Part One: The Fight Against the Mountain Valley Pipeline

Margaret tells you an epic tale of treesits, blockades, and resistance to fossil fuel infrastructure and environmental destruction.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Cool Zone Media. Hello and welcome to Cool People Who
Did Cool Stuff. You're a weekly reminder that where there's
people doing bad stuff, there's people who try to stop
people from doing bad stuff by doing cool things. I'm
your host, Margaret Kildoy. This week, I'm going to do
something a little bit different than usual. I'm going to

(00:21):
talk about a social movement that is maybe not even
in the past tense, a social movement I just a
few weeks ago attended a court case related to I'm
also doing it without a guest, without a producer. Well,
actually I have several amazing producers, including Sophie and Ian
and of course Rory are audio engineer, Hi Rory, and

(00:42):
our theme music was written for us by one woman.
But no one else is on the call. It's just
me and you, dear listener. The last time I did
this sort of scripted episode, best as I can recall,
was last autumn, when I went down for a day
to talk to folks during Hurricane Helene relief in western
North Carolin. This episode comes from a similar place. I

(01:04):
drove down to southwest Virginia to observe the final criminal
trials for protesters who worked for six years or ten years,
depending on how you count it to stop a natural
gas pipeline called the Mountain Valley Pipeline owned by a
company called Mountain Valley Pipeline LLC, built by a company
called Equatrans Midwest Stream Core not Core Corp. I'm just

(01:29):
used to seeing Corp and thinking Core because of the Marines.
That's unrelated. I've done my usual research for this episode,
but for an awful lot of it, my sources are
just my own conversations with activists. This probably means my
own usual biases will be compounded and more of what
I say will be harder to prove accurate. On the

(01:51):
other hand, I think it helps me weave a better narrative,
one that is more accurate to the actual shape of
the movement. It's taken me a long time to accept
that sometimes I'm a journalist now instead of a participant
in this or that movement. But being a journalist is
also kind of fun going somewhere and meeting amazing, passionate

(02:12):
people who accomplished something unimaginable together, then trying my hardest
to do their story justice while trying to remain as
accurate to the facts as I can. It's fun. The
shortest version of the story might go something like this.
A company wanted to move fract gas through West Virginia
into regular Virginia. Damn the consequences. An awful lot of

(02:36):
people from all walks of life said the fuck you will,
and they said it collectively. By twenty eighteen, they began
to use direct action to stop construction of the pipeline,
using tree sts and tripods and lock boxes and all
the various nonviolent direct action skills honed by eco defenders
over the past forty years or so to slow down

(02:59):
and stop construction on the pipeline, while environmental lawyers and
public groups worked in the courts to prove just how untenable,
ill advised, and undesired this pipeline was. After years of
work in courtrooms and on remote mountaintops, they even won.
For a while, work stopped and the MVP project seemed

(03:22):
dead in its tracks. But the story of the Mountain
View Pipeline is the story of the discrepancy between how
people assume that democratic government should work and how it
actually works within capitalist society. Before direct action got involved,
endless well reasoned arguments were offered against the project from
all corners, at least one local I talked to who

(03:45):
was involved in the fight from the beginning started off
believing that his government worked for him. People filed complaints
and made arguments against the project during public commenting periods.
Disillusionment set in as the regulating bodies proved that they
weren't asking for public comments so that they could decide

(04:05):
whether or not the project should go forward, but to
get their own legal arguments in order in order to
make sure that the project could go forward. Then, of course,
years later, the pipeline seemed defeated in both the woods
and the courts, but the fossil fuel industry has never
been afraid of moving or demolishing mountains, both literally and figuratively.

(04:29):
The Democratic Senator from West Virginia, Joe Mansion, spent years
trying to hold climate change legislation hostage to get the
MVP project to bypass environmental regulation, and in twenty twenty three,
under Joe Biden, he succeeded. It took a minor constitutional
crisis and a transparent rejection of democratic and legislative process

(04:53):
to get the MVP completed. The anti pipeline activists not
ones to give up easily or at all went down fighting,
with lockdowns and walk ons happening for months. In the end,
in twenty twenty four, the pipeline was completed. These days,
it pipes fracked natural gas across the Appalachians, deepening this

(05:16):
country's reliance on the fossil fuel infrastructure that seems poised
to doom us all. The pipeline was, by most reasonable assessments,
and for most people in the area and world, a
bad idea. From the simplest and most localized perspective, it's
a three hundred and three mile long scar cut across

(05:38):
forests and mountains, rivers and streams. It's worse than that,
though activists refer to it as a ticking time bomb,
and they're not wrong to say that long delays in
the construction have left sections of the pipe exposed to
the elements. Even pipeline executives testified that this was disastrous

(05:59):
to the safety of the peipe. Robert Cooper was the
senior vice president for engineering and construction of the MVP,
and in court he testified about the protective coding on
all the pipes themselves. Quote, as it sits in the sun,
it ages or oxidizes and actually becomes thinner prior to
it becoming too thin to use. You have to protect

(06:21):
it from the sun. He testified to that in twenty eighteen,
and some of the pipe didn't go into the ground
until twenty twenty four. The thing is, gas pipelines explode
all of the time. In August twenty nineteen, a sixty
year old pipeline exploded in Kentucky and killed one person

(06:41):
and drove seventy five people from their homes. The explosion
was caused by the degradation of the protective coating on
the pipe, which wasn't helped by the fact that Enbridge,
the owner of that particular pipe, was apparently responsible for
its own integrity assessments. But don't worry. Enbridge released a
statement to say, to quote the Kentucky news site WLKY quote,

(07:04):
it was deeply sorry and it has worked diligently to
improve the safety of its pipelines. In August twenty twenty one,
a natural gas pipeline owned by Kinder Morgan exploded in Arizona.
To quote the National Transportation Safety Board's report, the rupture
resulted in the release of natural gas vapor that ignited

(07:26):
and exploded. The explosion and gas fed fire destroyed a
farmhouse four hundred fifty one feet away, killing two of
the three occupants and seriously injuring the other. And then
when the Safety Board investigated, they said contributing to the
rupture was Kinder Morgan's failure to record the correct coating

(07:46):
type used for this segment of the pipeline, leading to
a risk assessment that did not fully identify the risk
of stress corrosion cracking. The list of pipeline accidents in
the United States on Wikipedias spanned six different pages. Between
nineteen ninety four and twenty thirteen, there were at least
nine hundred and forty one serious incidents across the US,

(08:09):
killing three hundred and sixty three people and leaking uncountable
quantities of gas and oil into the environment. A Wall
Street Journal article, you Know that notorious lefty rag points
out that leaks are chronically under reported by and two
federal agencies, and most are only detected by folks on
the ground. Not only is there no reason to suspect

(08:32):
that the MVP was built any better than any of
these other pipelines, but we know that large lengths of
pipe were left exposed to the elements. Locals report pipelines
just left in standing water on their property for years.
We also know that the regulatory agency pH MSA, the
Pipelines and Hazardous Material Safety Administration, has already cited Equitrands

(08:57):
for building below specification. From everyone I've talked to, the
Appalachian Mountains are a particularly perilous place to bury pipelines
due to the shifting of the ancient mountains, and Equatrand's
own environmental impact report admits that the majority of the
pipeline is in landslide prone regions. And of course it

(09:18):
is frankly reprehensible to expand fossil fuel infrastructure as the
reality of climate change has set in. It's not like
loading fuel into a house that might catch fire. It's
like loading fuel into a house that's already burning, but
you know what else is burning hot. The Sweet deals
on products and services that support this very podcast, and

(09:50):
we're back. People in Central Apalachia are pretty used to
being extracted from and cast aside by the state and capitalism.
Not all of them would frame it with those words.
Some would. This has always been a place the rest
of the country forgets about. I am willing to bet
the majority of listeners couldn't name a single city in

(10:11):
West Virginia. Charleston, the capital, is about half the size
of tiny little Asheville, North Carolina, for comparison. I grew
up visiting West Virginia as a kid, but the first
time I really spent time there was almost fifteen years ago,
working a little bit with folks fighting mountaintop removal coal mining.

(10:32):
While I was there, I realized just how extracted from
this region is. Almost No one cares about the people here,
certainly not the politicians. In the coal fields, people's houses
are covered in coal dust. Entire towns are regularly wiped
off the map as coal companies buy up the property

(10:52):
and just demolish it. The labor wars raged here for
generations for a hundred years. There's still some fight in people,
as the fight against this pipeline proves, but by and
large the unions were broken by the companies in the
nineteen eighties. Workers were replaced with dynamite and companies just
started leveling entire mountains. The working class was driven from

(11:16):
the area or driven into poverty. Industrial accidents are somehow
routine in the area, and I met person after person
with stories about sludge pouring through the valleys, killing and
ruining as it went out. West more Land is public
land on the east coast. Most of it is privately

(11:38):
owned for the MVP. Landowners were offered easements, but if
they didn't sign, the land was eminent domained away from them.
It's like mugging someone with a gun and then asking
to borrow their wallet. If there's a place where companies
thought that they could get away with just fucking everyone over,
with building a time bomb under everyone's land, it's Central Appalacha.

(12:03):
It turned out, though, that Appalachia knows how to throw down.
The fight against the MVP was one of the most
engaging and long lasting non violent direct action campaigns in
US history. Its tree SATs were the longest lasting east
of the Mississippi. The pipeline was supposed to cost three
billion dollars and take a year to build. Instead, it

(12:24):
took six and a half years and cost at least
six point six billion dollars, and the fight against it
brought people together from across cultural, political and class lines.
One of the people I sat down to talk to
was there from the beginning because he lives in the area.
He says it started in twenty fourteen or so when

(12:46):
folks started getting letters and visits talking about easements and
eminent domain. He wasn't an activist at that point, near
as I can tell, nor was he one of the
landowners whose property was at stake. He was just fight
waiting for his community. Folks who were getting those letters
started comparing notes on Facebook and elsewhere, and soon enough

(13:07):
folks got together. This was old school organizing. They built
phone trees, they went neighbor to neighbor. It was a
mix of people right from the jump, including environmentalists with
deep roots in the area. This is, as I mentioned,
the part of the country where companies like to destroy
unions and blow up entire mountains, landowners and concern neighbors.

(13:32):
That very first meeting, they thought they might get a
dozen or so people at the local community center, but
one man I talked to remembers just getting up over
and over again to get more chairs. As people poured in.
They weren't overall people with strong political allegiances in any direction,
but one by one people stood up and spoke earnestly,

(13:54):
forcefully about how they needed to build solidarity with one
another and fight this pipeline to save their communities. It
was really early on that people realized this pipeline would
affect everyone in the watershed. Die tracing in the area
revealed that anything spilled in one area would wind up
bubbling out of the earth seven miles downstream. The people

(14:18):
who started the campaign started out working within the system.
They worked with environmental lawyers, and they spoke with regulatory agencies.
They filed public comments and went to public comment meetings.
They fought against the permitting of the pipeline. I'm sure
some of them came in cynical, but not the man

(14:38):
I talked to. He thought, because he had no reason
to think otherwise, that the democratic process and regulatory agencies
existed to serve the public, to serve the community. He
thought that if enough people spoke clearly enough, with enough
facts on their side, that the government would listen. The

(14:59):
main governmental order organization they were speaking to and hoping
to get justice from was FERK, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
But soon enough they realized that all of their public
comments weren't stopping the pipeline. They were working as what
I guess you might compare to bug reports. The activists

(15:19):
were having their words used against them as Ferk worked
hand in hand with MVP to guide them through the
permitting process, all the public comments working to help highlight
which of their arguments they needed to shore up. To
be clear, the year's long work in public comments did
absolutely have a purpose. The activist attorneys working in the

(15:41):
courts to stop the case expressed their gratitude because all
of that work with commenting and fighting for permits helped
them build their case. But the Department of Environmental Quality
eventually gave MVP their permits, and by twenty eighteen, construction
was slated to start. Actually, construction was slated to both

(16:02):
start and finish in twenty eighteen, but when construction started,
the direct action campaign against the pipeline kicked off. To
be clear, something like that takes preparation. Movement elders started
holding Direct Action one oh one trainings as far back
as twenty sixteen, teaching skills like liaisoning with police, how

(16:24):
to do soft blockades, all kinds of skills for what
is worth. These are the sorts of trainings it's worth
going to, even if you don't have an immediate plan
to use the skills you learn. There there are a
lot of ways to do activism and nonviolent direct action
and blockading and such isn't the only one, but it's
one that's worth knowing about. Something that comes up again

(16:46):
and again in environmental campaigns is that companies will usually
start work before everything is sorted in court. It's easy
to clear cut a forest or bury a pipeline and
then say, well, looks like the courts wouldn't have let
us do that in the end, but we already did it, so,
oh well, that's where direct action comes in. Ferk The

(17:06):
Energy Commission issued a tolling order to let pipeline construction
start in twenty eighteen, despite the fact that there were
all sorts of appeals and lawsuits working their way through
the courts at the time, and in fact courts would
eventually declare the whole thing illegal time and time again.
So MVP started work, so people started stopping them. Maybe

(17:30):
The first action was a tree set that went up
in January twenty eighteen up on Peters Mountain, a mountain
which divides Regular Virginia from West Virginia. The Appalachian Trail
runs along the ridge, so the pipeline was planned to
be and eventually built, bored through the mountain to run
under the famous trail this first tree set. Look. I

(17:55):
love Appalachia, but if you live out west, it's hard
to be impressed by the name nature here out east.
The mountains here are absolutely ancient, so they've been worn
down over millions of years. They aren't the towering young
peaks we have out west, and colonizers have been here
for hundreds of years longer, so old growth is remarkably

(18:16):
rare on the ground. Which is to say, if you
look at photos of this first tree set, which you
should do, it sort of seems like a little thing,
not the epic redwoods and dug firs people have sat
in out west. The sit looks to me from a
photo to be maybe thirty feet in the air in
what I'm guessing is an oak. That little tree set

(18:39):
stopped the construction in its tracks, a one hundred and
twenty five foot wide swath of destruction stopped completely by sitters,
high on a steep mountain, a four hour hike from
the nearest road in the dead of winter. I am
not alone in my admiration of these four. Local news

(19:01):
from the time is full of farmers and other locals
admiring their bravery, but do you know what else those
people might have admired. They might have admired the amazing
deals that we offer here on all of our advertisers. Actually,
it's funny. I don't think any of our ads are
really even offering you discounts, but they are offering to
talk at you. So that's something, right? Does it fill

(19:25):
the void? Who knows? And we're back soon after, while
the tree sit was still standing, a monopod went up
a tree sit. You can probably sort of imagine what

(19:46):
a tree set is. It's a platform, maybe a four
by eight sheet of plywood, for example, Suspend it high
up in a tree. You sit on that platform, tree sit.
It keeps me people from cutting down that tree. Especially
in the winter. You're likely to string up tarps and
other shelter over the platform to keep the weather off

(20:07):
of you. To explain a monopod, I should probably explain
a tripod. A tripod as well. It's a big, tall
thing built out of three poles. You can PLoP one
down in a roadway and have someone climb up to
where the three poles meet, and suddenly it is much
harder to drive down that road. But aerial protest technology

(20:30):
developed fast a while back, and there are now bipods
and monopods too. Essentially, the role of the extra poles
is taken up by rope. By making particularly precarious structures,
protesters are able to more effectively stop traffic and logging
and such. So folks set up a monopod made out

(20:50):
of a felled tree right on the Forest Service Road,
tied to the Forest Service gate, so is better to
stop traffic, and in particular, as I under stand it,
to stop traffic and therefore police from reaching the tree sit.
You can and should look up pictures of all of
these protests to get a sense of what they looked like.
It's really hard to describe a monopod by description. They're

(21:15):
very logical once you look at a picture of them,
and you can look up photos on the social media
of Appalachians against Pipelines is a really good source for that.
I looked at lots of their Facebook. I literally read
through and scrolled through their entire many years of Facebook,
but there's photos there. The cops laid siege to the

(21:36):
monopod and tried to starve the sitter out. They set
up noise machines to irritate the sitter they shone lights,
They tried to drive the sitter to sleeplessness and madness.
It seems there's a precedent here that's worth noting. In
two thousand and one, during protests to stop cutting in
Mount Hood National Forests in Oregon, a forest defender named

(21:57):
Trey Arrow climbed into one of the trees without a platform,
an informal tree set. The cops shone lights, blasted music,
and just kept him from sleeping. After a forty five
hours stand off, Trey Arrow fell sixty feet to the ground,
fracturing his pelvis, breaking his ribs, and collapsing one of

(22:17):
his lungs. He survived. Trying to keep someone from sleeping
while they are perched thirty feet in the air is,
from my point of view, a fundamentally violent act. But
this sitter, the one we've moved back over to Virginia,
this sitter had a platform and presumably a harness. When

(22:38):
the police laid siege to the monopod, they closed the
roads to keep people from driving up to support the activists.
A local, a self described mountain person named Jamie Hale,
grew up hunting and fishing in the area, so he
blazed a new trail. Literally, he forged a new hiking
trail in the area and mark marked it with tape

(23:00):
so that others could follow the hail trail he called it.
I told most of the people I interviewed that I
was foregoing names since there was still so much ongoing
with the campaign, but he said more or less, well,
I'm Jamie Hale, and it was the hail trail with pride.
He told me that after he blazed that two mile trail,

(23:22):
folks started setting up a camp up there on the
steep mountain side, just outside the police cordon. Slanty camp
they called it because it was well slanty. Sit down
on a chair and at some point you'll fall over
or write a passage wherever you slept in your tent,
you woke up at the bottom of it. Jamie described

(23:43):
how everyone marched up and down that trail for months,
including a local news anchor who walked it all in heels,
impressing everyone. Public perception of protesters is it's sort of paradoxical.
People act like protesters are at the same time know
nothing Nimbi type not in my backyard types, only concerned

(24:03):
about their own property values, and at the same time
they're somehow also out of state outside agitators who don't
actually care about the region and are just addicted to
the self righteousness of activism. I didn't join the MVP protests,
much to my regret. I only met some of the
activists when I came down as a journalist to cover

(24:23):
the last criminal trial the campaign at the end of February.
You can hear my coverage or that particular trial in
those particular cases over on. It could happen here from
March fourth, twenty twenty five. But the activists I met,
they made sense to me. Mountain people, hippies, and punks
were the three words I heard used to describe the

(24:44):
sorts of folks there, and to be honest, most people
I met were some combination of all three of those things.
These weren't distinct camps or distinct identities, as best as
I could tell, just some adjectives that got thrown around.
I asked people what they wanted to have conveyed through
media coverage, and a few things came up. The fact

(25:06):
that a lot of the young queer punks and hippies,
the college kids, and the activist types, a lot of
them were from the area, or from comparable areas. They
weren't specifically an outside force, and they sure as hell
weren't there to teach the locals how to fight. They
were there to support the fight. Or again, they were

(25:28):
from there in the first place. Plenty of the locals,
landowners and otherwise had been part of land defense campaigns
before as well. Like I said, Appalachia is a region
with a long history of extraction and a long history
of resistance. All of us, of course, have skin in
the game when it comes to stopping climate change. But

(25:50):
the outside agitator claims against the MVP protesters is particularly
and wildly misguided. While some folks have laudably come from
very far away to support the fight, most of the
cars in the parking lot at the court were Virginia
and West Virginia. I bet there were some North Carolina

(26:11):
and Ohio around, maybe Maryland. Meanwhile, the representatives for MVP
who arrived for the trial their truck had Oklahoma plates.
For all of the big talk about bringing jobs to
the region, it instead brought outside labor. Almost all of
the money for the project left the region immediately. Appalachia

(26:34):
is a place that value is extracted from, not a
place where value is brought. The other thing the activist
I met wanted to stress was that their respect and
learning went both directions, between the older local folks and
the younger activists. I can't speak to it happening in
this case in particular, but environmental activism often shows people

(26:55):
who grew up urban or suburban just how wonderful rural
life can be. Maybe I'm just speaking for myself. I
became a tree sitter years ago. The first time I
spent in West Virginia was looking at mountaintop removal sites.
And now I live here, and I spend my days
looking at trees and mountains and talking to my neighbors
about trees and mountains. When I say cultural exposure went

(27:19):
both ways, I mean both ways. I talked to Jamie
Hale and some other folks about what the multiculturalism of
the movement looked like. He told me that divide and
conquers the enemy's oldest and strongest strategy, that it's better
to be accepting and loving. He told me that he
grew up hunting and trapping in a place that was

(27:40):
ninety five percent white, and he hadn't met too many
queer folks before the pipeline fight started. The first meeting
he went to. The pronoun part of the introductions made
no sense to him, seemed weird to him. Soon enough,
he learned how important pronouns were to people's sense of self,
and it was no problem for him to accept them.

(28:01):
He and other folks like him, of course, have been
an integral part of the movement since the beginning, had
at least as much to offer to folks who came
from a more activist background, because yeah, we're stronger together.
People I talked to were very aware of how as
people living in Central Appalachia, the world doesn't give a

(28:24):
shit about them, how people who should know better say
things like, well, those people vote a certain way, so
they deserve whatever happens to them. The movement was ideologically
diverse as well, because it wasn't really built along ideological lines.
You weren't going to find any maga hats, but there

(28:44):
were liberals, progressives, anarchists, and dependents. Whoever decided to do
an action, the movement agreed to honor their messaging around
that action. People weren't afraid to tie their struggle against
the pipeline to larger issues and decolonization. And land back
were on people's minds and in their messaging. So yeah,

(29:05):
in twenty eighteen, the direct action campaign kicked off, and
it kicked off strong. The monopod lasted fifty four days
despite the twenty four hour siege. Then hours before the
monopod sitter came down, a skypod went up just up
the road, like zero point two miles away. So the
monopod sitter came down and the road was still completely

(29:28):
blocked by protesters. One person telling me the story, whose
name I forgot to write down, ironically enough, said quote,
I am willing to go on record here to say
that that was very, very funny. A skypod is well, okay,
so it's a monopod without the mono, a platform suspended
over a roadway, tied into things nearby, usually trees. The

(29:52):
skypod lasted nine days. The tree sit, the one that
started it all further into the wilderness, lasted ninety six days.
And of course, just like to understand it strategically, part
of the reason that that trise it lasted so long
is because these other sits were set up ahead of it,
so then the treset couldn't be evicted because he had
these other you know this layered sense of security like

(30:15):
old castles. You all spend all of your time reading
about old castles, right, that's not just me multiple layers
of defense, it's very effective. And meanwhile, crucially activists were
working in the courts. Speaking of layered methods of defense, well, actually,
I guess in this comparison, the court would be the offense,

(30:37):
and the tree sits and such are the defense. Anyway,
the tree sits, the blockades, those are the sexiest actions
in a campaign like this, and often the ones with
the most personal risk, but they're just part of a campaign.
The legal team, while work was stopped on the mountain,
got the National Forest permits for the pipeline revoked. It

(30:59):
would take an entire season of this show to track
all the ins and out both of every action that
happened and every time that permits were revoked and reinstated.
So don't consider this a blow by blow, but instead
the best overview of the campaign that have been able
to cobble together from interviews, press releases, and news reports
over the ten years of the campaign. MVP was dead

(31:23):
set on building every mile they could, even when they
were not allowed to build the entire thing. They were
counting on the state in the end having their backs.
Considering we watched both presidential candidates in twenty twenty four
run on drill baby drill platforms, I can understand their confidence.

(31:44):
So despite permits being revoked for miles of the pipeline,
the construction crew started digging and blasting and felling and
drilling everywhere else they could. But people kept fighting. How
they kept fighting? What exactly it looked like. We're going
to talk about that on Wednesday. That's my cliffhanger. Ye

(32:05):
cliffhanger time. You certainly can't go and read about this
campaign elsewhere. You have to wait till Wednesday. But do
you know what you don't have to wait till Wednesday
to do? Well, I'm currently kickstarting a book, unless you're
listening to this in the future, in which case I've
already kickstarted a book. But well, maybe I'll be kickstarting
a different book at that point. That seems to be
something I do a lot. Anyway, I am currently kickstarting

(32:27):
a book called The Immortal Choir Holds Every Voice. It
is the third book in the Danielle Kaine series, which
is about punk rock travelers going around and fighting demons
running for Magic Feds. And book three is actually kind
of standalone. It's kind of a prequel, but also as
part of the kickstarter, I'm doing audiobooks for the first

(32:48):
two books, and you can also hear me read both
of those books. I read the first book, The Lamb
Will Slaughter the Lion to Robert Evans on Coolson Media
Book Club a couple of years ago, and I'm actually
right now the process of reading Robert Evans The second book,
The Barrel Will Send what it may, so you can
check that out on Sundays on this feed or that
it could happen here feed, or just search for it anyway.

(33:11):
I hope all of you are doing as well as
you can, and I will talk to you on Wednesday.
Cool People Who Did Cool Stuff is a production of
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(33:33):
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