October 21, 2025 • 42 mins
Quick, name your favorite geological mystery. You can’t do it! Well, don’t worry. In this episode we’re going to tell you all about what will surely be your favorite (albeit only) one when we get into one weird millennium that happened not that long ago.
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:11):
Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's
Chuck and Jerry's here too, and this is stuff you
should know and what we've got on our hands today.
Chuck is a hot potato of a real deal geological mystery.
Speaker 3 (00:25):
Hot potato. That's how Emily's family says potato.
Speaker 2 (00:31):
I think I would only say it when it's preceded
by hot. I would only say it like like I
wouldn't say I'm going to have a baked potato, like
you'd be out of your mind.
Speaker 3 (00:39):
To say it like that. Nor would you say a
hot potato like what a square?
Speaker 1 (00:44):
Yeah?
Speaker 2 (00:44):
That is pretty square, isn't it.
Speaker 3 (00:45):
Get the stick out of your butt, fella, and loosen up.
Speaker 2 (00:48):
Right, loosen up, get the card again out from around
your shoulders.
Speaker 3 (00:52):
Yeah, jeez, So that was obscure.
Speaker 2 (00:54):
But still so, like I said, this is a mystery today.
And just to give a brief brushstroke overview with the
widest brush, real lot of space in between bristles, just
barely any paint on it. That kind of overview.
Speaker 3 (01:09):
Oh wow.
Speaker 2 (01:10):
What we're talking about is something called the younger dryis,
which is a pretty it's a pretty terrible name for this,
if you want to be catchy, right.
Speaker 3 (01:19):
Yeah, I mean I think a lot of people will
probably say WTF.
Speaker 2 (01:24):
Right, well, let's just call it the YD. If we're gonna,
if we're gonna put initials on things, how about that
or a breath other things? So the YD, the Younger
Dryas is this this surprising, shocking period in Earth's history,
fairly recent history, where we came out of the last
ice Age, everything was going smoothly, and then bam, we
(01:45):
got hit by another ice age out of nowhere that
lasts for over a thousand years, and then bam, it
goes away just as fast as it came along. And
paleo geologist, paleo climatologist, all the paleos are perplexed as
to what caused it and then why it stopped so
suddenly too. That's why I said it is a real
(02:07):
deal geological mystery.
Speaker 3 (02:09):
Yeah. And a time, as we'll see, where the Earth
and its inhabitants and animals and nature was all going
like all right, thank god, we can we can finally
get down to business and start being an earth, like
a legit Earth. And then you know, the YDS come
(02:31):
along and say not so fast.
Speaker 2 (02:33):
Right, and you call it a legit Earth because when
it finally ended, and actually that period in between the
last Ice Age and the yd those are like really
habitable for human beings, Like we love those kind of
conditions so much so that after the y D ended,
it became the age of humans. Yeah, like this is
(02:53):
the this is the age where we began our civilizations,
we started farming, we began to flourish as a species
and basically take over the planet. And what's interesting is
this is the most recent ice age. There had been
seven in Earth's history and just as and aside, this
was the Wisconsinian ice Age that we're talking about. The
last one was two hundred and fifty million years before, right,
(03:16):
So it's pretty significant that we, just geologically speaking, came
out of an ice age because there's not that many.
And then not coincidentally, when the second to last ice
age ended, that opened the door for the dinosaurs to
come along and take over the Earth. So things, big
things happen when an ice age changes. So for it
to switch back to an ice age all of a
(03:36):
sudden and then switch back to nice and temperate for
us humans it is just very weird. It was actually
I've seen it described as an extreme weather millennial event.
Speaker 3 (03:48):
Yeah, and you know, it kind of made me wonder
had this not happened, because we were sort of headed
toward you know, legit Earth, like I said before, you know,
I mean, it would obviously wouldn't change the year. But
let's say, as far as longness goes, we would be
like the year three thousand something, right like, would we
be just that much further along as a planet or
(04:12):
would we be nowhere? Because in a thousand years we
will have already destroyed ourselves the second one. Okay, all right,
So it's a good thing this happened, or we wouldn't
be talking about it right now exactly.
Speaker 2 (04:24):
That's exactly right. So yeah, that's a really anthropic way
of looking at it. Well, speaking of I bought a
copy of If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies, the Ellie
is or Yukowski Nate Sores book that just came out.
Speaker 3 (04:38):
Okay, and did not know about it. You say that
as if it was just on the tip of my tongue,
which I appreciate. No, you do.
Speaker 2 (04:43):
We remember I basically mischaracterized it in the Zizians episode
and had that Oh yeah, okay, that book right about
building AI and if anyone builds it, then we're all
going to die, like just the existential threat of AI.
It is really good. You could read it and if
you had a a day that you could dedicate to
reading it, you could read it in a day. It's
(05:04):
really popularly written, lots of really cool anecdotes. It's just
very good. So I strongly recommend that book. Great, Okay,
so let's kind of just back it up a little
bit and go to the previous ice ages of Wisconsinian
ice Age and talk about what Earth looked like like that.
Speaker 3 (05:21):
Yeah, so it was. It was very icy. There were
huge ice sheets covering a lot of Earth, like most
of North America, northern Europe, and Asia. And as we'll see,
a lot of the YDS affected the northern hemisphere much
more than the southern. But also weird things happen in
the southern hemisphere that don't quite jibe. That's why it's
(05:43):
such a kind of a strange mystery. But lots of
ice everywhere. We had barren planes, very harsh conditions. We
had things like you know, wooly mammos like ice ice
loving creatures dwelling the earth, and you know human populations
that were sparse and scattered and constantly kind of moving
(06:03):
around trying to survive.
Speaker 2 (06:05):
Right, And so that the Last ice Age started about
one hundred thousand years ago, and it took about eighty
thousand years to reach its peak point. So twenty thousand
years ago it hit what's called the last glacial maximum, right,
So it took eighty thousand years to get there and
then ten thousand years to basically melt. It melted a
lot faster than it developed. And just like right after
(06:29):
it peaked, it just started warming up. And it took
about nine thousand years and all the ice sheets, all
the glaciers, all this stuff that was covering Earth and
keeping it and ice age just basically went away. And
Earth just blossomed into a version that we.
Speaker 3 (06:43):
Like, yeah, and it became, you know, not terribly unlike
what we're looking at now. There was a jump in
temperatures that was you know, kind of close ish to today.
And this was called the and I never know how
to pronounce it's a umla, is it really?
Speaker 2 (06:58):
Yeah?
Speaker 3 (06:58):
I'm that's all it is.
Speaker 2 (07:00):
Yes, So all of our Nordic friends, the circle with
the the forward slash through or the O with the
forward slash through. Yeah, that's an um lot right.
Speaker 3 (07:08):
Okay, I mean I guess we call it the null
set because it looks like a zero with a slash
through it, So call it that. I mean, we don't
really call it that, but that's what it looks like.
Speaker 2 (07:16):
Pronounce it like that, all right?
Speaker 3 (07:18):
What with the oomlount, No, the null set, I would
know how to do that with the umlaut. I guess
my best stab would be the berling alarud interstadio.
Speaker 2 (07:31):
I think you nailed it, all right.
Speaker 3 (07:33):
A lot more rain we got to, you know, we
achieved a sea level that's not what we have today,
but about half of what we have today. With that rain,
obviously you're going to get a lot of plants. The
woodlands are thriving. Animals are now are you know, forest
dwelling and walking alongside things like cave bears and wooly
mammoths and things are going pretty good. We have Homo
(07:55):
sapiens at this point, or are the only humans that
are around this point, and they're like their love and
life man. They're saying, all right, we can travel a
little bit more and as we'll see, you know, kind
of dabble stick their toe in, settling here and there.
Speaker 2 (08:12):
Yeah, this was actually right before. This was the point
when people from Eurasia migrated into North America. So this
is the point where they were cut off. They couldn't
go back. There's no going back. They were in North
and South America now because the Bearing Land Bridge was
covered up by those rising sea levels which turn it
into the Bearing Sea. And this time, so remember we're
(08:33):
talking about this little period after the end of the
ice Age, before the yd comes along, where everything seems
to be going smoothly for humans. This is where we
started taking our first stabs at agriculture. We're just like,
let's try something new. We just came out of an
ice age. Let's just get as funky as we can
with it, and we're going to basically take some of
(08:55):
that energy in that time that we dedicate to hunting
and gathering and put it in to farming. I just
made that word up, but let's call it that from
now on.
Speaker 3 (09:06):
Like, what is farming? They're like, you're doing it right now, buddy.
I see over there picking weeds exactly and tending to
those wild plants. And that's basically the you know, kind
of I guess the argument for the beginning of agriculture
at least, right, Yeah, well.
Speaker 2 (09:20):
We basically said, that's a good looking plant. Let's just
try to make that one grow as well as we can.
Speaker 3 (09:25):
That's right. So things are going along swimmingly, people are
not moving around as much, they enjoy sitting for the
first time and things like that, and then all of
a sudden, the yd comes along and the glacial conditions
return in the broad sense in a very quick way.
(09:46):
I mean, how long did it take, Like, I mean,
the whole thing was like a thousand years, but we
reached kind of close to that last glacial maximum in
about five hundred years.
Speaker 2 (09:55):
Yeah, I think by one hundred years it was really
like in full swing. And then yeah, five hundred years
is basically like the ice age is back.
Speaker 3 (10:03):
I wonder if they were like, hey, does anyone think
it's getting colder? Right?
Speaker 2 (10:08):
No, just keep farming and be quiet.
Speaker 3 (10:10):
Right, yeah, yeah, just keep planting those plants.
Speaker 2 (10:11):
We should also say Kyle helped us with this, and
he said that the younger driest came along and spoiled
the party. That's truer than you would think, because right,
before this, and that booing all a rod inner stadial
was when we started making beer too, so that got
disrupted as well.
Speaker 3 (10:30):
We'd be so much drunker today.
Speaker 2 (10:32):
So another reason we would have wiped ourselves out in
just one global bar fight. Basically, Yeah, so this is
this kicks off thirteen hundred years of really really cold
weather and then all of a sudden it just stops
and it comes along it like happened starting about one
hundred years, five hundred years into it. It was really
(10:54):
basically back to ice age conditions in a lot of places.
But when it stopped, it swung back to nice and
humid even faster. And there's actual ice cores from Greenland
that show that Greenland in ten years the average temperature
increased by eighteen degrees farent height ten degrees celsius. That
(11:16):
is insane and for comparison so the global warming that's
going on today that scientists are quite concerned about and
thinking people as well, that's a rise of two degrees
farent height, not eighteen degrees farent height. Two degrees farentheight
in about twenty decades. We're talking about eighteen degrees rise
(11:36):
in one decade. That's how fast this thing warmed up.
Speaker 3 (11:40):
Yeah, that's super quick. And again, you know, whenever you
talk about this kind of stuff, you gotta zoom out
and look at it from a sort of macro point
of view. But yeah, that's super fast and got super
hot and also super cold. Previously during the YDS, which
was named, by the way, after flower the driest octopus octapitala. Yeah,
(12:03):
nailed it. And the odd thing about this flower and
why they named the YDS after it is that it
thrives in cold Arctic regions. Is one of these flowers
that loves the ice kind of the mountains of Scandinavia.
In the late eighteen hundreds, like the eighteen seventies, Swedish
scientists were studying clay deposits that they discovered, and they
(12:24):
discovered this flower and they were like, this flower shouldn't
be here between these layers of clay. It was deposited
by melting glaciers. But like, none of that makes any sense, no.
Speaker 2 (12:34):
Because you've got clay from melting glaciers above it and
clay from melting glaciers below this flower, and this flower
thrives in temperatures where the glaciers are not melting at all,
So it was a huge mystery. And then what made
it even more mys serious is that was confirmed by
other clay deposits elsewhere in Scandinavia. So there was definitely
something weird going on. And they named it younger Dryis
(12:56):
because there actually have been older dryis before. Yeah, that
was not nearly as much of a bizarre freak as
the Younger Dryas was.
Speaker 3 (13:04):
That's right. So we got the O D, we got
the Y D. Should we take a break? Yeah, that
sounds like a pretty good time for a break. Yeah, yeah, yeah,
all right, we'll be right back.
Speaker 4 (13:19):
Jok, Mad, Josh, stop, you should.
Speaker 2 (13:29):
Know, so, Chuck, we've been talking like pretty big shots,
(13:54):
pretty confident here right.
Speaker 3 (13:56):
Now, a couple of tough guys exactly.
Speaker 2 (13:58):
And the reason why we're doing that is because of
ice core samples a lot from Greenland, also from Antarctica,
and sedimentation from high altitude European lakes. That's why we're
talking so tough right now.
Speaker 3 (14:13):
Yeah, And those are big deals. You can find out
a lot from an ice core. You can find out
like basically what it accumulated there, like stuff that the
wind blew in there from other places. You know, they've
got these little little bubbles in that ice, and you
can trace gases even that were present back then and
compare to like other parts of the world at that time,
(14:35):
and like, oh, well they have these gases here, we
have this sediment here, We have a distinct lack of
pollen for this period here, which means like probably a
lot of plant life was killed off and stuff like that.
And then the lake stuff is super valuable too, right.
Speaker 2 (14:49):
Yeah, because constantly sediment is accumulating at the bottom of
a lake, and very similar stuff's getting trapped down there,
like air bubbles, soot, pollen, all that stuff, and it
just gets deposit a year after year, and you can
actually date that stuff. You can take a sample of
a lake bottom and date that and then see what
was going on around the lake at that time too.
(15:11):
And lakes are advantageous because they're all over the world.
Ice shelts and glaciers are not all over the world,
so you're limited from where you can take ice cores.
And then also lakes can last like thousands of years,
whereas if you're reading tree rings, you're reading maybe decades,
maybe a century or two worth. A lake it's going
to give you way more than that. So it's pretty
(15:32):
clever the way that they can take this stuff not
only figure out when this sediment deposit or this ice
deposit was put down, but also like a lack of
pollen or what type of pollen means for like the
world at large at the time. I just think that's
pretty cool that humans are able to do that, and
they don't seem to just be making this.
Speaker 3 (15:53):
Up, you know, a very niche nerdy stuff. You should know.
A T shirt could just be uh lake bottom greater
than simple tree ring.
Speaker 2 (16:05):
That's a super nerdy. I think that would actually offset
the be dumb and happy one that you got generated.
Speaker 3 (16:12):
I think so. But just you know, you walk around
like Comic Con and somebody will say, I know exactly
what you're doing, buddy.
Speaker 2 (16:18):
And they'll they'll just silently walk past you and give
you the high five and the low five without stopping.
Speaker 3 (16:23):
Right, but it'll be a sort of a nerdy. They'll
miss the high five won't be quite right. They'll try
and fist bump you when you put up your hand or.
Speaker 2 (16:29):
Right, or they lock fingers with you on the lof
and you guys keep trying to.
Speaker 3 (16:34):
God, that's gotta be the worst. I thought the fist
bump in the hand together was the worst. But when
you high five and someone holds on and locks fingers.
Speaker 2 (16:45):
Yeah, so weird.
Speaker 3 (16:47):
Oh goodness, I don't know why I think of Oprah
Winfrey when does she? Has she ever done that?
Speaker 2 (16:52):
I think she likes to raise people's hands, like they
just want a boxing match or something.
Speaker 3 (16:58):
All right, so we're settling into the YD. I mentioned
earlier that the northern hemisphere was one that was really
affected the most, especially around the North Atlantic. The southern hemisphere.
We'll talk about some weird abnormalities there as well. But
these ice sheets advanced across the Arctic seed just like
they did during the Old LGM, the last Glacial maximum?
(17:22):
Is it glacial or glacial?
Speaker 2 (17:24):
Oh? I don't know. It depends on whether you say
potato or patata.
Speaker 3 (17:27):
Yeah, I guess. So the Rockies here and what would
later be the United States expanded, the Alps expanded. They
found very weird things like penguin like creatures in southern Italy.
Like things were getting really out of whack again, and
everyone back then was like WTF.
Speaker 2 (17:47):
Yeah, and the like, even if you weren't living in
an iced over area, you know, basically due south of
that was tundra, like so western Europe, which is nice
and verdant in lush right now, So it was tundra
at the time. You got grasses, maybe a fox or
two if you're lucky and you're bored just looking around,
because it's not the most pleasant landscape to look at.
(18:09):
I remember humans are running around at this time. I
think we shrunk tremendously as a population, down to maybe
the highest estimate I saw was around ten million people
across the entire planet at this time.
Speaker 3 (18:23):
That sounds nice.
Speaker 2 (18:24):
Actually we kind of talk about Elba room. But all
the plants and animals that had started to thrive in
the middle in between the ice age and the YD
they died back. And all the animals and plants that
had died back during that innerstodial period they came roaring
back and they were like, we loved we love the YD.
(18:46):
We're happy again.
Speaker 3 (18:48):
Yeah, for sure. I mentioned the pollen retreating being evidence
of like you know, the tree cover going away, and
they found evidence of that an ice core once again.
This is in the Hulu Cave and chin and it showed,
you know, a drastic reduction in tree pollen, which you know,
basically you can infer that like, yeah, a lot of
(19:08):
trees died out during this icy period.
Speaker 2 (19:10):
Right, And from that you can also infer that there
was probably less rain because trees helped generate clouds and
they also helped keep the planet warm. So it was
obviously a lot colder and a lot drier. That was
the two characteristics of the YD And then, like you said,
the southern hemisphere experienced something radically different, right, So remember
(19:34):
northern Europe is covered in ice again, it's tundra right
below that. And then if you go down to Antarctica,
they basically hand you like a lay and a Hawaiian
shirt and like my tie.
Speaker 3 (19:47):
Yeah, it's so crazy. When I was going through this stuff,
that to me was like the big reveal. I mean,
I would I'm a big dummy when it comes to
this stuff. So I just figured that would have been
even colder and even worse. But tmperatures actually rose in
the Southern Hemisphere, and a lot of the Southern Hemisphere
became warmer and wetter, and the sea surface temperatures increased
(20:09):
in the Caribbean and the tropical Pacific. In the mountains
of New Zealand that saw warmer conditions, so it was
like everything was kind of upside down all of a sudden.
Speaker 2 (20:19):
Yeah, but you also mentioned earlier that it didn't happen
there were weird pockets here there, which also goes to
underscore how bizarre the younger dryest was like, there's a
basin around Venezuela and it actually had temperatures drop. So
this is the southern hemisphere, right, It saw a temperature
drop of three degrees celsius five and a half degrees farentheight.
(20:39):
And every time I see something like that, I'm like, so, like,
that's not that big of a deal. Right, It turns
out it is a really big deal. Even though to
you an average winter temperature of fifty five going down
to fifty doesn't sound all that bad, but climatologically speaking,
any change in temperature, even by half degrees has really
(21:03):
huge weather consequences oversay the course of a year. So
in this case, dropping by three degrees celsius for five
and a half degrees farentheight, it might not have seen
that much temperature wise over an average winter, but it
also opened up the door for way more freak weather,
so they might have gone from like no blizzards whatsoever.
(21:24):
Maybe one blizzard a year, two three blizzards a year,
and that definitely impacts local conditions in the life there.
So it makes a really big difference, even when you
see little changes to average temperatures.
Speaker 3 (21:36):
Yeah, for sure, there were likely some animal extinctions happening.
You mentioned the amount of humans, which was at a
you know, probably at an all time high at this point,
started going back lower and lower. Their available food was
getting slimmer and slimmer. We mentioned they were dabbing their
toe in the pond of kind of settling down a
(21:58):
little bit and not hunting and gathering and traveling everywhere,
and all of a sudden they had to pack it
up and start moving around again to try and find
food again.
Speaker 2 (22:06):
Yeah, and the evidence that people, the human population contracted,
meaning there was a lot of die off. It shows
up in archaeological sites like the Herrinsburg culture in present
day Germany, Austria and Belgium. During the YD the archaeological
sites dropped by half compared to what they had been
(22:27):
just before the YD, which suggests that there are a
lot fewer people, making a lot fewer camps or villages.
And then also significantly in North America. This is when
the very famous Clovis culture just disappears from the record too.
Speaker 3 (22:41):
CLOBs, we did a whole episode on the Clovis.
Speaker 2 (22:43):
Yeah, they used to pop up a bunch, Remember the
whole Clovis first Police and all that stuff.
Speaker 3 (22:47):
Yeah, yeah, man, it speels like a thousand years ago.
Speaker 2 (22:50):
It really does. But so this is when they disappeared.
And they don't think that the Clovis all just died off,
but they think that these weather conditions and hardships for
living basically just burst them and they started forming the
prototypes to the bands of Native Americans that we see today.
Speaker 3 (23:07):
Yeah, for sure. Another interesting thing is in you know,
sometimes in the times of trouble, there can be human
advancement because you're struggling and need to think of better
ideas on how to do what you're doing. And it
seems like that might have happened with the hunting because
the animals are more scarce, hunting is harder, the game
is just not around. So this is where we saw
(23:30):
at least one thing that we think might have been
in advancement was the Harriff Point h A r I F,
which is basically a new and improved arrowhead came about,
and they think it's probably because they were struggling and
they needed to kill better.
Speaker 2 (23:43):
Yes, and it was quite an innovation because the raw
heads they were using before were made of dandelion heads.
Speaker 3 (23:49):
I know, and those you know what, the animals loved them.
Speaker 2 (23:52):
They did. They was like shoot me again.
Speaker 3 (23:55):
Yeah, shoot one of those, my way.
Speaker 2 (23:56):
I could use a laugh, right and then also chuck.
It helps that there were people dabbling in agriculture before
the yd came along, because it seems to have given
the people related to them a bit of a leg up,
like they didn't have to figure out agriculture from scratch
under these conditions. So in pockets where there was vegetation
(24:18):
and a decent amount of game, people did settle down again.
In those areas. There's a place called the Zagros region,
which is in modern Iran, which shows settlements that were
basically probably not just hunting camps. They were probably permanent
or semi permanent settlements. So people did like sit down
(24:38):
where they could and set up shop. And as a
matter of fact, some people say, okay, people were kind
of dabbling in agriculture before, but it was just dabbling,
and in fact that culture might not have been passed along.
It is possible that the younger dryas did force humans
to basically adopt agriculture, because again, remember, conditions are so
(24:59):
terrible that whatever leg up you a human can give
to this plant that you're going to eat later is invaluable.
So that's basically what agriculture is is helping plants along
to make them grow better.
Speaker 3 (25:13):
Yeah, and you know that became a challenge in a
lot of ways, not just because the ice, but they
found once again in those ice deposits or the ice cores,
they found air bubbles with a noted decrease in concentration
of CO two in the atmosphere. Yeah, and so all
of a sudden, these wild cereals that are growing their
yields are going to be way down. And you know,
(25:37):
they had some, you know, for the time, some fairly
advanced agriculture burgeoning there. They like pest control and like
watering things, weeding things, transplanting things.
Speaker 2 (25:47):
The basics.
Speaker 3 (25:49):
Yeah, they're very basics, but that's you know, the very beginnings.
And yeah, this put a big sort of stop sign
in front of all of that.
Speaker 2 (25:57):
Yeah, Like imagine being the guy who is watching the
other guy pour water out of his gazelle flask. Yeah,
unto like a like a yeah, like some wheat, Like
what are you doing? And they'd say, just just watch,
just give me a couple of thousand years and you're
to be blown away.
Speaker 3 (26:14):
Yeah, you want this water to be beer one day,
fella exactly. Let me pour it on this this grain.
Speaker 2 (26:20):
And then it magically turns into beer.
Speaker 3 (26:22):
Oh man, shall we take another break?
Speaker 2 (26:24):
I think we shall chuck.
Speaker 4 (26:29):
Chalk had Josh stop.
Speaker 1 (26:36):
You should know, all.
Speaker 3 (27:01):
Right, we should talk a second about something called solar insulation,
not insolation, insolation with an O. And this is how
much solar warmth reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere, and the
basic pattern of you know, warming the globe is driven
by this, and the younger dryest is definitely like this
(27:22):
weird exceptional pocket that stands out. And because of this,
everyone you know that nerds out on this kind of
stuff was like, well, we got to figure this out,
I mean, why did this happen? And they have emerged
with four main hypotheses. The one that has the most
traction we're going to start with is the melt water
interrupting thermohaline circulation, and that sounds very sort of like
(27:48):
sciencey and nerdy and like guys. I hope you explained this,
but it's really very simple. It's that a bunch of
water disturbed the cycle of the warming cycle of the
ocean very very quickly.
Speaker 2 (28:00):
Yeah, specifically in the North Atlantic, which has this thing
that you mentioned, the thermohaline circulation, which is where warm water
warm by surface air on top of the ocean falls
down into the deep water and as it does it
it displaces the cold water which comes up to the
top and gets warmed itself. Then it sinks and the
(28:22):
cycle just keeps going on and on. Right, This is
how warmth is delivered to the north, the northern hemisphere,
right those It moves northward, so the warmer sea water
is always moving toward the north, so it's delivering warmth.
And at the same time that cold water upwells in
the southern hemisphere, so it delivers cold to the southern hemisphere,
(28:46):
which is why under normal conditions with the thermohaline circulation,
the Antarctica is cold, and comparatively speaking, the northern hemisphere
is warmer.
Speaker 3 (28:56):
That's right, all right, So park that in your brain
and then understand that North America at the time had
this huge seven hundred mile by two hundred mile lake
called Lake Aga Seas. I guess sure a gasses if
you're an Andreagacy fan. It developed as the Laurentide ice
(29:17):
sheet and extended down to the Great Plains and blocked
the Great Lakes and all the rivers that were flowing
there backed up, and it formed this big natural reservoir
that was seven hundred by two hundred miles big. And
this theory holds. The meltwater theory holds that as that
last glacial maximum warmed things up, that ice sheet retreated,
(29:37):
the block passage to those Great Lakes opened up, and
all of a sudden, billions and billions of gallons of
freshwater make its way down to the North Atlantic. They
think a similar sort of thing happened in the Nordic region.
But you're like, all right, so that makes sense, But
was this water like super cold or something. It was cold,
but the main thing it did was desaliinate that upper
(30:00):
ocean water, right.
Speaker 2 (30:01):
Yeah, And so fresh water is less dense than seawater,
and so a bunch of fresh water mixed in with
seawater makes it less dense than it normally would be.
And it needs to be dense to fall down to
the deep ocean, which makes the other deeper water come
back up, right. Yeah, So that means that the thermohaline
circulation is interrupted. And if you have an interruption in
(30:24):
the thermohaline circulation, it just stops moving. Like that, you
would expect to see the Northern hemisphere get cold because
there's warmth is not being delivered there any longer. You'd
also expect to see Antarctica warm up because that cold
deep ocean water is not welling up around the very
southern southern hemisphere. And that's exactly what you see with
(30:45):
the younger dryas. It's a really beautiful, elegant explanation that
I think was hypothesized in nineteen eighty two and up
until very very recently, you were a fringy nut if
you believed anything besides that as the explanation for where
the younger Dryest came from.
Speaker 3 (31:05):
Yeah, I mean, it makes sense to me. But that's
why I love science, is people keep poking around and
the fringe nut maybe one day is proven somewhat right,
and that well, I still think that the meltwater is
probably the reason why, but one of the other hypotheses
is the impact hypothesis, and that is, like you said,
(31:25):
it was pretty controversial until more recently it has gained
a little bit of traction because some things do kind
of add up. But the idea here is that a
meteorite or a comet or something impacted the Earth, maybe
an air burst even, and that released the thermal pulse
that kind of set the world on fire. Almost like
all these massive wildfires across all the continents. The air
(31:49):
spieled with soot. It's blocking sunlight, and in fact there's
so much soot there's atmospheric dusts such that you reduce
solar radiation, and all of a sudden you have what's
called an impact winter or you know, kind of like
the idea of a nuclear winter.
Speaker 2 (32:05):
Yeah, basically the same exact result, but just it was
different things that got us there. Right, So there's evidence
for this that most people point to is like, this
is pretty good evidence. There's something called a black mat,
which is a layer of carbon matter that seems to
be a soot deposit that you find all over North
America and in parts of Europe, and all that suggests
(32:28):
that there were wildfires going on on different continents at
the same time, which would suggest like some sort of
massive common or meteorite bursting and setting off this thermal pulse.
So the fact that those things coincide on two different
continents with the onset of the Younger Dryest has definitely
(32:48):
made the impact hypothesis much more popular than it was before.
One thing detracting from it that probably makes some legitimate
scientists weary of embracing it publicly right now is the
writer in Science, contrarian Graham Hancock latched onto the impact
hypothesis because he has this theory, I guess you could
(33:12):
call it that that there was an ancient apocalypse around
the time that the Younger Dryest happened, that wiped out
massively advanced civilizations that we don't even know it really existed,
and reset humanity and then we had to rebuild from there.
And there's not a lot of evidence, if any, for
this stuff. It's really really fascinating, but the evidence we
(33:36):
do have, the scientific evidence we do have, doesn't set
that up. But anyway, he basically said, see this impact
hypothesis supports my idea that there was an ancient apocalypse,
and scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock munch. Yeah.
Speaker 3 (33:49):
And the other thing. There's a couple of more smaller
points that might support this one, as there was a
platinum spike in South Africa that preceded the YD and
in some other places, and platinum is you know, a
lot of time within meteorites, so maybe some support there.
And also sometimes people kind of combined the first one
and say maybe there was an impact combined with this
(34:15):
meltwater thing. So there was a low atmospheric explosion over
North America and that's what released all this meltwater all
over the place.
Speaker 2 (34:22):
Yeah, which makes sense. It's basically like handing in all
of branch from one hypothesizer to another. You know, let's
put it together.
Speaker 3 (34:30):
Yeah, let's go get a drink and just settle it.
Speaker 2 (34:32):
Also, as an aside for remember our Gooblacky Teppee episode.
Oh yeah, it's been a while, I don't remember exactly
how to pronounce it, we talked about how there was
this guy who also kind of fringely concluded that some
astronomical engravings at the site recorded the comet or the
meteorite burst that happened at this time, which is kind
(34:57):
of cool. But again, there's not a lot of evidence
to moving on. There's a couple of other explanations that
don't have nearly as much traction, but they do make sense.
One is a supernova explosion. Supposedly a star went supernova
in the Vela constellation at the right time that could
have affected Earth by burning away its ozone layer, which
(35:19):
would cool the upper stratosphere, which is the second most
layer above Earth, which would prevent it from holding much
water vapor. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, and without
a very strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, heat would
just go out into space much more easily from Earth
and it would get cooler as a result. The problem
with this one that I have is wouldn't that happen
(35:40):
all over the planet if the ozone layer was burned
away by a supernova? I think so, So I'm gonna
I'm gonna toss that one.
Speaker 3 (35:48):
Okay, Yeah, nailed it. The last one is another sort
of example where the Sun is blotted out, so there's
a massive drop in temperature very quickly, But this time
it is because a volcano erupted. A massive volcano. This
is the Locker C volcano, not ce A. I'm sorry,
(36:10):
se A, but see, because we all know that Germany
doesn't have any water, right.
Speaker 2 (36:17):
Well, it's it's laying locked.
Speaker 3 (36:18):
Yes, yeah, but this is a German volcano. Of course
we're kidding. That's a reference to an older episode. We
know all about the Black Sea to hold your emails.
But this volcano, it was definitely a mega eruption. It
spewed six point three I mean, what is that? Even trillion?
What is that?
Speaker 2 (36:36):
That's a cubic kilometers.
Speaker 3 (36:39):
So three million cubic kilometers, No.
Speaker 2 (36:41):
Six point three cubic kilometers.
Speaker 3 (36:44):
It's to the third power though.
Speaker 2 (36:47):
No, so that that's what makes a cubic So if
you took a kilometer of way.
Speaker 3 (36:52):
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.
Speaker 2 (36:54):
And you made it square, and you did six point
three times, and then you also made it a kilometer tall,
a cube that's six point three kilometers on each side.
Just of magma got released from that volcano. It was
a massive eruption.
Speaker 3 (37:10):
Yeah, I just added myself in a mathematical way.
Speaker 2 (37:16):
Well, finally you did. I'm the one who does it
all the time.
Speaker 3 (37:20):
Well, comparatively speaking, Mount Saint Helens released one cubic kilometer.
Vesuvius was three and this was six point three. So
the other interesting thing about this one is volcanoes can
produce platinum, Yeah, or at least you know, part of
like groups of platinum metals, and that could account for
that spike we talked about in South Africa.
Speaker 2 (37:41):
Yes, and so the volcanic eruption hypothesizers frequently say, hey,
how about this. A volcano erupted and attracted a comet
that blew up over North America, which kicked off the
melting of the ice caps, which caused circulation problem. Yeah,
and then the supernova. Person like, what about me, and
they're like, sorry, you're not.
Speaker 3 (38:03):
They were dismissing exactly, all right. So that was the YDS.
I guess we could talk a little bit about what
happened afterward. Afterward is where we are, the Holycene period,
and that was when the climate finally worked itself out,
that pendulum stopped swinging and things started warming up and stabilizing,
(38:27):
and you know, people started thriving again. The animals came out,
the birds started chirping, the bees started pollinating, and we
and it led to you know, the not the modern
modern era, but just you know, what we know now
is planet Earth.
Speaker 2 (38:41):
Yeah, the beginnings of our era all find its roots
in this this time, like, this is where agriculture developed,
this is where civilization first developed. Writing came along a
few thousand years later. I mean, all of this happened
in a really short period of time, Like essentially everything
that has to do with like human civilization began in
(39:02):
the ten thousand years immediately following the Younger Dryas.
Speaker 3 (39:06):
Yeah, I mean the current shape of our planet happened
after the Younger Dryas, Like the way the coastlines were shaped.
I mentioned the Rockies and the Alps, you know, those
mountain ranges all over the world. Even they I was
about to say, took their final shape that of course
that's not true, but took the shape that we know
and love today.
Speaker 2 (39:27):
Yeah, And that's actually one reason why it's difficult to
track what humans were doing during the Younger dryat because
the settlements that they had that were closer to the
coastline than are now under hundreds of feet of ocean
water and are probably just totally destroyed. So we lost
a lot of archaeological sites because of that sea level arise.
But it was a trade off because again we have writing.
Speaker 3 (39:50):
Yeah, that's right, and those wild cereals that we talked
about that we're having such a hard time, you know,
became Captain Crunch.
Speaker 2 (39:58):
Yeah, and really, hey, is there anything more you need
to prove that humans have reached peak civilization than that?
Speaker 3 (40:06):
I don't think.
Speaker 1 (40:06):
So.
Speaker 2 (40:08):
Okay, well, I guess that's it for the YD, right, Chuck.
Speaker 3 (40:12):
That's it for now. I mean, who knows what's ahead?
Speaker 2 (40:16):
Well? Put? And because Chuck said who knows what's ahead,
truly it's time for listener mail.
Speaker 3 (40:26):
This is called birthmark episode because I think that might
have been a selector. Maybe Patrick just listened to it again.
I think, so that's what happened. Hey, guys, listen to
that episode again recently? Because I have a birthmark that
makes me perpetually look like I have a black eye.
On a regular basis, someone will ask me some variation
(40:47):
of like who punched you? What happened in your face?
I used to enjoy giving a clever story as a
way to mess with them, like getting kicked out of
a nightclub or squaring off with a bear, But I
started to feel bad for lying, even to my friends,
even if only for a minute. So now I usually
just take the boring route and explain that it's a birthmark.
It's just subtle enough that friends can go years without
noticing it even but once it's brought to their attention,
(41:09):
they can't unsee it. Many don't believe me when I
tell them it's just a birthmark, and they think I'm
trying to cover something up. My mom even told me
that she was interrogated when I was a child by
doctors wow, and would get dirty looks from other parents
when they notice a mark on my face, And I
feel bad that her experience of my birthmark has never
been as fun as mine. Anyway. Ever since my wife
(41:29):
Christine introduced me to your show about nine years ago,
stuff you should know has been a staple for us
during house chores and road trips. Your chemistry together is
very comforting, and we especially like hearing Josh make Chuck laugh.
Do it right now, Hot Patata. That actually worked. I
was like, I'm gonna have to fake a laugh here,
but you got me.
Speaker 2 (41:50):
Awesome.
Speaker 3 (41:50):
Keep up the great work, guys. Thanks for making the
two of us smile again and again and again. We've
made them smile three times. All the best from Troutdale, Oregon.
That is Patrick Burton.
Speaker 2 (42:01):
Awesome, Patrick, Thank you for that. Patrick and his wife Christine, right, yep.
So thanks to you both, and Patrick, I have to say,
if you're going to have a birthmark that's not in
the shape of Abraham Lincoln, now the place that you
have it is about as cool as it can be.
Speaker 1 (42:16):
I agreed.
Speaker 2 (42:18):
If you want to be like Patrick and Christine and
let us know how long you've been listening to us
and what you think, hopefully it's generally positive, you can
send us an email to send it off to stuff
podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.
Speaker 3 (42:33):
Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For
more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
Welcome to Stuff you Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.
Speaker 2 (00:11):
Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh, and there's
Chuck and Jerry's here too, and this is stuff you
should know and what we've got on our hands today.
Chuck is a hot potato of a real deal geological mystery.
Speaker 3 (00:25):
Hot potato. That's how Emily's family says potato.
Speaker 2 (00:31):
I think I would only say it when it's preceded
by hot. I would only say it like like I
wouldn't say I'm going to have a baked potato, like
you'd be out of your mind.
Speaker 3 (00:39):
To say it like that. Nor would you say a
hot potato like what a square?
Speaker 1 (00:44):
Yeah?
Speaker 2 (00:44):
That is pretty square, isn't it.
Speaker 3 (00:45):
Get the stick out of your butt, fella, and loosen up.
Speaker 2 (00:48):
Right, loosen up, get the card again out from around
your shoulders.
Speaker 3 (00:52):
Yeah, jeez, So that was obscure.
Speaker 2 (00:54):
But still so, like I said, this is a mystery today.
And just to give a brief brushstroke overview with the
widest brush, real lot of space in between bristles, just
barely any paint on it. That kind of overview.
Speaker 3 (01:09):
Oh wow.
Speaker 2 (01:10):
What we're talking about is something called the younger dryis,
which is a pretty it's a pretty terrible name for this,
if you want to be catchy, right.
Speaker 3 (01:19):
Yeah, I mean I think a lot of people will
probably say WTF.
Speaker 2 (01:24):
Right, well, let's just call it the YD. If we're gonna,
if we're gonna put initials on things, how about that
or a breath other things? So the YD, the Younger
Dryas is this this surprising, shocking period in Earth's history,
fairly recent history, where we came out of the last
ice Age, everything was going smoothly, and then bam, we
(01:45):
got hit by another ice age out of nowhere that
lasts for over a thousand years, and then bam, it
goes away just as fast as it came along. And
paleo geologist, paleo climatologist, all the paleos are perplexed as
to what caused it and then why it stopped so
suddenly too. That's why I said it is a real
(02:07):
deal geological mystery.
Speaker 3 (02:09):
Yeah. And a time, as we'll see, where the Earth
and its inhabitants and animals and nature was all going
like all right, thank god, we can we can finally
get down to business and start being an earth, like
a legit Earth. And then you know, the YDS come
(02:31):
along and say not so fast.
Speaker 2 (02:33):
Right, and you call it a legit Earth because when
it finally ended, and actually that period in between the
last Ice Age and the yd those are like really
habitable for human beings, Like we love those kind of
conditions so much so that after the y D ended,
it became the age of humans. Yeah, like this is
(02:53):
the this is the age where we began our civilizations,
we started farming, we began to flourish as a species
and basically take over the planet. And what's interesting is
this is the most recent ice age. There had been
seven in Earth's history and just as and aside, this
was the Wisconsinian ice Age that we're talking about. The
last one was two hundred and fifty million years before, right,
(03:16):
So it's pretty significant that we, just geologically speaking, came
out of an ice age because there's not that many.
And then not coincidentally, when the second to last ice
age ended, that opened the door for the dinosaurs to
come along and take over the Earth. So things, big
things happen when an ice age changes. So for it
to switch back to an ice age all of a
(03:36):
sudden and then switch back to nice and temperate for
us humans it is just very weird. It was actually
I've seen it described as an extreme weather millennial event.
Speaker 3 (03:48):
Yeah, and you know, it kind of made me wonder
had this not happened, because we were sort of headed
toward you know, legit Earth, like I said before, you know,
I mean, it would obviously wouldn't change the year. But
let's say, as far as longness goes, we would be
like the year three thousand something, right like, would we
be just that much further along as a planet or
(04:12):
would we be nowhere? Because in a thousand years we
will have already destroyed ourselves the second one. Okay, all right,
So it's a good thing this happened, or we wouldn't
be talking about it right now exactly.
Speaker 2 (04:24):
That's exactly right. So yeah, that's a really anthropic way
of looking at it. Well, speaking of I bought a
copy of If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies, the Ellie
is or Yukowski Nate Sores book that just came out.
Speaker 3 (04:38):
Okay, and did not know about it. You say that
as if it was just on the tip of my tongue,
which I appreciate. No, you do.
Speaker 2 (04:43):
We remember I basically mischaracterized it in the Zizians episode
and had that Oh yeah, okay, that book right about
building AI and if anyone builds it, then we're all
going to die, like just the existential threat of AI.
It is really good. You could read it and if
you had a a day that you could dedicate to
reading it, you could read it in a day. It's
(05:04):
really popularly written, lots of really cool anecdotes. It's just
very good. So I strongly recommend that book. Great, Okay,
so let's kind of just back it up a little
bit and go to the previous ice ages of Wisconsinian
ice Age and talk about what Earth looked like like that.
Speaker 3 (05:21):
Yeah, so it was. It was very icy. There were
huge ice sheets covering a lot of Earth, like most
of North America, northern Europe, and Asia. And as we'll see,
a lot of the YDS affected the northern hemisphere much
more than the southern. But also weird things happen in
the southern hemisphere that don't quite jibe. That's why it's
(05:43):
such a kind of a strange mystery. But lots of
ice everywhere. We had barren planes, very harsh conditions. We
had things like you know, wooly mammos like ice ice
loving creatures dwelling the earth, and you know human populations
that were sparse and scattered and constantly kind of moving
(06:03):
around trying to survive.
Speaker 2 (06:05):
Right, And so that the Last ice Age started about
one hundred thousand years ago, and it took about eighty
thousand years to reach its peak point. So twenty thousand
years ago it hit what's called the last glacial maximum, right,
So it took eighty thousand years to get there and
then ten thousand years to basically melt. It melted a
lot faster than it developed. And just like right after
(06:29):
it peaked, it just started warming up. And it took
about nine thousand years and all the ice sheets, all
the glaciers, all this stuff that was covering Earth and
keeping it and ice age just basically went away. And
Earth just blossomed into a version that we.
Speaker 3 (06:43):
Like, yeah, and it became, you know, not terribly unlike
what we're looking at now. There was a jump in
temperatures that was you know, kind of close ish to today.
And this was called the and I never know how
to pronounce it's a umla, is it really?
Speaker 2 (06:58):
Yeah?
Speaker 3 (06:58):
I'm that's all it is.
Speaker 2 (07:00):
Yes, So all of our Nordic friends, the circle with
the the forward slash through or the O with the
forward slash through. Yeah, that's an um lot right.
Speaker 3 (07:08):
Okay, I mean I guess we call it the null
set because it looks like a zero with a slash
through it, So call it that. I mean, we don't
really call it that, but that's what it looks like.
Speaker 2 (07:16):
Pronounce it like that, all right?
Speaker 3 (07:18):
What with the oomlount, No, the null set, I would
know how to do that with the umlaut. I guess
my best stab would be the berling alarud interstadio.
Speaker 2 (07:31):
I think you nailed it, all right.
Speaker 3 (07:33):
A lot more rain we got to, you know, we
achieved a sea level that's not what we have today,
but about half of what we have today. With that rain,
obviously you're going to get a lot of plants. The
woodlands are thriving. Animals are now are you know, forest
dwelling and walking alongside things like cave bears and wooly
mammoths and things are going pretty good. We have Homo
(07:55):
sapiens at this point, or are the only humans that
are around this point, and they're like their love and
life man. They're saying, all right, we can travel a
little bit more and as we'll see, you know, kind
of dabble stick their toe in, settling here and there.
Speaker 2 (08:12):
Yeah, this was actually right before. This was the point
when people from Eurasia migrated into North America. So this
is the point where they were cut off. They couldn't
go back. There's no going back. They were in North
and South America now because the Bearing Land Bridge was
covered up by those rising sea levels which turn it
into the Bearing Sea. And this time, so remember we're
(08:33):
talking about this little period after the end of the
ice Age, before the yd comes along, where everything seems
to be going smoothly for humans. This is where we
started taking our first stabs at agriculture. We're just like,
let's try something new. We just came out of an
ice age. Let's just get as funky as we can
with it, and we're going to basically take some of
(08:55):
that energy in that time that we dedicate to hunting
and gathering and put it in to farming. I just
made that word up, but let's call it that from
now on.
Speaker 3 (09:06):
Like, what is farming? They're like, you're doing it right now, buddy.
I see over there picking weeds exactly and tending to
those wild plants. And that's basically the you know, kind
of I guess the argument for the beginning of agriculture
at least, right, Yeah, well.
Speaker 2 (09:20):
We basically said, that's a good looking plant. Let's just
try to make that one grow as well as we can.
Speaker 3 (09:25):
That's right. So things are going along swimmingly, people are
not moving around as much, they enjoy sitting for the
first time and things like that, and then all of
a sudden, the yd comes along and the glacial conditions
return in the broad sense in a very quick way.
(09:46):
I mean, how long did it take, Like, I mean,
the whole thing was like a thousand years, but we
reached kind of close to that last glacial maximum in
about five hundred years.
Speaker 2 (09:55):
Yeah, I think by one hundred years it was really
like in full swing. And then yeah, five hundred years
is basically like the ice age is back.
Speaker 3 (10:03):
I wonder if they were like, hey, does anyone think
it's getting colder? Right?
Speaker 2 (10:08):
No, just keep farming and be quiet.
Speaker 3 (10:10):
Right, yeah, yeah, just keep planting those plants.
Speaker 2 (10:11):
We should also say Kyle helped us with this, and
he said that the younger driest came along and spoiled
the party. That's truer than you would think, because right,
before this, and that booing all a rod inner stadial
was when we started making beer too, so that got
disrupted as well.
Speaker 3 (10:30):
We'd be so much drunker today.
Speaker 2 (10:32):
So another reason we would have wiped ourselves out in
just one global bar fight. Basically, Yeah, so this is
this kicks off thirteen hundred years of really really cold
weather and then all of a sudden it just stops
and it comes along it like happened starting about one
hundred years, five hundred years into it. It was really
(10:54):
basically back to ice age conditions in a lot of places.
But when it stopped, it swung back to nice and
humid even faster. And there's actual ice cores from Greenland
that show that Greenland in ten years the average temperature
increased by eighteen degrees farent height ten degrees celsius. That
(11:16):
is insane and for comparison so the global warming that's
going on today that scientists are quite concerned about and
thinking people as well, that's a rise of two degrees
farent height, not eighteen degrees farent height. Two degrees farentheight
in about twenty decades. We're talking about eighteen degrees rise
(11:36):
in one decade. That's how fast this thing warmed up.
Speaker 3 (11:40):
Yeah, that's super quick. And again, you know, whenever you
talk about this kind of stuff, you gotta zoom out
and look at it from a sort of macro point
of view. But yeah, that's super fast and got super
hot and also super cold. Previously during the YDS, which
was named, by the way, after flower the driest octopus octapitala. Yeah,
(12:03):
nailed it. And the odd thing about this flower and
why they named the YDS after it is that it
thrives in cold Arctic regions. Is one of these flowers
that loves the ice kind of the mountains of Scandinavia.
In the late eighteen hundreds, like the eighteen seventies, Swedish
scientists were studying clay deposits that they discovered, and they
(12:24):
discovered this flower and they were like, this flower shouldn't
be here between these layers of clay. It was deposited
by melting glaciers. But like, none of that makes any sense, no.
Speaker 2 (12:34):
Because you've got clay from melting glaciers above it and
clay from melting glaciers below this flower, and this flower
thrives in temperatures where the glaciers are not melting at all,
So it was a huge mystery. And then what made
it even more mys serious is that was confirmed by
other clay deposits elsewhere in Scandinavia. So there was definitely
something weird going on. And they named it younger Dryis
(12:56):
because there actually have been older dryis before. Yeah, that
was not nearly as much of a bizarre freak as
the Younger Dryas was.
Speaker 3 (13:04):
That's right. So we got the O D, we got
the Y D. Should we take a break? Yeah, that
sounds like a pretty good time for a break. Yeah, yeah, yeah,
all right, we'll be right back.
Speaker 4 (13:19):
Jok, Mad, Josh, stop, you should.
Speaker 2 (13:29):
Know, so, Chuck, we've been talking like pretty big shots,
(13:54):
pretty confident here right.
Speaker 3 (13:56):
Now, a couple of tough guys exactly.
Speaker 2 (13:58):
And the reason why we're doing that is because of
ice core samples a lot from Greenland, also from Antarctica,
and sedimentation from high altitude European lakes. That's why we're
talking so tough right now.
Speaker 3 (14:13):
Yeah, And those are big deals. You can find out
a lot from an ice core. You can find out
like basically what it accumulated there, like stuff that the
wind blew in there from other places. You know, they've
got these little little bubbles in that ice, and you
can trace gases even that were present back then and
compare to like other parts of the world at that time,
(14:35):
and like, oh, well they have these gases here, we
have this sediment here, We have a distinct lack of
pollen for this period here, which means like probably a
lot of plant life was killed off and stuff like that.
And then the lake stuff is super valuable too, right.
Speaker 2 (14:49):
Yeah, because constantly sediment is accumulating at the bottom of
a lake, and very similar stuff's getting trapped down there,
like air bubbles, soot, pollen, all that stuff, and it
just gets deposit a year after year, and you can
actually date that stuff. You can take a sample of
a lake bottom and date that and then see what
was going on around the lake at that time too.
(15:11):
And lakes are advantageous because they're all over the world.
Ice shelts and glaciers are not all over the world,
so you're limited from where you can take ice cores.
And then also lakes can last like thousands of years,
whereas if you're reading tree rings, you're reading maybe decades,
maybe a century or two worth. A lake it's going
to give you way more than that. So it's pretty
(15:32):
clever the way that they can take this stuff not
only figure out when this sediment deposit or this ice
deposit was put down, but also like a lack of
pollen or what type of pollen means for like the
world at large at the time. I just think that's
pretty cool that humans are able to do that, and
they don't seem to just be making this.
Speaker 3 (15:53):
Up, you know, a very niche nerdy stuff. You should know.
A T shirt could just be uh lake bottom greater
than simple tree ring.
Speaker 2 (16:05):
That's a super nerdy. I think that would actually offset
the be dumb and happy one that you got generated.
Speaker 3 (16:12):
I think so. But just you know, you walk around
like Comic Con and somebody will say, I know exactly
what you're doing, buddy.
Speaker 2 (16:18):
And they'll they'll just silently walk past you and give
you the high five and the low five without stopping.
Speaker 3 (16:23):
Right, but it'll be a sort of a nerdy. They'll
miss the high five won't be quite right. They'll try
and fist bump you when you put up your hand or.
Speaker 2 (16:29):
Right, or they lock fingers with you on the lof
and you guys keep trying to.
Speaker 3 (16:34):
God, that's gotta be the worst. I thought the fist
bump in the hand together was the worst. But when
you high five and someone holds on and locks fingers.
Speaker 2 (16:45):
Yeah, so weird.
Speaker 3 (16:47):
Oh goodness, I don't know why I think of Oprah
Winfrey when does she? Has she ever done that?
Speaker 2 (16:52):
I think she likes to raise people's hands, like they
just want a boxing match or something.
Speaker 3 (16:58):
All right, so we're settling into the YD. I mentioned
earlier that the northern hemisphere was one that was really
affected the most, especially around the North Atlantic. The southern hemisphere.
We'll talk about some weird abnormalities there as well. But
these ice sheets advanced across the Arctic seed just like
they did during the Old LGM, the last Glacial maximum?
(17:22):
Is it glacial or glacial?
Speaker 2 (17:24):
Oh? I don't know. It depends on whether you say
potato or patata.
Speaker 3 (17:27):
Yeah, I guess. So the Rockies here and what would
later be the United States expanded, the Alps expanded. They
found very weird things like penguin like creatures in southern Italy.
Like things were getting really out of whack again, and
everyone back then was like WTF.
Speaker 2 (17:47):
Yeah, and the like, even if you weren't living in
an iced over area, you know, basically due south of
that was tundra, like so western Europe, which is nice
and verdant in lush right now, So it was tundra
at the time. You got grasses, maybe a fox or
two if you're lucky and you're bored just looking around,
because it's not the most pleasant landscape to look at.
(18:09):
I remember humans are running around at this time. I
think we shrunk tremendously as a population, down to maybe
the highest estimate I saw was around ten million people
across the entire planet at this time.
Speaker 3 (18:23):
That sounds nice.
Speaker 2 (18:24):
Actually we kind of talk about Elba room. But all
the plants and animals that had started to thrive in
the middle in between the ice age and the YD
they died back. And all the animals and plants that
had died back during that innerstodial period they came roaring
back and they were like, we loved we love the YD.
(18:46):
We're happy again.
Speaker 3 (18:48):
Yeah, for sure. I mentioned the pollen retreating being evidence
of like you know, the tree cover going away, and
they found evidence of that an ice core once again.
This is in the Hulu Cave and chin and it showed,
you know, a drastic reduction in tree pollen, which you know,
basically you can infer that like, yeah, a lot of
(19:08):
trees died out during this icy period.
Speaker 2 (19:10):
Right, And from that you can also infer that there
was probably less rain because trees helped generate clouds and
they also helped keep the planet warm. So it was
obviously a lot colder and a lot drier. That was
the two characteristics of the YD And then, like you said,
the southern hemisphere experienced something radically different, right, So remember
(19:34):
northern Europe is covered in ice again, it's tundra right
below that. And then if you go down to Antarctica,
they basically hand you like a lay and a Hawaiian
shirt and like my tie.
Speaker 3 (19:47):
Yeah, it's so crazy. When I was going through this stuff,
that to me was like the big reveal. I mean,
I would I'm a big dummy when it comes to
this stuff. So I just figured that would have been
even colder and even worse. But tmperatures actually rose in
the Southern Hemisphere, and a lot of the Southern Hemisphere
became warmer and wetter, and the sea surface temperatures increased
(20:09):
in the Caribbean and the tropical Pacific. In the mountains
of New Zealand that saw warmer conditions, so it was
like everything was kind of upside down all of a sudden.
Speaker 2 (20:19):
Yeah, but you also mentioned earlier that it didn't happen
there were weird pockets here there, which also goes to
underscore how bizarre the younger dryest was like, there's a
basin around Venezuela and it actually had temperatures drop. So
this is the southern hemisphere, right, It saw a temperature
drop of three degrees celsius five and a half degrees farentheight.
(20:39):
And every time I see something like that, I'm like, so, like,
that's not that big of a deal. Right, It turns
out it is a really big deal. Even though to
you an average winter temperature of fifty five going down
to fifty doesn't sound all that bad, but climatologically speaking,
any change in temperature, even by half degrees has really
(21:03):
huge weather consequences oversay the course of a year. So
in this case, dropping by three degrees celsius for five
and a half degrees farentheight, it might not have seen
that much temperature wise over an average winter, but it
also opened up the door for way more freak weather,
so they might have gone from like no blizzards whatsoever.
(21:24):
Maybe one blizzard a year, two three blizzards a year,
and that definitely impacts local conditions in the life there.
So it makes a really big difference, even when you
see little changes to average temperatures.
Speaker 3 (21:36):
Yeah, for sure, there were likely some animal extinctions happening.
You mentioned the amount of humans, which was at a
you know, probably at an all time high at this point,
started going back lower and lower. Their available food was
getting slimmer and slimmer. We mentioned they were dabbing their
toe in the pond of kind of settling down a
(21:58):
little bit and not hunting and gathering and traveling everywhere,
and all of a sudden they had to pack it
up and start moving around again to try and find
food again.
Speaker 2 (22:06):
Yeah, and the evidence that people, the human population contracted,
meaning there was a lot of die off. It shows
up in archaeological sites like the Herrinsburg culture in present
day Germany, Austria and Belgium. During the YD the archaeological
sites dropped by half compared to what they had been
(22:27):
just before the YD, which suggests that there are a
lot fewer people, making a lot fewer camps or villages.
And then also significantly in North America. This is when
the very famous Clovis culture just disappears from the record too.
Speaker 3 (22:41):
CLOBs, we did a whole episode on the Clovis.
Speaker 2 (22:43):
Yeah, they used to pop up a bunch, Remember the
whole Clovis first Police and all that stuff.
Speaker 3 (22:47):
Yeah, yeah, man, it speels like a thousand years ago.
Speaker 2 (22:50):
It really does. But so this is when they disappeared.
And they don't think that the Clovis all just died off,
but they think that these weather conditions and hardships for
living basically just burst them and they started forming the
prototypes to the bands of Native Americans that we see today.
Speaker 3 (23:07):
Yeah, for sure. Another interesting thing is in you know,
sometimes in the times of trouble, there can be human
advancement because you're struggling and need to think of better
ideas on how to do what you're doing. And it
seems like that might have happened with the hunting because
the animals are more scarce, hunting is harder, the game
is just not around. So this is where we saw
(23:30):
at least one thing that we think might have been
in advancement was the Harriff Point h A r I F,
which is basically a new and improved arrowhead came about,
and they think it's probably because they were struggling and
they needed to kill better.
Speaker 2 (23:43):
Yes, and it was quite an innovation because the raw
heads they were using before were made of dandelion heads.
Speaker 3 (23:49):
I know, and those you know what, the animals loved them.
Speaker 2 (23:52):
They did. They was like shoot me again.
Speaker 3 (23:55):
Yeah, shoot one of those, my way.
Speaker 2 (23:56):
I could use a laugh, right and then also chuck.
It helps that there were people dabbling in agriculture before
the yd came along, because it seems to have given
the people related to them a bit of a leg up,
like they didn't have to figure out agriculture from scratch
under these conditions. So in pockets where there was vegetation
(24:18):
and a decent amount of game, people did settle down again.
In those areas. There's a place called the Zagros region,
which is in modern Iran, which shows settlements that were
basically probably not just hunting camps. They were probably permanent
or semi permanent settlements. So people did like sit down
(24:38):
where they could and set up shop. And as a
matter of fact, some people say, okay, people were kind
of dabbling in agriculture before, but it was just dabbling,
and in fact that culture might not have been passed along.
It is possible that the younger dryas did force humans
to basically adopt agriculture, because again, remember, conditions are so
(24:59):
terrible that whatever leg up you a human can give
to this plant that you're going to eat later is invaluable.
So that's basically what agriculture is is helping plants along
to make them grow better.
Speaker 3 (25:13):
Yeah, and you know that became a challenge in a
lot of ways, not just because the ice, but they
found once again in those ice deposits or the ice cores,
they found air bubbles with a noted decrease in concentration
of CO two in the atmosphere. Yeah, and so all
of a sudden, these wild cereals that are growing their
yields are going to be way down. And you know,
(25:37):
they had some, you know, for the time, some fairly
advanced agriculture burgeoning there. They like pest control and like
watering things, weeding things, transplanting things.
Speaker 2 (25:47):
The basics.
Speaker 3 (25:49):
Yeah, they're very basics, but that's you know, the very beginnings.
And yeah, this put a big sort of stop sign
in front of all of that.
Speaker 2 (25:57):
Yeah, Like imagine being the guy who is watching the
other guy pour water out of his gazelle flask. Yeah,
unto like a like a yeah, like some wheat, Like
what are you doing? And they'd say, just just watch,
just give me a couple of thousand years and you're
to be blown away.
Speaker 3 (26:14):
Yeah, you want this water to be beer one day,
fella exactly. Let me pour it on this this grain.
Speaker 2 (26:20):
And then it magically turns into beer.
Speaker 3 (26:22):
Oh man, shall we take another break?
Speaker 2 (26:24):
I think we shall chuck.
Speaker 4 (26:29):
Chalk had Josh stop.
Speaker 1 (26:36):
You should know, all.
Speaker 3 (27:01):
Right, we should talk a second about something called solar insulation,
not insolation, insolation with an O. And this is how
much solar warmth reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere, and the
basic pattern of you know, warming the globe is driven
by this, and the younger dryest is definitely like this
(27:22):
weird exceptional pocket that stands out. And because of this,
everyone you know that nerds out on this kind of
stuff was like, well, we got to figure this out,
I mean, why did this happen? And they have emerged
with four main hypotheses. The one that has the most
traction we're going to start with is the melt water
interrupting thermohaline circulation, and that sounds very sort of like
(27:48):
sciencey and nerdy and like guys. I hope you explained this,
but it's really very simple. It's that a bunch of
water disturbed the cycle of the warming cycle of the
ocean very very quickly.
Speaker 2 (28:00):
Yeah, specifically in the North Atlantic, which has this thing
that you mentioned, the thermohaline circulation, which is where warm water
warm by surface air on top of the ocean falls
down into the deep water and as it does it
it displaces the cold water which comes up to the
top and gets warmed itself. Then it sinks and the
(28:22):
cycle just keeps going on and on. Right, This is
how warmth is delivered to the north, the northern hemisphere,
right those It moves northward, so the warmer sea water
is always moving toward the north, so it's delivering warmth.
And at the same time that cold water upwells in
the southern hemisphere, so it delivers cold to the southern hemisphere,
(28:46):
which is why under normal conditions with the thermohaline circulation,
the Antarctica is cold, and comparatively speaking, the northern hemisphere
is warmer.
Speaker 3 (28:56):
That's right, all right, So park that in your brain
and then understand that North America at the time had
this huge seven hundred mile by two hundred mile lake
called Lake Aga Seas. I guess sure a gasses if
you're an Andreagacy fan. It developed as the Laurentide ice
(29:17):
sheet and extended down to the Great Plains and blocked
the Great Lakes and all the rivers that were flowing
there backed up, and it formed this big natural reservoir
that was seven hundred by two hundred miles big. And
this theory holds. The meltwater theory holds that as that
last glacial maximum warmed things up, that ice sheet retreated,
(29:37):
the block passage to those Great Lakes opened up, and
all of a sudden, billions and billions of gallons of
freshwater make its way down to the North Atlantic. They
think a similar sort of thing happened in the Nordic region.
But you're like, all right, so that makes sense, But
was this water like super cold or something. It was cold,
but the main thing it did was desaliinate that upper
(30:00):
ocean water, right.
Speaker 2 (30:01):
Yeah, And so fresh water is less dense than seawater,
and so a bunch of fresh water mixed in with
seawater makes it less dense than it normally would be.
And it needs to be dense to fall down to
the deep ocean, which makes the other deeper water come
back up, right. Yeah, So that means that the thermohaline
circulation is interrupted. And if you have an interruption in
(30:24):
the thermohaline circulation, it just stops moving. Like that, you
would expect to see the Northern hemisphere get cold because
there's warmth is not being delivered there any longer. You'd
also expect to see Antarctica warm up because that cold
deep ocean water is not welling up around the very
southern southern hemisphere. And that's exactly what you see with
(30:45):
the younger dryas. It's a really beautiful, elegant explanation that
I think was hypothesized in nineteen eighty two and up
until very very recently, you were a fringy nut if
you believed anything besides that as the explanation for where
the younger Dryest came from.
Speaker 3 (31:05):
Yeah, I mean, it makes sense to me. But that's
why I love science, is people keep poking around and
the fringe nut maybe one day is proven somewhat right,
and that well, I still think that the meltwater is
probably the reason why, but one of the other hypotheses
is the impact hypothesis, and that is, like you said,
(31:25):
it was pretty controversial until more recently it has gained
a little bit of traction because some things do kind
of add up. But the idea here is that a
meteorite or a comet or something impacted the Earth, maybe
an air burst even, and that released the thermal pulse
that kind of set the world on fire. Almost like
all these massive wildfires across all the continents. The air
(31:49):
spieled with soot. It's blocking sunlight, and in fact there's
so much soot there's atmospheric dusts such that you reduce
solar radiation, and all of a sudden you have what's
called an impact winter or you know, kind of like
the idea of a nuclear winter.
Speaker 2 (32:05):
Yeah, basically the same exact result, but just it was
different things that got us there. Right, So there's evidence
for this that most people point to is like, this
is pretty good evidence. There's something called a black mat,
which is a layer of carbon matter that seems to
be a soot deposit that you find all over North
America and in parts of Europe, and all that suggests
(32:28):
that there were wildfires going on on different continents at
the same time, which would suggest like some sort of
massive common or meteorite bursting and setting off this thermal pulse.
So the fact that those things coincide on two different
continents with the onset of the Younger Dryest has definitely
(32:48):
made the impact hypothesis much more popular than it was before.
One thing detracting from it that probably makes some legitimate
scientists weary of embracing it publicly right now is the
writer in Science, contrarian Graham Hancock latched onto the impact
hypothesis because he has this theory, I guess you could
(33:12):
call it that that there was an ancient apocalypse around
the time that the Younger Dryest happened, that wiped out
massively advanced civilizations that we don't even know it really existed,
and reset humanity and then we had to rebuild from there.
And there's not a lot of evidence, if any, for
this stuff. It's really really fascinating, but the evidence we
(33:36):
do have, the scientific evidence we do have, doesn't set
that up. But anyway, he basically said, see this impact
hypothesis supports my idea that there was an ancient apocalypse,
and scientists tend not to agree with Graham Hancock munch. Yeah.
Speaker 3 (33:49):
And the other thing. There's a couple of more smaller
points that might support this one, as there was a
platinum spike in South Africa that preceded the YD and
in some other places, and platinum is you know, a
lot of time within meteorites, so maybe some support there.
And also sometimes people kind of combined the first one
and say maybe there was an impact combined with this
(34:15):
meltwater thing. So there was a low atmospheric explosion over
North America and that's what released all this meltwater all
over the place.
Speaker 2 (34:22):
Yeah, which makes sense. It's basically like handing in all
of branch from one hypothesizer to another. You know, let's
put it together.
Speaker 3 (34:30):
Yeah, let's go get a drink and just settle it.
Speaker 2 (34:32):
Also, as an aside for remember our Gooblacky Teppee episode.
Oh yeah, it's been a while, I don't remember exactly
how to pronounce it, we talked about how there was
this guy who also kind of fringely concluded that some
astronomical engravings at the site recorded the comet or the
meteorite burst that happened at this time, which is kind
(34:57):
of cool. But again, there's not a lot of evidence
to moving on. There's a couple of other explanations that
don't have nearly as much traction, but they do make sense.
One is a supernova explosion. Supposedly a star went supernova
in the Vela constellation at the right time that could
have affected Earth by burning away its ozone layer, which
(35:19):
would cool the upper stratosphere, which is the second most
layer above Earth, which would prevent it from holding much
water vapor. Water vapor is a greenhouse gas, and without
a very strong greenhouse gas in the atmosphere, heat would
just go out into space much more easily from Earth
and it would get cooler as a result. The problem
with this one that I have is wouldn't that happen
(35:40):
all over the planet if the ozone layer was burned
away by a supernova? I think so, So I'm gonna
I'm gonna toss that one.
Speaker 3 (35:48):
Okay, Yeah, nailed it. The last one is another sort
of example where the Sun is blotted out, so there's
a massive drop in temperature very quickly, But this time
it is because a volcano erupted. A massive volcano. This
is the Locker C volcano, not ce A. I'm sorry,
(36:10):
se A, but see, because we all know that Germany
doesn't have any water, right.
Speaker 2 (36:17):
Well, it's it's laying locked.
Speaker 3 (36:18):
Yes, yeah, but this is a German volcano. Of course
we're kidding. That's a reference to an older episode. We
know all about the Black Sea to hold your emails.
But this volcano, it was definitely a mega eruption. It
spewed six point three I mean, what is that? Even trillion?
What is that?
Speaker 2 (36:36):
That's a cubic kilometers.
Speaker 3 (36:39):
So three million cubic kilometers, No.
Speaker 2 (36:41):
Six point three cubic kilometers.
Speaker 3 (36:44):
It's to the third power though.
Speaker 2 (36:47):
No, so that that's what makes a cubic So if
you took a kilometer of way.
Speaker 3 (36:52):
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah.
Speaker 2 (36:54):
And you made it square, and you did six point
three times, and then you also made it a kilometer tall,
a cube that's six point three kilometers on each side.
Just of magma got released from that volcano. It was
a massive eruption.
Speaker 3 (37:10):
Yeah, I just added myself in a mathematical way.
Speaker 2 (37:16):
Well, finally you did. I'm the one who does it
all the time.
Speaker 3 (37:20):
Well, comparatively speaking, Mount Saint Helens released one cubic kilometer.
Vesuvius was three and this was six point three. So
the other interesting thing about this one is volcanoes can
produce platinum, Yeah, or at least you know, part of
like groups of platinum metals, and that could account for
that spike we talked about in South Africa.
Speaker 2 (37:41):
Yes, and so the volcanic eruption hypothesizers frequently say, hey,
how about this. A volcano erupted and attracted a comet
that blew up over North America, which kicked off the
melting of the ice caps, which caused circulation problem. Yeah,
and then the supernova. Person like, what about me, and
they're like, sorry, you're not.
Speaker 3 (38:03):
They were dismissing exactly, all right. So that was the YDS.
I guess we could talk a little bit about what
happened afterward. Afterward is where we are, the Holycene period,
and that was when the climate finally worked itself out,
that pendulum stopped swinging and things started warming up and stabilizing,
(38:27):
and you know, people started thriving again. The animals came out,
the birds started chirping, the bees started pollinating, and we
and it led to you know, the not the modern
modern era, but just you know, what we know now
is planet Earth.
Speaker 2 (38:41):
Yeah, the beginnings of our era all find its roots
in this this time, like, this is where agriculture developed,
this is where civilization first developed. Writing came along a
few thousand years later. I mean, all of this happened
in a really short period of time, Like essentially everything
that has to do with like human civilization began in
(39:02):
the ten thousand years immediately following the Younger Dryas.
Speaker 3 (39:06):
Yeah, I mean the current shape of our planet happened
after the Younger Dryas, Like the way the coastlines were shaped.
I mentioned the Rockies and the Alps, you know, those
mountain ranges all over the world. Even they I was
about to say, took their final shape that of course
that's not true, but took the shape that we know
and love today.
Speaker 2 (39:27):
Yeah, And that's actually one reason why it's difficult to
track what humans were doing during the Younger dryat because
the settlements that they had that were closer to the
coastline than are now under hundreds of feet of ocean
water and are probably just totally destroyed. So we lost
a lot of archaeological sites because of that sea level arise.
But it was a trade off because again we have writing.
Speaker 3 (39:50):
Yeah, that's right, and those wild cereals that we talked
about that we're having such a hard time, you know,
became Captain Crunch.
Speaker 2 (39:58):
Yeah, and really, hey, is there anything more you need
to prove that humans have reached peak civilization than that?
Speaker 3 (40:06):
I don't think.
Speaker 1 (40:06):
So.
Speaker 2 (40:08):
Okay, well, I guess that's it for the YD, right, Chuck.
Speaker 3 (40:12):
That's it for now. I mean, who knows what's ahead?
Speaker 2 (40:16):
Well? Put? And because Chuck said who knows what's ahead,
truly it's time for listener mail.
Speaker 3 (40:26):
This is called birthmark episode because I think that might
have been a selector. Maybe Patrick just listened to it again.
I think, so that's what happened. Hey, guys, listen to
that episode again recently? Because I have a birthmark that
makes me perpetually look like I have a black eye.
On a regular basis, someone will ask me some variation
(40:47):
of like who punched you? What happened in your face?
I used to enjoy giving a clever story as a
way to mess with them, like getting kicked out of
a nightclub or squaring off with a bear, But I
started to feel bad for lying, even to my friends,
even if only for a minute. So now I usually
just take the boring route and explain that it's a birthmark.
It's just subtle enough that friends can go years without
noticing it even but once it's brought to their attention,
(41:09):
they can't unsee it. Many don't believe me when I
tell them it's just a birthmark, and they think I'm
trying to cover something up. My mom even told me
that she was interrogated when I was a child by
doctors wow, and would get dirty looks from other parents
when they notice a mark on my face, And I
feel bad that her experience of my birthmark has never
been as fun as mine. Anyway. Ever since my wife
(41:29):
Christine introduced me to your show about nine years ago,
stuff you should know has been a staple for us
during house chores and road trips. Your chemistry together is
very comforting, and we especially like hearing Josh make Chuck laugh.
Do it right now, Hot Patata. That actually worked. I
was like, I'm gonna have to fake a laugh here,
but you got me.
Speaker 2 (41:50):
Awesome.
Speaker 3 (41:50):
Keep up the great work, guys. Thanks for making the
two of us smile again and again and again. We've
made them smile three times. All the best from Troutdale, Oregon.
That is Patrick Burton.
Speaker 2 (42:01):
Awesome, Patrick, Thank you for that. Patrick and his wife Christine, right, yep.
So thanks to you both, and Patrick, I have to say,
if you're going to have a birthmark that's not in
the shape of Abraham Lincoln, now the place that you
have it is about as cool as it can be.
Speaker 1 (42:16):
I agreed.
Speaker 2 (42:18):
If you want to be like Patrick and Christine and
let us know how long you've been listening to us
and what you think, hopefully it's generally positive, you can
send us an email to send it off to stuff
podcast at iHeartRadio dot com.
Speaker 3 (42:33):
Stuff you Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio. For
more podcasts my heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts,
or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
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Chuck Bryant
Josh Clark
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Stuff You Should Know
If you've ever wanted to know about champagne, satanism, the Stonewall Uprising, chaos theory, LSD, El Nino, true crime and Rosa Parks, then look no further. Josh and Chuck have you covered.
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