Cosmic Bubbles, Pancake Volcanoes & Celebrating 50 Years of ESA

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Cosmic Bubbles, Pancake Volcanoes, and 50 Years of the European Space Agency
In this exciting episode of Space Nuts, host Heidi Campo and the ever-knowledgeable Professor Fred Watson explore a range of fascinating topics that stretch the imagination. From the discovery of a perfectly spherical cosmic bubble to the intriguing pancake volcanoes of Venus, and a celebration of the European Space Agency's 50th anniversary, this episode is a must-listen for all space enthusiasts.
Episode Highlights:
- The Cosmic Bubble Telios: Fred shares insights into a newly discovered cosmic bubble, dubbed Telios, that is captivating astronomers with its geometric perfection. The duo discusses the significance of this discovery and the technology behind the radio imaging that revealed this stunning celestial object.
- Pancake Volcanoes on Venus: The conversation shifts to Venus, where unique pancake-shaped volcanic formations have sparked curiosity among scientists. Fred explains the geological processes that may lead to the formation of these unusual structures and how they differ from typical volcanoes on Earth.
- Celebrating 50 Years of ESA: The episode wraps up with a look at the European Space Agency's 50th anniversary and the release of commemorative coins. Heidi and Fred discuss the significance of ESA's contributions to space exploration and the design elements of the newly minted coins, inviting listeners to engage in a scavenger hunt to decode their mysteries.
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Stay curious, keep looking up, and join us next time for more stellar insights and cosmic wonders. Until then, clear skies and happy stargazing.
(00:00) Welcome to Space Nuts with Heidi Campo and Fred Watson
(01:20) Discussion on the discovery of the cosmic bubble Telios
(15:00) Exploring pancake volcanoes on Venus
(25:30) Celebrating 50 years of the European Space Agency
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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Well, welcome back to another fantastic, wonderful out of this
world episode of Space Nuts fifteen. Sack and Guide at
the Channel ten nine ignition Space Nuts NYE four three
two one Space Nuts as an actual bought it Neil Goods.

(00:23):
I'm your host for this summer Heidi compo, and joining
me is our stupendous spectacular Professor Fred Watson, Astronomer at Large. Hello, Fred,
how are you doing on this wonderful morning of yours
afternoon of mine?

Speaker 2 (00:39):
Yeah? Pretty good, thank you, Heidi. The sunny shining, It
was very foggy first thing. And of course we're not
in summer, we're in winter, so you're with us for
the whole winter. Today sorry, yesterday is the first day
of winter. In Australia, they start the seasons on the
first of the month, so the first of June is

(01:02):
the first day of winter. And it was a nice
day yesterday as well. Typically weather here is cold and sunny,
and by cold I mean twelve thirteen fourteen Celsia is
something like that up to about Yeah, sixty degrees sixty
degrees fahrenheit will be will be cool for us.

Speaker 1 (01:22):
That's good weather. I think that the sixties the seventies
are perfect. When you start getting into the Houston heat
and humidity and you're working in the blistering nineties with
you know, eighty percent humidity, I think people tend to
start not enjoying that as much.

Speaker 2 (01:37):
No, I understand.

Speaker 1 (01:40):
So we have some really fun topics today. Today we
are looking at all sorts of things from space bubbles
to pancake volcanoes. That sounds like we're making a recipe.
And we're finishing off with celebrating fifty years of the
European Space Agency with some special electures items. So without

(02:02):
further ado, let's jump right into today's topics.

Speaker 2 (02:08):
Yeah, thanks, Heidi, and I love this first story partly
because it is visually completely inspiring, and I'll point our
listeners to the website in a minute, but also because
it's research. It's got a cast of the thousands, like
many research topics do these days, but it's led by
a good friend of mine, Miroslav Miroslav Mirslav Philopovich. Sorry Mirroslav,

(02:33):
if you're listening. He's the professor of astronomy and astrophysics
at Western Sydney University, and in fact, I have a
an honorary appointment with the university. So I know Miroslav well,
he's a very able radio astronomer with many really important
pieces of work under his belt. But I think this

(02:54):
one is not just spectacular from a scientific point of view,
but it is incredibly beautiful because what he and in
fact I think he made the initial discovery himself, what
they've discovered is well, it's been called a cosmic bubble,
but it is perfectly circular to our eyes, which means

(03:18):
it's probably perfectly spherical if you want to have a
look at it. And the news item I was looking
at is actually on space dot com, but I think
it's been covered by many of the science news outlets
and the you know, the title of that space dot
com page is a quote from Miroslav, one of the

(03:38):
most geometrically perfect and they ask, what is this mysterious
sphere deep in the Milky Way galaxy? So what we've
got is it comes from a radio image of the
sky taken with one of the great new radio telescopes.
Here in Australia, an instrument called Askap. Askap is situated

(04:03):
in Western Australia at a site which has a long name.
It's the Murchison Radio Astronomy Observatory in Yarimana Ilgari Bunderer
and the last three words of that name are Wadri language.
They are the traditional owners of that site and it's
a Wadry expression meaning sharing sky and stars. So it's

(04:24):
a very well named observatory site. Now that is where
what's called SKA Loow, the Australian half of the Square
Kilometer Array Observatores, big new telescope that's currently being built there,
and I think we've talked about it before, Heidi, the
fact that it's not a steerable dish. This is a
telescope that looks like a forest full of Christmas trees,

(04:46):
metal Christmas trees which stand there and are steered electronically.
It's extraordinary technology. But as well as that, there is
a set of I think it's thirty six if I
remember rightly, steerable dishes which which form what is called ASCAP,
the Australian Square Kilometer ARRA pathfinder, and that was the
instrument that Miroslavi and his colleagues used to find this

(05:12):
curious objects. They in fact, it was one of the
surveys publicly available surveys of the sky, the radio sky
that have come from ascap and he spotted because of
his eagle eyes in the readouts, he spotted this ring
of material. It's got a few oddities about it. First

(05:33):
of all, as I said already, it's perfectly spherical. We
see it as a circle, but it's almost certainly a
sphere because we don't look from any preferred direction. But
the other thing is that it only emits its radiation
radio wavelengths, and there's just a hint of a visible

(05:59):
light coming from from hydrogen, but most of it is
radio wavelengths, and that flies in the face of what
we know about objects of this kind, because it is
probably what's called a supernova remnant, a bubble in space
which comes from an exploding star, probably centuries ago, maybe

(06:20):
because then quite figured out how big this thing is yet.
But an exploding star that's kind of carved a cavity
in the gas in which it's immersed, and that gas
is very rarefied. It's what we call the interstellar medium.
But when you get an explosion, it will carve out
that sort of spherical chamber. So that's what they are,

(06:44):
assuming it is the kind of important bit I haven't mentioned,
which is that they've given it a lovely name, which
is Teleos. It is spelt with t e l e iOS,
and it's a Greek word meaning perfection, and that's because
it is. It's a perfect looking sphere, quite extraordinary.

Speaker 1 (07:07):
It really is beautiful. It looks like just this cosmic
marble floating. But the other interesting thing to me that
maybe you can explain a little bit more. I'm sure
half of your listeners probably already know this, but some
of us don't. But the sphere has this greenish blackish
tint to it, but so does all the other matter

(07:29):
around it. So what is making up this sphere versus
the matter around it that's distinct but looks the same
color wise, So.

Speaker 2 (07:40):
The color that you're seeing is remember we're looking at
radio wavelengths, we're not looking at a visible light image,
and so the color comes from the processing that has
been done to this image, and it's probably there's a

(08:02):
color bar. I actually looked at the original paper that
gives you a essentially a scale of intensities that refer
to the color. So what you're saying is a measure
of brightness, and you're absolutely right. The thing is the
same color as its background. But what delineates it is

(08:23):
this abrupt kind of step from the intensity of the
marble itself, if I can call it. That's a really
good word, because it looks exactly like that, the step
in intensity from that to the background, which is which
is a lower intensity, and so it's you know what
we're what we're seeing there is the radio data interpreted

(08:45):
as color and the greenish is I think that's just
one that they've chosen for that level of intensity. That
space dot com page that I mentioned earlier has another
of it's got the original map, the original idio map.
I think that is the one that Misla I've used
to find tellios. And you can see that the color

(09:07):
is orange. Once again, it's an artificial color, so we're
not looking at anything actually astrophysical with that color.

Speaker 1 (09:14):
So it's not measuring any kind of like a density
like a like a ultrasound or anything like that, because
I do see different colors around it that I believe
would be indicating differences in radio frequencies bouncing off. So
for example, that kind of that bright spot in the
left corner is not a bright spot of sun reflection

(09:36):
in the traditional sense of an image that we would see.
What would that bright spot represent in radio imaging?

Speaker 2 (09:45):
It's that is where if I remember rightly, because the
article that I'm looking at doesn't have this, but I
did look at the original paper, I think that's where
the visible there is a little bit of visible emission,
visible light emission. It's the color that we associate with
hydrogen because we know that, you know, different elements emit

(10:07):
light in different colors when they're excited either by ultraviolet
light or electrical particle, you know, electrified particles, And I
think that's where the visible light color comes in. You're right,
there's a there's a it's almost like a whitish patch there.
So I think the greenish stuff is the radio emission.
I think you're right too that there are probably different

(10:29):
frequencies depicted here, and they too might change the change
the color. Because what you can do the same with
radio waves as we do with visible light. The reason
why we see different colors is that we've see different
wavelengths of light. So what you can do with radio radiation,
you've got these receivers which are basically giving you different
frequencies of radio radio waves, and you can assign colors

(10:50):
to them and make an image like this, I think
that's probably what's happened.

Speaker 1 (10:54):
Okay, that makes that makes a lot of sense. I
also kind of asked that this is a little bit funny,
but I found a comment on that article from a
conspiracy theorist who is claiming that this is undoubtedly an
altered so he thinks it's a telescope image, and he
thinks that they have altered the lens to hide intelligent

(11:16):
life that's hiding behind that spot. And so I think
that's why sometimes it is just so important for people
who don't understand the science to take a step back
and just go, Okay, you know, first of all, this
is not a telescope image we're looking at. This is
a sound radio frequency translated to a visual medium for

(11:37):
us to be able to understand what those waves meant.
And then for somebody who doesn't understand what that means,
they can maybe I don't know, justump to some crazy conclusions.
So at the end of the day, it's always so
important to understand how we're getting what we're looking at,
and then what we're looking at even means. So thank
you for clarifying that it does.

Speaker 2 (12:00):
You know, it's interesting that you mentioned conspiracy theorists, because
it does have such a perfect circular feature that it
looks artificial. It's not. It's definitely a supern overendant one
of these bubbles. But yes, it does look like something
that's been made by intelligent life, but you don't believe
it has.

Speaker 1 (12:20):
Well, you know, those pancakes also look pretty circular. Maybe
this is a theme in space. Does space like circles?

Speaker 2 (12:29):
It does, actually, And you've hit the nail on the head, Heidi,
because we've got three stories today that all involve circles,
and this one is no less spectacular actually than the
previous one. So we were talking about very very regular
circular features on the planet Venus, and Venus says, I

(12:51):
guess most of our listeners know, Heidi, is surrounded by
a thick, opaque atmosphere. That means that we can penetrate
it very easily. Although I should say that the one
of the outstanding features of the Angle Australian Telescope, the
telescope that I used to be the astronomer in charge
of very early in its history, it actually saw the

(13:13):
surface of Venus through those clouds using infrared radiation only
a glimpse, but it did see enough of the surface.
But the best way to see the surface of Venus
unless you land a spacecraft on it, which the former
Soviet Union did a number of times in the nineteen
eighties and sent us back some pictures of the surface.
But the best way to see it from above is

(13:35):
by radar, and NASA's Magellan spacecraft back in the nineteen
nineties maps the whole of Venus's surface with radar, and
so we've effectively got very clear images, quite high resolution
images of the surface of Venus, which show mountains and
valleys and yes, volcanoes, but they also show these really

(13:59):
weird features, the ones that are very very circular, they
call pancake domes, and they they actually look more like
impact craters, those craters that were so familiar with on
the Moon where meteorites and small asteroids the same thing. Yeah, yeah, landed,

(14:19):
But they're not. They apparently are tectonic features. They come
from volcanism in the planet. They don't look just like pancakes.
Have to say, they really.

Speaker 1 (14:31):
Do almost they almost like with the crust and everything,
like they just like the pancake that was just cooked.
Maybe we're supposed to take it off the stove just
a minute before that's.

Speaker 2 (14:41):
That's probably right, yes, just before the edge started turning up,
which has happened there. So they're not volcanoes in the
way that we normally think of one that the common
volcanoes that we think off here on Earth are stratovolcanoes,
the ones that look like Mount Vesuvius, very conical. Or
we've got the shield volcanoes like commanic Are on Hawaii,

(15:03):
which are they're called shield volcanoes because they look like
a shield. They're flat and with only gentle slopes rather
than having you know, very very steep sides. But these
are quite different pancake domes. And the reason why they're
in the news is that we've never really understood how

(15:26):
they've formed. It's thought that it is something to do
with pressure underneath the crust of Venus. And we we
see these domes volcanic domes on other worlds in the
Solar System, and I'm thinking particularly of Series, which is
the largest of the asteroid. It's actually asteroid. It's actually
a dwarf planet nine hundred kilometers across. Series has regions

(15:51):
that look as though they should be a volcano, but
there's no crater at the top, and what we're seeing
is the something underneath. Underneath the crust of series as
welled up and the pressure has caused this elevation of
the landscape, so it pushes up this weird looking dome.
And that, however, is quite different from what we're seeing

(16:14):
on Venus, which our listeners have probably fed up a hearing.
Now they look like pancakes, and so the problem has
been how are these things formed? And one of them
has been studied in detail. It's one of the largest
of them. It's ninety miles or one hundred and forty
five kilometers in diameter. And again it uses that those
radar data that we spoke about. So a group of scientists,

(16:39):
and I think they're led from the Georgia Institute of
Technology in the USA, they've looked at theoretical models as
to what you would need to produce such a curious
feature on the surface of a planet like Venus, and
they actually have an answer. They say, Okay, it's a

(17:00):
particular kind of lava that you need coupled with a
surface a crust of Venus, which is particularly pliable. In
other words, it's flexible and in fact We've seen other
reports recently that suggests that the crust of Venus is
not as rigid as the Earth's crust, that it is

(17:22):
a bit more flexible. And now it's still pretty stiff
compared with the kind of things, you know, bending a
piece of paper or something like that, but it's nevertheless
more flexible than our crust is. So the numbers that
they come up with are pretty spectacular. They need a
very very viscous lava, and the report that I've read,

(17:45):
which is an article by Ashley Morgan on Daily Galaxy,
describes it as being a trillion times thicker than ketchup
and twice as dense as water.

Speaker 1 (17:55):
What is with all the food references.

Speaker 2 (17:58):
We're doing pretty well with the bubbles and the pancakes
and all the rest of it. Anyway, that what that
means is you've got a lava that is very very
slow flowing. Not you know, as we see volcanoes on
Earth where the lava is pouring down down the mountain side.
These actually move very slowly hundreds of thousands of years

(18:20):
to form a phenomenon like this. And if you mix
that with the with the fact that the crust is flexible,
then you get a model that actually is capable of
simulating these pancake features. And that's quite extraordinary that you
can just do that, you know, with computer modeling, but

(18:43):
you can actually make something in the computer that matches
what we see exactly. And so that is why we
think that's the you know, it's the new idea for
the way these things form, very very different from the
way features on our own planet form.

Speaker 1 (19:00):
Well, and almost like you know, I'm sorry, I'm beating
the dead horse. But if this was dough, we see
how if the dough had risen and it was almost
liquidity in that bubble kind of popped and then it
softened back down, you see the same kind of lines

(19:20):
and dimples that you would see on a cupcake that
went flat or something like that. So it really, I mean,
their line of logic makes perfect sense for even me
who has no geological background. So that's really quite interesting.

Speaker 2 (19:36):
Yes, I agree, and you know, I think what you've
described actually is probably a good model for the way
these things formed. I suspect that what we're seeing as
the surface of these things is actually the crust of venus,
which has been deformed into this shape by the pressure
underneath of this very very slow flowing magma. So if

(19:58):
you do take the analog of the cookery, something has
gone really terribly wrong with your cupcakes.

Speaker 1 (20:06):
And that's just the recipe for a perfect planet. You
can't leave it in the oven too long. You can't
let it cool too much. If it's too high, it'll
be Venus. If it's too cold, it'll be Mars. Our
planet is cooked to perfection. Our planet is the Soufle
of planets.

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Speaker 1 (23:52):
Murder Space Nuts. Well, pivoting away from food references. Now
that everyone is hungry. I am so sorry, but we
are going to talk about the European Space Agencies fifty
year anniversary special coins and if any of you have
ever been around coin collectors, military, people who have worked

(24:16):
in government type roles, coin collecting can be quite the
hobby that people get really really into, and going to
different places, different organizations collecting these rare coins is something
that I think for some it becomes quite an obsession.
So this is actually a pretty exciting story, Fred, and

(24:38):
I'm glad that we're talking about it because it's not
what's going on in space, but it's how we humans
are relating to space.

Speaker 2 (24:47):
You sound almost as though you're speaking from personal experience there,
Heidi about obsessive coin collectors.

Speaker 1 (24:54):
I'm not the obsessed with coin collector, but I might
know a few.

Speaker 2 (24:58):
Yes, that's so I was wondering. It's true. It's actually
I think it's a pretty good hobby as well. If
you're you know, it's some very nice things to display,
and people do indeed take it very seriously. Indeed, so
what this story is about is well more circles, not
so much the coins, although they are spectacularly beautiful and

(25:22):
it's not too hard to find online what these coins
look like. But the anniversary that they're celebrating, so let's
cut to the chase. It's the Royal Mint of Belgium
and the Royal Dutch Mint that have struck these new coins.
They're in euros, of course, the currency of Europe. One
is a two and a half two euros fifty coin

(25:45):
and the other one is a fifty eurocent coin, and
they are both blazoned with the logo of ISA, the
European Space Agency, which is celebrating this year fifty years
since its inauguration on May the thirtieth, nineteen seventy five.

(26:05):
I remember it well, actually, Heidi, because there were two
precursor organizations which we used to hear a lot about
in the nineteen sixties and seventies. Of course, the headline
headlines were always being made by NASA with the Apollo
program and its predecessors, Mercury and Geminy. Those programs were

(26:29):
what we lived and breathed actually at the time, those
of us who were space fanatics. But the Europeans had
two organizations which were called ELDO and EZRO. ELDO was
the European Launcher Development Organization and EZRO was the European
Space Research Organization, and if I remember rightly, the United

(26:49):
Kingdom where I grew up was in one of them,
and I can't remember which one it was, and I
don't think it was in the other. I think it
might have been Ezro. I was at not very long ago.
Last year. I was a place called Woomera in South Australia,
which was another name that was very familiar to all
of space geeks in the fifties, sixties and seventies because

(27:12):
that was where British rocket experiments took place. It's a
very barren part of Australia, although there are traditional owners
who lived there and many rockets tests were carried out there.
Most of them ceased in the in the nineteen nineties,
early two thousands. All of there's now new work going on.

(27:34):
But I had a chance to visit it last year
and there's a fabulous museum there with all these nineteen
all these twentieth century rocket examples. But there is an
ELDO hotel. It's called the Eldo Hotel and it comes
from the European Launcher Development Organization, so that was it's

(27:55):
a name that probably most people these days wouldn't recognize,
but ELDO, that very important organization which eventually melded with
the European Space Research Organization to become ISO. A big
part it became ESO is the European Southern Observatory. ESO
is the European Space Agency, which is what these two
organizations turned into. Fiftieth anniversary. ISA has done an extraordinary

(28:19):
job over the past fifty years, working a lot with
other agencies, most especially with NASA. Of course, ISA is
a partner in the International Space Station and it's very
very capable, indeed in terms of the not just the
human space flight missions that it has been involved with,

(28:39):
but also the robotic missions. DAYA just to bring one
to mind, which is a very important astronotary satellite to
satellite measuring the positions of stars very accurately. That was
an ISSA project. In fact, there was an ISSA lander
that went to Titan with NASA's Cassini spacecraft, and that lander,

(29:03):
which was called Huygens, that landed on the surface of Titan.
That was an ISA spacecraft, and many many more. I
could go on, but I won't because the bottom line
is that ISSA is a very productive organization and we're
now celebrating with these two lovely.

Speaker 1 (29:18):
Coins, So fred I wanted to ask you if you knew.
I have the coins pulled up on a big screen
right now, and I'm looking at the design, and the
design looks significant. I don't know if you can see it,
but there's the side where it has the fifty year
anniversary and then it looks like a star spinning around

(29:41):
on some kind of an orbit, and then the other
the other side of the coin, the whereas the two
and a half euro obviously Europe. I recognize that. But
the lines on the left correct me if I'm wrong.
Was that from Voyager? Are you seeing what I'm seeing?

Speaker 2 (29:58):
Yes, I am seeing it. I can see what you mean.
They may be it may be they look like the
ones that I'm thinking of on the Pioneer spacecraft where
they drew lines on it to show where it had
come from in relation to quasons in the sky, And

(30:18):
it may be something like that. I can't quite make
out enough detail just to know what they're depicting there,
but it does look something like it, doesn't It very
like the Pioneer plague very much.

Speaker 1 (30:32):
So yeah, well, here's here as a scavenger hunt then
for our listeners, you guys can see if you can
figure out what the puzzle is on these coins and
then right back to us or comment on our social
media and let us know what you think the lines mean.
I'm going with Voyager, Okay, go for it.

Speaker 2 (30:57):
There's a symbol there as well, which is underneath the day,
so I don't know what we're seeing there. It almost
looks like spacecraft.

Speaker 1 (31:04):
It looks like I don't know, I'm trying to figure
that out too. It looks like a seashell on the left,
and then like the medical medical symbol on the right.

Speaker 2 (31:13):
Yeah maybe maybe, Well there must be ann answers to that,
which hopefully we'll discover on a later edition of space Notes.

Speaker 1 (31:21):
Absolutely well, thank you. What a cliffhanger to leave this
episode off on. You guys have to go put on
your detective hats and while Fred is exploring the mysteries
of the universe, we can all be exploring the mysteries
on this coin. But thank you so much for everybody
who has joined us for another episode of Space Nuts,
and we will be seeing you guys next week. See

(31:45):
you later, Fred.

Speaker 2 (31:46):
Thanks again, Heidi. Take care.

Speaker 1 (31:49):
Facenuts The Space Nuts Podcast.

Speaker 3 (31:54):
Available at Apple Podcasts, Spotify, I have Radio, or your
favorite podcast player. You can also stream on demand at
bites dot com. This has been another quality podcast production
from fights dot com.