Selects: How the Terracotta Army Works

In 1974, Chinese farmers discovered the first of what would number 7,000 terracotta soldiers meant to protect China's first emperor in the afterlife. Learn all about them in this classic episode.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hi, friends. If this were to be July and you're
Stuff you Should Know listener, you might be queuing up
the following episode, but it's not. It's modern times. But
I enjoyed this one, so it's my select pic. It's
all about the Terracotta Army, and it's called How the
Terracotta Army Works. Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a

(00:25):
production of I Heart Radio. Hey, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Josh Clark with Charles w Chuck Bryant and Jerry.
We're just hanging figure. We pressed record and see what happens. Yeah. Sorry,
Terracotta Army of three not very imposing over Terracotta. Did

(00:49):
you go to the High Museum and see this when
it was around? No? I didn't, you know, Yumi did,
and I wish I would have gone, but I did not. Yeah,
but she was quite blown away. It was awesome and
I didn't even um. I hadn't heard of it until then.
And then when I went and saw it, it was like,
this is pretty amazing, what a great story, And then
I wanted to podcast about it and then just sort
of forgot and now here it is a year later

(01:11):
or however long. Yes, it was a while ago. Yeah,
it was UM but it's still a pretty fascinating story. Yeah,
in that exhibit. If you live UM in on planet Earth,
go to the website and see where it's going to be,
because it travels around there like the Body's exhibit. Yeah,
I mean there's, uh, there's this exhibit and then I

(01:32):
think there's permanent UM exhibits elsewhere. There's a permanent exhibit
at the site itself, and it's pretty maybe one in London,
I'm not positive. Well, London has everything, but they do,
they do. The only thing they don't have is twelve
ounces of bears. That's yeah, because there's sixteen owns that's right, Yeah,

(01:52):
you don't need it. I took a trip there. I
was like, what's with all these tallboys? And they're like,
what's that? Oh? I get it now. Yeah. And it's
not like you when you go to the pub, you
don't go in for a twelve ounce or you go
for a point. Yeah, and it's an imperial point, right?
Is that more than sixteen ounces? Is that one point?
Is that sixteen point nine? Is that one point nine ounces?

(02:16):
I'll bet it is. Jerry hold up fingers. Jerry said
twenty ounces is an imperial point, So I was wrong.
Sixteen is a standard point. Are you sure it's not
twenty five, Jerry. That's called a double doucee. That's called
the core's double doucee. Double deuce is technically why because
the twelve is a single? Right? No, but a double

(02:38):
I thought double juice just meant we're gonna put two
beers into one can. That's the double double beer. What
what are we talking about today? I don't know. I'm
thirsty all of a sudden, though. You want a beer.
It's Friday. I love a beer. Let me just reach
into my bag. Here, you're your cooler bag, carry around
like a purse. I wish man, that'd be fun, cooler

(03:00):
Fannie pack drinking on the job like it's a nineteen
fifties Ye alright, let's get serious, buddy, okay, Chuck. On
the morning of March seven, farmers set out to dig
a well, so begins the article on how Stuff Works
dot Com. Yes, but it also begins this story A

(03:20):
pretty amazing story. Actually, yeah, it's it's awesome. This was
in the Chinese village of Good Look ug oh, that
was pretty good. That's what I'm gonna say, um, And
they were digging for water and got down about thirteen
feet and hit something hard and dug up a terra
cotta face and head, and we're like, exactly, they're probably

(03:44):
whoa yeah or whatever the Chinese expression for what would
be what was kind of universal? Okay, I'm curious we
do have We found out we're not banned in China,
by the way, Yeah, so hello to all of our
listeners out there in China. Um, and will you let
us know what woe was in Chinese? Yeah? I think
we should do a show sometime on universal uh sounds Yeah,

(04:06):
like UM have heard different um or read different things
about how people laugh in different countries and people remark
of of of affirmation or decline something like, I think
it'd be really interesting. Yeah. They're called idioms, right, is
that what it is? Like? Here we might go huh,
but somewhere else they might go what else? I don't know.

(04:32):
We got we have focus here, terracotta army. Yes. Um.
So they alerted the government like any good UM citizens should,
and said, hey, I think we have something here you
should come look at. Yeah. Because when they dug down
a little more and they found shards of the same
type of pottery, and a lot of it in kind
of vague human form. And that's when they're like, there's

(04:54):
something weird going on here, So let's contact the authorities.
And the authorities said archaeologists away and sent them out
to the site. Because it was nineteen seventy four, they said, hey,
let's contact the Chinese government right away. That's right. I
don't know if that would happen today. Uh the Chinese people,
you think, I don't know. It depends on who they are.

(05:16):
I would guess they probably were more likely to in
seventy four than today. All right, So what they knew
the the government and experts and archaeologists said, well, hold
on a minute, you guys are digging near the burial
ground of Chin sure Hondi and Um he was the
first emperor of China and he had a huge mausoleum,

(05:39):
and I bet you anything that's what you guys have found.
And uh, it turns out they were right. The archaeologist
so Um. The legend had it that Um Chin sure Huangdi,
China's first emperor, Um had himself built a pretty awesome mausoleum.
As a matter of fact, you couldn't even call it
a mausoleum. It was called a funerary complex. It was

(06:01):
so massive. But as they started to dig and get
further and further along in this excavation, which they have
still not even and come close to completing, from something, yeah,
it's the size of Manhattan, the size of Manhattan, his
his mausoleum um, they started to realize, like it's even

(06:21):
bigger than we ever thought. Like it wasn't lost. They
knew that he was buried somewhere around this area. It
was just you don't go digging up emperor's tombs. But
these these farmers had found something pretty interesting and it
was enough to get the archaeologists over that, and they
started to dig. And they still have yet to excavate

(06:41):
Cheen's tomb, his actual tomb where he's buried, and we'll
talk about that later. But when they started dig, they
started to reveal like more and more of these terra
cotta figures, and they would stumble upon one room. At
first they stumbled upon a room and they found chuck,
like six thousand of these things of infantry in all
standing at the ready, all larger than life. They were

(07:04):
about six to six and a half feet tall. That's
including the base. Yeah, all made of terra cotta. Um, crossbows,
finger on the trigger, um, dudes on horses. Well, those
are in separate rooms. So first room was like six
thousand infant freemen. It was lined up like a information
information would be lined up. Then there was another room

(07:24):
that had like specialists like cavalry, got archers with crossbows,
blow darters yeah. Um. And then there was a third
room that had I think eighties six like commanders. It
was like the command room. So basically what they revealed
was this terra cotta army information in this guy's grave, yes,

(07:45):
with the idea that, um, he wanted protection in the
afterlife because he was one of the great jerks of
world history. He really Yeah, he was terrible. He was
a tyrant, for sure. He was a He perhaps was
responsible for the deaths of more than one million of
his citizens. He also, though, got things done. Yeah, let's

(08:11):
talk about the guy. Okay. So he was the first emperor.
Before him, China had seven kingdoms, and um in four
eighty one, all these kingdoms said, you know what, I
want to be the main kingdom. So it started what
was called the Warring States, the era of battling for
land and superiority. And I saw this really neat documentary

(08:32):
on that geo I think called China's Ghost Army. I
think it's what's called. I posted a link on our
on our podcast page for this episode. Totally worth watching.
It's like an hour. But they say that UM before this,
prior to this Warring States era, when an emperor died

(08:52):
in chen the chen Um Kingdom, Uh, they would kill
the whole court, hundreds of people would be buried alive
with the emperor. And then this Warring States, these battles
and wars were so significant as far as casualties went.
There like, we can't do that anymore, we need them

(09:14):
to go fight in the wars. So they stopped that tradition.
But it was because of this Um the Warring States
era interesting and that can you imagine like two people
just being mass buried alive together because the emperor died,
I can't imagine. So let's get back to this jerk
cheen He Uh He overtook and basically was the first emperor.

(09:40):
Uh forced people to be in the army, built up
a huge army UM. He relocated in his first year
about a hundred and twenty thousand families. And that's like
Stalin did that same thing. It's like, you can't have
ethnic unity and then that kind of collective thought and
then potentially an upper rising if you break up that

(10:02):
kind of ethnic bonds by basically bussing people in and
out of different areas. Yeah, it makes sense, but this
guy was doing it like um, a couple like about
two thousand years before stalling crazy. He burned all the books,
he burned all the writings. Uh. Scholars that didn't jibe
with his line of thought were buried alive or beheaded. Yeah.

(10:22):
He was a piece of garbage and he was terrible. Um.
He assembled a workforce of a million men to build
about five thousand miles of roads, um. And the Great
Wall of China. Yeah, the first Great Wall of China.
So while he said he was a jerk, he made
a point. He got things done. I mean he he
got a monetary system that was unified. Yeah. He also

(10:48):
unified weights and measurements. Um. He unified China from seven
kingdoms into one country. And it's still that way today
two thousand years later. And if you've noticed the similarity
between Chin and China, that's because the country is named
after him, so he got things done. Vital figure in
China's history, but he did a brutal, brutal, controlling, murderous dictator. Right.

(11:12):
He wasn't asking, And he also had a really conflated
view of his the empire that he'd put together. And
you can see this apparently in the money that he minted.
Like he there were different regions that he conquered had
different kinds of money, so he did create like a
single monetary system. I think you said, um, and that

(11:32):
that money was square shaped with a hole in the center,
so kind of like a square donut. The band Liang
coin and that coin at the time in ancient China,
um the square represented the earth and the circle represented
the sky or the heavens. And so what he was
saying is that this earth, my empire, is even greater

(11:54):
than the heavens that surround the earth. That's how how
good I'm feeling about my off right now? He felt
pretty good, but he was parah annoyed, and I think
that usually comes when you're on top and you get
there by any means necessary, you're gonna be watching your
back your whole life. Um. Specifically, he came from the
west and conquered eastward. So when he was buried, he

(12:18):
had the terra Cotta army facing east to protect him
because of all the badness he had done. And this
is after he had killed hundreds of scientists that he
commissioned to try and prolong his life. Yeah, so we
talked about him actually in the Bizarre Medical Treatments episode.
I think without realizing it, that um, he at the

(12:39):
back in the day at the time they believe mercury
had some sort of like life enhancing or immortality bestowing properties,
and he would take mercury pill. I think that that's
ironically what killed him. Um. But he in addition to mercury,
he sent out people to like find Fountain of Youth

(13:00):
or whatever was the Chinese legend version of that. Um.
He was obsessed with remaining alive and simultaneously, like you said,
totally paranoid with dying. So he must have been a
very tormented person. Yeah, he killed. Hum. Doctors and scientists
were killed who could not come up with a way

(13:21):
to make him immortal and again buried alive or beheaded. O. Great.
Not a good guy. UM, all right, you want to
take a break here and talk more about the terracotta army. Yes, sorry,

(13:55):
so chuck, Um, when we uh, we were talking about
this guy, think you're paying it a pretty good picture
of him. I guess he comes to either he comes
to grip with the idea that he's going to die,
because at the time, like he's trying to chase immortality,
he's concocting um like a huge burial massoleum for himself.

(14:16):
I guess, hedging his bets in case he does die.
But by this time, like Confucius and other scholars in
China had basically like philosophically debunked the idea of life
after death. So this man was utterly crazy by his
contemporary standards. Um, And that kind of shows if you
step back and really think about the attitude and the

(14:39):
mentality behind what he was doing. But he at some
point either came to grips with the factors he was
gonna die, or he was just hedging his bets and
thought he was going to remain immortal. But just in case,
let me have this incredible grand funerary complex created, and
let's build a terra Cotta army to protect me in
the afterlife. Yeah, it's really neat to look at the

(14:59):
terr Kotta army. Now is art, but it's eight thousand soldiers.
Like this guy was clearly cuckoo. He was off his rocker. Yeah,
he was a bad man. He was a bad man. Alright.
So shall we start with the army. Yes, let's because
it's not all that was that he had commission. But
the armies are very it's pretty significant. It is significant. Um,

(15:20):
Like you said, they are in formation. So the front
dudes are Um, they're kneeling down their bowmen and they
were famous the armies they had then, and this is
one of the reasons he took over. They figured out
the crossbow, and they figured out how to shoot while
riding a horse, and that was basically all she wrote. Yeah,
everybody else is like your mother. Yeah, like down here

(15:41):
with a sword on the ground and you're shooting at
me from twenty ft away with some weird metallic bolt.
I guess not metallic, but wouldn't. Yeah, they weren't forging
steel back then. I wonder when they did start. I
don't know. It sounds like a podcast it does how
steel works. Yeah, it would be a good one. I
could see that. Um. So you have these bowmen, they

(16:04):
have on their armor. Um, their fingers on the trigger
there incredibly detailed down to the soles of their feet. Yeah,
they have their shoes they're wearing have like tread marks
on the bottom. So they took great pride, these artists,
clearly because they probably didn't want to get killed, because
each of them had to sign in case there was
a flaw, it could be traced back to who built

(16:26):
this one. Yeah, that they were killed if they didn't
like it. They most decidedly were. There were eighty three.
They found the stamps, which were ultimately the signatures of
eighty three different foreman, and each foreman had a team
of apprentices working under him, and the reason that they
did assign those stamps was so that he could have
them killed if he didn't like how slow work was progressing,

(16:47):
if he didn't like what it looked like. Um. And
at first, chuck, they were like, well, this is clearly
they just set up an assembly line. Molds were known
to the Chinese back then, and um, that's the only
way you could possibly create seven thousand figures from a
terra cotta army. And they found that yes, actually the
heads were um created through molds. I think that arms

(17:12):
were and stuff like that, but the bulk of them
were created by this thing called coiling. Okay, so what
is that like three D printing? Very much so. Actually
they take clay and hammer until it's soft impliable, and
then you wrap it in like a rope around it,
and then you mold it. And the thing it really

(17:33):
took these there's people who are recreating it to try
to figure out how they did it, and they've examined
like broken pieces so they can see the inside and
they can see the coiling evidence very clearly, and they're like,
it doesn't make any sense, Like you can't quickly make
um all these figures in an efficient way by coiling?

(17:54):
Why would they not just use molds? And finally somebody realized,
like this emperor was a bloodthirsty tie right, he didn't
care about efficiency. He cared about differences distinctions. So while
so while the heads, just the actual shape of the
heads were made in molds, the bodies were made by hand,
each one through this coiling method. So where you could

(18:17):
make like a molded body and maybe a week, it
would take a month to do one body by coiling.
And that's what they were doing because he wanted them different.
That's crazy. Yeah, he just didn't want to carbon carbon
copies soldiers exactly. So each one of these the body
was made by hand through this incredibly intensive coiling method.

(18:38):
So they're starting from the ground up obviously with the
base and then coiling their way up. The legs then
were molded and affixed, uh, as well as the arms
and torsos. No, not the torsos, not the torso No,
that's not right. Um okay, gotcha. But then the heads,
they said they found eight different head molds. Yes, and
that's just the big mold, not the right. The faces

(19:01):
were done by hand individually as well, right, each face. Yeah.
The hair and expressions, yeah yeah, and the hair uh.
You know, warriors who had had the most kills had
longer hair and a bigger up right bigger bee high
and um, so they would you know, they took great
care into making you know, the the most revered soldiers

(19:24):
have their hair matched as it should, basically as realistic
as they could. Yeah. Like around, if you're just an infantryman,
you'd be wearing like one of one of those beanies,
a beanie hat probably, um, with maybe like your bund
just kind of sticking up off to the side. Underneath,
if you're a general, you might be wearing a huge
hat with a pheasant feather and a bow tying the

(19:46):
whole thing underneath you. Pretty fancy, Yeah, very fancy. So
these things were incredibly detailed. They weren't like a knockoff
Star Wars figure that you would find in bulk Area
or something like that, you know, or China. Yeah, sure,
that was way more appropriate than Bulgaria. They probably make

(20:06):
the real thing too. Um. Yeah, these were very detailed.
Not you know, you wouldn't want to say lifelike. They're
still artistic slightly, but they were pretty detailed still. Yeah,
and they the ones you see now when they see
him in the museum or you look it up on Google. Um,
they are not colored, but that is because of humidity

(20:27):
and time. But um, originally they fired him in the
killing and they painted and lacquered them as well. That's right.
I'd love to see those. Look at watch that National
Geographic thing. They've redone one in the original colors that
they think, and they're almost garish. They're so different like
colorful wise and um, lots of surprising lavenders and blues

(20:50):
and purples and things, reds, colors used to be way
more garish. Um, but so okay. They were doing some
assembly line stuff. Most of the bulk of it, though,
was coiled by hand. The faces, the hair all done
by hand, and then each one was painted by hand

(21:13):
and then given a coat of lacquer. That's insane. It's
insane that the Sky would have had an assembly line
of seven thousand of these things built and unpainted. But
he didn't. He went even more detailed. And apparently also
I learned from that documentary at the time lacquer was
an extremely expensive um product and he was using it

(21:37):
on his terra cottas soldiers. It still ain't cheap, uh,
And that they there wasn't just the soldiers, there were
also um some Uh. There was a strong man in
another room and some what do you call him that
circus performers, Yeah, acrobats. And I looked up the strong
man and he was noted for the detail of his
biceps and he had a gut, he did, he had

(21:59):
a gut and some my guns, yeah, cutting guns. He's
missing his head right, Yeah, I didn't see a head. Yeah,
but yeah, he's got he's a big boy. He's like um,
he was built like Andre the Giant, Yeah kind of
all right, you want to take another little rest here,
We'll take a quick napa and then I'll let you
awake very gently. All right, We'll we'll finish up. What up, buddy, huh,

(22:47):
it's time to finish the terracott army. Oh man, oh,
I got like crusted in my eyes. Look at you. Okay,
I'm back, Chuck, Okay. So Geen wasn't the only ruler
to do this, right, No, he wasn't. Who else did it? Well?
Do you remember in our Pyramids episode, although it hasn't

(23:07):
come out yet, no one will know what I'm talking about,
but you will eventually. Um, we talked about how the
the Pyramid of Cufu was the pinnacle of pyramid building
in dynastic Egypt, and then the pyramids got smaller because
the rulers um cred I guess went down as people
started to worship the Sun instead. Great point that I

(23:28):
had never considered. Very similar thing happened in China as
people as the well. The Ching dynasty only lasted for
another four years after Cheen sure huangdi um died, and
then the Han dynasty started, and the Hans apparently had
much um easier hand with their subjects, and so as

(23:49):
a result, even though they had terracotta armies buried with them,
they were like a third to a sixth of the
size of Cheen's terracotta army. And they take that as
a sign and that this um might empower over people.
Um had diminished tremendously. Yeah, I think it was symbolic
of a kinder Um regime UM and one that was

(24:14):
not also booby trapped with like very much like Raiders
of the Lost Arc. Apparently Cheens to him or the
whole complex was booby trapped with like blow darts and
stuff ready to go ye, and also we did we um.
One of the reasons why this thing was booby trapped
was to prevent looters. Because remember there's a historian that

(24:37):
was that came along not too long after. He's a
part of the early Han dynasty. From what I understand,
his name is Sema kion Um, and Seema Kian is
the one who first described cheens mausoleum. And one of
the things he described is that Um on the ceiling
was a constellation made of pearls and gems. Mountains had

(24:58):
been chiseled out of gold and that um that Cheen's
tomb itself was surrounded by a river of mercury. Because
remember again, since they said that um it bestowed immortality,
and from what I understand, a lot of what Sima
Kian was talking about a writing has been proven correct.

(25:19):
So um. And they've also found that in the soil
around Chion's tomb where they think he's buried, there's higher
than unusually high mercury levels, like super high. Yeah, so
they think like, yeah, these crazy people buried him around
a river of mercury, and who knows if there's a
constellation of pearls and gemsa's maybe Seema Kian is right, Yeah,

(25:41):
And that also makes it super dangerous to excavate still um,
which is one of the reasons why they haven't done
more there. Um there are six hundred pits that they
have unearthed thus far, which is, like I said, I think,
only about one percent. And um, they're sort of a
raid to look elsewhere because of the booby traps in

(26:02):
the mercury. I don't blame them. Uh So a few stats.
Thirty six years to complete this army or the tomb,
I guess um seven hundred thousand laborers they estimate eight
hundred and twenty thousand square feet a hundred feet deep.
With I saw eight thousand warriors, this is seven. I've

(26:22):
seen different numbers too. Let's just say between six and
eight UM forty thou weapons. And apparently these weapons are
in really good shape. Well yeah, I mean they were
like bronze swords and stuff like that. Yeah, they weren't
made of like um, paper mache, so I guess they
did have metal. Yeah, bronze at least that answers that

(26:44):
in each one of these terra cotta soldiers weighs about
three d and thirty pounds, which is crazy because they're
not even solid. Oh yeah, it wouldn't be right. So
what is the coil on the inside? Then they smooth
out the outside, right, Okay, that makes sense. So we
did mention that um Emperor Han ling D, who came

(27:05):
fifty three years after Cheen, had his smaller terracotta soldiers.
There's also the Wei Shan site Um which they found
in two thousand two, another terracotta army. But they're all
just a foot tall. They they they might as well
not even be there. Symbolic and cute. Yeah that also
symbolic again of a kinder. What was the one quote

(27:29):
from do nothing in order to govern? Yeah, not quite
the same as Chen That was the Emperor han ling
D's quote. He was the motto Cheen was a little
more do whatever you need to do to squash any disruption.
Well yeah, and Han ling D came along and said,
you know what, we're going to not text you guys
that much. We're gonna do away with forced labor. Yeah,

(27:53):
so uh, let's party. He was like the Rodney danger
Field of the han dynasty. H I think he got
respect though, Sure, that's true. So that's he was the
Rodney Dangerfield post death, because Rodney has tons of respect.
What was Rodney danger Fields epitaph? Do you remember? It's

(28:16):
like one of the best ever. Someone I was on
the Mark Maron's interview show w t F was interviewed
and they were talking about the old days hanging out
with Rodney and just what a beast that guy was.
What do you mean just party beast? Oh yeah, like legendary. Um,
you hang out with Rodney and you're in for a
long night. I can imagine. Yeah, but a really good guy.

(28:40):
I found it. Chuck. What his epitaph on Rodney danger
Fields Grave Styf. There goes the neighborhood. So classic awesome,
But I had like that you get a free bowl
of soup. Oh that was pretty good man. You were
like the rich little of this podcast. Uh, you got

(29:01):
anything else? Nope. If you want to know more about
the terra cotta army, go see it. And while you're
doing that, you can type those words into the search
bar at how stuff works dot com. Terra cotta is
one word, by the way, one word Smithsonian Magazine. Oh
did they goof it? Uh? And since I shame Smithsonian
Magazine that means it's time for listener mail. I'm gonna

(29:24):
call this uh animal imprint feedback. Hey guys, I'm currently
listening to how animal imprinting works and could not even
finish it because I had to write you my godmother's dorsey. Uh.
And Susan live on own and run an urban farm
in Austin, Texas on the east side. They have several
animals such as chickens, bunnies, geese, miniature donkeys, boy and ducks. Um. Recently,

(29:48):
a mother duck had no interest in her babies uh,
and they got adopted by a chicken. That chicken got
sick of them trying to play in all of the rain,
and we have all the rain we've been getting, and
left them on the around. A male goose named Gustavo
took the baby ducks in and treats them as his own.
On top of that, the next batch of baby ducks

(30:10):
born he went and took as his own. Now Gustavo
has about ten baby ducks that follow him around the nest.
With them, he has his own private army. That's right, um,
and they're not terra cotta. They're made of baby duck feathers,
the softest army. I failed to mention that Gustavo is
the face of the farm, greets people, follows around my

(30:30):
godmothers and gives tours whoever stops by, So she says,
she finishes with. I started listening to y'all about five
months ago and cannot stop start many of my sentences
now with this podcast, I was listening to say many
random facts that I learned from. You also teach high
school world history. And on the days I need to
uh the students not to talk um a k A.

(30:53):
The days that I don't have a lesson plan, UH
talk too alright, play one of your episodes that applies
to what we're learning and have them do bookwork. I
find many of them not working and listening to your
show instead. Nice. So that is from Christina, Maudie and Christina,

(31:13):
thank you for your work as a teacher. And hello
to all your students. And hello, Hello are your godmothers
and Gustavo. Yes, hello miss Maudie's class. Thanks for listening
Miss Maudie. That's so nice. Yeah, I'm sure that's what
they call her. Yeah, that'd be great. I call it Christina.
That's way too modern of a school for me. Yeah,
and big ups to Gustavo. That's pretty cool. I want

(31:37):
to take a Gustavo to her someday. And she sent
a picture of gustav on the ducks too. Uh well,
we should post that somewhere all right, unless it's copyrighted.
Let us know. If you want to get in touch
with us, you can tweet to us at s y
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slash stuff. You should know. You can send us an
email to Stuff Podcast at how stuff Works dot com

(31:57):
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