all. But he also said,
and this is another quote, he said, at first, the
idea of making money off radio seemed profane. It is
inconceivable that we should allow so great a possibility for service,
for news, for entertainment, and for vital commercial purposes to

(36:24):
be drowned in advertising chatter. This is Herbert Hoover who
subsequently ends up using the government to support the businesses
UH in terms of businesses over amateur radio stations, UH
in terms of their licensing and his other analogy for
radio was that he thought of it as transportation rather

(36:45):
than the post office analogy that the Navy was using.
He thought it was like, we should think of them
as like waterways, and that the public should be be
able to ride these waterways, but that the government would
regulate how they did. So I like this this message
year two of the We're one of the world's first
radio ads aired on August two, uh for a housing

(37:07):
development in Queens. Yeah. Yeah, this is the They were
basically like um advocating what we would now call gentrification
or like get This is a quote from that ad.
Get away from the solid masses of brick, where children
grow up starved for a run over a patch of grass,
but my child's never seen what a tree looks like.

(37:30):
The Queen this is the first thing that we we
sold on radio. That's hilarious. Yeah. But so Hoover goes
on in inwo He calls together the first American Radio Conference,
which is he brings together representatives from and I put
this in quote radio industry because it really wasn't an industry,
you know, it's just kind of and and this included

(37:51):
not only you know, the businesses that had interests in mind,
but also the amateur radio operators, and no action was taken. Uh,
there were calls for legislation they introduced to build a congress.
Congress is like, no, we don't want to have anything
to do with this. And there's political reasons behind that
that I'll get into later. Um. Then by nineteen we've

(38:12):
got fourteen hundred radio stations, not just what did I say? Yeah,
and you So you've got these big commercial broadcasters that
are forming networks like NBC and CBS, both of them
they've formed in ven respectively. Uh, and it's very similar
today to the same that NBC and CBS that we

(38:35):
understand as being television. Right now, now I've got the
beginning of one of the weirdest stories I've ever heard.
This guy is my favorite. I agree, I think you
should do a whole episode about this guy. I could
easily do a whole episode about this guy. And and
he's going to pepper through parts of the rest of
this episode. So nineteen twenty three is what we're talking

(38:57):
about here. We're going back just a little bit too
to set the stay age. That's when doctor used it.
In quotes. John R. Brinkley starts up a radio station
called kf KB in Kansas. So let me tell you
about doctor Brinkley. First of all, he wasn't a real doctor.
He's like the original snake oil salesman. He he at
least perfected it to an art form, right. He went

(39:20):
to medical school. They never graduated, but he bought a
diploma from a diploma mill for five hundred dollars not
an insignificant amount of money. That's bad, uh, And it
gave him the right to practice medicine in some states,
including Kansas. He purchased diploma, not not an actual like
proof that he had the training that would allow him

(39:42):
to do this. So anyway, he starts practicing medicine. He
had previously been involved in some scams and cons including
things like selling tinted water as if it were an
actual medicinal cure and injecting it into people. But I
want to see a movie about this guy his life,
and I want to see a movie. I want to

(40:02):
see a movie about this guy. I want to see
him cast. I want I want Simon Peg to play him.
He's just like deviously injecting things into people and cutting
open their necks. I think I think either Simon Peg
or Neil Patrick Harris. That would be prilliant. Yeah, he
would be good. It's like evil dookie houser. Yeah. So
he had he had been hired as a house doctor

(40:22):
for a meat packing company and he observed the rigorous
mating habits of goats. Uh. Yeah, So let's slow down
for a second, of people, This means that he watched
goats have sex for a long time and enthusiastically the
goats at least I don't know about him, but the
goats were certainly enthusiastic. So he was talking to a

(40:43):
male patient once about the fact that the male patient
was having problems in the bedroom. He was having a
failing libido rectile dysfunction. Perhaps the the actual nature of
the problem was not what explained in all the sources
I looked at, but had something to do with failing
libido or or um, you know, virility. And so supposedly

(41:07):
what Dr Brinkley did was jokingly suggest that perhaps they
should transplant plant some goat quote unquote glands and gonads
into the mail patient. And he said, let's do it.
Let's fire us like the original body modification. Give me
some give me some of them goat glands. So he
does he actually did start performing this, and then he

(41:29):
started to suggest, like he began to essentially advertise saying,
this is a way to restore virility for men. Uh,
let me do this this medical procedure for a not
insignificant amount of money. So flash forward to when he
gets the radio station and he starts to fill his
broadcast time with music and medical lectures, and he would

(41:53):
end up advocating for this kind of treatment and other
treatments that were equally bogus advertise thing to Yeah, and
he was. He was essentially throwing business to surgeons, into
pharmacists and getting kickbacks every single time and making a
mint off it. So he's in full operation and will

(42:15):
end up, believe it or not, defining in part why
radio has regulated the way it is. But we'll get
to that. Yeah, I know he's important to the history
of it UM. In the meantime, Hoover's continuing to negotiate
with stations and the government on how it should be regulated.
And you know, basically, as the Secretary of Commerce, his

(42:37):
work is to let the stations work out amongst themselves
which frequency is going to be used and when and
how they overlap. You it it wasn't really you know, handing
it out. He wouldn't occasionally make decisions. And what happened
was in the federal court was like whoa, whoa, you
don't have this power. And specifically, the Attorney General of

(42:58):
the United States, who you know, was from the same
administration that the Secretary of Commerce was, decided that Hoover
didn't have this power, he could not grant permits at request,
and that all of a sudden, these air waves turned
into even more of this like wild wild West of
broadcasting than they already were. Uh. And so obviously more

(43:19):
regulation is even is necessary. And Coolidge is the president
of the time. He favors the control by the Department
of Commerce obviously because it's under his branch, and he
opposes any kind of commission being formed. The Senate, however,
didn't like the idea of one man being in control.
And this is where the political angle comes in, because
they knew that Herbert Hoover had his eye on the

(43:41):
presidency and they didn't want to give him any political
prestige for taking care of the radio problem. Interesting, and
also this will probably seem familiar to people following them,
that neutrality arguments where one of the big problems was
the FCC had brought a race against Comcast for blocking

(44:01):
bit torrent traffic, and then the response was, you don't
have authority to tell Comcast what it can and can't
do because Internet transmissions were a title one classification, not
titled two. Uh. And if you want to know more
about that, you can listen to the title to podcast
I did and Common Carrier podcast I did from a

(44:22):
while back to to learn more about it. But just
suffice it to say that this is something that we've
seen before and we'll likely see again. I just I
think it's fascinating that, like the future of this major
media uh, was decided by people who wanted to screw
over a political candidate potentially running Yeah yeah, and sometimes

(44:45):
just people who were wanting to screw over inventors. Uh.
It's crazy. We'll talk more about those two in Congress
creates the Federal Radio Commission and passes the Radio Act
of nineteen twenty seven. Now, before that time, it was
all the Department of Commerce, like Christian was saying, So
the Commission's job was to get radio into shape, and

(45:06):
they wanted to have a little more power than Department
of Commerce, which could grant broadcast licenses, but couldn't deny
a broadcast license. So if you requested it, if you
did all the things you were supposed to do, you
would get one. You couldn't be told no, So the
Federal Radio Commission was supposed to be able to say
no if it was warranted. Um, the question of how

(45:27):
they determined how it was warranted was something of a problem.
And uh. The Act also laid out rules for content.
Programming could not have obscene, in decent or profane language,
and the Commission could and did use content as a
factor when deciding whether or not to renew a broadcast license.
So if you were broadcasting and not paying a whole

(45:49):
attention to those content rules, you wouldn't necessarily have your
license revoked, but when you went back to get your
license renewed, you might be denied. Right, And this makes
sense in light of other arguments that were going on
with media over the you know, the twenty years probably
surrounding this, both with the cinema, and I would assume

(46:09):
newspapers and comic books as well. Yeah, all looking at
the government, the government trying to deem what was profane
or wasn't, but also trying to leave it in the
public's hands to decide. Yeah. There was also a real
worry about how far can you rule on these things

(46:30):
before it becomes censorship, So that, I mean, that's a
real worry, right, because they didn't want to be accused
of taking away somebody's right to free speech. Yeah. Um.
And so the fr C Federal Radio Commission, it was
really just like this compromise, this political compromise. And so
the idea was like really like they just assumed, they

(46:54):
being Congress, that it was going to go away after
a year as part of a political deal basically to
keep who were out of office, and especially because of
the commercial radio interests, these guys who were lobbying their politicians. Uh,
they wanted the regulation to go back to the Secretary
of Commerce. They just didn't want it to be Hoover. Uh.
And so they and their supporters in Congress would belittle

(47:17):
the FARC's accomplishments, even as they had they had subsequently
argued that it should exist, and then as it was
going along, they would say, oh, this is terrible, you're
not doing a good job. And Uh. The FARC was
handicapped by a number of things. A limited financial resources,
had an inadequate staff. Uh, and as we're talking about here,

(47:37):
it really didn't have any power authority, and its existence
was in question from the very day that it was
it was created. It was like they were constantly on probation. Yeah.
It was one of those things where, um, they're also
they're very organization ended up being a problem. So. Uh.
One of the things about the FARC was that they

(47:58):
were organized so that the entire United States was divided
into into zones. Yeah. They called this sectionalism, and each
zone was giving given the same number of broadcast licenses
essentially as every other zone, which you know, from one perspective,
sounds like it would be fair, like everybody gets the
same amount, But then you think where's the population distribution.

(48:21):
The Northeast is very heavily populated and the Southwest is
very lightly populated, and so you don't have enough broadcast
licenses for the Northeast and you have too many for
the Southwest. So these were so simple things, like just
the way things were set up kind of set the
f r C up for failure. It did, Yeah, especially

(48:41):
because when that happened, Southerners in particular felt like they
weren't being treated fairly, uh, and it led to the
Davis Amendment in March. The idea was that there had
to be an equal allocation of licenses, band frequencies, periods
of time for operation and station power for each of
these five zones and that so you know, obviously sexualism

(49:06):
was a huge problem for the FARC. And this is
even before we get into the business interest to angle right, right, right,
This is just in the operation part of the FARC,
not even getting into the business section. But these are
definitely important things to to consider. The idea of being
able to say, here's the frequency you are allowed to use,
here's the amount of power your transmitter is allowed to have,

(49:27):
so that way we can make sure that we don't
have these battling frequencies interfering with one another, because that's
not gonna be good for anybody. It's not good for
the transmitter, it's not good for the consumer who's trying
to receive these. All of that made sense, but they
were hampered so much. And also, I mean, there were
a lot of shady political goings on along with corporate

(49:48):
goings on at the same time. They were essentially trying
to fulfill this mission of favoring big business over amateur radios.
And they actually there's an actual FARC memo that says, quote,
there is not room in the broadcast band for every
school of thought, whether it's religious, political, social, social, or economic.

(50:10):
Each can't have its own separate broadcasting station or a
mouthpiece in the ether. Uh So they, you know, they
were coming down pretty hard on these these amateur stations
that were given providing you know, a pulpit essentially to
anybody who had the means to to operate a broadcast
um in favor of the businesses that were you know,

(50:34):
lobbying to have them created in the first place. Yeah, yeah, yeah, So,
you know, very complicated issue. The technology, oddly enough, less
complicated than the politics and culture surrounding it. In this case,
like the stories end up getting um Like it's the
human element that really throws the monkey wrench in here. Yeah. So,

(50:56):
for instance, like you've got this happens, the our c says,
you know, this isn't this isn't a pulpit for your beliefs,
and then the labor movement, which is very powerful at
the time, says, wait a minute, we should have a
clear channel that we can broadcast over these five zones
so we can talk to people about labor interests. And
then educators said, yeah, so should we uh, And so

(51:17):
there's all this pressure from the public, and then subsequently
Congress uses that and just keeps pushing on the f
r C, saying you're really blowing it here. Yeah. So
you've got a great bullet list here of the working
principles of the f r C. Let's go through those. Yeah.
So this is how they would ostensibly decide things. The

(51:37):
first is that the station with the longest record of
continuous service had the superior right for broadcasting on a
particular channel, right, but they had a stipulation. There were
other conditions as well. So in order to fulfill the
fair and equitable distribution that was required by them, an
applicant who wanted to broadcast needed firm find ancial standing

(52:01):
and efficient equipment. That's pretty vague, right, So it's up
to this f r C, not f c C f
r C commissioner at the time to determine what firm
financial standing means and what efficient equipment means, especially as
this equipment is evolving at a rapid pace. Um. And
then you also had to obey the rules of the

(52:22):
obscene of not broadcasting obscene content like we talked about earlier,
and basically keeping it so that the dissemination of propaganda
wasn't controlled by a single group, and that creeds were
supposed to find that this is another quote that I loved,
find their way into the market of ideas to be

(52:42):
on the air. There was this idea that, um, there
was a there would be a natural kind of uh
process throughout the radio operators in the public that decide
which political agendas should get to be broadcast on the
radio or not, rather than just give everyone the opportunity
to Yeah, and that would actually change too. There would

(53:04):
there would eventually become a decision where people would say,
you know what, we need to make sure that everyone
has equal opportunity to voice there, to to put their
political voice out there. But that would be an idea
that would come around a little later. Yeah, So, you know,
saying let's just put this out there and see what happens,

(53:26):
and and I trust that whatever outcome there is, it
will be for the best didn't always work out. It's
like it's like saying, the laws of nature will decide
who the best person for president of the United states
would be So what sort of stuff did we get
as a result of this. Well, subsequently, the FRC didn't

(53:46):
want to regulate advertising. Uh, not only because you know,
the advertiser's interests were also their interests, but also because
the commission chose to further the ends of the commercial
broadcasters as part of what they called the public interest.
So the FARC had this ability to claim that it
didn't have powers of censorship and it couldn't be held

(54:08):
responsible for questionable advertising such as cigarettes. You know, those
like old corny cigarette ads that Judy hear on radio
right now. If you listen, if you ever listen to
old timey radio that has the commercial still in it,
you will hear tons of these. So they didn't want
to censor those. But at the same time, they would
rule that public stations that were on the air could

(54:30):
or could not be on the air because of their
quality of character, which I think is kind of fascinating
that you know it was. I would assume at the
time that it was maybe arguments of political beliefs, right, um, yeah,
very likely religious. This actually makes me think of how
it's unrelated. It's tangential, But how if I'm watching a

(54:51):
streaming content on my one of my devices, whenever it
gets to the content part, like whatever I'm actually trying
to see, I might encounter buffering three or four times,
depending upon the connection. But commercials always seemed to play
with perfect clarity and no buffering whatsoever. Isn't that interesting,
especially especially when you're when you're on YouTube, and YouTube

(55:14):
has got that new sort of passive aggressive alert that
comes up at the bottom that says, hey, just so
you know, this isn't US, it's the limits of your
bandwidth provider, right, commercial. So it's interesting to me also
that the public, you know, you would think like, oh,
the public, were they crying out on behalf of the
little guy, And it turns out they weren't. In large part,

(55:36):
they were actually citing with the big networks. Yeah they were.
And what's kind of interesting about this is, yeah, they
were more interested in the content that NBC, r c
A and CBS was we're putting out um and even
though some people argued, you know, our c has a
monopoly on this industry. Uh, it's interesting, Like there was
another argument that was essentially that, look, the mass public

(55:57):
just wants entertainment from these radio chances. They don't want
to be educated, they don't want to listen to your
political screeds, and so subsequently they're complacent about the whole
thing and they don't really care whether or not these
amateur radio stations are getting edged out. UM. And so again,
like I turned back to this nine article by this

(56:18):
guy Herring out of the Harvard Review, and he proposed
that there are two potential solutions, which I think are
really interesting now that we have the the advantage of
being so far ahead and time and looking back on this,
and he said, the only possible solutions are that we
go for full government ownership. His example was the BBC
at the time. UH. And he said, yeah, there's criticisms

(56:40):
that come in the form of minorities, not not ethnic minorities,
but like minorities of of voice claiming that they aren't
given equal opportunity to access to stations. So that's the
one negative drawback to that. And he said, or we
could a lot of fixed percentage of radio facilities just
for nonprofit programs. UH. And then whatever is whether it's

(57:01):
uh they allocate a certain number of frequencies or maybe
they say, you know, the commercial stations can broadcast for
these twelve hours a day and then another twelve hours
a day. It's our nonprofit stations. Um. But even if
they did that, there were so much demand for nonprofit
amateur radio that they didn't have enough enough to accommodate everybody.

(57:23):
There wasn't enough literally in this case, it wasn't There
weren't enough frequencies to facilitate it. Yeah. Yeah. So this
is really between where we see the beginning of the
radio industry, an actual radio industry that is commercialized, and
there are questions that we're going around about, well, how

(57:45):
should broadcasting be financed, how should we produce our programs,
how should we distribute all of this stuff? And amateur
broadcasting moved away as much as it was, like kind
of I think of it as being like the fandom
of today, you know. I keep thinking that's amateur radios
like the tumbler of the twenties, UM, and that there

(58:07):
were so many fandoms expressed there. But ultimately other stations
that had commercial enterprises behind them, or even commercial enterprises themselves,
like department stores or music stores or doctors or Mr
Brinkley sorry Dr brink Yes, uh, he didn't spend three

(58:28):
years not graduating medical school to be called mr exactly. Yeah,
I mean that five was well spent. Uh. They ultimately
were able to you know, put push out these interests
of the sort of amateur broadcasters. So like our C, A, G. E.
And Westinghouse, they form NBC because they want to keep

(58:51):
their interests from diverging, even though their competitors they're also
you know, united against amateur radio. This leads to the
rise of advertising sponsorships, which were well familiarly with in
the podcasting world and with ad agents. This is really
like the first time that they had like whole ad
agencies that were working together with these companies kind of

(59:11):
coming up with how this stuff was going to be broadcasting,
How is the best way to convince the audience to
to move from queens or to a cigarette. So looking
back to our friend that we referred to a second ago,
doctor John R. Brinkley. Uh, the FRC denied his broadcast

(59:31):
renewal license in nineteen thirty. So Dr Brinkley comes up
to the f r C s as a time for
me to get a little stamp on here so I
can continue my my good deeds of posting are broadcasting
fraudulent medical practices and getting kickbacks, and they said nope.
They actually cited the fraudulent claims and the content as

(59:52):
the reason, saying it was against their content rules and
that's why they were not renewing his license. So Brinley
actually an instance or they did that. Yeah, and it
was for the good. Yeah, yeah, great for the greater
good in this case, although Brinkley, Brinkley said that what
was happening was effectively censorship. Um, and so he protests,

(01:00:12):
and what he does. He buys a radio station in
Mexico that broadcasts had a much higher power than almost
any station in the US. It was at a hundred
thousand watts, eventually went up to a half million watts
and so very powerful radio station compared to the other
ones that were active at the time. He directs the
antenna northward into the United States. It's amazing. So here's

(01:00:35):
here's the deal. This is this is what's going to
come back and haunt him. The way this worked was
that he would, uh, he would actually his studio was
in the United States, the the stuff he was broadcasting
would go to Mexico to be transmitted by radio, and
that's what would eventually come back to get him. But

(01:00:56):
that would be another couple of years. He's unfascinating it
by this guy, he's uh the brass the moxie. Yeah. Um. Well,
as a side note, one of the things that was
mentioned at the top from that listener message was FDRs
fireside chats, and those began in nineteen thirty three. So

(01:01:18):
this is really when I mean fireside chats don't happen anymore.
But I'm fairly certain that the President of United States
still records a weekly message that goes out on radio
and it becomes an institution. The presidency recognizes the importance
of this media, of the communicating to the mass public.

(01:01:39):
Also in nineteen thirty three, that's when Edwin Howard Edwin
Howard Armstrong, remember we talked about him earlier, created frequency
modulation radio or FM radio. So am Remember we mentioned
changes the peak to peak voltage changes the amplitude of
that wavelength. Frequency modulation doesn't change the amplitude. It changes
the number of oscillations per second, the actual frequency of

(01:02:01):
the wave within a fairly narrow band, because obviously you
have to tune to a band of frequencies in order
to pick things up. Then if it went outside of
that you wouldn't get it anymore, which is why you
can overlap stations instead of causing interference. Yeah, as long
as you know, so you know if you're if you're
going in an area where the power levels are almost

(01:02:22):
the same for the frequencies, that's when you start getting
that weird thing where you'll hear one station and then
the other station. Maybe you'll hear both the same time,
but it's pretty rare. Uh So it's also not as
prone to static. You don't have the same problems that
you did with AM with electromagnetic interference. But before it
could get widespread adoption, Armstrong was essentially backstabbed by his

(01:02:43):
former friend David Starnoff, who was head of guess what
r c A and r c A obviously had a
big vested interest in AM radio FM was rising as
a competing technology. Starnoff went nuclear. He he had wanted
Armstrong to go and create technology to make AM radio
broadcast more clear, more free of static, and instead Armstrong

(01:03:06):
comes up with this alternative to AM radio. But our
c A is heavily invested in AM, so rather than say,
let's adopt this new technology and build on it, he
went nuclear, and he started lobbying the FCC to deny
an experimental license for UH testing FM radio. Essentially, every

(01:03:29):
time Armstrong tried to make a move to push FM
radio forward, our c A blocked it or tried to
block it, or complicated litigation ensued. It got very expensive,
and here's where things get really tragic. UH in the
and by the time you get to the nineteen forties,
Armstrong was effectively bankrupted by the litigation. He was still

(01:03:51):
trying to pursue this. He goes to his wife to
ask her for some of the money he had given
her in there earlier part of their relationship that she
had put aside for their retirement. She denies him this.
He he has been beaten down totally, and he gets
enraged and does a horrible act. He grabs a fire poker,

(01:04:15):
hits his wife in the arm uh injuring her arm.
She leaves, obviously, she leaves him that evening. He sits down,
writes an apologetic letter, and jumps out the window of
his thirteenth floor building and kills himself. Tragic, tragic story.
So there are some amazing and powerful stories here. Brinkley

(01:04:38):
Armstrong Tesla Marconi. Is I mean there's a movie. There
are many movies to be made from this. Moving on
the N four Communications Act, huge, huge piece of legislation.
This is the formation of the fcc UM. The one
section of that Act is actually where two as the

(01:05:01):
Brinkley Act. This is within the overall nine Communications Act.
And of course the Brinkley Act is in fact named
after our good buddy, doctor John R. Brinkley. So this
was the US government's attempt to finally shut down Brinkley
and his attempts to continue broadcasting. And they said that

(01:05:21):
if you are transmitting information from the United States to
another country to be broadcast, that is a type of
international commerce and thus can be regulated. And they laid
down rules and they said, you cannot do this, it
is against the law. Now we have put that into law.
It put a stop to his transmitting and he ended

(01:05:43):
up trying to do other things. He also, by the way,
really got the government's attention, not just by transmitting messages
about quackery and terrible medicinal cures for things. He sided
with the Nazis before the before the United States Center
of the Ward exactly, it's before the United States was

(01:06:04):
in in World War Two. But he started with the
Nazis did not go over well. Uh, he eventually would
die of a heart attack in ninety Yeah, and insane
with Dr Brinkley. But Brinkley, I mean his his actions
are what in fact there was not. There was a
case back in the nineteen nineties that related to shutting

(01:06:28):
down a uh an organization that was using a similar
means of transmitting from the United States to a radio
antenna in Mexico because they had the facility that they
could use and it was largely unregulated. Even as late
as nine nineties, we've had cases that fall under this
part of the Act. For some reason, I'm thinking about

(01:06:48):
d d O S attacks. It's like the their version
of yeah, it's all about stepping around the regulations, right yeah. Well, um, Congress,
like you said, had abolished the f r C, which
they were hoping to do to begin with, but instead
of just turning it back over to the Department of Commerce,
they established the FCC. The mandate of the SEC is

(01:07:12):
Interstate and Foreign Commerce in Communication, which is where the
Brinkley thing comes in. And this is these are the
three claims that they maintainer. The reason for the FCC
make sure that radio is available to all for reasonable
charges and with adequate facilities, so that you're not necessarily
listening to No longer would you be listening to an

(01:07:33):
amateur out of their garage, out of their gas station,
would walk away for five minutes to go pump some
gas and then come back. You want reliable radio service, America,
and we're gonna give it to you. And so this
is also when we start seeing the allocation of large
frequency bands for AM radio and FM radio. There's still
is amateur radio. You can get a license to operate

(01:07:55):
an amateur radio, but there are very specific band of
frequencies you are allowed to you you can't use anything
outside of that. Yeah, it's kind of it's kind of
what Herrying was arguing back in the nineteen thirties that
that there, but it's far more limited than that. I
think what he was envisioning with that there there would
be a spectrum for nonprofit radio um and, and he

(01:08:17):
also argued that the f c C at the time
had to decide whether they were going to support commercial
broadcasters at the expense of nonprofit ones, and ultimately, as
we know, they decided to do that. Um and even
though they were hearings going on and reports were being
pulled together, and the f CC was looking at all
these things. You know, Ultimately, what we know of as

(01:08:40):
the Golden Age of Radio saw the growth of these
these uh multi corporate networks across the country. Right and
by this time we're talking about World War two, radio
now was adopted by a huge percentage of the population.
Nine and ten families owned a radio and listen to

(01:09:00):
an average of three to four hours of programming a day.
This is like what we picture of that like family
gathered right time. My place is going in there, all
gathered around the radio, little orphan nanny and the lone
Ranger and green hornet and all that kind of stuff.
And that was the Tech Stuff classic episode the Golden
Age of Radio, which originally published March eleventh, two. Hope

(01:09:23):
you enjoyed it, and we will be back next week
with another classic episode. Of course, we'll have all new
episodes next week as well. If you have a suggestion
for topics I should cover in a new episode, please
reach out to me. The best way to do that
is on Twitter. The handle for the show is text
Stuff H s W. And I'll talk to you again

(01:09:45):
really soon. Text Stuff is an I heart Radio production.
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