Astronomers are baffled by the mysterious case of a gigantic star that appears to have, somehow, vanished without a trace. Scientists are beginning to understand why some words seem genuinely more memorable than others. Over in the UK, the British government has stepped in to offer Hong Kong residents refuge in the wake of China's new, controversial security law. Join Ben Bowlin for more Strange News Daily, and share your stories on Twitter: #strangedaily.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:07):
In a world full of bizarre events, unsolved mysteries, and
a billion stories from all corners of the globe, some
news gets lost in the shuffle. This is your gateway
to the stories on the fringe of the mainstream map.
These are your dispatches in the dark. I'm Ben Bolan,
and this is the Strange News Daily, our first story today.
(00:36):
What would happen if the Sun just disappeared? It sounds
like the setup for a science fiction story that would
quickly and inevitably turn dark and dystopian, But it appears
this is exactly what has happened to a luminous blue
variable star in a constellation called Aquarius, about seventy five
(00:58):
million light years away from our own solar system. Back
in scientists witnessed a massive star one two point five
million times brighter than our own son disappear without a trace.
And this week, in a paper published in the journal
(01:18):
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, a team of
astrophysicists are playing detective attempting to solve the case of
this disappearing star by providing several possible explanations. And out
of all of these, there's one twist ending that stands out.
It's possible the researchers right that this massive star died
(01:41):
and collapsed into a black hole somehow without undergoing a
super nova explosion first. If this is the case, it
would be an unprecedented act of well stellar suicide. Jose Grown,
an astronomer at Trinity College, Dublin and a co author
of a new paper on the star, says in an
(02:04):
earlier statement, quote, we may have detected one of the
most massive stars of the local universe going gently into
the night. I have to say it was a massively
appreciate the Dylan Thomas reference there. This star in question
was pretty well researched between two thousand one and two
thousand eleven. At the time. It was massive, but it
(02:27):
was a star that was also approaching the end of
its life, which meant it was prone to unpredictable variations
in brightness. Stars like this are profoundly rare. So far,
we've only confirmed a handful in the entire observable universe.
So in twenty nineteen, Alan and his colleagues hope to
(02:48):
use the European Southern Observatories very large telescope to learn
more about this distant stars evolution, and when they looked
for it, they discovered the the star had seemingly vanished
completely from its host galaxy. Why is this weird? Well, normally,
when a star that much larger than our Sun reaches
(03:12):
the end of its life, it erupts in a gigantic
supernova explosion. As you might imagine from the name supernova,
These explosions are pretty easy to spot. They stain the
sky around them with ionized gas and powerful radiation for
light years in every direction, and after the blast there's
(03:35):
a dense core of leftover stellar material. It can collapse
into a black hole or collapse into a neutron star.
These are two of spaces most massive and most mysterious objects.
But this missing star left none of that, no radiation,
no stain in the sky. Like a murder victim in
(03:57):
some sort of cosmic film noir, the star simply disappeared.
To investigate the mystery, the researchers looked back at earlier
observations of the star taken between that period of study.
They specifically looked at times between two thousand and two
and two thousand and nine, and what they found was
the star had been undergoing a strong outburst period during
(04:19):
this time, meaning it was shooting out enormous amounts of
stellar material at a much faster rate than usual. This
sort of jettison action isn't necessarily extraordinary. These sorts of
stars can experience numerous outbursts like this in their old age.
The researchers say that this can cause these stars to
(04:40):
glow much more brightly than usual. So this explains why
the star appeared so bright during those early observations, but
it does not explain what happened after the outburst. To
continue the murder analogy, we still haven't found the cause
of death. One explanation could be that the star dimmed
(05:05):
at a significant rate after its outburst and that it
was obscured by some thick veil of cosmic dust. If
that's the case, then the star may still be around somehow,
and it could reappear in future observations. But again, the
weirder and much more exciting explanation is that the star
(05:25):
never recovered from its outburst and instead somehow collapsed into
a black hole without ever going supernova. This would be
an extraordinarily rare event. Given the stars estimated mass before
its disappearance, It could have created a black hole measuring
five to one hundred and twenty times the mass of
(05:47):
Earth sun. And at this point we have no idea
how that could have happened. Our second story today is
for the language nerds in the crowd. Why are some
(06:08):
words easier to remember than others? We'll think about it.
Tens of thousands of words are crammed inside our brains,
and they're just waiting for us to call upon them
whenever we need to use them in a sentence. In
a recent study of epilepsy patients and healthy volunteers, the
National Institutes of Health, researchers found that our brains may
(06:30):
withdraw some common words like door or pig or tank
much more often and easily than others like cat, street
or stare. By combining memory test, brain wave recordings, and
surveys of billions of words published in books, news articles,
and encyclopedia pages, the researchers here discovered how our brains
(06:53):
may recall words, but also memories of our past experiences.
PhD waste and Jay, also known as Zane, is a
cognitive psychologist and postdoctoral fellow at the ni h S
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes or n I
N D S S LAD. The study, which was recently
(07:14):
published in Nature Human Behavior, and had this to say quote,
We found that some words are much more memorable than others.
Our results support the idea that our memories are wired
into neural networks, and that our brains search for these
memories just the way search engines tracked down information on
the Internet. Jay continues saying, we hope that these results
(07:36):
can be used as a roadmap to evaluate the health
of a person's memory and their brain. Dr Sheha and
his colleagues first spotted these words when they re analyze
the results of memory tests taken by thirty epilepsy patients
who were part of an earlier clinical trial. This earlier
clinical trial attempts to help patients whose seizures cannot be
(07:58):
controlled by drugs. This is otherwise known as intractable epilepsy.
During the observation period in this study, patients would spend
several days at the clinical center of the NIH with
surgically implanted electrodes designed to detect changes in brain activity.
The goal of this study was to find and eliminate
(08:18):
the source of harmful, debilitating seizures, but it also provided
a rare opportunity to record neural activity that controls other
aspects of our lives. With the help of these patient volunteers,
the researchers were able to uncover some of the actual
blueprints behind our memories. These memory tests were originally designed
(08:40):
to assess what's called an episodic memory. There the associations,
in other words, the journalistic details who, what, where, and
how that we make with our past experiences. Alzheimer's disease
and other types of dementia can too often destroy the
brain's capacity to make these memories. So patient were shown
(09:00):
pairs of words like hand or apple from a list
of three common nouns, in other words, nothing too complicated
or obscure, and a few seconds later, they were shown
one of the words, for instance, hand, and then they
were asked to remember the word that went along with it.
In this example, it would be apple. The researchers used
(09:20):
these tests to study how neural circuits in the brain
store and replay memories. So back to dr Shape, When
he and his colleagues reexamined these results, they found that
patients successfully recalled some words more often than others, regardless
of the way the words were paired. In fact, of
the three hundred words used, the top five were on
(09:41):
average about seven times more likely to be recalled than
the bottom five. At first, researchers from the other study
were surprised, maybe a bit skeptical. For years, You see,
scientists thought that the successful recall of a paired word
meant that the person's brain made a strong nection between
the two words during learning, and that a similar process
(10:04):
could explain why some experiences are more memorable than others. Also,
it was hard to explain why words like doll or
tank were remembered more often than frequently used words like couch,
we're street. But those doubts quickly vanished when the team
saw very similar results. After two thousand, six hundred and
twenty three healthy volunteers took an online version of the
(10:27):
word pair test that the team posted on a crowdsourcing
website called Amazon Mechanical Turk, which is we should know,
by the way, very interesting on its own. Dr She
got the idea for this study at a Christmas party,
one that he attended shortly after his arrival at NIH
around two years ago. Dr Sha says, our memories play
(10:48):
a fundamental role in who we are and how our
brains work. However, one of the biggest challenges of studying
memories that people often remember the same things in different ways,
making it difficult for researchers to compare people's performances on
memory tests. For over a century, he continues, researchers have
called for unified accounting of this variability. If we could
(11:10):
predict what people should remember in advance and understand how
our brains do this, then we might be able to
develop better ways to evaluate someone's overall brain health. In
their paper, his team proposes that the principles from an
established theory known as the search for associative memory or
SAM no. One is an inside joke for our research
(11:32):
associate Sam T. Garden, this model might help explain the
initial findings with epilepsy patients and with healthy controls. The
results suggest that more memorable words are more semantically similar,
and they're more often linked to the meanings of other
words used in the English language. This means when the
researchers plug semantic similarity data into the computer model they've created,
(11:56):
it correctly guessed which words were memorable from patient and
the healthy volunteer test. In contrast, this did not happen
when they used data on word frequency, or what's known
as concreteness. That's the the specificity of a words definition.
That's why you know a word like moth would be
(12:17):
more memorable than a word with more abstract meanings like chief.
Further results support this idea that more memorable words represent
high traffic hubs in the brain's memory networks. For instance,
the epilepsy patients correctly recalled memorable words faster than others. Meanwhile,
electrical recordings of their anterior temporal lobes that's the language
(12:40):
center we all carry around in our computers called the brain.
This activity showed that these patients brains replayed the neural
signatures behind those words earlier than they played the less
memorable ones. Moreover, both patients and healthy volunteers mistakenly called
out the more memorable words more frequently than any other words.
(13:00):
All in all, these results support previous studies that suggest
the brain may visit or pass through highly connected memories
kind of the same way that animals forage for food
or a computer searches the internet. We like the way
dr puts it, saying, you know, when you type words
into a search engine and it shows you a list
of highly relevant guesses. Feels like the search engine is
(13:23):
reading your mind well. Our results suggest that the brains
of the subjects in this study did something similar when
they tried to recall a paired word, and we think
that this may happen when we remember many of our
past experiences. Our results also suggests that the structure of
the English language is stored in everyone's brains, and we
hope one day it is used to overcome the variability
(13:45):
doctor's face when trying to evaluate the health of a
person's memory and brain. Our third story today takes place
in the United Kingdom, where Boris Johnson has pledged to
extend the right of Hong Kong citizens to live and
(14:07):
work in the UK. After accusing China of a clear
and serious breach of a treaty with Britain, Prime Minister
Johnson confirmed Britain would open a pathway to citizenship for
Hong Kong British national passport holders following the introduction of
China's new and controversial security law. This move could affect
nearly three million people. The statement came after Hong Kong
(14:32):
police made their first arrest under the new law, including
one person who allegedly displayed a sign with the Union
jack calling for Hong Kong's independence. This security law makes
activities deemed subversive or a secessionist punishable by imprisonment. It's
seen as targeting anti government demonstrations that have royaled through
(14:52):
Hong Kong for months. Speak in the House of Commons today,
the Prime Minister said the law constitutes a clear and
serious breach of the Sino British Join Declaration. Referring to
the law, the Prime Minister continued saying it violates Hong
Kong's high degree of autonomy and is in direct conflict
with Hong kong Basic law. The law also threatens the
freedoms and rights protected by the Joint Declaration, that's the
(15:15):
treaty we mentioned earlier. Johnson continues, saying, we made clear
that if China continued down this path, we would introduce
a new route for those with British national overseas status
to enter the UK, granting them limited leave to remain
with the ability to live and work in the UK
and thereafter to apply for citizenship. And that is precisely
(15:35):
what we will do now. And earlier, the Foreign Secretary
accused China of a clear and serious violation of the
treaty with the imposition of this law. It seems that
the British government is largely on the same page about this.
The legally binding Sino British Joint Declaration set out a
(15:56):
level of autonomy for Hong Kong that was meant to
last at least fifty year US and ahead of the
Prime Minister's statement, the Labor Party's Shadow Foreign Secretary Lisa
Nandy called on the government to lay out concrete steps
to fulfill its commitment to the people of Hong Kong,
saying now is not the moment to look away. That's
(16:19):
all for now, we've been asking you to chime in
with suggestions for stories you think your fellow listeners might enjoy.
To hit us with your best or worst dad jokes,
as well as your personal experience with COVID nineteen, the
ongoing protest, or anything else strange and unusual occurring in
your neck of the global woods. Let us know tag
hashtag strange daily on Twitter, or reach out to me directly.
(16:40):
I'm at Ben Bowling hsw on Twitter or at Ben
Bulling Odd Instagram. Thanks as always to our super producer
Dylan Vagan. Our research associate Sam T. Garden, and most importantly,
thanks to you, I'm Ben Bullin. We'll see you tomorrow.
Until then, stay strange.
In a world full of bizarre events, unsolved mysteries, and
a billion stories from all corners of the globe, some
news gets lost in the shuffle. This is your gateway
to the stories on the fringe of the mainstream map.
These are your dispatches in the dark. I'm Ben Bolan,
and this is the Strange News Daily, our first story today.
(00:36):
What would happen if the Sun just disappeared? It sounds
like the setup for a science fiction story that would
quickly and inevitably turn dark and dystopian, But it appears
this is exactly what has happened to a luminous blue
variable star in a constellation called Aquarius, about seventy five
(00:58):
million light years away from our own solar system. Back
in scientists witnessed a massive star one two point five
million times brighter than our own son disappear without a trace.
And this week, in a paper published in the journal
(01:18):
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, a team of
astrophysicists are playing detective attempting to solve the case of
this disappearing star by providing several possible explanations. And out
of all of these, there's one twist ending that stands out.
It's possible the researchers right that this massive star died
(01:41):
and collapsed into a black hole somehow without undergoing a
super nova explosion first. If this is the case, it
would be an unprecedented act of well stellar suicide. Jose Grown,
an astronomer at Trinity College, Dublin and a co author
of a new paper on the star, says in an
(02:04):
earlier statement, quote, we may have detected one of the
most massive stars of the local universe going gently into
the night. I have to say it was a massively
appreciate the Dylan Thomas reference there. This star in question
was pretty well researched between two thousand one and two
thousand eleven. At the time. It was massive, but it
(02:27):
was a star that was also approaching the end of
its life, which meant it was prone to unpredictable variations
in brightness. Stars like this are profoundly rare. So far,
we've only confirmed a handful in the entire observable universe.
So in twenty nineteen, Alan and his colleagues hope to
(02:48):
use the European Southern Observatories very large telescope to learn
more about this distant stars evolution, and when they looked
for it, they discovered the the star had seemingly vanished
completely from its host galaxy. Why is this weird? Well, normally,
when a star that much larger than our Sun reaches
(03:12):
the end of its life, it erupts in a gigantic
supernova explosion. As you might imagine from the name supernova,
These explosions are pretty easy to spot. They stain the
sky around them with ionized gas and powerful radiation for
light years in every direction, and after the blast there's
(03:35):
a dense core of leftover stellar material. It can collapse
into a black hole or collapse into a neutron star.
These are two of spaces most massive and most mysterious objects.
But this missing star left none of that, no radiation,
no stain in the sky. Like a murder victim in
(03:57):
some sort of cosmic film noir, the star simply disappeared.
To investigate the mystery, the researchers looked back at earlier
observations of the star taken between that period of study.
They specifically looked at times between two thousand and two
and two thousand and nine, and what they found was
the star had been undergoing a strong outburst period during
(04:19):
this time, meaning it was shooting out enormous amounts of
stellar material at a much faster rate than usual. This
sort of jettison action isn't necessarily extraordinary. These sorts of
stars can experience numerous outbursts like this in their old age.
The researchers say that this can cause these stars to
(04:40):
glow much more brightly than usual. So this explains why
the star appeared so bright during those early observations, but
it does not explain what happened after the outburst. To
continue the murder analogy, we still haven't found the cause
of death. One explanation could be that the star dimmed
(05:05):
at a significant rate after its outburst and that it
was obscured by some thick veil of cosmic dust. If
that's the case, then the star may still be around somehow,
and it could reappear in future observations. But again, the
weirder and much more exciting explanation is that the star
(05:25):
never recovered from its outburst and instead somehow collapsed into
a black hole without ever going supernova. This would be
an extraordinarily rare event. Given the stars estimated mass before
its disappearance, It could have created a black hole measuring
five to one hundred and twenty times the mass of
(05:47):
Earth sun. And at this point we have no idea
how that could have happened. Our second story today is
for the language nerds in the crowd. Why are some
(06:08):
words easier to remember than others? We'll think about it.
Tens of thousands of words are crammed inside our brains,
and they're just waiting for us to call upon them
whenever we need to use them in a sentence. In
a recent study of epilepsy patients and healthy volunteers, the
National Institutes of Health, researchers found that our brains may
(06:30):
withdraw some common words like door or pig or tank
much more often and easily than others like cat, street
or stare. By combining memory test, brain wave recordings, and
surveys of billions of words published in books, news articles,
and encyclopedia pages, the researchers here discovered how our brains
(06:53):
may recall words, but also memories of our past experiences.
PhD waste and Jay, also known as Zane, is a
cognitive psychologist and postdoctoral fellow at the ni h S
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Strokes or n I
N D S S LAD. The study, which was recently
(07:14):
published in Nature Human Behavior, and had this to say quote,
We found that some words are much more memorable than others.
Our results support the idea that our memories are wired
into neural networks, and that our brains search for these
memories just the way search engines tracked down information on
the Internet. Jay continues saying, we hope that these results
(07:36):
can be used as a roadmap to evaluate the health
of a person's memory and their brain. Dr Sheha and
his colleagues first spotted these words when they re analyze
the results of memory tests taken by thirty epilepsy patients
who were part of an earlier clinical trial. This earlier
clinical trial attempts to help patients whose seizures cannot be
(07:58):
controlled by drugs. This is otherwise known as intractable epilepsy.
During the observation period in this study, patients would spend
several days at the clinical center of the NIH with
surgically implanted electrodes designed to detect changes in brain activity.
The goal of this study was to find and eliminate
(08:18):
the source of harmful, debilitating seizures, but it also provided
a rare opportunity to record neural activity that controls other
aspects of our lives. With the help of these patient volunteers,
the researchers were able to uncover some of the actual
blueprints behind our memories. These memory tests were originally designed
(08:40):
to assess what's called an episodic memory. There the associations,
in other words, the journalistic details who, what, where, and
how that we make with our past experiences. Alzheimer's disease
and other types of dementia can too often destroy the
brain's capacity to make these memories. So patient were shown
(09:00):
pairs of words like hand or apple from a list
of three common nouns, in other words, nothing too complicated
or obscure, and a few seconds later, they were shown
one of the words, for instance, hand, and then they
were asked to remember the word that went along with it.
In this example, it would be apple. The researchers used
(09:20):
these tests to study how neural circuits in the brain
store and replay memories. So back to dr Shape, When
he and his colleagues reexamined these results, they found that
patients successfully recalled some words more often than others, regardless
of the way the words were paired. In fact, of
the three hundred words used, the top five were on
(09:41):
average about seven times more likely to be recalled than
the bottom five. At first, researchers from the other study
were surprised, maybe a bit skeptical. For years, You see,
scientists thought that the successful recall of a paired word
meant that the person's brain made a strong nection between
the two words during learning, and that a similar process
(10:04):
could explain why some experiences are more memorable than others. Also,
it was hard to explain why words like doll or
tank were remembered more often than frequently used words like couch,
we're street. But those doubts quickly vanished when the team
saw very similar results. After two thousand, six hundred and
twenty three healthy volunteers took an online version of the
(10:27):
word pair test that the team posted on a crowdsourcing
website called Amazon Mechanical Turk, which is we should know,
by the way, very interesting on its own. Dr She
got the idea for this study at a Christmas party,
one that he attended shortly after his arrival at NIH
around two years ago. Dr Sha says, our memories play
(10:48):
a fundamental role in who we are and how our
brains work. However, one of the biggest challenges of studying
memories that people often remember the same things in different ways,
making it difficult for researchers to compare people's performances on
memory tests. For over a century, he continues, researchers have
called for unified accounting of this variability. If we could
(11:10):
predict what people should remember in advance and understand how
our brains do this, then we might be able to
develop better ways to evaluate someone's overall brain health. In
their paper, his team proposes that the principles from an
established theory known as the search for associative memory or
SAM no. One is an inside joke for our research
(11:32):
associate Sam T. Garden, this model might help explain the
initial findings with epilepsy patients and with healthy controls. The
results suggest that more memorable words are more semantically similar,
and they're more often linked to the meanings of other
words used in the English language. This means when the
researchers plug semantic similarity data into the computer model they've created,
(11:56):
it correctly guessed which words were memorable from patient and
the healthy volunteer test. In contrast, this did not happen
when they used data on word frequency, or what's known
as concreteness. That's the the specificity of a words definition.
That's why you know a word like moth would be
(12:17):
more memorable than a word with more abstract meanings like chief.
Further results support this idea that more memorable words represent
high traffic hubs in the brain's memory networks. For instance,
the epilepsy patients correctly recalled memorable words faster than others. Meanwhile,
electrical recordings of their anterior temporal lobes that's the language
(12:40):
center we all carry around in our computers called the brain.
This activity showed that these patients brains replayed the neural
signatures behind those words earlier than they played the less
memorable ones. Moreover, both patients and healthy volunteers mistakenly called
out the more memorable words more frequently than any other words.
(13:00):
All in all, these results support previous studies that suggest
the brain may visit or pass through highly connected memories
kind of the same way that animals forage for food
or a computer searches the internet. We like the way
dr puts it, saying, you know, when you type words
into a search engine and it shows you a list
of highly relevant guesses. Feels like the search engine is
(13:23):
reading your mind well. Our results suggest that the brains
of the subjects in this study did something similar when
they tried to recall a paired word, and we think
that this may happen when we remember many of our
past experiences. Our results also suggests that the structure of
the English language is stored in everyone's brains, and we
hope one day it is used to overcome the variability
(13:45):
doctor's face when trying to evaluate the health of a
person's memory and brain. Our third story today takes place
in the United Kingdom, where Boris Johnson has pledged to
extend the right of Hong Kong citizens to live and
(14:07):
work in the UK. After accusing China of a clear
and serious breach of a treaty with Britain, Prime Minister
Johnson confirmed Britain would open a pathway to citizenship for
Hong Kong British national passport holders following the introduction of
China's new and controversial security law. This move could affect
nearly three million people. The statement came after Hong Kong
(14:32):
police made their first arrest under the new law, including
one person who allegedly displayed a sign with the Union
jack calling for Hong Kong's independence. This security law makes
activities deemed subversive or a secessionist punishable by imprisonment. It's
seen as targeting anti government demonstrations that have royaled through
(14:52):
Hong Kong for months. Speak in the House of Commons today,
the Prime Minister said the law constitutes a clear and
serious breach of the Sino British Join Declaration. Referring to
the law, the Prime Minister continued saying it violates Hong
Kong's high degree of autonomy and is in direct conflict
with Hong kong Basic law. The law also threatens the
freedoms and rights protected by the Joint Declaration, that's the
(15:15):
treaty we mentioned earlier. Johnson continues, saying, we made clear
that if China continued down this path, we would introduce
a new route for those with British national overseas status
to enter the UK, granting them limited leave to remain
with the ability to live and work in the UK
and thereafter to apply for citizenship. And that is precisely
(15:35):
what we will do now. And earlier, the Foreign Secretary
accused China of a clear and serious violation of the
treaty with the imposition of this law. It seems that
the British government is largely on the same page about this.
The legally binding Sino British Joint Declaration set out a
(15:56):
level of autonomy for Hong Kong that was meant to
last at least fifty year US and ahead of the
Prime Minister's statement, the Labor Party's Shadow Foreign Secretary Lisa
Nandy called on the government to lay out concrete steps
to fulfill its commitment to the people of Hong Kong,
saying now is not the moment to look away. That's
(16:19):
all for now, we've been asking you to chime in
with suggestions for stories you think your fellow listeners might enjoy.
To hit us with your best or worst dad jokes,
as well as your personal experience with COVID nineteen, the
ongoing protest, or anything else strange and unusual occurring in
your neck of the global woods. Let us know tag
hashtag strange daily on Twitter, or reach out to me directly.
(16:40):
I'm at Ben Bowling hsw on Twitter or at Ben
Bulling Odd Instagram. Thanks as always to our super producer
Dylan Vagan. Our research associate Sam T. Garden, and most importantly,
thanks to you, I'm Ben Bullin. We'll see you tomorrow.
Until then, stay strange.
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