May 13, 2020 • 33 mins
Why do we tell these stories?
Laura Nirider and Steve Drizin tell us the last story of season one. It’s about Peter Reilly, one of the first modern-day false confessors.
In 1973, police continued to interrogate 18-year-old Peter until he started to believe he was actually guilty of murdering his own mother. But Peter’s friends and neighbors believed in his innocence. Their small-town campaign for Peter’s freedom was eventually joined by a host of big name celebrities.
Laura Nirider and Steve Drizin end Season 1 with Peter’s story because it helped launch the movement against wrongful convictions and false confessions. It inspires the work that Steve and Laura do to this day.
To donate, learn more, or get involved, go to: http://www.law.northwestern.edu/legalclinic/wrongfulconvictions/
Wrongful Conviction: False Confessions is a production of Lava for Good™ Podcasts in association with Signal Co No1.
Learn more and get involved at https://www.wrongfulconvictionpodcast.com/false-confessions
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:00):
Hi, This is Laura and I writer. Because of COVID nineteen,
Steve and I recorded this episode from our homes, not
together in the studio. We might sound a little difference,
but I think the story we tell is as inspirational
as always be well and stay healthy. Welcome to Wrongful Conviction,
(00:21):
False Confessions. I'm Laura and I writer, and I'm Steve Drissen.
Today we're going to tell you our last story of
season one. It's about Peter Riley, one of the first
modern day false confessors. In ninety three, police interrogated eighteen
year old Peter until he started to believe he was
guilty of murdering his own mother, but Peter's friends and
(00:45):
neighbors believed in his innocence. Their small town campaign for
Peter's freedom was eventually joined by a host of big
name celebrities. Peter's story helped launch the movement against wrongful
convictions and false confessions. It is buyers the work that
Steve and I do to this day. You know, the
(01:11):
Peter Riley case was my baptism in the world of
false confessions. When I learned about Peter's case, it was
really the first time that I even knew that it
was possible for police officers, through their tactics, to get
an innocent person to confess to a crime they didn't commit,
(01:32):
and I was fascinated by it. I know the feeling.
For me. It was thirty years later when I watched
those tapes of Brendan Dacy's false confession. It's so easy
to get hooked by these stories, these people, and you
can't walk away. Peter Riley was about five or six
years older than me, but we grew up in the
(01:55):
same era in terms of the kind of music that
we liked. Peter was very into classic rock, Pink Floyd
Jethrow Toll, and Peter War's hair long very much in
the same way that I wore my hair, so I
felt a connection to Peter. I lived in a community
(02:17):
not unlike Peter's, where people knew each other through Little
League or the boy Scouts, where mothers watched out for
each other's kids. And the more I learned about Peter's story,
the more I began to understand that what happened to
Peter very easily could have happened to me. In addition
(02:39):
to these connections that I found with Peter, this was
a case in a part of the country which was
the birthplace of false confessions in the United States, the
Salem Witch Trials. It sent me on an exploration, a
lifelong explorer Asian, to try to figure out why it
(03:02):
is that people would confess to crimes they didn't commit.
Peter's story begins in Falls Village, Connecticut, a tiny community
of five hundred people that's part of a larger town
called Canaan. If you've been to New England, Falls Village
is pretty classic, complete with rivers, horse farms, and covered bridges.
(03:25):
It's the kind of place where no one locks their doors,
where everyone looks out for each other. In September ninety three,
leaves were turning color across Connecticut, and eighteen year old
Peter Riley had just begun his senior year of high school.
Peter was a skinny kid, just over a hundred pounds
and an uninspired student whose real love was his rock band.
(03:48):
He lived in Falls Village in a small cottage, just
him and his mom, Barbara Giddins. Now, for lack of
a better phrase, Barbara was the town eccentric. She was
highly educated, well read, and well traveled, but she was
also a single mother. Which was a big deal in
nine and she was a heavy drinker. She had a
(04:10):
reputation as someone who always spoke her mind, even if
it rubbed some people the wrong way. But in Peter's eyes,
his mother was someone brilliant who loved and protected him,
just like he loved and stood up for her. It
was the two of them against the world. On the
evening of Friday, September, Peter attends a youth group meeting
(04:32):
at the local church. He leaves at about nine pm
and drives home, but when he walks in the door,
his world is turned upside down. His mother is lying
mostly unclothed, on the bedroom floor. Her throat has been
cut so deeply she's nearly decapitated, and she's been stabbed
and beaten so badly that both of her thigh bones
(04:54):
are broken. Peter freezes, His instinct warns him not to
disturb the scene by touching the body. Instead, he grabs
the phone and makes a series of calls to paramedics, hospitals,
and doctors. A hospital worker calls the police, and the
cops show up within minutes. When the police arrive, Peter's
(05:15):
in shock. He's just discovered his mother dead. But the
officers think Peters being too calm and they begin to
suspect him. They take him into a neighbor's home and
strip searching. They're looking for scratches, cuts, bruises, any indication
that Peter had taken part in a brutal struggle, but
(05:36):
they find nothing. Peter's wearing jeans, a brown T shirt,
and gold sneakers, and a witness from the church confirms
that Peter has been wearing the same clothes all night.
The police examination finds no blood anywhere on his body, clothing,
or shoes, but the cops are still suspicious. They questioned
(05:58):
Peter in the back seat of a squad car. Then
they take him down to the station and hold him overnight.
Peter doesn't sleep at all, but the next morning he
has the presence of mind to ask for a polygraph.
The police give him one, but they tell him that
he failed the test, and when Peters told that he failed,
(06:20):
he begins to doubt his own memory because he believes
polygraphs are infallible. Before too long, Peter begins to wonder
whether he might have killed his mother, but somehow doesn't
remember it now believe it or not, police record the
interrogation on an old reel to real machine, even though
(06:43):
they weren't legally required to do so. In on tape,
they egg Peter on and suggest that he might have amnesia.
They tell him sometimes when people commit these crimes, the
memories are so traumatic that people repressed them, and Peter
Riley starts believing that he might be a murderer. I
(07:05):
believe I did it now, he tells the police. But
I don't remember. Peter says, over and over again, we
gotta keep digging, digging, digging to get this information out
of me, because he wants to know what this information is.
He asks the police for truth serum, and at another
point he even says, can you pound this out of me?
(07:29):
The police praise Peter for being willing to admit he
might be guilty. They tell him, we're not here to
punish you. Maybe you'll go to a mental hospital for
three months. Peter begins to feel like he's bonding with
his interrogators, like they're all working together to fill in
the blanks in his memory, and eventually their teamwork succeeds.
(07:54):
Peter had a straight razor at home, a small blade
that he used to make model airplanes. After hours of questioning,
he eventually says that he could have used that razor
to attack his mom. He adds that he could have
broken her legs by jumping on them. In other words,
he gives what we now call a persuaded false confession.
(08:16):
These are a special subspecies of false confessions that are
relatively rare, and what happens in these cases is the
police interrogation tactics themselves cause a suspect to begin to
doubt their own memory, and the suspect is persuaded that
(08:37):
he or she must have committed the crime but can't
remember it, and the interrogation becomes an exercise in reconstructing
the suspects memories of the crime. But the memories aren't
real their confabulations. Peter's confabulated story isn't realistic. A small
(09:00):
razor wasn't capable of inflicting deep wounds like those on
Barbara's neck, and Peter was a hundred and ten pound weakling.
There's no way he could have broken his mother's thigh
bones just by jumping on them, But police ignore those problems.
After all, they've got a confession. By the end of
(09:21):
the interrogation, Peter starts realizing that he has no family left.
You're talking about someone who has just lost the only
family member in his life. Peter never knew his father.
His mother has now been murdered. They live alone in
this small cottage, and he's thinking that he's got nowhere
(09:43):
to go. And so Peter asks his interrogator, is there
any chance that you might take me in? I wouldn't
want to impose, he adds, I'll do work around the house.
I really would love to live with a family. I've
never seen that before. Just a a complete dependence on
(10:03):
one's interrogator and a complete sort of loss of understanding
of the fact that this person is his adversary. It's
hard to imagine anything more purely fucked up. It's the
most disturbing thing about this interrogation. But Peter doesn't get
to go live with the cops, even though he's done
(10:24):
everything they asked. Instead, he's arrested and booked into jail.
Once Peter is away from his interrogator's influence, he immediately
realizes he didn't actually kill anyone, and he recants his confession,
but it's too late. On September, Peter Riley is charged
(10:46):
with the murder of his own mother. Barbara's murder and
Peter's arrest shook Falls Village to its core. Everyone was
following this tragedy, including one residence who would go on
to become an important figure in Peter's story. My name
(11:10):
is Donald Connery. Well, one thing I can claim for
some distinction is that I probably am the only foreign
correspondent who ever made a complete career shift overnight from
reporting international affairs to investigating the criminal justice system. Don
(11:30):
Connery was an esteemed journalist and the last thing on
his mind was the subject of false confessions. But this
murder was big news in this small town, and you
couldn't help but be drawn into it. He began to
start looking into the case himself, and later wrote a
(11:52):
book about the case that was an absolutely essential text
about what happened to Peter Riley. Don Connery is in
his nineties now, but in three he had just moved
to Falls Village with his wife and kids, and I thought,
this is, uh, you know, a terrible event which will
(12:14):
play out and will have nothing to do with me,
except that the accused eighteen year old was a friend
and classmate of my children, who went to the regional
high school, and Peter was someone they talked about and
know about. Now, something extraordinary happens after Peter's arrest is announced. Remember,
(12:34):
people in this tiny town no Peter Riley, and they
like him. This was in the age before social media,
where communities were much more connected in a sense. They
met each other through UH clubs, extracurricular activities at schools,
church groups, boy Scouts, and the entire community knew who
(12:58):
Peter was. From these various essential parts of the social
fabric of False Village. Peter's arrest leads to a groundswell
of support. Everyone starts defending his innocence. After reading the
initial stories. My younger children, Carol and Julie kept saying
(13:20):
Peter couldn't possibly have done this. The mothers of his
high school classmates form a group called Canan Mothers, and
they hold bake sales to raise money so that Peter
can get released on bond before his trial. Some families
even put their houses up as security. It was incredible
mothers supporting the accused mother killer. They wanted to do
(13:46):
everything in their power to help him. My kids said.
Another neighbors said, you know, we don't think this is possible.
There's no reason to think that he had any cause
to harm his mother, and the word was in the
community that yes, Peter it confess that nobody could understand
why he would admit to something he didn't do, but
(14:08):
their protests caught the attention of the media. A reporter
named Joan Bartell hears about how the town of Falls
Village is rallying behind an accused murderer. She listens to
Peter's interrogation tapes and writes an explosive article in a
magazine called New Times. The article questions Peter's guilt and
(14:28):
includes many exerpts from his interrogation, exposing the CoP's manipulation
of Peter. People around the state are horrified to read
about a teenage boy made to believe that he killed
his own mother. Donations flow in to the Canan mothers,
and soon enough money is raised for Peter to post
(14:49):
bond fifty thousand dollars. He's released and moves in with
one of his friends families. Peter Riley is welcomed back
into the Falls Village community. This so called killer went
straight back to high school to complete his senior year,
and it didn't seem to worry parents or teachers of
the principal, who in fact supported him. One of the
(15:12):
things that attracted reporters to this case, including Don Connery,
was the idea that in order for these people to
embrace Peter, they had to understand or at least believe,
that this confession was false. And here they are taking
this suspected confessed murderer into their own homes or being
(15:34):
willing to do so um and to raise money for him,
and to advocate for him and to fight for him.
That's remarkable. Peter Riley was free on bond, but prosecutors
were moving forward with his trial anyway. The community was
confident that the trial in nine seventy four would quickly
(15:55):
lead to an acquittal. They would be found innocent. But
on April twelfth night, teen seventy four, Good Friday, Peter
Riley was convicted of killing his own mother. It was
a bombshell when the jury decided almost entirely in the
basis of the confession, so called confession, that he was guilty,
(16:16):
and he was sentenced to six to sixteen years for
manslaughter and driven off at high speed to the high
security penitentiary, even though he had just been convicted of murder.
Peter only spent a few hours in prison. Amazingly, a
court ruled that he could stay free during his appeal
(16:36):
as long as he posted an additional bond ten thousand
more dollars. His village raised the extra money and Peter
was freed. But now Peter needed to pay for an appeal,
and that would cost more than the Cane and mothers
could raise. So that reporter from New Times, Joan Bartel,
sent the article she wrote about Peter's case to another
(16:58):
Connecticut residence, the famous play rights Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller
was my favorite playwright. I remember reading all of his
plays in high school in the nineties seventies. Death of
a Salesman all my sons. I liked him not only
because his plays moved me. I liked him because he
(17:22):
was a public figure that cared deeply about justice. He
was a playwright with a conscience. The Crucible, probably Miller's
greatest play, had been motivated in part by the false
accusations that went on in Salem in Massachusetts three hundred
years ago, when people were falsely accused of Satanic activities
(17:47):
and either hung or in one case, of being crushed
to death. Executed, and Miller also personally had faced the
House Out American Activities Committee accused of being a communist
or worse, so he had every reason to feel that
this is something that he should put right, and he
(18:07):
invested a great deal of his time to do that.
Arthur Miller read Jones article. He was appalled by the
tragedy of Peter's confession, and he began to take a
leading role in Peter's fight for vindication. Miller recruited other
a list celebrities to donate money to Peter's defense, Jack Nicholson,
Dustin Hoffman, Art Garfuncle, Candice Bergen, William Styron, Mike Nichols,
(18:33):
even Elizabeth Taylor. Pretty Soon a powerful coalition of voices
was gathering steam. Overnight. There was a remarkable amount of
energy behind the effort to free Peter as soon as
possible from what everyone, at least in Litchfield County saw
as a wrong vol conviction. The first thing Peter needed
was a lawyer to handle his appeal. Arthur Miller recruited
(18:56):
Roy Daily, a former federal prosecutor, and as Roy started
preparing Peter's appeal, Miller worked to raise the public profile
of the case. The New York Times featured a two
part series about Peter on the front page. Not long afterwards,
Sixty Minutes covered the story too. Meanwhile, Peter's legal team
(19:17):
pressed his case in court. Eventually a hearing was held
to determine whether to grant him a new trial. Arthur
Miller personally recruited some world renowned experts to testify. At
that hearing, a forensic pathologist testified that if Peter had
actually killed his mom, it would have been impossible for
him to clean all the blood off his body and
(19:38):
clothing before the police arrived. The pathologist also testified that
there's no way a hundred and ten pound kid could
break a woman's thigh bones by jumping on them, and
a psychologist testified that Peter was suggestible and easily manipulated
by authority figures. In other words, he was highly vulnerable
(19:58):
to giving a false in fashion. This hearing took down
both the medical evidence against Peter and his confession, and
it led to a verdict by Judge Specially that a
business carriage of justice had happened in his own courtroom,
and he said that Peter deserved a new trial. It
(20:19):
was March twenty five, a little more than two and
a half years after Peter lost his mom. Peter was
granted a new trial, but the prosecutor who had convicted
him was up in arms. He believed Peter was guilty
(20:43):
and vowed to take him to trial again, but that
didn't end up happening. He delayed to a point where
he dropped dead on a golf course. The prosecutor passed
away of a heart attack at age fifty four, so
a new prosecutor, a young man named Dennis sentaur To,
takes over, and as he digs into the case files,
he finds a piece of evidence that had never been
(21:05):
disclosed to Peter's defense team. A police officer and his
wife had reported seeing Peter in downtown Canaan the night
of the murder as he was driving home from his
church youth group. They'd seen him only a few minutes
before Peter arrived home, found his mother's body, and started
calling for help. It was an air tight alibi. Those
(21:30):
few minutes didn't give Peter enough time to drive home
and kill his mother before making those phone calls. Well,
this was a so called exculpatory evidence which should have
been turned over to the state and to the courts,
and once it was revealed, it took only weeks before
Peter Riley was fully exonerated. The state of Connecticut formally
(21:52):
dropped all charges on November twenty four. Peter Riley's name
was officially yard after Peter's exoneration. The state police never
found Barbara's real killer and continued to insist that Peter
was guilty. The case went into the legal anals as
(22:15):
a classic false confession tragedy, and it was a prime
example of these systems on willingness to admit error and
most of these controversial cases. Don Connery eventually wrote a
book about the case, Guilty until Proven Innocence, and he
continued writing about cases of wrongful conviction. After the Peter
(22:36):
Riley case, Don Connry became his own one man journalistic
innocence project. He began taking cases in Connecticut and investigating
them and writing about them, and he also began taking
false confession cases from outside of Connecticut as well. Meanwhile,
(22:57):
to add insult to injury, Connecticut police actually stopped recording
interrogations after Peter's case. Peter's interrogation tapes had made them
look bad, and they didn't want to look bad again.
It wasn't until two thousand thirteen that Connecticut adopted a
law requiring interrogations to be recorded, and who testified before
(23:19):
the state legislature in support of that bill Peter Riley.
Peter said, Look, we shouldn't let law enforcement officers get
away with not recording interrogations, because what it does is
it makes it impossible for people like me to explain
(23:40):
to a jury or to the general public how it
is that I was made to confess to killing my
own mother. Peter was a powerful advocate for recording and
his testimony was critical on getting the bill passed in
two Most importantly, Peter Riley's woke the world up to
(24:01):
the problem of false confessions. This injustice was a rallying
cry for so many people, including Steve and me. Peter's
story epitomizes the profound humanity in so many wrongful conviction cases,
from the tragedy of the crime, to the ugliness of
false accusation, to the defendants struggle and perseverance, to the
(24:25):
good people like Arthur Miller and the Cainan mothers who
fight for the truth no matter what. The very first
conference about false confessions took place in Hartford, Connecticut. Don
Connery organized it, and the people who had helped exonerate
Peter Riley spoke. Since then, hundreds of confessions have been
(24:47):
proven false around the country, and we're just getting started.
At the Hartford conference, Arthur Miller said at one point
that the record of mankind. Mankind is full of confessions
happened or to which the accused had little or no connection.
After all, even Galileo confessed that the sun and all
(25:10):
the stars revolved around emotionless Earth. Rather than face the
wrath of the Church, which for centuries had taught the opposite.
Confronted with great power against which one has only a
fragile defense, confession can begin to look like the door
to freedom. Confession can very readily turn into a kind
(25:32):
of coin with which to buy one's way out of
a frightening and painful situation. How then I will eat
to indict the criminal? Is there a good substitute for
confession as the mainstay of a prosecution case? For starters,
I would suggest evidence wise words. We're not there yet,
(25:56):
Mr Miller. We're not there yet, but we're getting close, sir.
Every day, Hello Peter, how are you high? Steve doing
pretty good if you really great to talk to you.
What's your life like these days? Well, I'm sixty five,
so I'm retired at this point, which just means that
come up with a whole lot of work for myself
(26:18):
that he'll get paid for it. I'm still an avid musician.
I play every day. It's been something I've done since
I saw the Beatles on that SOLIVM, so it's been
a long time. I just play a lot of music.
I do what's positive for me these days, and uh,
that's pretty much it. What's your favorite song to play?
I don't know anything by the Alma Brothers. You know,
(26:44):
Steve and I are two lawyers who have the honor
of standing up in courts and fighting for people we
believe in, but we're also trying to change the world here.
From the very beginning of my study of false confessions,
have gone out into the world and tried to inform
(27:05):
people about what I've learned. For the first, you know,
ten years that I did this work, we went around
the country trying to convince anybody who would listen that
false confessions even existed, that this happened at all. And
suddenly there's been this explosion of interest in understanding that
false confessions can happen to anyone, that they could happen
to you, they could happen to me, and to see
(27:26):
the urgency for reform that hearing these stories produces. It's
a sea change, and it's a very very welcome sea change.
When I got started in this work, there were only
two states that required electronic recording of interrogations, and now
they're twenty seven. There should be fifty. We're getting to
(27:48):
a point where I think that will happen in my lifetime.
So in addition to electronic recording, one of the goals
that Laura and I have is to actually change the
way in which police officers interrogate suspects. I think that
when people hear stories of grave injustice, there's a human
(28:10):
need to identify the bad guy, and in some cases
there are very clear bad guys. Police have physically abused suspects,
police have tortured suspects, But in some cases police officers
are following training that they don't know is problematic. That's
where I see we can make a lot of change.
Many other countries have developed new interrogation techniques that you
(28:30):
don't have to use lies. You don't have to use
false promises. You certainly don't have to use fact feeding.
One of the most exciting developments recently has been the
creation of these conviction integrity units in prosecutors offices, and
in both Hugh Burton's case and David McCallum's case, we
(28:50):
saw how effective these units can be in righting wrongful convictions.
When prosecutors are interested in actually doing real justice instead
of just closing cases, everything changes. One of the things
that's always excited me about this work is that we
(29:11):
get to rewrite history. When we exonerate somebody, we get
to change their life narrative. That's part of what we're
trying to do with this podcast is not only tell
these stories, but change the legacies of people who falsely confessed.
(29:32):
You're taking this false story that they've told about themselves
and you have to change it to a true story,
a story of innocence. In the wake of making a murderer,
which certainly put both Laura and I on the map
in a way that no other television show, or radio show,
or or victory in court had done, I felt like
(29:55):
we had an obligation to speak out on these issues
that we care so deeply out. I guess I was
channeling Arthur Miller. I mean I could see Donald Connery saying,
I knew Arthur Miller. You're no Arthur Miller. But we
had the opportunity to tell these stories, and I think
we as lawyers have an obligation to do that. You know,
(30:19):
you don't have to be a lawyer to see the
injustice here. You just have to be someone with a conscience.
These are stories of great tragedy. They grip people, these
stories unsettle people, and they move people to make change.
This is a movement that draws from all walks of life,
from ordinary folks who want to channel their outrage into action,
(30:41):
to those with a powerful public platform, artists, musicians, writers, actors.
We saw this in the Peter Riley case with Arthur Miller.
We saw it in the West Memphis three case with
Peter Jackson, Johnny Depp, Eddie Vetter, Natalie Mains, and we
see it today with Brendan Dacy's case and all the
people who are allying around him. These kinds of movements
(31:03):
built on real people. They're unstoppable, and we're not going
to stop until we can bring Brendan Dacy on this
podcast as a freeman, I want to really thank the
people that allowed us to tell their stories and allowed
(31:23):
us to enter their lives. At the end of the day,
it's meant the world to bring to you twelve of
the people whose cases we've worked on and whose lives
have touched ours, their voices, their stories, and are good
look to be the ones working for them. So back
to work, Steve, Back to work. And that's the first
(31:48):
season of Wrongful Conviction, False Confessions. We'll see you in
a few months back on this feed for season two.
In the meantime, be well, stay safe, and never stop
believing injustice. Wrongful Conviction, False Confessions is a production of
(32:10):
Lava for Good Podcasts in association with Signal Company Number One.
Special thanks to our executive producer Jason Flom and the
team at Signal Company Number one Executive producer Kevin Wardace,
Senior Producer and Pope and additional production and editing by
Connor Hall. Special thanks to jog Hammer for additional script
editing and for wrangling and writing like a madwoman. Our
(32:33):
music was composed by j Ralph. You can follow me
on Instagram or Twitter at Laura ni Writer and you
can follow me on Twitter at s driven. For more
information on the show, visit Wrongful Conviction podcast dot com
and be sure to follow the show on Instagram at
wrongful Conviction, on Facebook at Wrongful Conviction Podcast, and on
(32:54):
Twitter at wrong Conviction
Hi, This is Laura and I writer. Because of COVID nineteen,
Steve and I recorded this episode from our homes, not
together in the studio. We might sound a little difference,
but I think the story we tell is as inspirational
as always be well and stay healthy. Welcome to Wrongful Conviction,
(00:21):
False Confessions. I'm Laura and I writer, and I'm Steve Drissen.
Today we're going to tell you our last story of
season one. It's about Peter Riley, one of the first
modern day false confessors. In ninety three, police interrogated eighteen
year old Peter until he started to believe he was
guilty of murdering his own mother, but Peter's friends and
(00:45):
neighbors believed in his innocence. Their small town campaign for
Peter's freedom was eventually joined by a host of big
name celebrities. Peter's story helped launch the movement against wrongful
convictions and false confessions. It is buyers the work that
Steve and I do to this day. You know, the
(01:11):
Peter Riley case was my baptism in the world of
false confessions. When I learned about Peter's case, it was
really the first time that I even knew that it
was possible for police officers, through their tactics, to get
an innocent person to confess to a crime they didn't commit,
(01:32):
and I was fascinated by it. I know the feeling.
For me. It was thirty years later when I watched
those tapes of Brendan Dacy's false confession. It's so easy
to get hooked by these stories, these people, and you
can't walk away. Peter Riley was about five or six
years older than me, but we grew up in the
(01:55):
same era in terms of the kind of music that
we liked. Peter was very into classic rock, Pink Floyd
Jethrow Toll, and Peter War's hair long very much in
the same way that I wore my hair, so I
felt a connection to Peter. I lived in a community
(02:17):
not unlike Peter's, where people knew each other through Little
League or the boy Scouts, where mothers watched out for
each other's kids. And the more I learned about Peter's story,
the more I began to understand that what happened to
Peter very easily could have happened to me. In addition
(02:39):
to these connections that I found with Peter, this was
a case in a part of the country which was
the birthplace of false confessions in the United States, the
Salem Witch Trials. It sent me on an exploration, a
lifelong explorer Asian, to try to figure out why it
(03:02):
is that people would confess to crimes they didn't commit.
Peter's story begins in Falls Village, Connecticut, a tiny community
of five hundred people that's part of a larger town
called Canaan. If you've been to New England, Falls Village
is pretty classic, complete with rivers, horse farms, and covered bridges.
(03:25):
It's the kind of place where no one locks their doors,
where everyone looks out for each other. In September ninety three,
leaves were turning color across Connecticut, and eighteen year old
Peter Riley had just begun his senior year of high school.
Peter was a skinny kid, just over a hundred pounds
and an uninspired student whose real love was his rock band.
(03:48):
He lived in Falls Village in a small cottage, just
him and his mom, Barbara Giddins. Now, for lack of
a better phrase, Barbara was the town eccentric. She was
highly educated, well read, and well traveled, but she was
also a single mother. Which was a big deal in
nine and she was a heavy drinker. She had a
(04:10):
reputation as someone who always spoke her mind, even if
it rubbed some people the wrong way. But in Peter's eyes,
his mother was someone brilliant who loved and protected him,
just like he loved and stood up for her. It
was the two of them against the world. On the
evening of Friday, September, Peter attends a youth group meeting
(04:32):
at the local church. He leaves at about nine pm
and drives home, but when he walks in the door,
his world is turned upside down. His mother is lying
mostly unclothed, on the bedroom floor. Her throat has been
cut so deeply she's nearly decapitated, and she's been stabbed
and beaten so badly that both of her thigh bones
(04:54):
are broken. Peter freezes, His instinct warns him not to
disturb the scene by touching the body. Instead, he grabs
the phone and makes a series of calls to paramedics, hospitals,
and doctors. A hospital worker calls the police, and the
cops show up within minutes. When the police arrive, Peter's
(05:15):
in shock. He's just discovered his mother dead. But the
officers think Peters being too calm and they begin to
suspect him. They take him into a neighbor's home and
strip searching. They're looking for scratches, cuts, bruises, any indication
that Peter had taken part in a brutal struggle, but
(05:36):
they find nothing. Peter's wearing jeans, a brown T shirt,
and gold sneakers, and a witness from the church confirms
that Peter has been wearing the same clothes all night.
The police examination finds no blood anywhere on his body, clothing,
or shoes, but the cops are still suspicious. They questioned
(05:58):
Peter in the back seat of a squad car. Then
they take him down to the station and hold him overnight.
Peter doesn't sleep at all, but the next morning he
has the presence of mind to ask for a polygraph.
The police give him one, but they tell him that
he failed the test, and when Peters told that he failed,
(06:20):
he begins to doubt his own memory because he believes
polygraphs are infallible. Before too long, Peter begins to wonder
whether he might have killed his mother, but somehow doesn't
remember it now believe it or not, police record the
interrogation on an old reel to real machine, even though
(06:43):
they weren't legally required to do so. In on tape,
they egg Peter on and suggest that he might have amnesia.
They tell him sometimes when people commit these crimes, the
memories are so traumatic that people repressed them, and Peter
Riley starts believing that he might be a murderer. I
(07:05):
believe I did it now, he tells the police. But
I don't remember. Peter says, over and over again, we
gotta keep digging, digging, digging to get this information out
of me, because he wants to know what this information is.
He asks the police for truth serum, and at another
point he even says, can you pound this out of me?
(07:29):
The police praise Peter for being willing to admit he
might be guilty. They tell him, we're not here to
punish you. Maybe you'll go to a mental hospital for
three months. Peter begins to feel like he's bonding with
his interrogators, like they're all working together to fill in
the blanks in his memory, and eventually their teamwork succeeds.
(07:54):
Peter had a straight razor at home, a small blade
that he used to make model airplanes. After hours of questioning,
he eventually says that he could have used that razor
to attack his mom. He adds that he could have
broken her legs by jumping on them. In other words,
he gives what we now call a persuaded false confession.
(08:16):
These are a special subspecies of false confessions that are
relatively rare, and what happens in these cases is the
police interrogation tactics themselves cause a suspect to begin to
doubt their own memory, and the suspect is persuaded that
(08:37):
he or she must have committed the crime but can't
remember it, and the interrogation becomes an exercise in reconstructing
the suspects memories of the crime. But the memories aren't
real their confabulations. Peter's confabulated story isn't realistic. A small
(09:00):
razor wasn't capable of inflicting deep wounds like those on
Barbara's neck, and Peter was a hundred and ten pound weakling.
There's no way he could have broken his mother's thigh
bones just by jumping on them, But police ignore those problems.
After all, they've got a confession. By the end of
(09:21):
the interrogation, Peter starts realizing that he has no family left.
You're talking about someone who has just lost the only
family member in his life. Peter never knew his father.
His mother has now been murdered. They live alone in
this small cottage, and he's thinking that he's got nowhere
(09:43):
to go. And so Peter asks his interrogator, is there
any chance that you might take me in? I wouldn't
want to impose, he adds, I'll do work around the house.
I really would love to live with a family. I've
never seen that before. Just a a complete dependence on
(10:03):
one's interrogator and a complete sort of loss of understanding
of the fact that this person is his adversary. It's
hard to imagine anything more purely fucked up. It's the
most disturbing thing about this interrogation. But Peter doesn't get
to go live with the cops, even though he's done
(10:24):
everything they asked. Instead, he's arrested and booked into jail.
Once Peter is away from his interrogator's influence, he immediately
realizes he didn't actually kill anyone, and he recants his confession,
but it's too late. On September, Peter Riley is charged
(10:46):
with the murder of his own mother. Barbara's murder and
Peter's arrest shook Falls Village to its core. Everyone was
following this tragedy, including one residence who would go on
to become an important figure in Peter's story. My name
(11:10):
is Donald Connery. Well, one thing I can claim for
some distinction is that I probably am the only foreign
correspondent who ever made a complete career shift overnight from
reporting international affairs to investigating the criminal justice system. Don
(11:30):
Connery was an esteemed journalist and the last thing on
his mind was the subject of false confessions. But this
murder was big news in this small town, and you
couldn't help but be drawn into it. He began to
start looking into the case himself, and later wrote a
(11:52):
book about the case that was an absolutely essential text
about what happened to Peter Riley. Don Connery is in
his nineties now, but in three he had just moved
to Falls Village with his wife and kids, and I thought,
this is, uh, you know, a terrible event which will
(12:14):
play out and will have nothing to do with me,
except that the accused eighteen year old was a friend
and classmate of my children, who went to the regional
high school, and Peter was someone they talked about and
know about. Now, something extraordinary happens after Peter's arrest is announced. Remember,
(12:34):
people in this tiny town no Peter Riley, and they
like him. This was in the age before social media,
where communities were much more connected in a sense. They
met each other through UH clubs, extracurricular activities at schools,
church groups, boy Scouts, and the entire community knew who
(12:58):
Peter was. From these various essential parts of the social
fabric of False Village. Peter's arrest leads to a groundswell
of support. Everyone starts defending his innocence. After reading the
initial stories. My younger children, Carol and Julie kept saying
(13:20):
Peter couldn't possibly have done this. The mothers of his
high school classmates form a group called Canan Mothers, and
they hold bake sales to raise money so that Peter
can get released on bond before his trial. Some families
even put their houses up as security. It was incredible
mothers supporting the accused mother killer. They wanted to do
(13:46):
everything in their power to help him. My kids said.
Another neighbors said, you know, we don't think this is possible.
There's no reason to think that he had any cause
to harm his mother, and the word was in the
community that yes, Peter it confess that nobody could understand
why he would admit to something he didn't do, but
(14:08):
their protests caught the attention of the media. A reporter
named Joan Bartell hears about how the town of Falls
Village is rallying behind an accused murderer. She listens to
Peter's interrogation tapes and writes an explosive article in a
magazine called New Times. The article questions Peter's guilt and
(14:28):
includes many exerpts from his interrogation, exposing the CoP's manipulation
of Peter. People around the state are horrified to read
about a teenage boy made to believe that he killed
his own mother. Donations flow in to the Canan mothers,
and soon enough money is raised for Peter to post
(14:49):
bond fifty thousand dollars. He's released and moves in with
one of his friends families. Peter Riley is welcomed back
into the Falls Village community. This so called killer went
straight back to high school to complete his senior year,
and it didn't seem to worry parents or teachers of
the principal, who in fact supported him. One of the
(15:12):
things that attracted reporters to this case, including Don Connery,
was the idea that in order for these people to
embrace Peter, they had to understand or at least believe,
that this confession was false. And here they are taking
this suspected confessed murderer into their own homes or being
(15:34):
willing to do so um and to raise money for him,
and to advocate for him and to fight for him.
That's remarkable. Peter Riley was free on bond, but prosecutors
were moving forward with his trial anyway. The community was
confident that the trial in nine seventy four would quickly
(15:55):
lead to an acquittal. They would be found innocent. But
on April twelfth night, teen seventy four, Good Friday, Peter
Riley was convicted of killing his own mother. It was
a bombshell when the jury decided almost entirely in the
basis of the confession, so called confession, that he was guilty,
(16:16):
and he was sentenced to six to sixteen years for
manslaughter and driven off at high speed to the high
security penitentiary, even though he had just been convicted of murder.
Peter only spent a few hours in prison. Amazingly, a
court ruled that he could stay free during his appeal
(16:36):
as long as he posted an additional bond ten thousand
more dollars. His village raised the extra money and Peter
was freed. But now Peter needed to pay for an appeal,
and that would cost more than the Cane and mothers
could raise. So that reporter from New Times, Joan Bartel,
sent the article she wrote about Peter's case to another
(16:58):
Connecticut residence, the famous play rights Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller
was my favorite playwright. I remember reading all of his
plays in high school in the nineties seventies. Death of
a Salesman all my sons. I liked him not only
because his plays moved me. I liked him because he
(17:22):
was a public figure that cared deeply about justice. He
was a playwright with a conscience. The Crucible, probably Miller's
greatest play, had been motivated in part by the false
accusations that went on in Salem in Massachusetts three hundred
years ago, when people were falsely accused of Satanic activities
(17:47):
and either hung or in one case, of being crushed
to death. Executed, and Miller also personally had faced the
House Out American Activities Committee accused of being a communist
or worse, so he had every reason to feel that
this is something that he should put right, and he
(18:07):
invested a great deal of his time to do that.
Arthur Miller read Jones article. He was appalled by the
tragedy of Peter's confession, and he began to take a
leading role in Peter's fight for vindication. Miller recruited other
a list celebrities to donate money to Peter's defense, Jack Nicholson,
Dustin Hoffman, Art Garfuncle, Candice Bergen, William Styron, Mike Nichols,
(18:33):
even Elizabeth Taylor. Pretty Soon a powerful coalition of voices
was gathering steam. Overnight. There was a remarkable amount of
energy behind the effort to free Peter as soon as
possible from what everyone, at least in Litchfield County saw
as a wrong vol conviction. The first thing Peter needed
was a lawyer to handle his appeal. Arthur Miller recruited
(18:56):
Roy Daily, a former federal prosecutor, and as Roy started
preparing Peter's appeal, Miller worked to raise the public profile
of the case. The New York Times featured a two
part series about Peter on the front page. Not long afterwards,
Sixty Minutes covered the story too. Meanwhile, Peter's legal team
(19:17):
pressed his case in court. Eventually a hearing was held
to determine whether to grant him a new trial. Arthur
Miller personally recruited some world renowned experts to testify. At
that hearing, a forensic pathologist testified that if Peter had
actually killed his mom, it would have been impossible for
him to clean all the blood off his body and
(19:38):
clothing before the police arrived. The pathologist also testified that
there's no way a hundred and ten pound kid could
break a woman's thigh bones by jumping on them, and
a psychologist testified that Peter was suggestible and easily manipulated
by authority figures. In other words, he was highly vulnerable
(19:58):
to giving a false in fashion. This hearing took down
both the medical evidence against Peter and his confession, and
it led to a verdict by Judge Specially that a
business carriage of justice had happened in his own courtroom,
and he said that Peter deserved a new trial. It
(20:19):
was March twenty five, a little more than two and
a half years after Peter lost his mom. Peter was
granted a new trial, but the prosecutor who had convicted
him was up in arms. He believed Peter was guilty
(20:43):
and vowed to take him to trial again, but that
didn't end up happening. He delayed to a point where
he dropped dead on a golf course. The prosecutor passed
away of a heart attack at age fifty four, so
a new prosecutor, a young man named Dennis sentaur To,
takes over, and as he digs into the case files,
he finds a piece of evidence that had never been
(21:05):
disclosed to Peter's defense team. A police officer and his
wife had reported seeing Peter in downtown Canaan the night
of the murder as he was driving home from his
church youth group. They'd seen him only a few minutes
before Peter arrived home, found his mother's body, and started
calling for help. It was an air tight alibi. Those
(21:30):
few minutes didn't give Peter enough time to drive home
and kill his mother before making those phone calls. Well,
this was a so called exculpatory evidence which should have
been turned over to the state and to the courts,
and once it was revealed, it took only weeks before
Peter Riley was fully exonerated. The state of Connecticut formally
(21:52):
dropped all charges on November twenty four. Peter Riley's name
was officially yard after Peter's exoneration. The state police never
found Barbara's real killer and continued to insist that Peter
was guilty. The case went into the legal anals as
(22:15):
a classic false confession tragedy, and it was a prime
example of these systems on willingness to admit error and
most of these controversial cases. Don Connery eventually wrote a
book about the case, Guilty until Proven Innocence, and he
continued writing about cases of wrongful conviction. After the Peter
(22:36):
Riley case, Don Connry became his own one man journalistic
innocence project. He began taking cases in Connecticut and investigating
them and writing about them, and he also began taking
false confession cases from outside of Connecticut as well. Meanwhile,
(22:57):
to add insult to injury, Connecticut police actually stopped recording
interrogations after Peter's case. Peter's interrogation tapes had made them
look bad, and they didn't want to look bad again.
It wasn't until two thousand thirteen that Connecticut adopted a
law requiring interrogations to be recorded, and who testified before
(23:19):
the state legislature in support of that bill Peter Riley.
Peter said, Look, we shouldn't let law enforcement officers get
away with not recording interrogations, because what it does is
it makes it impossible for people like me to explain
(23:40):
to a jury or to the general public how it
is that I was made to confess to killing my
own mother. Peter was a powerful advocate for recording and
his testimony was critical on getting the bill passed in
two Most importantly, Peter Riley's woke the world up to
(24:01):
the problem of false confessions. This injustice was a rallying
cry for so many people, including Steve and me. Peter's
story epitomizes the profound humanity in so many wrongful conviction cases,
from the tragedy of the crime, to the ugliness of
false accusation, to the defendants struggle and perseverance, to the
(24:25):
good people like Arthur Miller and the Cainan mothers who
fight for the truth no matter what. The very first
conference about false confessions took place in Hartford, Connecticut. Don
Connery organized it, and the people who had helped exonerate
Peter Riley spoke. Since then, hundreds of confessions have been
(24:47):
proven false around the country, and we're just getting started.
At the Hartford conference, Arthur Miller said at one point
that the record of mankind. Mankind is full of confessions
happened or to which the accused had little or no connection.
After all, even Galileo confessed that the sun and all
(25:10):
the stars revolved around emotionless Earth. Rather than face the
wrath of the Church, which for centuries had taught the opposite.
Confronted with great power against which one has only a
fragile defense, confession can begin to look like the door
to freedom. Confession can very readily turn into a kind
(25:32):
of coin with which to buy one's way out of
a frightening and painful situation. How then I will eat
to indict the criminal? Is there a good substitute for
confession as the mainstay of a prosecution case? For starters,
I would suggest evidence wise words. We're not there yet,
(25:56):
Mr Miller. We're not there yet, but we're getting close, sir.
Every day, Hello Peter, how are you high? Steve doing
pretty good if you really great to talk to you.
What's your life like these days? Well, I'm sixty five,
so I'm retired at this point, which just means that
come up with a whole lot of work for myself
(26:18):
that he'll get paid for it. I'm still an avid musician.
I play every day. It's been something I've done since
I saw the Beatles on that SOLIVM, so it's been
a long time. I just play a lot of music.
I do what's positive for me these days, and uh,
that's pretty much it. What's your favorite song to play?
I don't know anything by the Alma Brothers. You know,
(26:44):
Steve and I are two lawyers who have the honor
of standing up in courts and fighting for people we
believe in, but we're also trying to change the world here.
From the very beginning of my study of false confessions,
have gone out into the world and tried to inform
(27:05):
people about what I've learned. For the first, you know,
ten years that I did this work, we went around
the country trying to convince anybody who would listen that
false confessions even existed, that this happened at all. And
suddenly there's been this explosion of interest in understanding that
false confessions can happen to anyone, that they could happen
to you, they could happen to me, and to see
(27:26):
the urgency for reform that hearing these stories produces. It's
a sea change, and it's a very very welcome sea change.
When I got started in this work, there were only
two states that required electronic recording of interrogations, and now
they're twenty seven. There should be fifty. We're getting to
(27:48):
a point where I think that will happen in my lifetime.
So in addition to electronic recording, one of the goals
that Laura and I have is to actually change the
way in which police officers interrogate suspects. I think that
when people hear stories of grave injustice, there's a human
(28:10):
need to identify the bad guy, and in some cases
there are very clear bad guys. Police have physically abused suspects,
police have tortured suspects, But in some cases police officers
are following training that they don't know is problematic. That's
where I see we can make a lot of change.
Many other countries have developed new interrogation techniques that you
(28:30):
don't have to use lies. You don't have to use
false promises. You certainly don't have to use fact feeding.
One of the most exciting developments recently has been the
creation of these conviction integrity units in prosecutors offices, and
in both Hugh Burton's case and David McCallum's case, we
(28:50):
saw how effective these units can be in righting wrongful convictions.
When prosecutors are interested in actually doing real justice instead
of just closing cases, everything changes. One of the things
that's always excited me about this work is that we
(29:11):
get to rewrite history. When we exonerate somebody, we get
to change their life narrative. That's part of what we're
trying to do with this podcast is not only tell
these stories, but change the legacies of people who falsely confessed.
(29:32):
You're taking this false story that they've told about themselves
and you have to change it to a true story,
a story of innocence. In the wake of making a murderer,
which certainly put both Laura and I on the map
in a way that no other television show, or radio show,
or or victory in court had done, I felt like
(29:55):
we had an obligation to speak out on these issues
that we care so deeply out. I guess I was
channeling Arthur Miller. I mean I could see Donald Connery saying,
I knew Arthur Miller. You're no Arthur Miller. But we
had the opportunity to tell these stories, and I think
we as lawyers have an obligation to do that. You know,
(30:19):
you don't have to be a lawyer to see the
injustice here. You just have to be someone with a conscience.
These are stories of great tragedy. They grip people, these
stories unsettle people, and they move people to make change.
This is a movement that draws from all walks of life,
from ordinary folks who want to channel their outrage into action,
(30:41):
to those with a powerful public platform, artists, musicians, writers, actors.
We saw this in the Peter Riley case with Arthur Miller.
We saw it in the West Memphis three case with
Peter Jackson, Johnny Depp, Eddie Vetter, Natalie Mains, and we
see it today with Brendan Dacy's case and all the
people who are allying around him. These kinds of movements
(31:03):
built on real people. They're unstoppable, and we're not going
to stop until we can bring Brendan Dacy on this
podcast as a freeman, I want to really thank the
people that allowed us to tell their stories and allowed
(31:23):
us to enter their lives. At the end of the day,
it's meant the world to bring to you twelve of
the people whose cases we've worked on and whose lives
have touched ours, their voices, their stories, and are good
look to be the ones working for them. So back
to work, Steve, Back to work. And that's the first
(31:48):
season of Wrongful Conviction, False Confessions. We'll see you in
a few months back on this feed for season two.
In the meantime, be well, stay safe, and never stop
believing injustice. Wrongful Conviction, False Confessions is a production of
(32:10):
Lava for Good Podcasts in association with Signal Company Number One.
Special thanks to our executive producer Jason Flom and the
team at Signal Company Number one Executive producer Kevin Wardace,
Senior Producer and Pope and additional production and editing by
Connor Hall. Special thanks to jog Hammer for additional script
editing and for wrangling and writing like a madwoman. Our
(32:33):
music was composed by j Ralph. You can follow me
on Instagram or Twitter at Laura ni Writer and you
can follow me on Twitter at s driven. For more
information on the show, visit Wrongful Conviction podcast dot com
and be sure to follow the show on Instagram at
wrongful Conviction, on Facebook at Wrongful Conviction Podcast, and on
(32:54):
Twitter at wrong Conviction
Hosts And Creators
Lauren Bright Pacheco
Maggie Freleng
Jason Flom
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