Hypertension and Brain Health — How High Blood Pressure Damages Your Brain

• Nearly half of U.S. adults have undiagnosed hypertension, which increases risks for stroke, heart attack, and early brain impairment due to reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery to neural tissue
• Early hypertension triggers rapid cellular damage, including endothelial aging, neuronal energy loss, myelin disruption, and blood-brain barrier leakage, all of which accelerate inflammation and cognitive decline even before symptoms appear
• Long-term high blood pressure leads to changes such as white matter hyperintensities, microbleeds, and brain volume loss. These findings are strongly linked to slower processing, stroke risk, and dementia
• Dementia risk rises with midlife hypertension, and older adults with high blood pressure show accelerated brain aging; regular monitoring beginning around age 40 helps reduce long-term cognitive decline
• Treatment can reverse some early damage, while lifestyle strategies such as diet changes, exercise, and better sleep significantly lower blood pressure and help protect long-term brain health