September 29, 2021 • 30 mins
William Chaloner claps back at Isaac Newton and finds a new scheme in Malt Lottery tickets. But to pull it off, Chaloner needs help. And the list of people who weren’t in jail, or who Chaloner hadn’t double-crossed, or who hadn’t turned witness for Newton’s case against him - is pretty short.
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Speaker 1 (00:02):
Heart originals.
Speaker 2 (00:03):
This is an iHeart original.
Speaker 3 (00:08):
Isaac Newton had put dozens of people in the dock
the defendant stand, but now he was sitting there himself.
Metaphorically speaking, he was accused of trying to frame an innocent,
law abiding man, a man who'd long been on the
side of justice and the new Monarchy, who'd stood as
(00:30):
witness against confirmed Jacobite traders, who'd been so helpful with
the Bank of England's fraudulent notes, A man who'd blown
the whistle on the minse corruption, but was now being
repaid for that bravery with stints and Newgate jail and
worse death threats. That, at least was the case that
(00:56):
William Challoner had cooked up against doctor Isaac Newton. In
late October of sixteen ninety seven, Newton's case against Challoner
was dismissed before it could even come to trial.
Speaker 2 (01:10):
But Challner had.
Speaker 3 (01:11):
Already spent seven weeks in filthy Newgate. He felt he
was entitled to something, an acknowledgment that he'd been wronged,
maybe even some compensation. In February sixteen ninety eight, Challener
took his case to the Court of Public Opinion. He
wrote a letter to Parliament a letter that he also
(01:31):
had made into pamphlets for public distribution.
Speaker 4 (01:33):
Your petitioner did, in the last sessions of Parliament discover
several abuses committed in the Mint, and showed by what
methods false money was coined. Then some of the Mint
threatened to prosecute me and take away my life before
the next session of Parliament, telling me that this Honorable
House had no power to meddle with the affairs of
(01:56):
the Mint. This committee promised your Petitioner that I should
suffer no damage for these discoveries about the Mint. Yet
they committed me to Newgate and kept me in irons
for seven weeks, alleging that I had abused a Mint
in Parliament, and they did falsely and illegally prefer a
(02:17):
bill of indictment against me, but could bring no evidence.
I am utterly ruined by my endeavors to serve the
King and Kingdom, and by my discoveries against the Mint.
To this Honorable House, I most humbly plead that this
Honorable House will consider my great sufferings and ruined condition
(02:42):
as being incapable of providing for myself and family by
what I intended for the service of the public, and
grant me such redress as shall seem best in your honors,
great wisdom and justice.
Speaker 3 (03:03):
Challoner's accusations meant yet another investigation. This time it was
Warden Isaac Newton at the center of it. Newton was
forced to defend himself to a committee of senior government officials.
Speaker 5 (03:16):
Mister Challoner before a committee of the last Sessions of Parliament,
labored to accuse and vilify the Mint, and prove himself
a more skillful coiner than they, that he might be
made their supervisor, and then supply Thomas Holloway with tools
out of the tower to counter it his own milled money,
(03:37):
which he then concealed from that honorable committee, boastink secretly
that he would fund the Parliament as he had done
the King and back before.
Speaker 3 (03:47):
Challoner was a liar and a counterfeiter, and it was
for that, and not quote offending the Mint, that he
was being prosecuted.
Speaker 5 (03:55):
If therefore he be ruined, it's by his endeavoring not
to say of the King and Government as he pretends,
but to coin false money. And if he would but
let the money and government alone and return to his
trade of japanning, he is not so far ruined that
he may still live as well as he did seven
(04:16):
years ago when he left off that trade and raised
himself by coining.
Speaker 3 (04:22):
The committee believed Newton, it was, after all, stacked with
a few of his maids, to be honest, and they
dismissed Shalloner.
Speaker 2 (04:30):
But Newton was pissed.
Speaker 3 (04:33):
Newton is not a man to suffer insult lightly, and
he most certainly felt insulted. And if we know anything
about Newton, it's that he does not forgive and forget
at all. For iHeartRadio, I'm Linda Rodriguez, McRobbie, and this
is Newton's Law and I Heeart Original podcast episode seven,
(04:57):
Funny Money.
Speaker 6 (05:00):
It's more.
Speaker 7 (05:02):
You are making you.
Speaker 2 (05:41):
Act one the Malt tickets.
Speaker 3 (05:46):
Jallaner's attempt to publicly discredit Isaac Newton and the Mint
it was more or less a hail Mary. He had
to know that they weren't giving out fistfuls of cash
for wrongful imprisonment. That wasn't a thing back then. But
he was desperate.
Speaker 2 (06:00):
When Challeener had gotten out of Newgate in the autumn
of sixteen ninety seven, he was broke.
Speaker 3 (06:06):
While he'd been in Newgate, he not only had to
pay off the witnesses who would have testified against him
and get Holloway and his family plus made out of
the country, but he also had to pay for everyday expenses,
food and bedding. Newgate wardens also charged for every visitor
who came in. So yeah, Challeener had spent pretty much
every penny he had to keep afloat.
Speaker 2 (06:28):
Challener needed money.
Speaker 3 (06:30):
Big time, and as a lifelong career criminal, he really
only knew a few ways of getting it. Challener first
tried his hand at making some crude coins shillings over
the fire.
Speaker 2 (06:43):
In his flat.
Speaker 3 (06:45):
He was living in a rented room above a pub
near Covent Garden, which was then a noisy, formerly posh
market district that was home to gambling dens and brothels.
That big fancy house in nice Bridge that was long
gone probably sold all of his silver plates and his
gents clothing by now too, But not even as mates
would try to pass his poorly made coins into the market.
(07:08):
So Challener did some thinking making coins. Making good coins
at the quality he had been producing took raw materials.
It took well money to make money, even when your
scam is literally making money. But then Challoner remembered the
success that he'd had with those banknotes. By now, counterfeiting
(07:30):
Bank of England notes had been bumped up to a
treasonous offence, meaning you could hang for it. So trying
that again was probably not a good idea. But there
was another monetary innovation happening, and this one was tailor
made for Challeener, largely because it was bonkers and utterly chaotic. Okay,
(07:52):
so bear with me. Thomas Neil, you may remember as
the feckless master of the mint.
Speaker 6 (07:58):
This recoinage is not work well atol. It must be
somebody else's vault.
Speaker 3 (08:03):
He was a man who never turned down a chance
to gamble with someone else's money. In sixteen ninety four,
Neil set up a lottery to bring in some revenue
for the government, called and this was a real thing,
even though it sounds like a scratch off ticket, the
Million Adventure. Each ten pound ticket had a chance of
winning up to one thousand pounds, but when it came
(08:26):
time to pay the winners, the treasury couldn't oops. So
that worked out terribly, So terribly in fact, that Neil
thought let's try it again, probably because he personally made
a bunch of money out of the adventure, Let's be honest.
In sixteen ninety seven, with angry adventure ticket holders still
(08:49):
waiting to be paid, Neil set up the Malt lottery.
Speaker 2 (08:53):
And the Treasury led him seriously.
Speaker 3 (08:57):
Who thought it was a good idea to let Neil
do literally anything at this point? But the Malt lottery
was even weirder than the million Adventure. Here's Tom Levinson,
author of Newton and the Counterfeiter, to explain.
Speaker 8 (09:12):
It was several things at once. First of all, it
was basically an annuity product. People would buy it and
they would be promised a given rate of interest for
some number of years. They wouldn't get their principle back,
but they'd get this return for a long time. And
that interest payment was a secured payment, and it was
secured on a specific source of revenue tax on malt,
(09:35):
which is effectively a tax on beer. So that's, you know,
in the English context, that's a pretty secure revenue stream.
It was also an actual, just plane ordinary lottery ticket.
Every one of these small lottery tickets that were sold
carried entry into a drawing for significant cash prizes, think
(09:55):
up to one thousand pounds. I think one thousand pounds
is Newton's annual salary as warden to the Mint was
four hundred quid, so one thousand pounds is a lot
of money.
Speaker 3 (10:06):
The Treasury issued one hundred and forty thousand of these
ten pound malt lottery tickets. Just as with the adventure tickets,
people group together to purchase shares in them, So again
there's a bit of an equity market going something that
had already been a part of the cultural landscape for
decades now.
Speaker 2 (10:23):
So the mall lottery.
Speaker 3 (10:24):
Tickets were like a long term savings bond, and they
were also a gambling instrument. But the mall lottery tickets
had an extra feature, one that was pretty unusual.
Speaker 8 (10:37):
There was a third thing that they could do. It
turned out that this particular lottery did not sell very well,
so in order to try and get as much use
out of having decided to issue these things. Problem is
that these could be legal tender, or at least if
not legal tender precisely, they could be treated as money.
So for captive audiences like you know, sailors in the
(10:59):
Royal Navy, those guys were paid in lottery tickets. All
of a sudden you have this one piece of paper
that is at least three things at once. It's paper money,
it's a gambling device, it's a completely speculative device, and
it's a stream of income.
Speaker 3 (11:15):
And it was a kind of continuation of the Bank
of England's running cash notes, just on a much much
larger scale. The Bank of England notes were issued in
one hundred pounds denominations, huge amount of money for a
lot of people.
Speaker 2 (11:28):
But the Malt tickets were.
Speaker 3 (11:30):
Only ten pounds, and there were potentially going to be
a lot more of them in circulation.
Speaker 8 (11:35):
And you know what was great about this is as money,
they had a face value ten pounds. You knew what
you were getting when you got one, or if you
were a challenger, if you made one.
Speaker 3 (11:46):
Challener cotton down pretty quickly. That the best thing about
this Malt lottery was that it was going to be
so so easy to exploit.
Speaker 8 (11:56):
The Great Battle between Isaac Newton and William Challoner Ross
sixteen ninety six and sixteen ninety seven. By the end
of it, Challenger was really quite in desperate stakes. But
Challoner had one more great scheme in him.
Speaker 3 (12:11):
The problem was again money, though setting up a counterfeit
lottery ticket operation was certainly less costly than trying to
set up a fake mint. It still took supplies, the
right paper, copper for creating the engraved plates, special ink.
He needed a backer, someone who'd helped finance this operation
(12:33):
for a cut of the profits. Challenger tapped into his
dwindling network of contacts. He didn't have many people left
who weren't in jail, or who he hadn't double crossed,
or who hadn't tried to double cross him. He came
up with a man called Thomas Carter. Carter was a
mate from Challoner's early days as a coiner back during
(12:53):
his first successful run in sixteen ninety two. In June
sixteen ninety eight, asked Carter to procure him a malt ticket.
Speaker 7 (13:03):
Procure me one of those so called malt tickets.
Speaker 6 (13:08):
With what money, sir, I have but one chilling.
Speaker 2 (13:11):
Again, these weren't cheap.
Speaker 3 (13:13):
Ten pounds was more than a skilled tradesman earned in
three months of work.
Speaker 2 (13:17):
So Carter was.
Speaker 3 (13:18):
Going to have to find someone who had enough capital
to fund the scheme.
Speaker 7 (13:23):
Perhaps you can find a man of adequate means who
desires to increase his fortune. Well, I suppose, But whatever
you do keep my nime out of it.
Speaker 3 (13:36):
Carter came up with a man called David Davis, which
sounds like a made up name, but not more so
than the unlucky Daniel Decoiner, who in sixteen eighty four
was executed for coining. Carter met Davis on Piccadilly, then
a major thoroughfare through Westminster.
Speaker 9 (13:55):
Please do explain this secretive and most urgent business.
Speaker 6 (14:00):
I am acquainted with a man which could engrave very
dexterously and had a strong inclination to grave a plate
for malt tickets. The copper is not yet bought, and
for my own part I have not been master of
one shilling this month, and my friend is very indigent. Besides,
this business requires a good stock for lodgings, provisions and
(14:22):
other necessities to complete the work. You are not to
see my workman all shall he be concerned with you.
But if you confide in me, the work shall go
on with all speed.
Speaker 9 (14:35):
Suppose that your friend, after a great deal of money
is laid out and expended, cannot perform the plate. It's
a very curious thing, and no person that I ever
heard of did understands taking the reverse of a fine
bill upon copper.
Speaker 6 (14:52):
Besides, Challoner ask no questions, Bud. If you knew who
my friend was, now he was as great a master
as Challoner.
Speaker 3 (15:06):
Davis agreed to back the enterprise. He provided three legitimate
malt tickets and a bit of working money to Carter,
who then passed them on to Challoner. It took Challoner
the better part of two weeks to engrave the copper plates,
laboriously etching the ticket in reverse, hunched over a tabletop
(15:26):
in his rented lodgings above the Golden Lion in.
Speaker 2 (15:29):
Wilde Street near kevent Garden.
Speaker 3 (15:31):
Carter kept Davis in the loop, updating him on progress
almost daily. When the plates were ready, Chaloner did a
test run. Six score that's one hundred and twenty malt
lottery tickets, so finely wrought as to be indistinguishable from
the real thing. Challoner and Carter sold Davis about one
hundred tickets, the first of many more they promised. Challoner
(15:56):
stood to make hundreds, if not thousands, of pounds off
the scheme. It was like printing money, because it was
printing money. Easypasy lemon squeeze at two the silver tungued man.
(16:22):
By the time Davis was handed that big stack of
mat lottery tickets. He was sure that Challoner was the
man who'd engraved the plate. But David Davis had a secret,
a big one. Davis was an undercover agent, and he
was after Challoner, but he wasn't working for Newton. He
(16:45):
was working for the Secretary of State, James Vernon. The
Secretary of State was a cabinet ministerial position, but it
was just at this moment shifting from being like an
actual secretary to dealing with bigger domestic and civil issues.
When Davis made that deal with Carter, it was Vernon's money,
the State's money, that he paid him with, And when
(17:06):
Carter brought him news that the plates were finished, Davis
went straight back to Vernon.
Speaker 9 (17:13):
I addressed myself to the right Honorable Secretary Vernon, and
did acquaintum that a malt ticket plate was counterfeited, and
that to prevent the distributions of several false tickets, there
was a necessity to secure some that were done and
to subsist the persons that had done them till I
could obtain the advantage of seizing Challoner and of securing
(17:34):
the plate.
Speaker 3 (17:36):
Davis and Vernon worked out the next part of their
plan to catch Challenge.
Speaker 9 (17:40):
I returned to Carter, telling him I had a friend
that would take two thousand pounds worth of false tickets,
desiring him to let me have all the counterfeits that
were taken off the plate, upon which Carter gave me
a considerable parcel. Having thus secured all which I understood
were printed.
Speaker 3 (18:00):
Davis and Vernon believed that they had the situation contained.
They believed that they had all the fake tickets that
had been printed. Davis's next job was to find those plates,
but Davis couldn't get a straight answer about where the
plates were. He proposed that the engraver, actually Challener, print
as many tickets as the plates could handle, and then
(18:21):
break the plate in two so that no one could
copy his work. Challener didn't know, obviously that Davis wanted
to use the broken plates as evidence against him, but
Carter kept putting him off, and Vernon was getting pissed.
Speaker 9 (18:37):
The right Honorable Secretary Vernon seemed very much dissatisfied at
these delays, which I hoped to bring to a period
every day.
Speaker 3 (18:47):
And here's where things start to get really complicated. As
it turns out what was keeping Challeener from printing those
last tickets was that he was being pursued by Elizabeth Halla.
That's right, Thomas Holloway's wife and the gang's former utterer.
(19:07):
Hell hath no fury like a woman shorted out of
her fair share. When Challoner bribed her husband to light
out for Scotland. He'd stiffed them, didn't give them what
he promised. Elizabeth, back from Scotland, was now using what
she knew to threaten Challoner. She'd turn him over to
(19:27):
the warden of the Royal Mint if he didn't pay up.
So Davis waited and waited, and Vernon got more irritated,
and the whole thing was starting to look like an
expensive mess, thousands of pounds lost and nothing to show
for it except some bits of colorful paper.
Speaker 6 (19:44):
At this rate, the nation may be imposed upon. While
you're talking to.
Speaker 9 (19:48):
Me, I will either find Challoner a printing with the
plates in a week's time, or otherwise it will be
in your honest discretion.
Speaker 3 (19:56):
Carter then had more bad news for Davis, because, as
of the heat Elizabeth was applying, Challoner had stashed the
plates with a lady friend, a midwife by the name
of Samson from over Clare Market Way, near Drooling, and
she'd gone into the country, no idea when she'd be back.
Things got worse for Davis. He learned that Carter had
(20:18):
sold some of the fake tickets to someone other than him,
meaning that there were fake lottery tickets out in the streets,
precisely the situation that the Secretary of State was trying
to avoid. Vernon had had enough. He told Davis to
arrest Carter, and then Blates or no Plates put out
a reward for the capture of William Challoner, fifty pounds
(20:40):
of real, actual money. In October sixteen ninety eight, Challoner
was arrested again and again remanded to Newgate Jail. Disappointingly,
there was no dramatic scene in the Lord's Justices.
Speaker 2 (20:58):
Isaac Newton didn't get to yell arrest that man down
a hall.
Speaker 3 (21:03):
In fact, we don't even know how Challoner was found,
just that a thief taker called Robert Morris became fifty
pounds richer for bringing him in.
Speaker 2 (21:13):
But at no point.
Speaker 3 (21:14):
During the search for William Challoner did anyone in the
Secretary of State's office communicate with the mint. I mean,
why would they This isn't modern policing we're talking about. Technically,
Challenger's arrest was Secretary of State James Vernon's big catch
that made Challener his problem. Moreover, the crime of counterfeiting
the mat lottery tickets was an actuality, not a mint problem,
(21:37):
because it wasn't coin whose problem, wasn't whoa that was
an open question.
Speaker 2 (21:47):
Isaac Newton, however, was ready and eager.
Speaker 3 (21:50):
To make it his problem once he found out about
Challenger's arrest.
Speaker 2 (21:55):
That is, we don't know how he found out.
Speaker 3 (21:58):
It was either through his own agents or through his
other contacts, but we do know that he was not
going to let William Challoner wriggle off.
Speaker 2 (22:06):
The hook this time.
Speaker 3 (22:13):
Act three, the case against mister William Challoner.
Speaker 8 (22:19):
The defeat in that first court case really stung Newton.
Speaker 3 (22:22):
That's Tom Levinson, author of Newton and the Counterfeiter.
Speaker 8 (22:25):
From the point that Challeoner gets off that first time,
Newton really spends a lot of effort tracking Challenger's movements,
trying to identify the different schemes he's in, trying to
put the bite on his associates.
Speaker 3 (22:41):
Newton convinced Vernon to let him be the one to
prosecute Challoner once again.
Speaker 2 (22:46):
However, the evidence was thin.
Speaker 3 (22:49):
Challoner had been smart to ditch the plates when he did,
and when he was arrested, he didn't have any of
the counterfeit tickets on him. The best evidence that Newton
had was Carter's testimony. Carter, who was one of the
gang who'd actually been caught passing the counterfeit notes. Newton
realized that while the plates remained at large, convincing a
(23:09):
jury that Challeener was guilty of that specific crime was
going to be much more difficult than convincing a jury
that Challeener was guilty of a whole bunch of counterfeiting
related crimes.
Speaker 10 (23:20):
But the prosecution, they're the agent who would to devise
what the charge would be.
Speaker 3 (23:25):
That's legal historian Harry Potter.
Speaker 10 (23:27):
What was neaded to a Javid conviction was to present
everages of guilt.
Speaker 2 (23:32):
What Newton needed.
Speaker 3 (23:33):
What he was looking for was evidence in the form
of eyewitnesses, people who would be willing to swear before
the jury and judge that they saw Challenger counterfeiting.
Speaker 10 (23:45):
Some of the rules of law were not yet established,
so we didn't really have a presumption.
Speaker 3 (23:50):
Of innuss by modern standards, the evidence of eyewitnesses who
maybe saw something in the distant past would likely be contestable.
But this is the late seventeenth century, so as.
Speaker 10 (24:03):
Long as the jury were convinced that they were sufficient
debutence to convict, they would do so.
Speaker 3 (24:12):
Newton decided to just find as many people as possible
willing to testify that they had seen Challoner doing something anything,
at some point, So he started in on everyone who'd
ever been associated with Challoner.
Speaker 1 (24:26):
Oh, Missus Matthews's maid Mary Ball. In June or July
last mister Challoner and mister Davis came to my mistress's lodgings,
and mister Challoner locked himself in a room upstairs.
Speaker 2 (24:39):
Or I was curious, so well through the keol I.
Speaker 1 (24:43):
Saw mister Challoner sitting with his back to me and
his face towards the window. As he turned his head aside,
I could save something very bright lying before him, which
looked like a plate. I am satisfied it was a
copper plate. It looked like a thing that was scratched.
Newton seemed to hit upon a good seam of evidence.
Ask the wives, ask the servants, ask the people on
(25:07):
the edges of the operation the people who'd have been involved,
but not so directly that their participation couldn't be pardoned.
Speaker 2 (25:13):
In exchange for information.
Speaker 3 (25:16):
Ask people named Catherine, evidently because he had like three
of those.
Speaker 11 (25:20):
I saw that he was making bills, and I told
him he would come to be hanged for it as
price was.
Speaker 1 (25:25):
Gave me some of those shillings and said they were dangerous,
or else you could make them as well as they
were in the tower. He told me that he was
to make a one hundred pounds in Dutch money for
a merchant, and for that purpose he borrowed a room
off of me to work in.
Speaker 11 (25:39):
I saw Will Challoner often coined French pistoles with stamps
and a hammer.
Speaker 2 (25:43):
His brother in law Gravina.
Speaker 11 (25:45):
He said that Will used to make the silver blanks
they used for Guineas.
Speaker 2 (25:49):
Newton was relentless.
Speaker 3 (25:52):
The same fixation that had him sleeping in his kitchen
lab in Cambridge had him pulling in witness after witness
in the hopes of men enough damning testimony to finally
sink Chaloner.
Speaker 11 (26:06):
I keep the subject constantly before me till the first
dawnings opened slowly, little by little into the full and
clear light.
Speaker 3 (26:17):
In one ten day stretch in February sixteen ninety nine,
he took a deposition every single day. It was probably
more than that, but Newton later had many of his
depositions burned. The more Newton dug, the more he uncovered
people like blacksmith Nathaniel Peck, who bought some fake coins
off of Chaloner back when he'd been calling himself Chandler Chandler.
Speaker 6 (26:39):
Hath several times owned to me that he made those
pistoles himself. He used to boast how well they were done,
and that they were better than ever were made, and
no man in England could do the like besides himself.
Speaker 2 (26:53):
Or Humphrey Hanwell. Thomas Carter's meat from prison.
Speaker 9 (26:56):
I saw Challoner coin French pistols in line in shape,
saw it with a hammer in stamps.
Speaker 3 (27:03):
John Abbott, who might have solved the mystery of the
missing tower dies. Challoner, it seems, had gotten them from
a man inside the mint.
Speaker 6 (27:11):
William Challoner, now prisoner in Newgate, showed me three or
four blank stamps for guineas.
Speaker 9 (27:19):
Which he said he could get to be struck with
the tower dies.
Speaker 3 (27:24):
And then there were the Holloways. Thomas Holloway had once
been Chaloner's right hand man, his protege in the art
of coining, but that was before Challoner had swindled him
in that Scotland deal.
Speaker 9 (27:37):
I heard Challoner own that hey struck some of them
and boast his workmanship, and have seen the guinea dies
in Challoner's hands.
Speaker 3 (27:45):
His wife Elizabeth, told Newton that she'd seen Challoner making
fake guineas and pistols down in Egham just a year before,
and that he definitely bought her husband off. During his
last day in Newgate, Michael.
Speaker 1 (27:58):
Gillingham came to the set tom Ali to the baltantn
Inn in Fleet Street and said Challona, who was then
a prisonery Newgate, had sent him to tell him Challona
would give Thomas twenty quid if he would not appear
as a witness against him in the following sessions.
Speaker 3 (28:18):
The portrait of Chalner that emerged from the testimony of
the witnesses arrayed against him was damning. He routinely boasted
of his own skill in counterfeiting. He had a recipe
for a water that could erase the printing on any bill.
He threatened people who got in his way. He once
locked a woman in a room and refused to let
her out until she gilded the number of guineas he
(28:40):
told her to. He bribed others to get out of jail,
informed on anyone he could, and he most definitely absolutely
had been seen counterfeiting a lot, just not the Mault tickets.
Speaker 2 (28:56):
But it didn't matter. All that testimony added up to
one thing.
Speaker 3 (29:01):
Newton had a case, and this time, as sure as
that apple rotten or not always falls to the earth, he.
Speaker 2 (29:11):
Was going to get that conviction.
Speaker 3 (29:19):
Coming up on the final episode of Newton's Law.
Speaker 6 (29:23):
When he arrived there, he made very light of the matter,
bragging he had a trick left yet. But when he
heard how many witnesses came in against him, he began
to droop.
Speaker 9 (29:35):
All you that in the condemned hold do lie, prepare you,
but tomorrow you shall die.
Speaker 3 (29:45):
Newton's Law is a production of iHeartRadio. It's written and
hosted by me Linda Rodriguez McRobbie. Our senior producer is
Ryan Murdoch. Our producer is Emily Meronoff. Our executive producer
is Jason English. Original music by Elise McCoy, with editing
help from Mary Do Sound design and mixing by Jeremy Thal,
Research and fact checking by Me and Jocelyn Sears. Voice
(30:08):
acting by Keith Fleming, Mark McDonald, Robert Jack, Paul Tinto,
Emma Fulkins and Ruthie Stevens. Special thanks to Tom Levinson
and Harry Potter. Special thanks to Mangesh Hatikudur and Finaflet Studios.
Our show logo is designed by Lucy Quintania. Thanks so
much for listening.
Speaker 9 (30:36):
It's a very curious thing.
Heart originals.
Speaker 2 (00:03):
This is an iHeart original.
Speaker 3 (00:08):
Isaac Newton had put dozens of people in the dock
the defendant stand, but now he was sitting there himself.
Metaphorically speaking, he was accused of trying to frame an innocent,
law abiding man, a man who'd long been on the
side of justice and the new Monarchy, who'd stood as
(00:30):
witness against confirmed Jacobite traders, who'd been so helpful with
the Bank of England's fraudulent notes, A man who'd blown
the whistle on the minse corruption, but was now being
repaid for that bravery with stints and Newgate jail and
worse death threats. That, at least was the case that
(00:56):
William Challoner had cooked up against doctor Isaac Newton. In
late October of sixteen ninety seven, Newton's case against Challoner
was dismissed before it could even come to trial.
Speaker 2 (01:10):
But Challner had.
Speaker 3 (01:11):
Already spent seven weeks in filthy Newgate. He felt he
was entitled to something, an acknowledgment that he'd been wronged,
maybe even some compensation. In February sixteen ninety eight, Challener
took his case to the Court of Public Opinion. He
wrote a letter to Parliament a letter that he also
(01:31):
had made into pamphlets for public distribution.
Speaker 4 (01:33):
Your petitioner did, in the last sessions of Parliament discover
several abuses committed in the Mint, and showed by what
methods false money was coined. Then some of the Mint
threatened to prosecute me and take away my life before
the next session of Parliament, telling me that this Honorable
House had no power to meddle with the affairs of
(01:56):
the Mint. This committee promised your Petitioner that I should
suffer no damage for these discoveries about the Mint. Yet
they committed me to Newgate and kept me in irons
for seven weeks, alleging that I had abused a Mint
in Parliament, and they did falsely and illegally prefer a
(02:17):
bill of indictment against me, but could bring no evidence.
I am utterly ruined by my endeavors to serve the
King and Kingdom, and by my discoveries against the Mint.
To this Honorable House, I most humbly plead that this
Honorable House will consider my great sufferings and ruined condition
(02:42):
as being incapable of providing for myself and family by
what I intended for the service of the public, and
grant me such redress as shall seem best in your honors,
great wisdom and justice.
Speaker 3 (03:03):
Challoner's accusations meant yet another investigation. This time it was
Warden Isaac Newton at the center of it. Newton was
forced to defend himself to a committee of senior government officials.
Speaker 5 (03:16):
Mister Challoner before a committee of the last Sessions of Parliament,
labored to accuse and vilify the Mint, and prove himself
a more skillful coiner than they, that he might be
made their supervisor, and then supply Thomas Holloway with tools
out of the tower to counter it his own milled money,
(03:37):
which he then concealed from that honorable committee, boastink secretly
that he would fund the Parliament as he had done
the King and back before.
Speaker 3 (03:47):
Challoner was a liar and a counterfeiter, and it was
for that, and not quote offending the Mint, that he
was being prosecuted.
Speaker 5 (03:55):
If therefore he be ruined, it's by his endeavoring not
to say of the King and Government as he pretends,
but to coin false money. And if he would but
let the money and government alone and return to his
trade of japanning, he is not so far ruined that
he may still live as well as he did seven
(04:16):
years ago when he left off that trade and raised
himself by coining.
Speaker 3 (04:22):
The committee believed Newton, it was, after all, stacked with
a few of his maids, to be honest, and they
dismissed Shalloner.
Speaker 2 (04:30):
But Newton was pissed.
Speaker 3 (04:33):
Newton is not a man to suffer insult lightly, and
he most certainly felt insulted. And if we know anything
about Newton, it's that he does not forgive and forget
at all. For iHeartRadio, I'm Linda Rodriguez, McRobbie, and this
is Newton's Law and I Heeart Original podcast episode seven,
(04:57):
Funny Money.
Speaker 6 (05:00):
It's more.
Speaker 7 (05:02):
You are making you.
Speaker 2 (05:41):
Act one the Malt tickets.
Speaker 3 (05:46):
Jallaner's attempt to publicly discredit Isaac Newton and the Mint
it was more or less a hail Mary. He had
to know that they weren't giving out fistfuls of cash
for wrongful imprisonment. That wasn't a thing back then. But
he was desperate.
Speaker 2 (06:00):
When Challeener had gotten out of Newgate in the autumn
of sixteen ninety seven, he was broke.
Speaker 3 (06:06):
While he'd been in Newgate, he not only had to
pay off the witnesses who would have testified against him
and get Holloway and his family plus made out of
the country, but he also had to pay for everyday expenses,
food and bedding. Newgate wardens also charged for every visitor
who came in. So yeah, Challeener had spent pretty much
every penny he had to keep afloat.
Speaker 2 (06:28):
Challener needed money.
Speaker 3 (06:30):
Big time, and as a lifelong career criminal, he really
only knew a few ways of getting it. Challener first
tried his hand at making some crude coins shillings over
the fire.
Speaker 2 (06:43):
In his flat.
Speaker 3 (06:45):
He was living in a rented room above a pub
near Covent Garden, which was then a noisy, formerly posh
market district that was home to gambling dens and brothels.
That big fancy house in nice Bridge that was long
gone probably sold all of his silver plates and his
gents clothing by now too, But not even as mates
would try to pass his poorly made coins into the market.
(07:08):
So Challener did some thinking making coins. Making good coins
at the quality he had been producing took raw materials.
It took well money to make money, even when your
scam is literally making money. But then Challoner remembered the
success that he'd had with those banknotes. By now, counterfeiting
(07:30):
Bank of England notes had been bumped up to a
treasonous offence, meaning you could hang for it. So trying
that again was probably not a good idea. But there
was another monetary innovation happening, and this one was tailor
made for Challeener, largely because it was bonkers and utterly chaotic. Okay,
(07:52):
so bear with me. Thomas Neil, you may remember as
the feckless master of the mint.
Speaker 6 (07:58):
This recoinage is not work well atol. It must be
somebody else's vault.
Speaker 3 (08:03):
He was a man who never turned down a chance
to gamble with someone else's money. In sixteen ninety four,
Neil set up a lottery to bring in some revenue
for the government, called and this was a real thing,
even though it sounds like a scratch off ticket, the
Million Adventure. Each ten pound ticket had a chance of
winning up to one thousand pounds, but when it came
(08:26):
time to pay the winners, the treasury couldn't oops. So
that worked out terribly, So terribly in fact, that Neil
thought let's try it again, probably because he personally made
a bunch of money out of the adventure, Let's be honest.
In sixteen ninety seven, with angry adventure ticket holders still
(08:49):
waiting to be paid, Neil set up the Malt lottery.
Speaker 2 (08:53):
And the Treasury led him seriously.
Speaker 3 (08:57):
Who thought it was a good idea to let Neil
do literally anything at this point? But the Malt lottery
was even weirder than the million Adventure. Here's Tom Levinson,
author of Newton and the Counterfeiter, to explain.
Speaker 8 (09:12):
It was several things at once. First of all, it
was basically an annuity product. People would buy it and
they would be promised a given rate of interest for
some number of years. They wouldn't get their principle back,
but they'd get this return for a long time. And
that interest payment was a secured payment, and it was
secured on a specific source of revenue tax on malt,
(09:35):
which is effectively a tax on beer. So that's, you know,
in the English context, that's a pretty secure revenue stream.
It was also an actual, just plane ordinary lottery ticket.
Every one of these small lottery tickets that were sold
carried entry into a drawing for significant cash prizes, think
(09:55):
up to one thousand pounds. I think one thousand pounds
is Newton's annual salary as warden to the Mint was
four hundred quid, so one thousand pounds is a lot
of money.
Speaker 3 (10:06):
The Treasury issued one hundred and forty thousand of these
ten pound malt lottery tickets. Just as with the adventure tickets,
people group together to purchase shares in them, So again
there's a bit of an equity market going something that
had already been a part of the cultural landscape for
decades now.
Speaker 2 (10:23):
So the mall lottery.
Speaker 3 (10:24):
Tickets were like a long term savings bond, and they
were also a gambling instrument. But the mall lottery tickets
had an extra feature, one that was pretty unusual.
Speaker 8 (10:37):
There was a third thing that they could do. It
turned out that this particular lottery did not sell very well,
so in order to try and get as much use
out of having decided to issue these things. Problem is
that these could be legal tender, or at least if
not legal tender precisely, they could be treated as money.
So for captive audiences like you know, sailors in the
(10:59):
Royal Navy, those guys were paid in lottery tickets. All
of a sudden you have this one piece of paper
that is at least three things at once. It's paper money,
it's a gambling device, it's a completely speculative device, and
it's a stream of income.
Speaker 3 (11:15):
And it was a kind of continuation of the Bank
of England's running cash notes, just on a much much
larger scale. The Bank of England notes were issued in
one hundred pounds denominations, huge amount of money for a
lot of people.
Speaker 2 (11:28):
But the Malt tickets were.
Speaker 3 (11:30):
Only ten pounds, and there were potentially going to be
a lot more of them in circulation.
Speaker 8 (11:35):
And you know what was great about this is as money,
they had a face value ten pounds. You knew what
you were getting when you got one, or if you
were a challenger, if you made one.
Speaker 3 (11:46):
Challener cotton down pretty quickly. That the best thing about
this Malt lottery was that it was going to be
so so easy to exploit.
Speaker 8 (11:56):
The Great Battle between Isaac Newton and William Challoner Ross
sixteen ninety six and sixteen ninety seven. By the end
of it, Challenger was really quite in desperate stakes. But
Challoner had one more great scheme in him.
Speaker 3 (12:11):
The problem was again money, though setting up a counterfeit
lottery ticket operation was certainly less costly than trying to
set up a fake mint. It still took supplies, the
right paper, copper for creating the engraved plates, special ink.
He needed a backer, someone who'd helped finance this operation
(12:33):
for a cut of the profits. Challenger tapped into his
dwindling network of contacts. He didn't have many people left
who weren't in jail, or who he hadn't double crossed,
or who hadn't tried to double cross him. He came
up with a man called Thomas Carter. Carter was a
mate from Challoner's early days as a coiner back during
(12:53):
his first successful run in sixteen ninety two. In June
sixteen ninety eight, asked Carter to procure him a malt ticket.
Speaker 7 (13:03):
Procure me one of those so called malt tickets.
Speaker 6 (13:08):
With what money, sir, I have but one chilling.
Speaker 2 (13:11):
Again, these weren't cheap.
Speaker 3 (13:13):
Ten pounds was more than a skilled tradesman earned in
three months of work.
Speaker 2 (13:17):
So Carter was.
Speaker 3 (13:18):
Going to have to find someone who had enough capital
to fund the scheme.
Speaker 7 (13:23):
Perhaps you can find a man of adequate means who
desires to increase his fortune. Well, I suppose, But whatever
you do keep my nime out of it.
Speaker 3 (13:36):
Carter came up with a man called David Davis, which
sounds like a made up name, but not more so
than the unlucky Daniel Decoiner, who in sixteen eighty four
was executed for coining. Carter met Davis on Piccadilly, then
a major thoroughfare through Westminster.
Speaker 9 (13:55):
Please do explain this secretive and most urgent business.
Speaker 6 (14:00):
I am acquainted with a man which could engrave very
dexterously and had a strong inclination to grave a plate
for malt tickets. The copper is not yet bought, and
for my own part I have not been master of
one shilling this month, and my friend is very indigent. Besides,
this business requires a good stock for lodgings, provisions and
(14:22):
other necessities to complete the work. You are not to
see my workman all shall he be concerned with you.
But if you confide in me, the work shall go
on with all speed.
Speaker 9 (14:35):
Suppose that your friend, after a great deal of money
is laid out and expended, cannot perform the plate. It's
a very curious thing, and no person that I ever
heard of did understands taking the reverse of a fine
bill upon copper.
Speaker 6 (14:52):
Besides, Challoner ask no questions, Bud. If you knew who
my friend was, now he was as great a master
as Challoner.
Speaker 3 (15:06):
Davis agreed to back the enterprise. He provided three legitimate
malt tickets and a bit of working money to Carter,
who then passed them on to Challoner. It took Challoner
the better part of two weeks to engrave the copper plates,
laboriously etching the ticket in reverse, hunched over a tabletop
(15:26):
in his rented lodgings above the Golden Lion in.
Speaker 2 (15:29):
Wilde Street near kevent Garden.
Speaker 3 (15:31):
Carter kept Davis in the loop, updating him on progress
almost daily. When the plates were ready, Chaloner did a
test run. Six score that's one hundred and twenty malt
lottery tickets, so finely wrought as to be indistinguishable from
the real thing. Challoner and Carter sold Davis about one
hundred tickets, the first of many more they promised. Challoner
(15:56):
stood to make hundreds, if not thousands, of pounds off
the scheme. It was like printing money, because it was
printing money. Easypasy lemon squeeze at two the silver tungued man.
(16:22):
By the time Davis was handed that big stack of
mat lottery tickets. He was sure that Challoner was the
man who'd engraved the plate. But David Davis had a secret,
a big one. Davis was an undercover agent, and he
was after Challoner, but he wasn't working for Newton. He
(16:45):
was working for the Secretary of State, James Vernon. The
Secretary of State was a cabinet ministerial position, but it
was just at this moment shifting from being like an
actual secretary to dealing with bigger domestic and civil issues.
When Davis made that deal with Carter, it was Vernon's money,
the State's money, that he paid him with, And when
(17:06):
Carter brought him news that the plates were finished, Davis
went straight back to Vernon.
Speaker 9 (17:13):
I addressed myself to the right Honorable Secretary Vernon, and
did acquaintum that a malt ticket plate was counterfeited, and
that to prevent the distributions of several false tickets, there
was a necessity to secure some that were done and
to subsist the persons that had done them till I
could obtain the advantage of seizing Challoner and of securing
(17:34):
the plate.
Speaker 3 (17:36):
Davis and Vernon worked out the next part of their
plan to catch Challenge.
Speaker 9 (17:40):
I returned to Carter, telling him I had a friend
that would take two thousand pounds worth of false tickets,
desiring him to let me have all the counterfeits that
were taken off the plate, upon which Carter gave me
a considerable parcel. Having thus secured all which I understood
were printed.
Speaker 3 (18:00):
Davis and Vernon believed that they had the situation contained.
They believed that they had all the fake tickets that
had been printed. Davis's next job was to find those plates,
but Davis couldn't get a straight answer about where the
plates were. He proposed that the engraver, actually Challener, print
as many tickets as the plates could handle, and then
(18:21):
break the plate in two so that no one could
copy his work. Challener didn't know, obviously that Davis wanted
to use the broken plates as evidence against him, but
Carter kept putting him off, and Vernon was getting pissed.
Speaker 9 (18:37):
The right Honorable Secretary Vernon seemed very much dissatisfied at
these delays, which I hoped to bring to a period
every day.
Speaker 3 (18:47):
And here's where things start to get really complicated. As
it turns out what was keeping Challeener from printing those
last tickets was that he was being pursued by Elizabeth Halla.
That's right, Thomas Holloway's wife and the gang's former utterer.
(19:07):
Hell hath no fury like a woman shorted out of
her fair share. When Challoner bribed her husband to light
out for Scotland. He'd stiffed them, didn't give them what
he promised. Elizabeth, back from Scotland, was now using what
she knew to threaten Challoner. She'd turn him over to
(19:27):
the warden of the Royal Mint if he didn't pay up.
So Davis waited and waited, and Vernon got more irritated,
and the whole thing was starting to look like an
expensive mess, thousands of pounds lost and nothing to show
for it except some bits of colorful paper.
Speaker 6 (19:44):
At this rate, the nation may be imposed upon. While
you're talking to.
Speaker 9 (19:48):
Me, I will either find Challoner a printing with the
plates in a week's time, or otherwise it will be
in your honest discretion.
Speaker 3 (19:56):
Carter then had more bad news for Davis, because, as
of the heat Elizabeth was applying, Challoner had stashed the
plates with a lady friend, a midwife by the name
of Samson from over Clare Market Way, near Drooling, and
she'd gone into the country, no idea when she'd be back.
Things got worse for Davis. He learned that Carter had
(20:18):
sold some of the fake tickets to someone other than him,
meaning that there were fake lottery tickets out in the streets,
precisely the situation that the Secretary of State was trying
to avoid. Vernon had had enough. He told Davis to
arrest Carter, and then Blates or no Plates put out
a reward for the capture of William Challoner, fifty pounds
(20:40):
of real, actual money. In October sixteen ninety eight, Challoner
was arrested again and again remanded to Newgate Jail. Disappointingly,
there was no dramatic scene in the Lord's Justices.
Speaker 2 (20:58):
Isaac Newton didn't get to yell arrest that man down
a hall.
Speaker 3 (21:03):
In fact, we don't even know how Challoner was found,
just that a thief taker called Robert Morris became fifty
pounds richer for bringing him in.
Speaker 2 (21:13):
But at no point.
Speaker 3 (21:14):
During the search for William Challoner did anyone in the
Secretary of State's office communicate with the mint. I mean,
why would they This isn't modern policing we're talking about. Technically,
Challenger's arrest was Secretary of State James Vernon's big catch
that made Challener his problem. Moreover, the crime of counterfeiting
the mat lottery tickets was an actuality, not a mint problem,
(21:37):
because it wasn't coin whose problem, wasn't whoa that was
an open question.
Speaker 2 (21:47):
Isaac Newton, however, was ready and eager.
Speaker 3 (21:50):
To make it his problem once he found out about
Challenger's arrest.
Speaker 2 (21:55):
That is, we don't know how he found out.
Speaker 3 (21:58):
It was either through his own agents or through his
other contacts, but we do know that he was not
going to let William Challoner wriggle off.
Speaker 2 (22:06):
The hook this time.
Speaker 3 (22:13):
Act three, the case against mister William Challoner.
Speaker 8 (22:19):
The defeat in that first court case really stung Newton.
Speaker 3 (22:22):
That's Tom Levinson, author of Newton and the Counterfeiter.
Speaker 8 (22:25):
From the point that Challeoner gets off that first time,
Newton really spends a lot of effort tracking Challenger's movements,
trying to identify the different schemes he's in, trying to
put the bite on his associates.
Speaker 3 (22:41):
Newton convinced Vernon to let him be the one to
prosecute Challoner once again.
Speaker 2 (22:46):
However, the evidence was thin.
Speaker 3 (22:49):
Challoner had been smart to ditch the plates when he did,
and when he was arrested, he didn't have any of
the counterfeit tickets on him. The best evidence that Newton
had was Carter's testimony. Carter, who was one of the
gang who'd actually been caught passing the counterfeit notes. Newton
realized that while the plates remained at large, convincing a
(23:09):
jury that Challeener was guilty of that specific crime was
going to be much more difficult than convincing a jury
that Challeener was guilty of a whole bunch of counterfeiting
related crimes.
Speaker 10 (23:20):
But the prosecution, they're the agent who would to devise
what the charge would be.
Speaker 3 (23:25):
That's legal historian Harry Potter.
Speaker 10 (23:27):
What was neaded to a Javid conviction was to present
everages of guilt.
Speaker 2 (23:32):
What Newton needed.
Speaker 3 (23:33):
What he was looking for was evidence in the form
of eyewitnesses, people who would be willing to swear before
the jury and judge that they saw Challenger counterfeiting.
Speaker 10 (23:45):
Some of the rules of law were not yet established,
so we didn't really have a presumption.
Speaker 3 (23:50):
Of innuss by modern standards, the evidence of eyewitnesses who
maybe saw something in the distant past would likely be contestable.
But this is the late seventeenth century, so as.
Speaker 10 (24:03):
Long as the jury were convinced that they were sufficient
debutence to convict, they would do so.
Speaker 3 (24:12):
Newton decided to just find as many people as possible
willing to testify that they had seen Challoner doing something anything,
at some point, So he started in on everyone who'd
ever been associated with Challoner.
Speaker 1 (24:26):
Oh, Missus Matthews's maid Mary Ball. In June or July
last mister Challoner and mister Davis came to my mistress's lodgings,
and mister Challoner locked himself in a room upstairs.
Speaker 2 (24:39):
Or I was curious, so well through the keol I.
Speaker 1 (24:43):
Saw mister Challoner sitting with his back to me and
his face towards the window. As he turned his head aside,
I could save something very bright lying before him, which
looked like a plate. I am satisfied it was a
copper plate. It looked like a thing that was scratched.
Newton seemed to hit upon a good seam of evidence.
Ask the wives, ask the servants, ask the people on
(25:07):
the edges of the operation the people who'd have been involved,
but not so directly that their participation couldn't be pardoned.
Speaker 2 (25:13):
In exchange for information.
Speaker 3 (25:16):
Ask people named Catherine, evidently because he had like three
of those.
Speaker 11 (25:20):
I saw that he was making bills, and I told
him he would come to be hanged for it as
price was.
Speaker 1 (25:25):
Gave me some of those shillings and said they were dangerous,
or else you could make them as well as they
were in the tower. He told me that he was
to make a one hundred pounds in Dutch money for
a merchant, and for that purpose he borrowed a room
off of me to work in.
Speaker 11 (25:39):
I saw Will Challoner often coined French pistoles with stamps
and a hammer.
Speaker 2 (25:43):
His brother in law Gravina.
Speaker 11 (25:45):
He said that Will used to make the silver blanks
they used for Guineas.
Speaker 2 (25:49):
Newton was relentless.
Speaker 3 (25:52):
The same fixation that had him sleeping in his kitchen
lab in Cambridge had him pulling in witness after witness
in the hopes of men enough damning testimony to finally
sink Chaloner.
Speaker 11 (26:06):
I keep the subject constantly before me till the first
dawnings opened slowly, little by little into the full and
clear light.
Speaker 3 (26:17):
In one ten day stretch in February sixteen ninety nine,
he took a deposition every single day. It was probably
more than that, but Newton later had many of his
depositions burned. The more Newton dug, the more he uncovered
people like blacksmith Nathaniel Peck, who bought some fake coins
off of Chaloner back when he'd been calling himself Chandler Chandler.
Speaker 6 (26:39):
Hath several times owned to me that he made those
pistoles himself. He used to boast how well they were done,
and that they were better than ever were made, and
no man in England could do the like besides himself.
Speaker 2 (26:53):
Or Humphrey Hanwell. Thomas Carter's meat from prison.
Speaker 9 (26:56):
I saw Challoner coin French pistols in line in shape,
saw it with a hammer in stamps.
Speaker 3 (27:03):
John Abbott, who might have solved the mystery of the
missing tower dies. Challoner, it seems, had gotten them from
a man inside the mint.
Speaker 6 (27:11):
William Challoner, now prisoner in Newgate, showed me three or
four blank stamps for guineas.
Speaker 9 (27:19):
Which he said he could get to be struck with
the tower dies.
Speaker 3 (27:24):
And then there were the Holloways. Thomas Holloway had once
been Chaloner's right hand man, his protege in the art
of coining, but that was before Challoner had swindled him
in that Scotland deal.
Speaker 9 (27:37):
I heard Challoner own that hey struck some of them
and boast his workmanship, and have seen the guinea dies
in Challoner's hands.
Speaker 3 (27:45):
His wife Elizabeth, told Newton that she'd seen Challoner making
fake guineas and pistols down in Egham just a year before,
and that he definitely bought her husband off. During his
last day in Newgate, Michael.
Speaker 1 (27:58):
Gillingham came to the set tom Ali to the baltantn
Inn in Fleet Street and said Challona, who was then
a prisonery Newgate, had sent him to tell him Challona
would give Thomas twenty quid if he would not appear
as a witness against him in the following sessions.
Speaker 3 (28:18):
The portrait of Chalner that emerged from the testimony of
the witnesses arrayed against him was damning. He routinely boasted
of his own skill in counterfeiting. He had a recipe
for a water that could erase the printing on any bill.
He threatened people who got in his way. He once
locked a woman in a room and refused to let
her out until she gilded the number of guineas he
(28:40):
told her to. He bribed others to get out of jail,
informed on anyone he could, and he most definitely absolutely
had been seen counterfeiting a lot, just not the Mault tickets.
Speaker 2 (28:56):
But it didn't matter. All that testimony added up to
one thing.
Speaker 3 (29:01):
Newton had a case, and this time, as sure as
that apple rotten or not always falls to the earth, he.
Speaker 2 (29:11):
Was going to get that conviction.
Speaker 3 (29:19):
Coming up on the final episode of Newton's Law.
Speaker 6 (29:23):
When he arrived there, he made very light of the matter,
bragging he had a trick left yet. But when he
heard how many witnesses came in against him, he began
to droop.
Speaker 9 (29:35):
All you that in the condemned hold do lie, prepare you,
but tomorrow you shall die.
Speaker 3 (29:45):
Newton's Law is a production of iHeartRadio. It's written and
hosted by me Linda Rodriguez McRobbie. Our senior producer is
Ryan Murdoch. Our producer is Emily Meronoff. Our executive producer
is Jason English. Original music by Elise McCoy, with editing
help from Mary Do Sound design and mixing by Jeremy Thal,
Research and fact checking by Me and Jocelyn Sears. Voice
(30:08):
acting by Keith Fleming, Mark McDonald, Robert Jack, Paul Tinto,
Emma Fulkins and Ruthie Stevens. Special thanks to Tom Levinson
and Harry Potter. Special thanks to Mangesh Hatikudur and Finaflet Studios.
Our show logo is designed by Lucy Quintania. Thanks so
much for listening.
Speaker 9 (30:36):
It's a very curious thing.
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