March 9, 2013 • 30 mins
With the end of the shuttle program and an International Space Station still in need of supplies, the aerospace industry is working the kinks of out of a century-old idea to build a service elevator from Earth to outer space.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to you stuff you should know from house Stuff
Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm
Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant and that
makes this stuff you should miss. So did you hear
Snap Dog's son got a football scholarship to I think
(00:23):
you see? Yeah? So did uh P Diddes? No way? Yeah?
And actually Sean Combs was the first to happen. It
was about a month ago, and a lot of people
got upset because they were like, we shouldn't you know,
be paying for this millionaire multimillionaire son to go to college.
But it was all explained. The sports guys came out
(00:46):
and really defended and said, it's not you paying for it.
It's athletic scholarships that are earned by athletes. And it's
a well probably, but it was like, basically, it's not
like some kid missing out on an education. Because Pete
Eddy's son earned a football scholarship, he should be treated
the same and so should Snoop Dogg sign. Where was
(01:07):
there an outcry about Snoop Dogg sign? Uh? Not as
much because he's the g you see. No one likes Puffy.
I don't understand he seems like a nice enough guy. Uh,
here's friends with Biggie Smalls. I was in his house once.
I'd ever tell you that I had to. I was
working on a music video with him and I had
to deliver as a p a something to his home
(01:28):
in Beverly Hills. And I went to the door and
I rang the doorbell, and some really large guy in
a warm up suit and like a Kane gold hat
invited me in and took my thing and then escorted
me out. So I was like in the little fourier
and it was like lots of white marble, and I
mean it looked it could have been like the King
(01:49):
of France living there as far as I know. Yeah,
there's like a fountain of sur rock. It was really
like pretty plush. Of course, you know he's rich. But
I took your thing. Is that lead? Are you talking
about everything above the boards? Oh? Yeah it was. It
was like a video cassettes for the shoot or something
like that. I wouldn't be delivering anything illegal. Well, I
didn't know if he did something illegal to you by
(02:11):
taking your things, you put it. It was all on
the up, could go and chuck anyway. I haven't been
to Snoop's house yet, although I did seem one night
in Atlanta, you did. Yeah, I can't tell that story. Though,
let's hear part time, doesn't he I'm used to, I believe.
I'm not sure what a weird start for the show. Yeah,
it is a little weird, especially since we're talking about
space elevators. Has nothing to do with it. This is
(02:33):
not like we're talking about like p Funk or George
Clinton andthing like that, or even Bill Clinton. Although I
bet George Clinton could build a space elevator in his mind.
You know he has many times chuck. Um, Well, I've
got I've got something. I have an actual Yeah, it
seems kind of stupid, now let's hear it. Uh well, okay,
(02:56):
um five fifty seven am. On July one, thousand eleven,
About a year ago, something big ended, something that really
helped with our childhood, like really was an icon of
our childhood. I'm not even gonna let you guess. The
Space Shuttle. Of course, the program ended. It started in
(03:18):
one and it went all the way to two thousand eleven,
thirty great years. Yeah, um and uh more missions um
and actually there's this awesome thing on gizmoto. It's you
can watch all of the space Shuttle launches at once.
It's just like a hundred and thirty five little tiles
(03:39):
on the screen, and it's like, you know, starting from
countdown to lift off and like it's got everything. Well,
they probably don't have the one ill fated attempt. There
were two accidents, one of yeah, it's there, I think
I found it, and it just goes dark at about
the time the Challenger UM exploded. Yeah. Um, but it
(03:59):
was the was a huge deal for our childhood. But
it's also you know, a huge deal for the space
program because when they launched the first shuttle I think
it was Columbia. Um, it was the first time that
anyone had ever shot a spacecraft into space and then
brought it back intact usable. Is huge. Yeah, we're not
talking like a capsule where like Larry Hagman comes down
(04:21):
and splashes into the sea and then gets out, because
those capsules weren't reused. This was like, we have an
appropriately named space shuttle there and back basically exactly. It
even looked like a plane. So it was a big
deal when this happened and it proved like okay, we
can go to space and back using the same equipment.
It brought costs down tremendously. Sure, they're still pretty high. Um.
(04:44):
And then the space Shuttle program ends and everybody's like,
how are we going to get to space and back? Now, Obama,
did you think it's through? And uh, Obama didn't say it,
but I'll bet he was thinking it when he was
kind of skulking away after being shouted at for basically
closing NASA. Not true. Um, he probably thought, have you
(05:05):
ever heard of the space elevator? Dummy? You should say that. Yeah. Uh,
that's what we're gonna talk about. Josh, and I thought
this was a thrilling article. You thought the article itself
was thrilling. No, no, no, the concept of the space elevator,
well it is. Yeah, the article self was a little
It was a little two thousand five. It's at outdated,
but it's pretty cool. Um. So you mentioned the Space Shuttle.
(05:29):
Even though the Space Shuttle took place over the span
of what do you say, thirty years? Yeah, anyone to
two thousand eleven, the price of getting the thing going
didn't change a whole lot, which was pretty remarkable. Yeah,
it stayed about ten thousan dollars per pound, right, And
they originally predicted when they were working on the Shuttle
program before it started, that it was gonna be about
(05:51):
fifty million a mission. Yeah. It came to about five
million a mission. In every mission. They spent half a
billion dollars on the shuttle the Shuttle mission. Um, and uh,
that ten dollars per pound of that is fuel? Yeah?
Is that the per pound of everything on there? Yeah?
(06:11):
I think it's just like that kind of equation. So
a lighter astronaut would be cheaper, don't don't really symbolic,
I think, yeah, I know. I think it's more like
like if you if you take the full weight of
this this, yeah, and divided by the money spent. Yes,
I get it. So in theory, a lighter astronaut would
make it cheaper, but not really not really okay, um,
(06:34):
because I think they had those astronauts like way down
to the Graham exactly what they wanted in a way,
like they would probably be like, you need to excrete
because you're about to suit up, go excrete. You need
to p six ounces right now. I'd be a great
astronaut then because I can be on command. Can you
really almost always Okay, so I've got something for you
(06:56):
about six ounces. Um there. Have you seen the little
diagram him of a solo cup? You know the lines
on a solo cup. Yes, their measurements the bottom one
are they really is an ounce? The top one so
like liquor. Yeah, the the middle one five ounces for wine.
And then I'm not kidding the the the lowest top
(07:17):
band report that's that's twelve ounces for beer. I never
knew that that's ingenious, it is. I love little tidbits
like that, Like the amount of matches in a matchbook
is equal to the amount of cigarettes in a pack.
I didn't know that that makes sense. We should just
talk about those things all day instead of space elevators. No,
(07:39):
let's talk about space elevator. All right, let's talk about it,
um quickly, a space elevator and we'll get into the
specifics here. But what it basically is, it's a ribbon,
a carbon nano tube composite ribbon anchored to a platform offshore, yeah,
way out in the Pacific Ocean. And it's has a
(08:00):
counterweight way up in space six And they basically would
that would be the elevator shaft, and they would send
stuff crawling up and down this ribbon? Uh two outer space? Yes,
have you ever seen somebody like a piano mover lift
the piano? Sure, a second story apartment that except in space. Yeah,
(08:22):
that's pretty much it. I don't like the comparison to
the game of tether ball here. I thought it was
a terrible, terrible analogy, So let's just skip it because
it didn't make much sense to me. Yeah, I think you.
I think you said it like, basically, we're connecting a
line between a platform in the ocean and the satellite
up in space, and we're putting something on it that
can go up and down. Yeah, and the whole thing
(08:42):
of we should just stop right there. The cool thing
about this is to me is that every single part
of this is feasible right now to do, except for
the one thing that they need to do it, which
are the carbon nanotubes that go sixty two thousand miles
into space. Yes, they're around right, but we can't make
(09:04):
them that long yet. Right. There's um that's I think
I think that's that's a really good point, Like we
all of this is just waiting. And I saw a
little video that Michio Kaku or cucku Um made about
this explaining it, and he was saying, like everything's been
surmounted now, like now it's all in the realm of
physical possibility. There's just a few more breakthroughs and it's
(09:28):
all carbon nanotubes, which are we've talked about graphine before, right,
strongest substance known demand or humankind. That Um, it's one
atom thick layer of carbon, incredibly strong. It's like a
hundred times stronger than steel at about one fifth of
the weight. And a carbon nanotube is a layer of
(09:48):
graphine rolled into a tube like it looks like chicken wire,
exactly like a soccer ball. Chicken wire. Yeah, it's like
like if you spread out a length of chicken wire
and then roll it up, Nana, it's yeah. And we
say soccer ball because the shape of the traditional soccer ball,
not these crazy ones are using these days. I don't
even recognize it as a soccer ball. Yeah, but the
(10:10):
old school soccer ball, that shape is the same, the
same shape as as these carbon atoms, which is the
key to it its strength. Um. I've been at I've
seen it described as um stiff but flexible like a
steel guitar string. So it moves, but it's still super
super strong and um, even though it's just a few
(10:31):
atoms across, they are ten million times as long as
they are wide. Once you get this thing going, so
like a guitar string. Yeah, well, because these are nanotubes,
so like they're diameters like a few billions of a meter,
I think one. Is that right? Yeah, because nano is
a billion a billion, yes, yeah, but so so it's
(10:54):
very thin, very thin. Um. That's the point. And ultimately
I saw that the sixty two a mile cable would
be it could be as thin as a piece of
seran wrap. Yeah, it would still be strong enough to
not snatch under its own weight sixty miles. Like, there's
no quality of material outside of this that wouldn't just
(11:19):
snap like a hair, like pulling one of your hairs
in in half. Agree, this one will. But the problem
is is you don't make carbon nanotubes. You grow them. Yeah.
There's a really cool nova video too on YouTube where
it shows a guy in the lab pulling a uh
(11:41):
braided forest of carbon nanotubes and he starts pulling it
and you see it all like coalescing together, and he
gets like ten ft away and then it finally snaps
and then it just it's like smaller than a human hair.
It just like floats away almost. Okay, so that's that's
longer then I've I've seen the record that I saw
(12:02):
was four centimeters in length. Yeah, well this was uh,
I don't think I think it was stretching. I don't
think it was the original. Okay, So they they the
carbon nanotubes grow and then after like, that's the world
record four centimeters, which is like a one point six inches, right,
that's short, and then it just stopped one of the
(12:25):
right exactly. One of the problems with them not being
able to figure out why it stops growing is that
scientists don't know why it grows in the first place,
Like they have no idea. They're just like, oh, this
happens when you when you do this, um. And they
figured out that there are some things like hydrogen gas
in certain amounts makes it grow longer. Um, if you
(12:48):
do a little too much hydrogen gas, it won't grow
at all. So that there's they're they're figuring this out,
but they still are really at a point where they're
not they don't understand carbon nanotubes at all. They were
only officially discovered in which is a blip in the
scientific community. But we're making headway. And like you said,
once the carbon nanotu technology is able to be made
(13:10):
into things that are maybe several meters long, or they
can figure out how to basically wrap it smaller pieces
together in like you know, how you insulate wires with
plastic something like that, without the the alloy coming away.
Then we'll be able to make this space ribbon ribbon
for the elevator space ribbon, which essentially is going to
(13:32):
be like a there. They would braid these things together
like a rope, correct, yes, which would still be tiny though. Yeah,
so it'll either be like you know, several meters in
length branded together or really short ones braided together. But
either way they're not just gonna make one continuous sixty
two there's sixty two mile strand yeah. The one thing
I didn't get though, if it's so small, like it
(13:54):
needs to be a certain size to have these lifters
attach to it, you know, like it can't be a
human hair, right like that, what what could you attach
to that? They have to gain traction with it? So yeah, there, there,
It couldn't It couldn't just be as thin as plastic wrap,
even though strengthwise it could be. So that's one of
(14:17):
the things they're working on, is bulking it up. I
guess so, because you have to put the lifter on it.
Like you're saying, so the lifts are all from now on,
everything like this all exists. We can make this today,
you and I can make it right now. Well, let's
get it into space first. What what the idea is
that they would spool the sing up. Once they've created it,
they would shoot it into space with some kind of spacecraft. Uh.
(14:40):
Once it's in space, they would start lowering it back
to the Earth um towards the platform out in the
middle of the sea. While it's still going out into space, right,
they'd start lowering the ribbons. Yeah, so it's continue, it's
still going in. It's going in two opposite directions. It
would be like some kid walking the dog. Yeah. Uh.
And eventually it it's lowered and there's a dude standing
(15:02):
on a platform saying all right, back it down. Then
he would take it and clip it onto a c platform,
although it would be much more complicated than I think
about that operations. So this platform is going to be
like four miles from any shipping or air lanes, which
is important in the Equatorial Pacific, and a sixty two
(15:24):
thousand mile long strand of rope. Even they could say
it's it's thick as like a cable, one of the
cables holding the Golden gate Bridge. Imagine catching that. I
mean it's obviously not, but still like there's somebody piloting
machine that like, and you I don't know how you
(15:44):
would move the counterweight around the spool so that how
are you going to get the threat? This is the
most difficult aspect of the whole program, if you ask me,
I think grabbing that that ribbon and connecting it. Although
they act like they've got that all figured out. They're like,
(16:05):
we had this nanotube that was this long. We're all
set to trust. Like they've got a guy out on
a platform just sitting around waiting waiting for this thing
to come down from space. So they so that guy
catches the ribbon, ties it off probably with a pretty
decent sailors not um, and then you attach the lifter
(16:25):
to it. Right, that's right, Um. The lifter is a
robotic thing. It basically it's it's sort of like a
train track it uses these traction shread rollers. Uh, and
it would clamp onto this ribbon and through something a
little more advanced than a gasoline engine. I think, what
are they using a free electron laser to create the
(16:49):
energy to do this? Basically, what they're doing is they're
gonna put solar panels but made of stuff that really
absorbs light from a laser right on the bottom or
on the top, probably on both sides, and then they're
just gonna shoot lasers up and down the ribbon and
then that laser just powers It's basically like directing sunlight
onto full of photovoltaic cells and then converting that to electricity.
(17:14):
Then it's just plain old mechanical energy. It's like a
little motor that would crawl at a hundred and eighteen
miles an hour. Mind you, it's not exactly a crawl
that it would shoot up this ribbon into space to
the final destination, which would be anything. I think that
first they talked about capturing an asteroid to serve as
(17:37):
as the which is just as the counterweight to um
what I think is smart which would potentially be a
satellite or the spacecraft that brought it out there to
begin with Yeah, just unfolding or reconfiguring or whatever, and
of a sudden bam, there's your counterweight. There's the other
end of the string, right dude, that's it. I mean,
after they get this going, they're saying it can basically
(17:58):
be a constant operational elevator to the sky, lifting as
much as thirteen tons of payload at a time in
some cases humans maybe eventually, Yeah, crazy. I guess the
whole point now would be to just shuttle stuff to
say this. The International Space Station UM supplies that kind
(18:21):
of thing, gruel food UM, or if you had some
sort of asteroid mining operation, you could take your daily
hall to the space elevator to be brought down. The
point is this thing could be used for trips to
UM lower Earth orbit every day, several times a day,
(18:42):
because I think lower Earth orbit is UM between five
and fift hundred miles, so that's like UM four to
twelve hours trip basically, and they're talking about going further
than that, right, But Lower Earth orbit is where like
all of the all that's where all the action is
generally UM. The problem is is that's also where all
(19:07):
the space to bree is. Yeah, and I think I
don't think we mentioned what the best part about all
this is is that it would cost about the closest
system I've seen is about two hundred dollars a pound
to deliver stuff to outer space, and what was the
Space shuttle costs dollars a pound. So that's why they're
pursuing this is because it's much much more affordable. They
(19:28):
likened it to the Transcontinental Railroad back in the day,
linking space to Earth. Yeah, okay, so the problems Josh
avoiding um junk flying around in space Like it would
suck if you got this thing all looked up and
some asteroid came flying out of nowhere and snapped the
thing and half well, not just asteroids, apparently space debris
(19:49):
UM largely refers to junk man made jump and lower
Earth's orbit is allows you with it. Um. One, there
was a satellite, an old out of use satellite, collided
with a new in use satellite recently and blew it up,
and all of a sudden, two pieces became four thousand pieces.
(20:11):
And that's nothing, that's a drop in the bucket. It
is so um. The problem is is like even a
small like one centimeter diameter piece is a threat to
the space elevator. Um so right now, nora D tracks
things as small as ten centimeters. Did you know that?
I didn't once I read this, but I was pretty
I was pretty shocked. But they're gonna have to start
(20:31):
tracking stuff down to one centimeter. So this is another
kind of challenge that I don't think people talk about,
is tracking space debris. Or they're also proposing that we
just go up there and get rid of it, like
pay contractors to go to space and bring these things
down and clean up exactly. That'd be a unique approach, right,
Um it's called active avoidance, and UM, it's pretty amazing
(20:54):
that you could actually, potentially, because this thing is tethered
to a c platform, move the c plat form to
dodge these things. But that would mean that there's like
some guy whose job it is to like, yeah, joystick it. Yeah,
that's crazy. It sounds very far fetched, but it's supposedly
not super far fetched. I mean, this company Liftport, they're
(21:16):
they're one of the private firms that are have been
I think they partnered with NASA for a while until NASA,
you know, they're funding has dried up to a large degree,
so they had to scrap things like partnering with Liftport,
but um Liftport as of now, I think I read
in two thousand eleven they have sort of scrapped or
(21:36):
not scrapped, but they put on the back burner the
space to Earth version and they're working on a lunar version.
Oh yeah, so they want to put one of these
on the Moon. Um, which can be done right now
if they had the money. That makes sense to me.
Um not as much gravity, so they don't need the
carbonano tubes. Yeah, they could use the stuff called zylon.
(21:59):
It's a synthetic polymer. And apparently they could like do
this within the decade. Like everything's in place, it's just
a matter of doing it. So yeah, I thought about
having one that goes from the Earth to the Moon,
or one that goes from the Earth to Mars or
you know, and you just well and then from the
Moon tomorrow. You know, you could connect them like station
(22:20):
one is here, then you have another one that goes there.
And the ideas are going to build a bunch of these, right,
that's the idea, because if one goes down because of
some space to breathe, hey, no problem, We've got another
one that we've built even cheaper over here in this
part of the ocean. So that's the idea. What's awesome
is this is I mean, this is far reaching, it
(22:41):
sounds futuristic, it's actually pretty smart. Simple idea like where
it's gonna build an elevator that goes to space, and
it's actually kind of an old idea. There was a
Russian UH scientists named Constantine Ciokowski who proposed this in
heard about that and then um kind of went. I
(23:03):
think everybody thought he was a crack pot for a while.
They thought da Vinci was too, though yeah, actually did
they No, not da Vinci. They think he was a
genius back then too, probably except for his flying machine.
I think that's credibility. Um. But then Arthur Arthur C.
Clark comes along and writes about this in UH Fountains
of Paradise, and he was he very clearly saw like
(23:27):
the big problem was the ribbon. If you could figure
out the ribbon, everything else would be fine, which is
still the problem. Arthur C. Clark way ahead of his time.
So that's pretty much it. I mean, if they get
this lunar and we're going there, they're talking about deep
space exploration from a lunar based system, which you know,
the benefit there is is it cost a lot of
(23:48):
money to get from here to the moon. If you
could shuttle a the components of a rocket up to
the moon and just get it going up there and
be a lot cheaper, right. We talked about that with
asteroid minding that that was another their idea is you
could launch things from these asteroids or whatever because the
a vast majority remember the weight of the space shuttles
(24:10):
in the fuel, almost all of that is just used
within the first like ten miles. Then after that you
start to escape births or a bit and exactly. So um, yeah,
if you could, if you could get rid of all that,
like you just dropped the cost tremendously base I know.
I mean, I'm curious to see within a decade if
(24:32):
we're gonna have a space elevator from the Moon to
something else, we will be riding one. So yeah, well,
it all depends on funding. That's like, these ideas are
all great in practice unless you have billions of dollars
to get it. But think about Jeff Bezos has billions
of dollars um ms Kirt Cameron, that's think James Cameron
(24:55):
Elon Musk. These guys have cash and this is what
they're putting their money into, this kind of thing. So
I don't think it's gonna come down NASA funding. I
think it's gonna come down to the will of guys
like Kirk Cameron. Well, Kirk Cameron does not have billions
of dollars, but he does have a fine collection of
faith based movies. Yeah, directive video anna that you can
(25:16):
check out, but not the dirty kind of directive video. No, no, no, no,
I guess it's about it, right, it's pretty much I'm
looking forward to it. Yeah, private space exploration is definitely
the way of the future. We should put in a
request for this article to be updated, but I'm a
free to think they'll be like, have at it. Yeah,
(25:37):
I'm afraid to do that. Dude. Well, if you want
to read a hilariously out of date article on how
Stuff Works that still captures what's going on with the
space elevator um and with some cool artists rendering of stuff,
you can type in space elevator that's at the handy
search bar and a great little website called how stuff
Works dot com. And I said search bar, which means
it's time now for a listener mail Josh, I'm gonna
(26:03):
call this dead Sea follow up UM, and I should mention.
We got a lot of emails from Dead Sea visitors
and tourists and a lot of photos and one thing
we did not cover because I haven't been there and
experience this, but we said, swim in the Dead sea
a lot. You ain't a lot of swimming going on
in the Dead Sea. There's there's a lot of floating
(26:24):
and flailing because they just say it's really disorienting because
you're so used to the way you move in water
and all of a sudden that's totally different. So people
are like gasping, and eventually they'll learn to trust and
relax and float on their back. You don't want to
go on your stomach. You don't want to try and
swim UM, and you don't want to get it in
(26:44):
your face because it will really sting your eyes and
it tastes really bad. And we had this one that
wrote in his husband was suffering. They advise you not
to go on with cuts or open sores. Obviously her
husband was suffering from a little UM. It's called many
different things. When you walk a lot and you get
chafed between the legs. Yeah, it goes by many different
(27:08):
crude names. But he had a bad case of this
and uh didn't tell his family that he was traveling
with his wife knew and he went in the Dead
Sea promptly got out and the family was like, where
did you know the sum in law go? And she
was like, maybe he's just not into it all right.
So this is from Daniel, but thanks to everyone else.
He wrote in just finished the dead Sea podcast had
(27:30):
a couple of interesting tidbits. You briefly mentioned the Great
Salt Lake when talking about the high salinity the Dead Sea. Uh.
These two lakes actually have quite a bit in common.
Both lakes are located in the desert region, although the
elevation is drastically different. Like the Dead Sea, the Great
Salt Lake here in Utah has a very high salt
content about, making it hard for anything but hello philic
(27:53):
bacteria and some Brian shrimp to grow. Uh. This guy's
a graduate student. By the way, b y U. Both
lakes are fed mainly by a smaller freshwater lake roughly
fifty miles away, the Dead Sea being fed by the
uh Sea of Galilee to the north by way of
the Jordan River. The Great Salt Lake is fed by
Utah Lake to the south, also by the Jordan River coincidence,
(28:16):
I'm not sure. In both cases, the water leaves the
lake only through evaporation. Uh. And like the Dead Sea,
there are many areas the Great Salt Lake that are
quite stinky at times, mainly in the muddy waters with
a level is low. The Great Salt Lake is also
dense enough for you to float with little to no effort.
So if you're not able to ever make it over
(28:37):
to Europe to visit the Dead Sea, I would say
the Middle East, wouldn't you. Okay, you can head on
over for a float. And it's little American cousin out
here in Utah. Keep up good work, guys. I really
enjoy the wide variety of topics that it's from. Daniel.
He was a grad student at b YU studying microbiology.
(29:00):
So good for you, my friend, nice much smarter than
I you. Yeah, well, yeah, great students. All I have
to say English undergrad microbiology grad as a well rounded
human beings agreed. Um? Oh wait, you're the English undergrad.
I love to put the two of you together. You're
a well grounded human exactly. UM, if you have some
(29:21):
ideas of how to put me in chuck together to
form another superhuman UM, we want to hear him. Also,
if you just want to say hi, or you have
something cool or interesting to tell us a great fact
WE love those I love them that you'd like us
a tweet or put on Facebook. You can send those
two via Twitter s y Escape podcast via Facebook at
(29:43):
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Stuff podcast at Discovery dot com. For more on us
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(30:03):
MHM
Welcome to you stuff you should know from house Stuff
Works dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm
Josh Clark and there's Charles W. Chuck Bryant and that
makes this stuff you should miss. So did you hear
Snap Dog's son got a football scholarship to I think
(00:23):
you see? Yeah? So did uh P Diddes? No way? Yeah?
And actually Sean Combs was the first to happen. It
was about a month ago, and a lot of people
got upset because they were like, we shouldn't you know,
be paying for this millionaire multimillionaire son to go to college.
But it was all explained. The sports guys came out
(00:46):
and really defended and said, it's not you paying for it.
It's athletic scholarships that are earned by athletes. And it's
a well probably, but it was like, basically, it's not
like some kid missing out on an education. Because Pete
Eddy's son earned a football scholarship, he should be treated
the same and so should Snoop Dogg sign. Where was
(01:07):
there an outcry about Snoop Dogg sign? Uh? Not as
much because he's the g you see. No one likes Puffy.
I don't understand he seems like a nice enough guy. Uh,
here's friends with Biggie Smalls. I was in his house once.
I'd ever tell you that I had to. I was
working on a music video with him and I had
to deliver as a p a something to his home
(01:28):
in Beverly Hills. And I went to the door and
I rang the doorbell, and some really large guy in
a warm up suit and like a Kane gold hat
invited me in and took my thing and then escorted
me out. So I was like in the little fourier
and it was like lots of white marble, and I
mean it looked it could have been like the King
(01:49):
of France living there as far as I know. Yeah,
there's like a fountain of sur rock. It was really
like pretty plush. Of course, you know he's rich. But
I took your thing. Is that lead? Are you talking
about everything above the boards? Oh? Yeah it was. It
was like a video cassettes for the shoot or something
like that. I wouldn't be delivering anything illegal. Well, I
didn't know if he did something illegal to you by
(02:11):
taking your things, you put it. It was all on
the up, could go and chuck anyway. I haven't been
to Snoop's house yet, although I did seem one night
in Atlanta, you did. Yeah, I can't tell that story. Though,
let's hear part time, doesn't he I'm used to, I believe.
I'm not sure what a weird start for the show. Yeah,
it is a little weird, especially since we're talking about
space elevators. Has nothing to do with it. This is
(02:33):
not like we're talking about like p Funk or George
Clinton andthing like that, or even Bill Clinton. Although I
bet George Clinton could build a space elevator in his mind.
You know he has many times chuck. Um, Well, I've
got I've got something. I have an actual Yeah, it
seems kind of stupid, now let's hear it. Uh well, okay,
(02:56):
um five fifty seven am. On July one, thousand eleven,
About a year ago, something big ended, something that really
helped with our childhood, like really was an icon of
our childhood. I'm not even gonna let you guess. The
Space Shuttle. Of course, the program ended. It started in
(03:18):
one and it went all the way to two thousand eleven,
thirty great years. Yeah, um and uh more missions um
and actually there's this awesome thing on gizmoto. It's you
can watch all of the space Shuttle launches at once.
It's just like a hundred and thirty five little tiles
(03:39):
on the screen, and it's like, you know, starting from
countdown to lift off and like it's got everything. Well,
they probably don't have the one ill fated attempt. There
were two accidents, one of yeah, it's there, I think
I found it, and it just goes dark at about
the time the Challenger UM exploded. Yeah. Um, but it
(03:59):
was the was a huge deal for our childhood. But
it's also you know, a huge deal for the space
program because when they launched the first shuttle I think
it was Columbia. Um, it was the first time that
anyone had ever shot a spacecraft into space and then
brought it back intact usable. Is huge. Yeah, we're not
talking like a capsule where like Larry Hagman comes down
(04:21):
and splashes into the sea and then gets out, because
those capsules weren't reused. This was like, we have an
appropriately named space shuttle there and back basically exactly. It
even looked like a plane. So it was a big
deal when this happened and it proved like okay, we
can go to space and back using the same equipment.
It brought costs down tremendously. Sure, they're still pretty high. Um.
(04:44):
And then the space Shuttle program ends and everybody's like,
how are we going to get to space and back? Now, Obama,
did you think it's through? And uh, Obama didn't say it,
but I'll bet he was thinking it when he was
kind of skulking away after being shouted at for basically
closing NASA. Not true. Um, he probably thought, have you
(05:05):
ever heard of the space elevator? Dummy? You should say that. Yeah. Uh,
that's what we're gonna talk about. Josh, and I thought
this was a thrilling article. You thought the article itself
was thrilling. No, no, no, the concept of the space elevator,
well it is. Yeah, the article self was a little
It was a little two thousand five. It's at outdated,
but it's pretty cool. Um. So you mentioned the Space Shuttle.
(05:29):
Even though the Space Shuttle took place over the span
of what do you say, thirty years? Yeah, anyone to
two thousand eleven, the price of getting the thing going
didn't change a whole lot, which was pretty remarkable. Yeah,
it stayed about ten thousan dollars per pound, right, And
they originally predicted when they were working on the Shuttle
program before it started, that it was gonna be about
(05:51):
fifty million a mission. Yeah. It came to about five
million a mission. In every mission. They spent half a
billion dollars on the shuttle the Shuttle mission. Um, and uh,
that ten dollars per pound of that is fuel? Yeah?
Is that the per pound of everything on there? Yeah?
(06:11):
I think it's just like that kind of equation. So
a lighter astronaut would be cheaper, don't don't really symbolic,
I think, yeah, I know. I think it's more like
like if you if you take the full weight of
this this, yeah, and divided by the money spent. Yes,
I get it. So in theory, a lighter astronaut would
make it cheaper, but not really not really okay, um,
(06:34):
because I think they had those astronauts like way down
to the Graham exactly what they wanted in a way,
like they would probably be like, you need to excrete
because you're about to suit up, go excrete. You need
to p six ounces right now. I'd be a great
astronaut then because I can be on command. Can you
really almost always Okay, so I've got something for you
(06:56):
about six ounces. Um there. Have you seen the little
diagram him of a solo cup? You know the lines
on a solo cup. Yes, their measurements the bottom one
are they really is an ounce? The top one so
like liquor. Yeah, the the middle one five ounces for wine.
And then I'm not kidding the the the lowest top
(07:17):
band report that's that's twelve ounces for beer. I never
knew that that's ingenious, it is. I love little tidbits
like that, Like the amount of matches in a matchbook
is equal to the amount of cigarettes in a pack.
I didn't know that that makes sense. We should just
talk about those things all day instead of space elevators. No,
(07:39):
let's talk about space elevator. All right, let's talk about it,
um quickly, a space elevator and we'll get into the
specifics here. But what it basically is, it's a ribbon,
a carbon nano tube composite ribbon anchored to a platform offshore, yeah,
way out in the Pacific Ocean. And it's has a
(08:00):
counterweight way up in space six And they basically would
that would be the elevator shaft, and they would send
stuff crawling up and down this ribbon? Uh two outer space? Yes,
have you ever seen somebody like a piano mover lift
the piano? Sure, a second story apartment that except in space. Yeah,
(08:22):
that's pretty much it. I don't like the comparison to
the game of tether ball here. I thought it was
a terrible, terrible analogy, So let's just skip it because
it didn't make much sense to me. Yeah, I think you.
I think you said it like, basically, we're connecting a
line between a platform in the ocean and the satellite
up in space, and we're putting something on it that
can go up and down. Yeah, and the whole thing
(08:42):
of we should just stop right there. The cool thing
about this is to me is that every single part
of this is feasible right now to do, except for
the one thing that they need to do it, which
are the carbon nanotubes that go sixty two thousand miles
into space. Yes, they're around right, but we can't make
(09:04):
them that long yet. Right. There's um that's I think
I think that's that's a really good point, Like we
all of this is just waiting. And I saw a
little video that Michio Kaku or cucku Um made about
this explaining it, and he was saying, like everything's been
surmounted now, like now it's all in the realm of
physical possibility. There's just a few more breakthroughs and it's
(09:28):
all carbon nanotubes, which are we've talked about graphine before, right,
strongest substance known demand or humankind. That Um, it's one
atom thick layer of carbon, incredibly strong. It's like a
hundred times stronger than steel at about one fifth of
the weight. And a carbon nanotube is a layer of
(09:48):
graphine rolled into a tube like it looks like chicken wire,
exactly like a soccer ball. Chicken wire. Yeah, it's like
like if you spread out a length of chicken wire
and then roll it up, Nana, it's yeah. And we
say soccer ball because the shape of the traditional soccer ball,
not these crazy ones are using these days. I don't
even recognize it as a soccer ball. Yeah, but the
(10:10):
old school soccer ball, that shape is the same, the
same shape as as these carbon atoms, which is the
key to it its strength. Um. I've been at I've
seen it described as um stiff but flexible like a
steel guitar string. So it moves, but it's still super
super strong and um, even though it's just a few
(10:31):
atoms across, they are ten million times as long as
they are wide. Once you get this thing going, so
like a guitar string. Yeah, well, because these are nanotubes,
so like they're diameters like a few billions of a meter,
I think one. Is that right? Yeah, because nano is
a billion a billion, yes, yeah, but so so it's
(10:54):
very thin, very thin. Um. That's the point. And ultimately
I saw that the sixty two a mile cable would
be it could be as thin as a piece of
seran wrap. Yeah, it would still be strong enough to
not snatch under its own weight sixty miles. Like, there's
no quality of material outside of this that wouldn't just
(11:19):
snap like a hair, like pulling one of your hairs
in in half. Agree, this one will. But the problem
is is you don't make carbon nanotubes. You grow them. Yeah.
There's a really cool nova video too on YouTube where
it shows a guy in the lab pulling a uh
(11:41):
braided forest of carbon nanotubes and he starts pulling it
and you see it all like coalescing together, and he
gets like ten ft away and then it finally snaps
and then it just it's like smaller than a human hair.
It just like floats away almost. Okay, so that's that's
longer then I've I've seen the record that I saw
(12:02):
was four centimeters in length. Yeah, well this was uh,
I don't think I think it was stretching. I don't
think it was the original. Okay, So they they the
carbon nanotubes grow and then after like, that's the world
record four centimeters, which is like a one point six inches, right,
that's short, and then it just stopped one of the
(12:25):
right exactly. One of the problems with them not being
able to figure out why it stops growing is that
scientists don't know why it grows in the first place,
Like they have no idea. They're just like, oh, this
happens when you when you do this, um. And they
figured out that there are some things like hydrogen gas
in certain amounts makes it grow longer. Um, if you
(12:48):
do a little too much hydrogen gas, it won't grow
at all. So that there's they're they're figuring this out,
but they still are really at a point where they're
not they don't understand carbon nanotubes at all. They were
only officially discovered in which is a blip in the
scientific community. But we're making headway. And like you said,
once the carbon nanotu technology is able to be made
(13:10):
into things that are maybe several meters long, or they
can figure out how to basically wrap it smaller pieces
together in like you know, how you insulate wires with
plastic something like that, without the the alloy coming away.
Then we'll be able to make this space ribbon ribbon
for the elevator space ribbon, which essentially is going to
(13:32):
be like a there. They would braid these things together
like a rope, correct, yes, which would still be tiny though. Yeah,
so it'll either be like you know, several meters in
length branded together or really short ones braided together. But
either way they're not just gonna make one continuous sixty
two there's sixty two mile strand yeah. The one thing
I didn't get though, if it's so small, like it
(13:54):
needs to be a certain size to have these lifters
attach to it, you know, like it can't be a
human hair, right like that, what what could you attach
to that? They have to gain traction with it? So yeah, there, there,
It couldn't It couldn't just be as thin as plastic wrap,
even though strengthwise it could be. So that's one of
(14:17):
the things they're working on, is bulking it up. I
guess so, because you have to put the lifter on it.
Like you're saying, so the lifts are all from now on,
everything like this all exists. We can make this today,
you and I can make it right now. Well, let's
get it into space first. What what the idea is
that they would spool the sing up. Once they've created it,
they would shoot it into space with some kind of spacecraft. Uh.
(14:40):
Once it's in space, they would start lowering it back
to the Earth um towards the platform out in the
middle of the sea. While it's still going out into space, right,
they'd start lowering the ribbons. Yeah, so it's continue, it's
still going in. It's going in two opposite directions. It
would be like some kid walking the dog. Yeah. Uh.
And eventually it it's lowered and there's a dude standing
(15:02):
on a platform saying all right, back it down. Then
he would take it and clip it onto a c platform,
although it would be much more complicated than I think
about that operations. So this platform is going to be
like four miles from any shipping or air lanes, which
is important in the Equatorial Pacific, and a sixty two
(15:24):
thousand mile long strand of rope. Even they could say
it's it's thick as like a cable, one of the
cables holding the Golden gate Bridge. Imagine catching that. I
mean it's obviously not, but still like there's somebody piloting
machine that like, and you I don't know how you
(15:44):
would move the counterweight around the spool so that how
are you going to get the threat? This is the
most difficult aspect of the whole program, if you ask me,
I think grabbing that that ribbon and connecting it. Although
they act like they've got that all figured out. They're like,
(16:05):
we had this nanotube that was this long. We're all
set to trust. Like they've got a guy out on
a platform just sitting around waiting waiting for this thing
to come down from space. So they so that guy
catches the ribbon, ties it off probably with a pretty
decent sailors not um, and then you attach the lifter
(16:25):
to it. Right, that's right, Um. The lifter is a
robotic thing. It basically it's it's sort of like a
train track it uses these traction shread rollers. Uh, and
it would clamp onto this ribbon and through something a
little more advanced than a gasoline engine. I think, what
are they using a free electron laser to create the
(16:49):
energy to do this? Basically, what they're doing is they're
gonna put solar panels but made of stuff that really
absorbs light from a laser right on the bottom or
on the top, probably on both sides, and then they're
just gonna shoot lasers up and down the ribbon and
then that laser just powers It's basically like directing sunlight
onto full of photovoltaic cells and then converting that to electricity.
(17:14):
Then it's just plain old mechanical energy. It's like a
little motor that would crawl at a hundred and eighteen
miles an hour. Mind you, it's not exactly a crawl
that it would shoot up this ribbon into space to
the final destination, which would be anything. I think that
first they talked about capturing an asteroid to serve as
(17:37):
as the which is just as the counterweight to um
what I think is smart which would potentially be a
satellite or the spacecraft that brought it out there to
begin with Yeah, just unfolding or reconfiguring or whatever, and
of a sudden bam, there's your counterweight. There's the other
end of the string, right dude, that's it. I mean,
after they get this going, they're saying it can basically
(17:58):
be a constant operational elevator to the sky, lifting as
much as thirteen tons of payload at a time in
some cases humans maybe eventually, Yeah, crazy. I guess the
whole point now would be to just shuttle stuff to
say this. The International Space Station UM supplies that kind
(18:21):
of thing, gruel food UM, or if you had some
sort of asteroid mining operation, you could take your daily
hall to the space elevator to be brought down. The
point is this thing could be used for trips to
UM lower Earth orbit every day, several times a day,
(18:42):
because I think lower Earth orbit is UM between five
and fift hundred miles, so that's like UM four to
twelve hours trip basically, and they're talking about going further
than that, right, But Lower Earth orbit is where like
all of the all that's where all the action is
generally UM. The problem is is that's also where all
(19:07):
the space to bree is. Yeah, and I think I
don't think we mentioned what the best part about all
this is is that it would cost about the closest
system I've seen is about two hundred dollars a pound
to deliver stuff to outer space, and what was the
Space shuttle costs dollars a pound. So that's why they're
pursuing this is because it's much much more affordable. They
(19:28):
likened it to the Transcontinental Railroad back in the day,
linking space to Earth. Yeah, okay, so the problems Josh
avoiding um junk flying around in space Like it would
suck if you got this thing all looked up and
some asteroid came flying out of nowhere and snapped the
thing and half well, not just asteroids, apparently space debris
(19:49):
UM largely refers to junk man made jump and lower
Earth's orbit is allows you with it. Um. One, there
was a satellite, an old out of use satellite, collided
with a new in use satellite recently and blew it up,
and all of a sudden, two pieces became four thousand pieces.
(20:11):
And that's nothing, that's a drop in the bucket. It
is so um. The problem is is like even a
small like one centimeter diameter piece is a threat to
the space elevator. Um so right now, nora D tracks
things as small as ten centimeters. Did you know that?
I didn't once I read this, but I was pretty
I was pretty shocked. But they're gonna have to start
(20:31):
tracking stuff down to one centimeter. So this is another
kind of challenge that I don't think people talk about,
is tracking space debris. Or they're also proposing that we
just go up there and get rid of it, like
pay contractors to go to space and bring these things
down and clean up exactly. That'd be a unique approach, right,
Um it's called active avoidance, and UM, it's pretty amazing
(20:54):
that you could actually, potentially, because this thing is tethered
to a c platform, move the c plat form to
dodge these things. But that would mean that there's like
some guy whose job it is to like, yeah, joystick it. Yeah,
that's crazy. It sounds very far fetched, but it's supposedly
not super far fetched. I mean, this company Liftport, they're
(21:16):
they're one of the private firms that are have been
I think they partnered with NASA for a while until NASA,
you know, they're funding has dried up to a large degree,
so they had to scrap things like partnering with Liftport,
but um Liftport as of now, I think I read
in two thousand eleven they have sort of scrapped or
(21:36):
not scrapped, but they put on the back burner the
space to Earth version and they're working on a lunar version.
Oh yeah, so they want to put one of these
on the Moon. Um, which can be done right now
if they had the money. That makes sense to me.
Um not as much gravity, so they don't need the
carbonano tubes. Yeah, they could use the stuff called zylon.
(21:59):
It's a synthetic polymer. And apparently they could like do
this within the decade. Like everything's in place, it's just
a matter of doing it. So yeah, I thought about
having one that goes from the Earth to the Moon,
or one that goes from the Earth to Mars or
you know, and you just well and then from the
Moon tomorrow. You know, you could connect them like station
(22:20):
one is here, then you have another one that goes there.
And the ideas are going to build a bunch of these, right,
that's the idea, because if one goes down because of
some space to breathe, hey, no problem, We've got another
one that we've built even cheaper over here in this
part of the ocean. So that's the idea. What's awesome
is this is I mean, this is far reaching, it
(22:41):
sounds futuristic, it's actually pretty smart. Simple idea like where
it's gonna build an elevator that goes to space, and
it's actually kind of an old idea. There was a
Russian UH scientists named Constantine Ciokowski who proposed this in
heard about that and then um kind of went. I
(23:03):
think everybody thought he was a crack pot for a while.
They thought da Vinci was too, though yeah, actually did
they No, not da Vinci. They think he was a
genius back then too, probably except for his flying machine.
I think that's credibility. Um. But then Arthur Arthur C.
Clark comes along and writes about this in UH Fountains
of Paradise, and he was he very clearly saw like
(23:27):
the big problem was the ribbon. If you could figure
out the ribbon, everything else would be fine, which is
still the problem. Arthur C. Clark way ahead of his time.
So that's pretty much it. I mean, if they get
this lunar and we're going there, they're talking about deep
space exploration from a lunar based system, which you know,
the benefit there is is it cost a lot of
(23:48):
money to get from here to the moon. If you
could shuttle a the components of a rocket up to
the moon and just get it going up there and
be a lot cheaper, right. We talked about that with
asteroid minding that that was another their idea is you
could launch things from these asteroids or whatever because the
a vast majority remember the weight of the space shuttles
(24:10):
in the fuel, almost all of that is just used
within the first like ten miles. Then after that you
start to escape births or a bit and exactly. So um, yeah,
if you could, if you could get rid of all that,
like you just dropped the cost tremendously base I know.
I mean, I'm curious to see within a decade if
(24:32):
we're gonna have a space elevator from the Moon to
something else, we will be riding one. So yeah, well,
it all depends on funding. That's like, these ideas are
all great in practice unless you have billions of dollars
to get it. But think about Jeff Bezos has billions
of dollars um ms Kirt Cameron, that's think James Cameron
(24:55):
Elon Musk. These guys have cash and this is what
they're putting their money into, this kind of thing. So
I don't think it's gonna come down NASA funding. I
think it's gonna come down to the will of guys
like Kirk Cameron. Well, Kirk Cameron does not have billions
of dollars, but he does have a fine collection of
faith based movies. Yeah, directive video anna that you can
(25:16):
check out, but not the dirty kind of directive video. No, no, no, no,
I guess it's about it, right, it's pretty much I'm
looking forward to it. Yeah, private space exploration is definitely
the way of the future. We should put in a
request for this article to be updated, but I'm a
free to think they'll be like, have at it. Yeah,
(25:37):
I'm afraid to do that. Dude. Well, if you want
to read a hilariously out of date article on how
Stuff Works that still captures what's going on with the
space elevator um and with some cool artists rendering of stuff,
you can type in space elevator that's at the handy
search bar and a great little website called how stuff
Works dot com. And I said search bar, which means
it's time now for a listener mail Josh, I'm gonna
(26:03):
call this dead Sea follow up UM, and I should mention.
We got a lot of emails from Dead Sea visitors
and tourists and a lot of photos and one thing
we did not cover because I haven't been there and
experience this, but we said, swim in the Dead sea
a lot. You ain't a lot of swimming going on
in the Dead Sea. There's there's a lot of floating
(26:24):
and flailing because they just say it's really disorienting because
you're so used to the way you move in water
and all of a sudden that's totally different. So people
are like gasping, and eventually they'll learn to trust and
relax and float on their back. You don't want to
go on your stomach. You don't want to try and
swim UM, and you don't want to get it in
(26:44):
your face because it will really sting your eyes and
it tastes really bad. And we had this one that
wrote in his husband was suffering. They advise you not
to go on with cuts or open sores. Obviously her
husband was suffering from a little UM. It's called many
different things. When you walk a lot and you get
chafed between the legs. Yeah, it goes by many different
(27:08):
crude names. But he had a bad case of this
and uh didn't tell his family that he was traveling
with his wife knew and he went in the Dead
Sea promptly got out and the family was like, where
did you know the sum in law go? And she
was like, maybe he's just not into it all right.
So this is from Daniel, but thanks to everyone else.
He wrote in just finished the dead Sea podcast had
(27:30):
a couple of interesting tidbits. You briefly mentioned the Great
Salt Lake when talking about the high salinity the Dead Sea. Uh.
These two lakes actually have quite a bit in common.
Both lakes are located in the desert region, although the
elevation is drastically different. Like the Dead Sea, the Great
Salt Lake here in Utah has a very high salt
content about, making it hard for anything but hello philic
(27:53):
bacteria and some Brian shrimp to grow. Uh. This guy's
a graduate student. By the way, b y U. Both
lakes are fed mainly by a smaller freshwater lake roughly
fifty miles away, the Dead Sea being fed by the
uh Sea of Galilee to the north by way of
the Jordan River. The Great Salt Lake is fed by
Utah Lake to the south, also by the Jordan River coincidence,
(28:16):
I'm not sure. In both cases, the water leaves the
lake only through evaporation. Uh. And like the Dead Sea,
there are many areas the Great Salt Lake that are
quite stinky at times, mainly in the muddy waters with
a level is low. The Great Salt Lake is also
dense enough for you to float with little to no effort.
So if you're not able to ever make it over
(28:37):
to Europe to visit the Dead Sea, I would say
the Middle East, wouldn't you. Okay, you can head on
over for a float. And it's little American cousin out
here in Utah. Keep up good work, guys. I really
enjoy the wide variety of topics that it's from. Daniel.
He was a grad student at b YU studying microbiology.
(29:00):
So good for you, my friend, nice much smarter than
I you. Yeah, well, yeah, great students. All I have
to say English undergrad microbiology grad as a well rounded
human beings agreed. Um? Oh wait, you're the English undergrad.
I love to put the two of you together. You're
a well grounded human exactly. UM, if you have some
(29:21):
ideas of how to put me in chuck together to
form another superhuman UM, we want to hear him. Also,
if you just want to say hi, or you have
something cool or interesting to tell us a great fact
WE love those I love them that you'd like us
a tweet or put on Facebook. You can send those
two via Twitter s y Escape podcast via Facebook at
(29:43):
Facebook dot com. Slash stuff you Should Know, and you
can send us a an email ilec trynmail um too.
Stuff podcast at Discovery dot com. For more on us
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Chuck Bryant
Josh Clark
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On Purpose with Jay Shetty
I’m Jay Shetty host of On Purpose the worlds #1 Mental Health podcast and I’m so grateful you found us. I started this podcast 5 years ago to invite you into conversations and workshops that are designed to help make you happier, healthier and more healed. I believe that when you (yes you) feel seen, heard and understood you’re able to deal with relationship struggles, work challenges and life’s ups and downs with more ease and grace. I interview experts, celebrities, thought leaders and athletes so that we can grow our mindset, build better habits and uncover a side of them we’ve never seen before. New episodes every Monday and Friday. Your support means the world to me and I don’t take it for granted — click the follow button and leave a review to help us spread the love with On Purpose. I can’t wait for you to listen to your first or 500th episode!
Stuff You Should Know
If you've ever wanted to know about champagne, satanism, the Stonewall Uprising, chaos theory, LSD, El Nino, true crime and Rosa Parks, then look no further. Josh and Chuck have you covered.
Dateline NBC
Current and classic episodes, featuring compelling true-crime mysteries, powerful documentaries and in-depth investigations. Follow now to get the latest episodes of Dateline NBC completely free, or subscribe to Dateline Premium for ad-free listening and exclusive bonus content: DatelinePremium.com