September 19, 2024 • 40 mins
What could have caused the Big Bang, and what came before it?
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As the US.
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Speaker 1 (02:36):
What if you thought, as an adult that you've been
alive forever and then you discovered no, you actually had
a childhood and you were born, and you would want
to know all.
Speaker 9 (02:43):
About that and how can it will be surprising?
Speaker 1 (02:45):
That would be surprising, And actually that's sort of the
situation science was in for a long time. Astronomers thought
the universe is fixed, it's constant. All the stars are
just sort of hanging out there in space, not moving,
and they'd been like that forever. Hi, I'm Daniel.
Speaker 9 (03:11):
Is this Jorge So.
Speaker 1 (03:12):
I'm a particle physicist. I smash protons together at cerned
in my day job to try to figure out what
is the basic nature of matter?
Speaker 9 (03:19):
What do you smash as a hobby ban.
Speaker 1 (03:21):
Yeah, we know. When you're a particle physicist, you learn
to solve problems by smashing stuff together. So whatever's around me.
Speaker 9 (03:27):
And I'm a cartoonist and my job is to sit
in my pajamas all day and draw funny things.
Speaker 1 (03:32):
That's not how you started, right. You didn't grow up
thinking I'm going to be a cartoonist.
Speaker 9 (03:36):
No. I started off as a researcher. I'm an engineer.
I studied robotics. I have a PhD in robotics. But
somewhere along the line, I started drawing comics and that
kind of took off for me.
Speaker 1 (03:47):
And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge.
Speaker 9 (03:49):
Explain the Universe. Today. We're going to talk about how
it all began.
Speaker 1 (03:54):
The biggest of questions, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (04:03):
What happened at the very beginning of the universe?
Speaker 1 (04:07):
What happened before the Big Bang? It's a pretty deep,
basic question about the origin of our universe. What do
you think about it, what do you know about it?
What do you imagine might have happened before the start
of our universe. We went out and we asked people
on the street what they thought happened just before the
Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (04:24):
Well, there was a bunch of particles in the universe,
and then the combined together and poof.
Speaker 1 (04:30):
You created it had all the energy of the universe.
Speaker 9 (04:35):
So then when.
Speaker 8 (04:38):
It happened, that's how it was all dispersed.
Speaker 1 (04:41):
So most people seem to have some idea that, first
of all, the Big Bang is more than just a
TV show, right, Right. The idea for the science came
before the TV show. I was kind of relieved to hear.
Speaker 9 (04:50):
That everyone seems to know it's it sort of marks
the beginning of the universe.
Speaker 1 (04:55):
Right, It's a moment of creation or the starting of
the clock of the universe. Right, everything came from?
Speaker 9 (05:00):
But what exactly happened during the Big Bang? And most interestingly,
what happened before the Big Bank?
Speaker 1 (05:09):
Right? And that's fascinating to me. And these are the
best questions, the ones that like try to answer the
question where did everything come from? It sort of touches
on the philosophical like why are we here? If you
knew how the Big Bang happened and how the universe
was created, you might get some insight into what the
purpose of life is or how to live your life
or stuff. So to me, these are like really good,
deep basic questions.
Speaker 9 (05:34):
So we made a list of the four things we
think you should know about the Big Bang. The first
one is that the entire universe was once really small.
Maybe we think, let's talk about that. What do you
mean maybe, Well.
Speaker 1 (05:49):
It's an interesting question. We know that the universe had
a beginning, right, and how do we know that. We
know that because things are expanding, things are moving away
from each other. Okay, that was the major discovery. Like
one hundred years ago, looked out in the stars and
discovered that they're all moving away from us.
Speaker 9 (06:03):
Okay, so like we thought everything would still like we
were frozen in a gel or something. The stars would
just like there are sitting there. Yeah, generally speaking, But
then they discovered that they actually things are moving away
from each other.
Speaker 1 (06:15):
That's right, and everything is moving away from us, and
everything is moving away from everything else. They just looked
at stars, and you can measure how fast a star
is moving relative to us by seeing how its light
is stretched or shrunk, depending on whether it's moving away
from us or towards It's like a Doppler shift.
Speaker 9 (06:32):
Like the highway patrol measuring your speed. You can sort
of you can tell how fast you're going.
Speaker 1 (06:37):
Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 9 (06:37):
It's not like they looked at the stars and said
oh now it's down one's over there. It must have moved.
It's like it's some other information, right, right.
Speaker 1 (06:44):
So they looked out there and they measured all this
stuff and they said, whoa, everything's stretching out and moving
away from each other. So then the very natural consequences
to say, well, run that backwards. What does that mean?
It means things might have been smaller and more dense
and maybe even come from a little.
Speaker 9 (06:58):
Spot like if you hit the rewind bun, if you
see things make getting bigger. Now, if you had the
rewind bun wow for a while, what happens exactly?
Speaker 1 (07:07):
And those are the mental games people were playing. And
actually the phrase big Bang was a joke that people
made up to mock that idea. They're like, look, how
ridiculous this idea is.
Speaker 9 (07:15):
It is kind of a silly sounding name, right.
Speaker 1 (07:17):
Yeah, it was whimsical.
Speaker 6 (07:18):
It was.
Speaker 1 (07:19):
It was like a Donald Trump insult, you know, for
somebody else's.
Speaker 9 (07:22):
Big lee Bang.
Speaker 1 (07:23):
Yes, exactly, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (07:25):
Well, if you were like a respectable scientist today and
you had to name this event, you wouldn't call it
the big Bang, or you think that it was a
good name.
Speaker 1 (07:34):
Oh man, if I was on a marketing committee discover
the new name for it, the Moment of Creation. Now,
I think Big Bang is actually pretty good, you know, Yeah,
you got your alliteration. It's short, it's pithy, you know,
it's okay, it's pretty well done. I think that's probably
why it survived so.
Speaker 9 (07:50):
Long, because everyone wants the universe to start with the bank.
Speaker 1 (07:55):
That's right.
Speaker 9 (07:56):
So you played back the movie of the universe and
tells us that everything was once much closer together, and
then much much closer, and then much much closer, and
if you keep thinking about it, things may have been
really really really close together. That's right.
Speaker 1 (08:12):
Yeah, they just keep extrapolating down to a point. And
around the same time, Einstein came up with all of
his ideas of general relativity and thinking about gravity and
how the universe works, and people were playing with those
equations and discovering that those equations actually predicted that the
universe could start from a point. They were consistent with
Einstein's ideas of gravity.
Speaker 9 (08:31):
What do you mean?
Speaker 1 (08:31):
It was consistent, meaning that you can construct a universe
that starts from a point and then it blows up
and expands, And that totally makes sense from an einstein
gravity point of view, like it follows the rules, it's allowed, okay.
Speaker 9 (08:48):
Meaning that nothing weird happens, Like you can cram that
much stuff into such a small.
Speaker 1 (08:52):
Space according to Einstein, right, what is he know, which
is pretty well accepted as a smart guy was already's
talking about. But you know there are some issues there.
The original idea was the Big Bang was this really dense,
hot blob of stuff and then it blew up and
expanded into things we know. And you know, that was
a weird idea for a long time, and people didn't
(09:15):
believe it for a long time. It was in the
sixties that they finally found the first like concrete piece
of evidence that maybe the Big Bang had happened, right,
And that's when they discovered the thing called the cosmic
microwave background radiation.
Speaker 9 (09:27):
So it was weird to think about so much stuff
and matter and stars and being cramped to small space.
Speaker 1 (09:34):
Yeah, because it meant the universe wasn't always this dark
and cold and empty place that we know today. It
was like a hot, dense blob like the center of
the sun.
Speaker 9 (09:42):
It was a hot mess.
Speaker 1 (09:43):
It was a hot mess exactly. The universe was not
well organized when it was young.
Speaker 9 (09:50):
So yeah, so they said, okay, now, but now they
saw something like you call it the cosmic microwave baground radiation.
That said, yes, that's a your indication things were a
hot mess before.
Speaker 1 (10:02):
Yeah, they said, if things were really hot and dense
a long time ago, then they should have given off
this special kind of light and we should still be
able to see it today. And they went out and
they found it. You can see it like you can
see it if you have a special radio telescope. And
some guys built a fancy radio telescope. They weren't even
actually looking for this background radiation and they just had
(10:22):
a hiss in their telescope. They had this noise in
their telescope. And coincidentally, some people a couple of years
earlier had predicted, oh, if you build this kind of telescope,
you'll and the big bang happened, you'll hear this hiss.
And they turned on their telescope they heard this hiss
and they're like, what is this. We can't get rid
of this noise. And then two years later they won
the Nobel Prize.
Speaker 9 (10:41):
That's a great discovery.
Speaker 1 (10:42):
It's a pretty you're going to get fired.
Speaker 9 (10:44):
But then they're like, oh, that mistake you made. It's
the discovery of the universe.
Speaker 1 (10:49):
That's right.
Speaker 9 (10:50):
So that's the big Bang. It's everything was once really
small and then it just kind of exploded out into
what we have today.
Speaker 1 (10:57):
That's right. That's the whole idea, is that the universe
has a beginning and then it expanded into what we
know today. And that was the sort of first idea
of the Big Bang, like maybe everything came from a
point and people, a lot of people, when they think
about the Big Bang, they think about the universe starting
in a singularity, meaning a bunch of stuff in zero volume.
Speaker 9 (11:17):
All of it on top of each other, in the
same zero space exactly.
Speaker 1 (11:22):
And it's mind blowing to imagine, Like, take the Sun
and cram it down into the amount of space you
have for a grain of sand. Hard to imagine right now,
make it even smaller. Now, add every other star in
the universe on top of it. It's like your brain
can right, Yeah, it's it's not really the same thing.
It's just all the energy, all the energy density that
(11:45):
we currently have in the universe was crammed into that
tiny little space. That was sort of the early idea
and you can imagine like a big empty universe of
space with a tiny dot of matter in it, And
of course that engenders a lot of questions like where
did that? Any doubt a better come from it? Right?
Was there only one? How was it created?
Speaker 10 (12:05):
Right?
Speaker 9 (12:05):
But before we keep going, let's take a short break.
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Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
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The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
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Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
is Cass Elliott's sister.
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The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
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Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas. The host of a brand new
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I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than every but in a new,
hopeable season of my podcast, I'll share with the science
really shows that We're surprisingly more united than most people think.
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We all know something is wrong in our culture and
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With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
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It's really tragic.
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All that on the Happiness Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
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where we live at the intersection of sports and culture.
Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin
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Speaker 9 (17:19):
Well, so that's the Big Bang, And so the next
thing people should know is that the Big Bang happened
about fourteen billion years.
Speaker 1 (17:26):
Ago billion with a b.
Speaker 9 (17:28):
Billion years ago. Yeah, and I can't even remember what
I did this morning, fourteen minutes ago. That's how old
universe is from that moment of the Big Bang.
Speaker 1 (17:38):
Yeah, so the universe has been around since the Big
Bang about fourteen billion years and you know, for scale,
the Earth has been around about four and a half
billion years. That's when our solar system was fourned.
Speaker 9 (17:48):
Right, Well, how do you how do we know how
old the universe is? Like, yeah, like how can you tell?
Speaker 1 (17:53):
Yeah, well, we are seeing it expand, and so the
simplest way is to just extrapolate back, say how fast
does it expand? And extrapolate that expansion back until the
zero point.
Speaker 9 (18:03):
So like if you look at the furthest stars you see,
you know how fast we're going. You can just like
hit the rewind button. Yeah, it would take about fourteen
billion years for it to connect to everything else.
Speaker 1 (18:17):
Yeah, so we're pretty sure that something happened fourteen billion
years ago. This expansion of space happened fourteen billion years ago.
But these days scientists are a little fuzzier on what
exactly the Big Bang was. So idea zero was a
tiny dot with all the matter and it explodes into
the universe. Problems with this idea are one that you
(18:37):
can't really have tiny dots of infinite density, so.
Speaker 9 (18:41):
Einstein told me before you could.
Speaker 1 (18:43):
Well, that was Einstein's idea, and the idea is consistent
with Einstein's gravity. But Einstein's theories of gravity don't account
for quantum mechanics. Okay, quantum mechanics when they came after Einstein,
he was never really very comfortable with and quantum mechanics
is a whole, big, long story, But the thing we
need to understand is that it says you can't have
things that are super duper tiny. There might be a
(19:03):
smallest space, there might be the smallest distance.
Speaker 9 (19:06):
Get fuzzy. Yeah, like at some point you can't get unfuzzier.
Speaker 1 (19:11):
That's right, exactly. There's a basic unit of fuzziness. Like
imagine space being pixelated, right, Like you can't talk about
something smaller than one pixel. So we think that quantum
mechanics is probably correct. And if you big pixel, the
big pixel, that's right, the first pixel of the universe.
So we think if you try to follow Einstein extrapolate
(19:31):
the universe down to a point, general relativity probably works,
but we think it probably breaks when you get down
to really really tiny distances and really heavy stuff. But
nobody's ever seen that happen. You have to look inside
a black hole or go back in time and see
the Big Bang. But these days we have a slightly
fuzzier version of the idea of the Big Bang. Rather
than a point of matter that then explodes into space,
(19:54):
we think of the universe as being created as a
blob of space and matter, and then of.
Speaker 9 (20:00):
Space and matter. Yeah, so like it like a blob
of space.
Speaker 1 (20:05):
Like a tiny universe with not much space. So instead
of an infinite universe with a tiny blob of matter
in it, now imagine a tiny piece of space filled
with energy and matter.
Speaker 9 (20:15):
Okay, and what's outside of that little space?
Speaker 1 (20:17):
We have no idea, Like seriously, we can't even imagine inconceivable, right,
But we do know that space can be variable in size,
space can expand, and these days we have a more
modern idea of the Big Bang as that expansion of
that space.
Speaker 9 (20:32):
It might kind of like a bubble, like a bubble
that's a space, and then there's stuff in the bubble.
So you're saying both those things blew up exactly.
Speaker 1 (20:41):
And this is the more modern idea that space itself
can expand. And so if you're out there thinking, what
is he talking about? How can space expand? What is
it expanding into? Everything has to be in something, right,
and the answer is, we don't know. We think used
to think of space as just like emptiness, and we
can go a whole episode about just what space is,
and I think we really will, so people listening. But
(21:03):
these days we think of space as a thing because
it can spand it can bend, and it can ripple,
so we know it has all these properties. So it
might be that this bubble of space in the early
universe was in some sort of super meta deep space
that we have never really discovered, or nothing. It could
be that it doesn't have to hang in something else.
It's just the edge.
Speaker 9 (21:23):
But space itself was smaller that that much. We know
space was small. Space was smaller, and the stuff in
it was crammed in, really really small, that's right. And
then about fourteen billion years ago, for some reason do
we know why, We don't know why, it decided it
didn't want to be that small anymore.
Speaker 1 (21:40):
That's right. Yeah, And that was the moment that space
was created, and then it expanded like crazy. It's something
we call inflation. Inflation is not you know why your
money doesn't work as well every year. I mean, that
is inflation. But there's and I don't know why do
we do this? In science? We take an idea, a
word that everybody uses to mean one thing, right, use
(22:01):
that same word to mean something totally different.
Speaker 9 (22:03):
But it fits what it describes. It in the universe
inflated like a balloon, like a bowl, right.
Speaker 1 (22:08):
Yes, okay, it's a good descriptive name from that sense.
So the universe inflated, that whole balloon inflated, and everything
inside it got stretched, okay. And the amount of stretching
that happened is crazy. It's like the universe expanded in
space by a factor ten to the thirty. That's ten
with thirty zeros on it, some crazy huge number, and
it did it in this really small amount of time,
(22:30):
ten to the minus thirty. So that's zero with thirty
zeros after the decimal plays and then a one. So
this incredible expansion, a huge expansion of space of ten
to the thirty and this tiny amount of time ten
to the minus thirty. It's hard to really even fathom.
Speaker 9 (22:45):
It wasn't a rush to get big.
Speaker 1 (22:47):
Yes, and it's still getting bigger today. And the other
thing that's important to understand is that space didn't get
created like on the outside of the universe. It's not
like they made more room, it's stuff. The space inside
of the universe stretched was created, so like between two
particles you had a certain amount of space, then all
of a sudden you had extra space between particles. So everything, Yeah,
(23:08):
everything's getting stretched out from the inside also not just
from the outside, and that's also continuing to happen. Like
the expansion of the universe today, the in fact the
universe is getting bigger and bigger is happening all around this.
It's more space being created.
Speaker 9 (23:22):
The third thing we should talk about today is that
we don't know what happened before the Big Bang, like
before this little bubble blew up, what happened before.
Speaker 1 (23:32):
But before we get into that, let's take a quick break.
Speaker 11 (23:41):
I'm buzzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking
a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 12 (23:46):
Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 11 (23:53):
The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 13 (24:01):
Russ Kunkle, the basic connection that I had with someone
that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 1 (24:17):
The message of.
Speaker 11 (24:17):
The podcast is simple, honest conversation with musicians about the
music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers.
Speaker 1 (24:25):
It is correct.
Speaker 6 (24:26):
I rarely worked things out. I like to go off
the cup and try to grab things out of the
air while you're playing the song and try to catch
a little magic.
Speaker 11 (24:33):
Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2 (24:41):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
(25:01):
Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between
the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
(25:25):
brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
the voices of Black writers and to bring their words
to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (25:41):
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new
coopbole season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people.
Speaker 7 (26:00):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better, and
that we can do better.
Speaker 3 (26:07):
With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 1 (26:10):
It's really tragic.
Speaker 5 (26:11):
If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3 (26:14):
We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 2 (26:19):
My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
and still be in relationship.
Speaker 6 (26:27):
With each other.
Speaker 3 (26:28):
All that on the Happiness Lap Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8 (26:42):
In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one thing on
their minds, sword Quest. This wasn't just a new game.
Atari promised one hundred and fifty grand in prizes to
four finalists, but the prizes disappeared, and what started as
a video game promotion became one of the most controversial
moments in eighties pop culture.
Speaker 1 (27:04):
I just don't believe they exist.
Speaker 5 (27:06):
Every by reactions shock at all.
Speaker 3 (27:08):
That sword was amazing, It was so beautiful.
Speaker 8 (27:11):
I'm Jamie Loftis. Join me this spring for the Legend
of sword Quest, a podcast about the fall of Atari
and the disappearing sword Quest prizes. We'll follow the quest
for lost treasure across four decades.
Speaker 9 (27:24):
It's almost like a metaphor for the industry and Atari
itself in a way.
Speaker 8 (27:29):
Listen to the Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 16 (27:39):
We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a
kite and no rain, but those twomen are the most
important scientific discoveries of the time.
Speaker 1 (27:48):
I'm Evan Ratliffe.
Speaker 14 (27:49):
Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with
biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story
of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted
off from him.
Speaker 16 (28:00):
His media empire makes him the most successful self made
business person in America. I mean he was never early
to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous.
Women start wearing their hair and what was called the
coiffor a la Franklin.
Speaker 14 (28:18):
And who's more relevant now than ever.
Speaker 16 (28:20):
The only other person who could have possibly been the
first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too
old and once Washington been doing.
Speaker 14 (28:29):
Listen to on Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the
iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1 (28:43):
This is like totally territory for speculation and philosophy. We
have pretty good theories about what happened during the Big Bang,
this idea of the inflation. We even have some experimental
evidence to back it up. And it's a pretty solid
theory these days that inflation happened.
Speaker 9 (28:58):
But what do you mean experimental? Like we can measure
the Big Bang?
Speaker 1 (29:01):
Can we right? So we can't go back in time
and see it right, but we can do things like
detectives do after a murder, and we can look for
clues and say, are the clues that we see in
the universe today consistent with this story or with that
other story. Right, so we can sift through the clues
from the Big Bang and say, it looks like the
universe was created and if inflation happened, it probably created
these ripples in that plasma, and we can see those
(29:23):
ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation. It's really an
incredible golden age of cosmology. They're doing all this really
precision work to understand exactly what happened and what we know.
Speaker 9 (29:33):
So, but we can only see up to a certain
points only before that is just the speculation.
Speaker 1 (29:38):
Before that, it's just speculation. So one popular idea is
that there's this kind of matter called inflationary matter or inflantons,
and it has some weird gravitational properties, and those gravitational
properties cause inflation.
Speaker 9 (29:52):
Like suddenly they came into being inside of this hot
mess and it's like we need to get out of here.
Speaker 1 (29:58):
Yeah, it's this never ending loop of questions. Right, So
you say, well, the Big Bang was inflation. What caused inflation?
Inflationary matter? Well, what created inflationary matter? It's like dot
dot dot. You could just keep asking that question forever,
and I think we will be asking that question forever,
We'll always be pushing back and trying to understand, and
until we get back to negative infinity in time, we're
(30:18):
never going to have like a solid answer. But that's
part of the fun, right, It's not like it's the
journey as much as the destination.
Speaker 9 (30:25):
But there's some cool ideas there about what happened before
that point.
Speaker 1 (30:28):
Right, that's right. Yeah, Like maybe the whole universe was
filled with inflationary matter and in some places it decayed
into normal matter and then inflation happened. And if that's
the case, then you have like our universe is one
spot inside some huge mega universe of inflationary matter, and
(30:49):
maybe at other points in the in that mega universe
there are also other dots that turned into what we
call pocket universes.
Speaker 9 (30:57):
Were like the zits of the the face of the
of the mega universe.
Speaker 1 (31:01):
Mega is its on the mega universe.
Speaker 9 (31:03):
Yeah, and that's maybe like our universe is just like
a little bubble in a big sea of other bubbles.
Speaker 1 (31:09):
That's right, exactly.
Speaker 9 (31:10):
That's one idea.
Speaker 1 (31:11):
That's one idea, and we have no way to really
to test that idea. Is the problem, because there's no
way for us to ever reach those other bubbles, because
if that's the case, if that's really the reality of our,
of our, of the situation of nature, it means that
inflation is still happening because that inflationary matter is still
constantly expanding. So those other universes, those other bubbles, are
(31:34):
getting pushed away from us much much faster than the speed.
Speaker 9 (31:37):
Of light, because it'll never hang out.
Speaker 1 (31:40):
You can't send a message to there, you can't ever
see it, you can't ever go there. And scientifically that's
a big problem, not because I really want to go
to the beaches in some other bubble universe, but because
if you want to prove that it's true, you have
to do an experiment, you have to find some evidence.
You have to do you have to have a theory
that can be confirmed. If you have a theory that
predicts something you can never test, and it's not really
(32:02):
a scientific theory or a useful one, it's right, it's
like saying to guess, Yeah, it's a guess, and.
Speaker 9 (32:10):
That's one theory. Maybe we're a bubble in a sea
of other universes. What's another idea for what happened before
the Big Bang?
Speaker 1 (32:16):
Well, another idea is that maybe there's a cycle, right,
maybe the Big Bang was caused by a big crunch, right,
And to understand that you have to think about sort
of the future first, Like, so the Big Bang happened,
everything expands out, and then one question is like are
things going to keep expanding? We don't really know, but
one possibilities they keep expanding forever and the universe just
(32:38):
sort of drifts out into this endlessly cold, boring, bland situation.
But another possibility is that it slows down, stops, and
then falls back in. Right, Everything rushes back and gravity
pulls everything back into it to recreate that hots Yeah, deflation,
I think you just invented.
Speaker 9 (32:59):
Can I go back and change it to my son's name?
Speaker 1 (33:04):
Ollivation. The deflation theory would say that the universe comes back, falls.
Speaker 9 (33:10):
And then collapses back into a little hot mess again.
Speaker 1 (33:13):
A little hot mess. It's like recovering your youth, right,
It's like a middle aged crisis or.
Speaker 9 (33:17):
Whatever, and then it just bounces back again.
Speaker 1 (33:20):
Yeah, and that would be a cycle. So a big crunch,
big bang, big crunch, big bang.
Speaker 9 (33:24):
That could be big Bang US, big crunch, big bang again,
maybe somebody else, somebody else.
Speaker 1 (33:30):
Better looking versions of us.
Speaker 9 (33:32):
Yeah, impossible, impossibly. Yeah. So that's another idea, is that
would happen before is like more and more universes.
Speaker 1 (33:41):
Yeah. And there's something nice about that because it explains
both that our universe had a beginning and it also
gives you an explanation for what happened all the way
back to the beginning of time, because it returns to
the possibility of the universe is infinitely old, right, because
that could have been happening forever. It allows you to
have this sort of finite of time for our universe
(34:01):
without limiting you to finiteeness for the whole universe, sort of.
Speaker 9 (34:05):
Like the right time could be infinite, but space could
be finite.
Speaker 1 (34:10):
Yeah, that's right. Yeah, And that brings us to the
last crazy idea, which is maybe there was nothing before
the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (34:19):
I mean nothing time.
Speaker 1 (34:21):
Not even time, right. We think space was created in
the Big Bang and space has expanded and all that stuff, and.
Speaker 9 (34:27):
So there could have been no time, no space before.
Speaker 1 (34:30):
No space and no time, right, And it's hard to
even wrap your mind around what that is. I mean,
we have a hard time imagining, like what will happen
after we die? Well, the universe continue without us right
now trying to imagine the universe without space and time.
What does that even mean? And you have to think
also about what time is itself? Like, what does it
mean for there to not be time? Right, there's no
(34:51):
time in which there's no time. There's no time for
that to happen, right, And a lot of people think
about time as sort of the organized principle of the universe.
Maybe you've heard of the second law through my dynamics
that tells us that entropy is always increasing in the universe,
and so they.
Speaker 9 (35:07):
Imagine things are getting messier.
Speaker 1 (35:09):
Things are getting messier and forward in time, that's right,
getting more and more spread out, forward in time. And
so some people think that that is time. The time
is measured by entropy and created by entropy, and that
before the Big Bang, if there was if there was nothing,
no space, then there was no time. And that sounds
like an odd idea, but in other ways we're very
(35:30):
familiar with it. Like you know, if you stand on
the North Pole and you ask which way is north, well,
there is nothing north in the north. You blew us up.
I'm going to write to Stephen Hockey and tell that's
actually his His phrase is you know, maybe this's no
north of north.
Speaker 9 (35:51):
North, there's no before yeah, zero time.
Speaker 1 (35:54):
Yeah, because if you're standing on a sphere and you're
the north pole of it, there's nowhere to go, nowhere
to go, there's no more northiness.
Speaker 9 (36:02):
Can the tape ends when you try to rewind it more.
Speaker 1 (36:04):
That's right, and that's something we're comfortable with. We're accepting
the fact that a sphere has like a limit and edge,
and it's reasonable for that for there be nothing beyond it.
But when we think of time, we tend to think
of in a line, and so we want there to
be something before it, or at least for there to
be a reason why it started here and not somewhere
else or some other other you know, time or it's
(36:25):
a very natural, i think idea to have intuitively to
think that something should have been before then. But it
could be that there was nothing. That the things were
created at that moment and there was nothing before the.
Speaker 9 (36:36):
Here and then we came. Yeah, we dropped the mic.
Speaker 1 (36:40):
We came. We made this podcast, and that's a summary
of all the whole universe in a nutshell. And you know,
any of those theories, First of all, those are very
difficult to test, and it's hard to imagine how we'll
ever know. Right, it might be that there aren't any
clues in the rubble of the universe to tell us
which one is, which one is? Which there might be,
(37:02):
although I'd like to have faith in future scientists coming
up with clever ideas for ways to test these theories
which right now seem impossible to test. But in the
future people.
Speaker 9 (37:12):
Can gave everybody able to see beyond the Big Bang.
Speaker 1 (37:15):
Yeah, maybe maybe they'll find some evidence in the current
ubble that tells them, oh, is this or is that?
Or is the other thing? But even if you get there,
imagine having an answer to one of these questions.
Speaker 9 (37:25):
Right, what do you think knowing what happened before the
Big Bang would tell you like, how would how would
it change your life?
Speaker 1 (37:32):
I think it would change everybody's life. I think it's
the kind of knowledge that would filter into like the
global consciousness. Think about like how quantum mechanics has changed
the way people think about things. But there's randomness in
the universe, right, the universe is not following a fixed
set of rules, but that those rules have fuzz in them.
Speaker 9 (37:50):
You think it's changed the global consciousness?
Speaker 1 (37:53):
Absolutely and not just in New ag people who you know,
but in everybody thinking about the universes being a little
different from what they imagine. Do you have a question
you wish we would cover. We'd love to hear from you.
You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at
Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at
(38:16):
Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece
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Speaker 2 (38:53):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
is for the page turners, for those who listen to
audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
(39:14):
Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever.
Speaker 1 (39:19):
You get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (39:20):
The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new
hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7 (39:42):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better, and
that we can do better.
Speaker 3 (39:49):
Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
listen to podcasts.
Speaker 4 (39:54):
From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs.
Web MD's Health Discovered PODCAS keeps you up to date
on today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations
with experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how
today's health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5 (40:12):
It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy.
It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
each other.
Speaker 4 (40:20):
Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 11 (40:25):
I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Burne.
Speaker 10 (40:27):
We are two cool moms. We certainly are.
Speaker 1 (40:29):
And guess where we could find us now? Oh, I
don't know the iHeart podcast network. That's right.
Speaker 8 (40:34):
We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it.
Speaker 1 (40:38):
I am too.
Speaker 13 (40:38):
I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast,
but now it's even more funer and cooler and hardier.
Speaker 1 (40:45):
That's right, it's more ieheartier. I knew it.
Speaker 8 (40:49):
Check your heart rate.
Speaker 10 (40:50):
We're here at iHeart.
Speaker 7 (40:51):
Yeah.
Speaker 14 (40:51):
You could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts,
or on the iHeartRadio app.
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Speaker 2 (00:28):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
is for the page turners, for those who listen to
audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
(00:49):
Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (00:55):
So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 4 (00:58):
From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs,
WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on
today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations with
experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's
health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5 (01:16):
It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy,
it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
each other.
Speaker 4 (01:24):
Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (01:29):
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Speaker 6 (01:33):
As the US.
Speaker 3 (01:33):
Elections approach, it can feel like we're angrier and more
divided than ever, But in a new copule season of
my podcast, I'll Share with the Science really shows that
we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7 (01:48):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better and
that we can be better.
Speaker 3 (01:54):
Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8 (02:00):
In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one game on
their minds, sword Quest, because the company had promised one
hundred and fifty grand in prizes to four finalists, but
the prizes disappeared, leading to one of the biggest controversies
in eighties pop culture. I'm Jamie Loftus. Join me this
spring for the Legend of sword Quest. We'll follow the
(02:21):
quest for lost treasure across four decades. Listen to the
Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcast
or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1 (02:36):
What if you thought, as an adult that you've been
alive forever and then you discovered no, you actually had
a childhood and you were born, and you would want
to know all.
Speaker 9 (02:43):
About that and how can it will be surprising?
Speaker 1 (02:45):
That would be surprising, And actually that's sort of the
situation science was in for a long time. Astronomers thought
the universe is fixed, it's constant. All the stars are
just sort of hanging out there in space, not moving,
and they'd been like that forever. Hi, I'm Daniel.
Speaker 9 (03:11):
Is this Jorge So.
Speaker 1 (03:12):
I'm a particle physicist. I smash protons together at cerned
in my day job to try to figure out what
is the basic nature of matter?
Speaker 9 (03:19):
What do you smash as a hobby ban.
Speaker 1 (03:21):
Yeah, we know. When you're a particle physicist, you learn
to solve problems by smashing stuff together. So whatever's around me.
Speaker 9 (03:27):
And I'm a cartoonist and my job is to sit
in my pajamas all day and draw funny things.
Speaker 1 (03:32):
That's not how you started, right. You didn't grow up
thinking I'm going to be a cartoonist.
Speaker 9 (03:36):
No. I started off as a researcher. I'm an engineer.
I studied robotics. I have a PhD in robotics. But
somewhere along the line, I started drawing comics and that
kind of took off for me.
Speaker 1 (03:47):
And this is our podcast Daniel and Jorge.
Speaker 9 (03:49):
Explain the Universe. Today. We're going to talk about how
it all began.
Speaker 1 (03:54):
The biggest of questions, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (04:03):
What happened at the very beginning of the universe?
Speaker 1 (04:07):
What happened before the Big Bang? It's a pretty deep,
basic question about the origin of our universe. What do
you think about it, what do you know about it?
What do you imagine might have happened before the start
of our universe. We went out and we asked people
on the street what they thought happened just before the
Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (04:24):
Well, there was a bunch of particles in the universe,
and then the combined together and poof.
Speaker 1 (04:30):
You created it had all the energy of the universe.
Speaker 9 (04:35):
So then when.
Speaker 8 (04:38):
It happened, that's how it was all dispersed.
Speaker 1 (04:41):
So most people seem to have some idea that, first
of all, the Big Bang is more than just a
TV show, right, Right. The idea for the science came
before the TV show. I was kind of relieved to hear.
Speaker 9 (04:50):
That everyone seems to know it's it sort of marks
the beginning of the universe.
Speaker 1 (04:55):
Right, It's a moment of creation or the starting of
the clock of the universe. Right, everything came from?
Speaker 9 (05:00):
But what exactly happened during the Big Bang? And most interestingly,
what happened before the Big Bank?
Speaker 1 (05:09):
Right? And that's fascinating to me. And these are the
best questions, the ones that like try to answer the
question where did everything come from? It sort of touches
on the philosophical like why are we here? If you
knew how the Big Bang happened and how the universe
was created, you might get some insight into what the
purpose of life is or how to live your life
or stuff. So to me, these are like really good,
deep basic questions.
Speaker 9 (05:34):
So we made a list of the four things we
think you should know about the Big Bang. The first
one is that the entire universe was once really small.
Maybe we think, let's talk about that. What do you
mean maybe, Well.
Speaker 1 (05:49):
It's an interesting question. We know that the universe had
a beginning, right, and how do we know that. We
know that because things are expanding, things are moving away
from each other. Okay, that was the major discovery. Like
one hundred years ago, looked out in the stars and
discovered that they're all moving away from us.
Speaker 9 (06:03):
Okay, so like we thought everything would still like we
were frozen in a gel or something. The stars would
just like there are sitting there. Yeah, generally speaking, But
then they discovered that they actually things are moving away
from each other.
Speaker 1 (06:15):
That's right, and everything is moving away from us, and
everything is moving away from everything else. They just looked
at stars, and you can measure how fast a star
is moving relative to us by seeing how its light
is stretched or shrunk, depending on whether it's moving away
from us or towards It's like a Doppler shift.
Speaker 9 (06:32):
Like the highway patrol measuring your speed. You can sort
of you can tell how fast you're going.
Speaker 1 (06:37):
Yeah, exactly.
Speaker 9 (06:37):
It's not like they looked at the stars and said
oh now it's down one's over there. It must have moved.
It's like it's some other information, right, right.
Speaker 1 (06:44):
So they looked out there and they measured all this
stuff and they said, whoa, everything's stretching out and moving
away from each other. So then the very natural consequences
to say, well, run that backwards. What does that mean?
It means things might have been smaller and more dense
and maybe even come from a little.
Speaker 9 (06:58):
Spot like if you hit the rewind bun, if you
see things make getting bigger. Now, if you had the
rewind bun wow for a while, what happens exactly?
Speaker 1 (07:07):
And those are the mental games people were playing. And
actually the phrase big Bang was a joke that people
made up to mock that idea. They're like, look, how
ridiculous this idea is.
Speaker 9 (07:15):
It is kind of a silly sounding name, right.
Speaker 1 (07:17):
Yeah, it was whimsical.
Speaker 6 (07:18):
It was.
Speaker 1 (07:19):
It was like a Donald Trump insult, you know, for
somebody else's.
Speaker 9 (07:22):
Big lee Bang.
Speaker 1 (07:23):
Yes, exactly, the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (07:25):
Well, if you were like a respectable scientist today and
you had to name this event, you wouldn't call it
the big Bang, or you think that it was a
good name.
Speaker 1 (07:34):
Oh man, if I was on a marketing committee discover
the new name for it, the Moment of Creation. Now,
I think Big Bang is actually pretty good, you know, Yeah,
you got your alliteration. It's short, it's pithy, you know,
it's okay, it's pretty well done. I think that's probably
why it survived so.
Speaker 9 (07:50):
Long, because everyone wants the universe to start with the bank.
Speaker 1 (07:55):
That's right.
Speaker 9 (07:56):
So you played back the movie of the universe and
tells us that everything was once much closer together, and
then much much closer, and then much much closer, and
if you keep thinking about it, things may have been
really really really close together. That's right.
Speaker 1 (08:12):
Yeah, they just keep extrapolating down to a point. And
around the same time, Einstein came up with all of
his ideas of general relativity and thinking about gravity and
how the universe works, and people were playing with those
equations and discovering that those equations actually predicted that the
universe could start from a point. They were consistent with
Einstein's ideas of gravity.
Speaker 9 (08:31):
What do you mean?
Speaker 1 (08:31):
It was consistent, meaning that you can construct a universe
that starts from a point and then it blows up
and expands, And that totally makes sense from an einstein
gravity point of view, like it follows the rules, it's allowed, okay.
Speaker 9 (08:48):
Meaning that nothing weird happens, Like you can cram that
much stuff into such a small.
Speaker 1 (08:52):
Space according to Einstein, right, what is he know, which
is pretty well accepted as a smart guy was already's
talking about. But you know there are some issues there.
The original idea was the Big Bang was this really dense,
hot blob of stuff and then it blew up and
expanded into things we know. And you know, that was
a weird idea for a long time, and people didn't
(09:15):
believe it for a long time. It was in the
sixties that they finally found the first like concrete piece
of evidence that maybe the Big Bang had happened, right,
And that's when they discovered the thing called the cosmic
microwave background radiation.
Speaker 9 (09:27):
So it was weird to think about so much stuff
and matter and stars and being cramped to small space.
Speaker 1 (09:34):
Yeah, because it meant the universe wasn't always this dark
and cold and empty place that we know today. It
was like a hot, dense blob like the center of
the sun.
Speaker 9 (09:42):
It was a hot mess.
Speaker 1 (09:43):
It was a hot mess exactly. The universe was not
well organized when it was young.
Speaker 9 (09:50):
So yeah, so they said, okay, now, but now they
saw something like you call it the cosmic microwave baground radiation.
That said, yes, that's a your indication things were a
hot mess before.
Speaker 1 (10:02):
Yeah, they said, if things were really hot and dense
a long time ago, then they should have given off
this special kind of light and we should still be
able to see it today. And they went out and
they found it. You can see it like you can
see it if you have a special radio telescope. And
some guys built a fancy radio telescope. They weren't even
actually looking for this background radiation and they just had
(10:22):
a hiss in their telescope. They had this noise in
their telescope. And coincidentally, some people a couple of years
earlier had predicted, oh, if you build this kind of telescope,
you'll and the big bang happened, you'll hear this hiss.
And they turned on their telescope they heard this hiss
and they're like, what is this. We can't get rid
of this noise. And then two years later they won
the Nobel Prize.
Speaker 9 (10:41):
That's a great discovery.
Speaker 1 (10:42):
It's a pretty you're going to get fired.
Speaker 9 (10:44):
But then they're like, oh, that mistake you made. It's
the discovery of the universe.
Speaker 1 (10:49):
That's right.
Speaker 9 (10:50):
So that's the big Bang. It's everything was once really
small and then it just kind of exploded out into
what we have today.
Speaker 1 (10:57):
That's right. That's the whole idea, is that the universe
has a beginning and then it expanded into what we
know today. And that was the sort of first idea
of the Big Bang, like maybe everything came from a
point and people, a lot of people, when they think
about the Big Bang, they think about the universe starting
in a singularity, meaning a bunch of stuff in zero volume.
Speaker 9 (11:17):
All of it on top of each other, in the
same zero space exactly.
Speaker 1 (11:22):
And it's mind blowing to imagine, Like, take the Sun
and cram it down into the amount of space you
have for a grain of sand. Hard to imagine right now,
make it even smaller. Now, add every other star in
the universe on top of it. It's like your brain
can right, Yeah, it's it's not really the same thing.
It's just all the energy, all the energy density that
(11:45):
we currently have in the universe was crammed into that
tiny little space. That was sort of the early idea
and you can imagine like a big empty universe of
space with a tiny dot of matter in it, And
of course that engenders a lot of questions like where
did that? Any doubt a better come from it? Right?
Was there only one? How was it created?
Speaker 10 (12:05):
Right?
Speaker 9 (12:05):
But before we keep going, let's take a short break.
Speaker 10 (12:11):
AI might be the most important new computer technology ever.
It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are
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(12:36):
for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. OCI
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of course nobody does data better than Oracle. So now
you can train your AI models at twice the speed
and less than half the cost of other clouds. If
you want to do more and spend less, like Uber
(12:58):
eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic, take a free
test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com. Slash Strategic.
That's Oracle dot com slash strategic, Oracle dot com slash strategic.
Speaker 11 (13:11):
I'm buzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking
a Walk podcast Music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 12 (13:16):
Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 11 (13:23):
The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 13 (13:31):
Russ Kunkle, The basic connection that I had with someone
that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 11 (13:47):
The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with
musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers.
Speaker 6 (13:56):
It is correct. I rarely worked things out. I like
to go off the cup and try to rap things
out of the air while you're playing the song and
try to catch a little magic.
Speaker 11 (14:03):
Listen to the Taking a Walk Podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2 (14:11):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas. The host of a brand new
Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
(14:32):
Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
those who find themselves seeking solad, wisdom, and refuge between
the chapters. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
(14:55):
brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
the voices of of Black writers and to bring their
words to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (15:12):
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than every but in a new,
hopeable season of my podcast, I'll share with the science
really shows that We're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7 (15:30):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better, and
that we can do better.
Speaker 3 (15:37):
With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 1 (15:40):
It's really tragic.
Speaker 14 (15:41):
If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3 (15:44):
We'll see that our fellow humans, even though we disagree with,
are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 2 (15:49):
My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
and still be in relationships.
Speaker 14 (15:57):
With each other.
Speaker 3 (15:58):
All that on the Happiness Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 15 (16:12):
I'm Carrie Champion and this is season four of Naked Sports,
where we live at the intersection of sports and culture.
Up first, I explore the making of a rivalry, Caitlin
Clark versus Angel Reese.
Speaker 1 (16:25):
I know I'll go down in history.
Speaker 15 (16:26):
People are talking about women's basketball is just because of
one single game.
Speaker 9 (16:29):
Every great player needs a foil.
Speaker 6 (16:31):
And hear them wise, I just come here and play basketball,
Ray Kendeled, and that's what I focused on.
Speaker 15 (16:35):
From college to the pros. Clark and Reeves have changed
the way we consume women's sports.
Speaker 1 (16:40):
Angel Reese is a joy to watch. She is unapologetically black.
Speaker 11 (16:45):
I love her.
Speaker 15 (16:46):
What exactly ignited this fire? Why has it been so
good for the game? And can the fanfare surrounding these
two supernovas be sustained? This game is only going to
get better because the talent is getting better. This new
season will cover are all things sports and culture. Listen
to Naked Sports on the Black Effect Podcast Network. iHeartRadio, app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcast.
Speaker 3 (17:08):
The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
Speaker 9 (17:19):
Well, so that's the Big Bang, And so the next
thing people should know is that the Big Bang happened
about fourteen billion years.
Speaker 1 (17:26):
Ago billion with a b.
Speaker 9 (17:28):
Billion years ago. Yeah, and I can't even remember what
I did this morning, fourteen minutes ago. That's how old
universe is from that moment of the Big Bang.
Speaker 1 (17:38):
Yeah, so the universe has been around since the Big
Bang about fourteen billion years and you know, for scale,
the Earth has been around about four and a half
billion years. That's when our solar system was fourned.
Speaker 9 (17:48):
Right, Well, how do you how do we know how
old the universe is? Like, yeah, like how can you tell?
Speaker 1 (17:53):
Yeah, well, we are seeing it expand, and so the
simplest way is to just extrapolate back, say how fast
does it expand? And extrapolate that expansion back until the
zero point.
Speaker 9 (18:03):
So like if you look at the furthest stars you see,
you know how fast we're going. You can just like
hit the rewind button. Yeah, it would take about fourteen
billion years for it to connect to everything else.
Speaker 1 (18:17):
Yeah, so we're pretty sure that something happened fourteen billion
years ago. This expansion of space happened fourteen billion years ago.
But these days scientists are a little fuzzier on what
exactly the Big Bang was. So idea zero was a
tiny dot with all the matter and it explodes into
the universe. Problems with this idea are one that you
(18:37):
can't really have tiny dots of infinite density, so.
Speaker 9 (18:41):
Einstein told me before you could.
Speaker 1 (18:43):
Well, that was Einstein's idea, and the idea is consistent
with Einstein's gravity. But Einstein's theories of gravity don't account
for quantum mechanics. Okay, quantum mechanics when they came after Einstein,
he was never really very comfortable with and quantum mechanics
is a whole, big, long story, But the thing we
need to understand is that it says you can't have
things that are super duper tiny. There might be a
(19:03):
smallest space, there might be the smallest distance.
Speaker 9 (19:06):
Get fuzzy. Yeah, like at some point you can't get unfuzzier.
Speaker 1 (19:11):
That's right, exactly. There's a basic unit of fuzziness. Like
imagine space being pixelated, right, Like you can't talk about
something smaller than one pixel. So we think that quantum
mechanics is probably correct. And if you big pixel, the
big pixel, that's right, the first pixel of the universe.
So we think if you try to follow Einstein extrapolate
(19:31):
the universe down to a point, general relativity probably works,
but we think it probably breaks when you get down
to really really tiny distances and really heavy stuff. But
nobody's ever seen that happen. You have to look inside
a black hole or go back in time and see
the Big Bang. But these days we have a slightly
fuzzier version of the idea of the Big Bang. Rather
than a point of matter that then explodes into space,
(19:54):
we think of the universe as being created as a
blob of space and matter, and then of.
Speaker 9 (20:00):
Space and matter. Yeah, so like it like a blob
of space.
Speaker 1 (20:05):
Like a tiny universe with not much space. So instead
of an infinite universe with a tiny blob of matter
in it, now imagine a tiny piece of space filled
with energy and matter.
Speaker 9 (20:15):
Okay, and what's outside of that little space?
Speaker 1 (20:17):
We have no idea, Like seriously, we can't even imagine inconceivable, right,
But we do know that space can be variable in size,
space can expand, and these days we have a more
modern idea of the Big Bang as that expansion of
that space.
Speaker 9 (20:32):
It might kind of like a bubble, like a bubble
that's a space, and then there's stuff in the bubble.
So you're saying both those things blew up exactly.
Speaker 1 (20:41):
And this is the more modern idea that space itself
can expand. And so if you're out there thinking, what
is he talking about? How can space expand? What is
it expanding into? Everything has to be in something, right,
and the answer is, we don't know. We think used
to think of space as just like emptiness, and we
can go a whole episode about just what space is,
and I think we really will, so people listening. But
(21:03):
these days we think of space as a thing because
it can spand it can bend, and it can ripple,
so we know it has all these properties. So it
might be that this bubble of space in the early
universe was in some sort of super meta deep space
that we have never really discovered, or nothing. It could
be that it doesn't have to hang in something else.
It's just the edge.
Speaker 9 (21:23):
But space itself was smaller that that much. We know
space was small. Space was smaller, and the stuff in
it was crammed in, really really small, that's right. And
then about fourteen billion years ago, for some reason do
we know why, We don't know why, it decided it
didn't want to be that small anymore.
Speaker 1 (21:40):
That's right. Yeah, And that was the moment that space
was created, and then it expanded like crazy. It's something
we call inflation. Inflation is not you know why your
money doesn't work as well every year. I mean, that
is inflation. But there's and I don't know why do
we do this? In science? We take an idea, a
word that everybody uses to mean one thing, right, use
(22:01):
that same word to mean something totally different.
Speaker 9 (22:03):
But it fits what it describes. It in the universe
inflated like a balloon, like a bowl, right.
Speaker 1 (22:08):
Yes, okay, it's a good descriptive name from that sense.
So the universe inflated, that whole balloon inflated, and everything
inside it got stretched, okay. And the amount of stretching
that happened is crazy. It's like the universe expanded in
space by a factor ten to the thirty. That's ten
with thirty zeros on it, some crazy huge number, and
it did it in this really small amount of time,
(22:30):
ten to the minus thirty. So that's zero with thirty
zeros after the decimal plays and then a one. So
this incredible expansion, a huge expansion of space of ten
to the thirty and this tiny amount of time ten
to the minus thirty. It's hard to really even fathom.
Speaker 9 (22:45):
It wasn't a rush to get big.
Speaker 1 (22:47):
Yes, and it's still getting bigger today. And the other
thing that's important to understand is that space didn't get
created like on the outside of the universe. It's not
like they made more room, it's stuff. The space inside
of the universe stretched was created, so like between two
particles you had a certain amount of space, then all
of a sudden you had extra space between particles. So everything, Yeah,
(23:08):
everything's getting stretched out from the inside also not just
from the outside, and that's also continuing to happen. Like
the expansion of the universe today, the in fact the
universe is getting bigger and bigger is happening all around this.
It's more space being created.
Speaker 9 (23:22):
The third thing we should talk about today is that
we don't know what happened before the Big Bang, like
before this little bubble blew up, what happened before.
Speaker 1 (23:32):
But before we get into that, let's take a quick break.
Speaker 11 (23:41):
I'm buzzs Night and I'm the host of the Taking
a Walk podcast music History on Foot John Oates.
Speaker 12 (23:46):
Great songs endured, and I'm very proud and happy to
know that i was part of something that will endure.
Speaker 11 (23:53):
The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with
musicians and the inside stories behind their music.
Speaker 13 (24:01):
Russ Kunkle, the basic connection that I had with someone
that was great coming out of the Whiskey was David Crosby.
David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of
around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who
is Cass Elliott's sister.
Speaker 1 (24:17):
The message of.
Speaker 11 (24:17):
The podcast is simple, honest conversation with musicians about the
music they create. Mike Campbell of The Heartbreakers.
Speaker 1 (24:25):
It is correct.
Speaker 6 (24:26):
I rarely worked things out. I like to go off
the cup and try to grab things out of the
air while you're playing the song and try to catch
a little magic.
Speaker 11 (24:33):
Listen to the Taking a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 2 (24:41):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of Black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas,
and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant
community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories.
(25:01):
Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who
listen to audio books while commuting or running errands. For
those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between
the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, We'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Together. We'll dissect
classics and contemporary works while uncovering the stories of the
(25:25):
brilliant writers behind them. Black Lit is here to amplify
the voices of Black writers and to bring their words
to life. Listen to black Lit on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (25:41):
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than ever. But in a new
coopbole season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people.
Speaker 7 (26:00):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better, and
that we can do better.
Speaker 3 (26:07):
With the help of Stanford psychologist Jamiale Zaki.
Speaker 1 (26:10):
It's really tragic.
Speaker 5 (26:11):
If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison.
Speaker 3 (26:14):
We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with,
are more generous than we assume.
Speaker 2 (26:19):
My assumption, my feeling, my hunch is that a lot
of us are actually looking for a way to disagree
and still be in relationship.
Speaker 6 (26:27):
With each other.
Speaker 3 (26:28):
All that on the Happiness Lap Listen on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts.
Speaker 8 (26:42):
In nineteen eighty two, Atari players had one thing on
their minds, sword Quest. This wasn't just a new game.
Atari promised one hundred and fifty grand in prizes to
four finalists, but the prizes disappeared, and what started as
a video game promotion became one of the most controversial
moments in eighties pop culture.
Speaker 1 (27:04):
I just don't believe they exist.
Speaker 5 (27:06):
Every by reactions shock at all.
Speaker 3 (27:08):
That sword was amazing, It was so beautiful.
Speaker 8 (27:11):
I'm Jamie Loftis. Join me this spring for the Legend
of sword Quest, a podcast about the fall of Atari
and the disappearing sword Quest prizes. We'll follow the quest
for lost treasure across four decades.
Speaker 9 (27:24):
It's almost like a metaphor for the industry and Atari
itself in a way.
Speaker 8 (27:29):
Listen to the Legend of sword Quest on the iHeartRadio app,
Apple Podcast, or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 16 (27:39):
We think of Franklin as the doddling dude flying a
kite and no rain, but those twomen are the most
important scientific discoveries of the time.
Speaker 1 (27:48):
I'm Evan Ratliffe.
Speaker 14 (27:49):
Last season, we tackled the ingenuity of Elon Musk with
biographer Walter Isaacson. This time we're diving into the story
of Benjamin Franklin, another genius who's desperate to be dusted
off from him.
Speaker 16 (28:00):
His media empire makes him the most successful self made
business person in America. I mean he was never early
to bed, an early to rise type person. He's enormously famous.
Women start wearing their hair and what was called the
coiffor a la Franklin.
Speaker 14 (28:18):
And who's more relevant now than ever.
Speaker 16 (28:20):
The only other person who could have possibly been the
first president would have been Benjamin Franklin, but he's too
old and once Washington been doing.
Speaker 14 (28:29):
Listen to on Benjamin Franklin with Walter Isaacson on the
iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 1 (28:43):
This is like totally territory for speculation and philosophy. We
have pretty good theories about what happened during the Big Bang,
this idea of the inflation. We even have some experimental
evidence to back it up. And it's a pretty solid
theory these days that inflation happened.
Speaker 9 (28:58):
But what do you mean experimental? Like we can measure
the Big Bang?
Speaker 1 (29:01):
Can we right? So we can't go back in time
and see it right, but we can do things like
detectives do after a murder, and we can look for
clues and say, are the clues that we see in
the universe today consistent with this story or with that
other story. Right, so we can sift through the clues
from the Big Bang and say, it looks like the
universe was created and if inflation happened, it probably created
these ripples in that plasma, and we can see those
(29:23):
ripples in the cosmic microwave background radiation. It's really an
incredible golden age of cosmology. They're doing all this really
precision work to understand exactly what happened and what we know.
Speaker 9 (29:33):
So, but we can only see up to a certain
points only before that is just the speculation.
Speaker 1 (29:38):
Before that, it's just speculation. So one popular idea is
that there's this kind of matter called inflationary matter or inflantons,
and it has some weird gravitational properties, and those gravitational
properties cause inflation.
Speaker 9 (29:52):
Like suddenly they came into being inside of this hot
mess and it's like we need to get out of here.
Speaker 1 (29:58):
Yeah, it's this never ending loop of questions. Right, So
you say, well, the Big Bang was inflation. What caused inflation?
Inflationary matter? Well, what created inflationary matter? It's like dot
dot dot. You could just keep asking that question forever,
and I think we will be asking that question forever,
We'll always be pushing back and trying to understand, and
until we get back to negative infinity in time, we're
(30:18):
never going to have like a solid answer. But that's
part of the fun, right, It's not like it's the
journey as much as the destination.
Speaker 9 (30:25):
But there's some cool ideas there about what happened before
that point.
Speaker 1 (30:28):
Right, that's right. Yeah, Like maybe the whole universe was
filled with inflationary matter and in some places it decayed
into normal matter and then inflation happened. And if that's
the case, then you have like our universe is one
spot inside some huge mega universe of inflationary matter, and
(30:49):
maybe at other points in the in that mega universe
there are also other dots that turned into what we
call pocket universes.
Speaker 9 (30:57):
Were like the zits of the the face of the
of the mega universe.
Speaker 1 (31:01):
Mega is its on the mega universe.
Speaker 9 (31:03):
Yeah, and that's maybe like our universe is just like
a little bubble in a big sea of other bubbles.
Speaker 1 (31:09):
That's right, exactly.
Speaker 9 (31:10):
That's one idea.
Speaker 1 (31:11):
That's one idea, and we have no way to really
to test that idea. Is the problem, because there's no
way for us to ever reach those other bubbles, because
if that's the case, if that's really the reality of our,
of our, of the situation of nature, it means that
inflation is still happening because that inflationary matter is still
constantly expanding. So those other universes, those other bubbles, are
(31:34):
getting pushed away from us much much faster than the speed.
Speaker 9 (31:37):
Of light, because it'll never hang out.
Speaker 1 (31:40):
You can't send a message to there, you can't ever
see it, you can't ever go there. And scientifically that's
a big problem, not because I really want to go
to the beaches in some other bubble universe, but because
if you want to prove that it's true, you have
to do an experiment, you have to find some evidence.
You have to do you have to have a theory
that can be confirmed. If you have a theory that
predicts something you can never test, and it's not really
(32:02):
a scientific theory or a useful one, it's right, it's
like saying to guess, Yeah, it's a guess, and.
Speaker 9 (32:10):
That's one theory. Maybe we're a bubble in a sea
of other universes. What's another idea for what happened before
the Big Bang?
Speaker 1 (32:16):
Well, another idea is that maybe there's a cycle, right,
maybe the Big Bang was caused by a big crunch, right,
And to understand that you have to think about sort
of the future first, Like, so the Big Bang happened,
everything expands out, and then one question is like are
things going to keep expanding? We don't really know, but
one possibilities they keep expanding forever and the universe just
(32:38):
sort of drifts out into this endlessly cold, boring, bland situation.
But another possibility is that it slows down, stops, and
then falls back in. Right, Everything rushes back and gravity
pulls everything back into it to recreate that hots Yeah, deflation,
I think you just invented.
Speaker 9 (32:59):
Can I go back and change it to my son's name?
Speaker 1 (33:04):
Ollivation. The deflation theory would say that the universe comes back, falls.
Speaker 9 (33:10):
And then collapses back into a little hot mess again.
Speaker 1 (33:13):
A little hot mess. It's like recovering your youth, right,
It's like a middle aged crisis or.
Speaker 9 (33:17):
Whatever, and then it just bounces back again.
Speaker 1 (33:20):
Yeah, and that would be a cycle. So a big crunch,
big bang, big crunch, big bang.
Speaker 9 (33:24):
That could be big Bang US, big crunch, big bang again,
maybe somebody else, somebody else.
Speaker 1 (33:30):
Better looking versions of us.
Speaker 9 (33:32):
Yeah, impossible, impossibly. Yeah. So that's another idea, is that
would happen before is like more and more universes.
Speaker 1 (33:41):
Yeah. And there's something nice about that because it explains
both that our universe had a beginning and it also
gives you an explanation for what happened all the way
back to the beginning of time, because it returns to
the possibility of the universe is infinitely old, right, because
that could have been happening forever. It allows you to
have this sort of finite of time for our universe
(34:01):
without limiting you to finiteeness for the whole universe, sort of.
Speaker 9 (34:05):
Like the right time could be infinite, but space could
be finite.
Speaker 1 (34:10):
Yeah, that's right. Yeah, And that brings us to the
last crazy idea, which is maybe there was nothing before
the Big Bang.
Speaker 9 (34:19):
I mean nothing time.
Speaker 1 (34:21):
Not even time, right. We think space was created in
the Big Bang and space has expanded and all that stuff, and.
Speaker 9 (34:27):
So there could have been no time, no space before.
Speaker 1 (34:30):
No space and no time, right, And it's hard to
even wrap your mind around what that is. I mean,
we have a hard time imagining, like what will happen
after we die? Well, the universe continue without us right
now trying to imagine the universe without space and time.
What does that even mean? And you have to think
also about what time is itself? Like, what does it
mean for there to not be time? Right, there's no
(34:51):
time in which there's no time. There's no time for
that to happen, right, And a lot of people think
about time as sort of the organized principle of the universe.
Maybe you've heard of the second law through my dynamics
that tells us that entropy is always increasing in the universe,
and so they.
Speaker 9 (35:07):
Imagine things are getting messier.
Speaker 1 (35:09):
Things are getting messier and forward in time, that's right,
getting more and more spread out, forward in time. And
so some people think that that is time. The time
is measured by entropy and created by entropy, and that
before the Big Bang, if there was if there was nothing,
no space, then there was no time. And that sounds
like an odd idea, but in other ways we're very
(35:30):
familiar with it. Like you know, if you stand on
the North Pole and you ask which way is north, well,
there is nothing north in the north. You blew us up.
I'm going to write to Stephen Hockey and tell that's
actually his His phrase is you know, maybe this's no
north of north.
Speaker 9 (35:51):
North, there's no before yeah, zero time.
Speaker 1 (35:54):
Yeah, because if you're standing on a sphere and you're
the north pole of it, there's nowhere to go, nowhere
to go, there's no more northiness.
Speaker 9 (36:02):
Can the tape ends when you try to rewind it more.
Speaker 1 (36:04):
That's right, and that's something we're comfortable with. We're accepting
the fact that a sphere has like a limit and edge,
and it's reasonable for that for there be nothing beyond it.
But when we think of time, we tend to think
of in a line, and so we want there to
be something before it, or at least for there to
be a reason why it started here and not somewhere
else or some other other you know, time or it's
(36:25):
a very natural, i think idea to have intuitively to
think that something should have been before then. But it
could be that there was nothing. That the things were
created at that moment and there was nothing before the.
Speaker 9 (36:36):
Here and then we came. Yeah, we dropped the mic.
Speaker 1 (36:40):
We came. We made this podcast, and that's a summary
of all the whole universe in a nutshell. And you know,
any of those theories, First of all, those are very
difficult to test, and it's hard to imagine how we'll
ever know. Right, it might be that there aren't any
clues in the rubble of the universe to tell us
which one is, which one is? Which there might be,
(37:02):
although I'd like to have faith in future scientists coming
up with clever ideas for ways to test these theories
which right now seem impossible to test. But in the
future people.
Speaker 9 (37:12):
Can gave everybody able to see beyond the Big Bang.
Speaker 1 (37:15):
Yeah, maybe maybe they'll find some evidence in the current
ubble that tells them, oh, is this or is that?
Or is the other thing? But even if you get there,
imagine having an answer to one of these questions.
Speaker 9 (37:25):
Right, what do you think knowing what happened before the
Big Bang would tell you like, how would how would
it change your life?
Speaker 1 (37:32):
I think it would change everybody's life. I think it's
the kind of knowledge that would filter into like the
global consciousness. Think about like how quantum mechanics has changed
the way people think about things. But there's randomness in
the universe, right, the universe is not following a fixed
set of rules, but that those rules have fuzz in them.
Speaker 9 (37:50):
You think it's changed the global consciousness?
Speaker 1 (37:53):
Absolutely and not just in New ag people who you know,
but in everybody thinking about the universes being a little
different from what they imagine. Do you have a question
you wish we would cover. We'd love to hear from you.
You can find us at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at
Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at
(38:16):
Feedback at Danielandhorge dot com. When you pop a piece
of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking about
the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy industry are.
That's why they're working hard every day to find new
ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and drive down
greenhouse gas emissions. House US dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many
(38:40):
farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the methane from manure
into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, and electric cars.
Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.
Speaker 2 (38:53):
Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new
Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving
deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit
is for the page turners, for those who listen to
audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a
busy day. From thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll
explore the stories that shape our culture. Listen to Black
(39:14):
Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network, iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever.
Speaker 1 (39:19):
You get your podcasts.
Speaker 3 (39:20):
The Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke.
I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast.
Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're
angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new
hopeful season of my podcast, I'll Share with the science
really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think.
Speaker 7 (39:42):
We all know something is wrong in our culture and
our politics, and that we need to do better, and
that we can do better.
Speaker 3 (39:49):
Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you
listen to podcasts.
Speaker 4 (39:54):
From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs.
Web MD's Health Discovered PODCAS keeps you up to date
on today's most important health issues. Through in depth conversations
with experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how
today's health news will impact your life tomorrow.
Speaker 5 (40:12):
It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy.
It's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and
we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in
each other.
Speaker 4 (40:20):
Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or
wherever you get your podcasts.
Speaker 11 (40:25):
I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Burne.
Speaker 10 (40:27):
We are two cool moms. We certainly are.
Speaker 1 (40:29):
And guess where we could find us now? Oh, I
don't know the iHeart podcast network. That's right.
Speaker 8 (40:34):
We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it.
Speaker 1 (40:38):
I am too.
Speaker 13 (40:38):
I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast,
but now it's even more funer and cooler and hardier.
Speaker 1 (40:45):
That's right, it's more ieheartier. I knew it.
Speaker 8 (40:49):
Check your heart rate.
Speaker 10 (40:50):
We're here at iHeart.
Speaker 7 (40:51):
Yeah.
Speaker 14 (40:51):
You could find us wherever you listen to your podcasts,
or on the iHeartRadio app.
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