Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
John (00:11):
The Old West wasn't
built on gunpowder alone.
It was built on ledgers,on loans, land deeds.
And men who learned thatcontrol over a county could be
bought one signature at a time.
Before the regulators ever drewtheir revolvers, before Billy the
kid ever carried a warrant, therewas the house, not a home, but an
(00:36):
empire in Lincoln County, New Mexico.
The house wasn't made of wood or brick.
It was made of monopoly.
Its foundation was greed.
Its walls were built from corruption andfear, and its architects were three men.
Lawrence Murphy, James Dolan, JohnRiley, Irish immigrants turned merchants.
(00:58):
Soldiers turned profiteers partnersin one of the most ruthless cartels
the frontier would ever see.
They came west under the flagof enterprise, but stayed
under the banner of power.
They owned the store,the bank, the contracts.
The law and soon enough, the sheriffhimself to do business in Lincoln.
(01:21):
You went through the house oryou didn't do business at all.
The locals called it a store.
The people who understoodcalled it what it was a kingdom.
From its counters, debtswere written like sentences.
Credit was offered to rancherswho could never pay it back.
Their cattle and land eventually seized inthe name of repayment, Murphy and Dolan.
(01:45):
Closed soldiers sold whiskey to outlawsand buried competition be beneath a
pile of legal Ritz and paid deputies.
When a young English rancher named JohnHenry Tunsell dared to open a rival
store, the house decided to collect,not with invoices, but with bullets.
Tonight we open the record onthe man who ran Lincoln County
(02:09):
before the shooting started.
The kings behind the curtain, because ifthe regulators were born out of vengeance.
The house was born out of greed, andbefore Billy, the kid became a legend.
He was simply one more pawn,trapped inside their game.
And the game where the rules were writtenby the rich, the sheriff held the cards
(02:30):
and the deck was stacked from the start.
The case of the houseis now before the court.
Angela (02:38):
Hey,
John (02:38):
Angela.
How's it going?
Angela (02:40):
Hey, John.
I'm good.
How are you?
I'm good.
Yeah,
John (02:43):
trying to kinda get back
into the swing of things a
little bit, so that's good.
Angela (02:47):
Soggy, raining out there.
John (02:49):
Oh, it is freaking pouring.
Angela (02:51):
Mm-hmm.
Yeah.
John (02:52):
So I have to know before we jump
into this episode, somebody watch,
somebody did, and unfortunately I wasdealing with the hospital and the life
flights and all the nonsense, so I didn'treally get to talk to you about it, so
Angela (03:07):
because I refused to
make that important over your
family's medical business.
Come on, I'm dying to know
John (03:15):
what, what are your thoughts?
It was
Angela (03:16):
good.
I liked it.
I'll watch it again.
John (03:18):
Yeah,
Angela (03:19):
yeah, yeah.
I did crochet while I watched it.
John (03:22):
Well, I expected that,
Angela (03:23):
but I did watch it
and I will watch it again.
So,
John (03:27):
yeah,
Angela (03:27):
it's freak.
I have now watched youngguns, let it be known.
John (03:32):
Now we gotta work on young guns too.
Angela (03:34):
Yeah, we almost did,
but we didn't have time.
John (03:37):
Yeah.
Angela (03:37):
So,
John (03:38):
yeah.
Yeah.
Angela (03:39):
It's on there.
It's on there.
John (03:41):
Cool.
So now maybe you'll kindaget some of my references.
Yeah.
Angela (03:45):
I was actually getting
them while I was watching it.
I was like, huh, wonder if thiswould be better had I have watched it
before this, because I knew what wascoming and I knew who the people were.
Ready.
And Shandy's like, are yousure you haven't watched this?
I was like, well, but in theoffice I have, 'cause John's
almost all played it out.
So
John (04:04):
yeah,
Angela (04:06):
pretty much.
That's pretty much how it went.
Yep.
I was like, I know what's happening.
I know who that is.
I, whatever.
John (04:11):
Well that's cool.
That must be, I'm doing an okay job.
Yeah.
That's my description, so, alright.
Angela (04:16):
That's also why I watch movies
before I read the book because it just,
it irritates you when you read the bookthen watch the movie and you're like, they
left this out in this, out in this out.
John (04:24):
Oh, I know.
And it's always so alot that they leave out.
Angela (04:28):
Yeah.
I always watch the moviesbefore I read the book.
John (04:30):
Yeah.
All right, well, welcome back listenersto Dark Dialogue, gallows and Gunfights.
The show where the Old West takesthe witness stand and history
itself is cross examined under oath.
Angela (04:43):
This isn't the cowboy
story they sold in theaters.
No white hats, no guaranteedheroes, just the raw truth of power,
corruption, and the blood thatbought control of an entire county
John (04:55):
exactly before the
regulators rode for vengeance.
Before Billy the kid ever fired ashot, there was the house, a machine
run by men who treated Lincoln Countylike their own personal empire.
Murphy, Dolan, Riley.
They didn't just sell goods, theysold justice to the highest bidder
Angela (05:15):
and the people who couldn't
afford to buy in paid with their
land, their cattle, or their lives.
What started as business turned intotyranny and Lincoln became less of a town,
then a company store with a jail attached.
John (05:29):
Tonight, the curtain pulls back.
We'll meet the men behind the house,the alliances they built, the laws
they broke, and the greed thatturned the New Mexico territory
into a powder keg waiting to blow.
Angela (05:42):
If you're listening on Spotify,
apple Podcast or YouTube, take a second
to like follow or leave a review.
It really does help us morethan you know, and it keeps the
frontier open for the next case.
John (05:53):
And don't forget to share the
show with someone who still believes
the Old West was simple becausethey're about to find out just how
complicated justice really was.
Court is in session.
Let's introduce the house.
Every empire starts with one man whodecides the rules no longer apply to him.
(06:15):
In Lincoln County, thatman was Lawrence G. Murphy.
He didn't build his power with a gun.
He built it with papersignatures and debt.
And before long every rancher,soldier and storekeeper in the
territory owed him something.
Here's how it started the charge.
(06:37):
Building an empire out of hunger and debtand leaving a county drenched in blood.
He was the first king of LincolnCounty, not crowned by title, but
by Credit Lawrence G. Murphy, anIrish immigrant, born in Wexford in
1831, arrived in America with nothingbut ambition and a soldier's grit.
(06:59):
At 17, he joined the US Army tradingfamine for a rifle in a uniform he served
across the wild edges of Texas and NewMexico, learning the one skill that would
one day make him powerful logistics.
Murphy was no gun slinger.
His weapon was supply his battlefield,the ledger as a quartermaster.
(07:21):
During the Civil War, he mastered theart of procurement, how to move food,
cattle, and ammunition across the hungryland, and more importantly, how to profit
from it, those who could control theflow of goods controlled survival itself.
And when the war ended, Murphybrought that lesson to the frontier.
(07:41):
By 1869, he implanted his empirein Lincoln, New Mexico, founding
LG Murphy and company to locals.
It was just a general store to Murphy.
It was the cornerstone of domination.
He held the supply contracts forFort Staten and the Mescalero
Apache Reservation, feeding soldiersand settlers alike, and charging
(08:04):
every rancher in the valley.
Whatever price he pleased beforelong Murphy's operations swallowed,
the county whole, joined by hisproteges, James Dolan and John Riley.
The enterprise grew into whatpeople would come to call the
house, but this was no home.
It was a fortress of greed built oninflated prices, impossible debts,
(08:28):
and political corruption so thick.
It stained the very badgeof the sheriff's office.
Murphy owned the store.
He owned the bank.
He owned the law.
And anyone who dared challengehim from a struggling rancher to a
rival merchant face ruin or worse,when John Toto, a young English
(08:49):
rancher and his ally, Alexander MCsSwen, a lawyer tired of Murphy's
Monopoly, opened a competing store.
Murphy saw more than business competition.
He saw insurrection and in the west.
Rebellion wasn't handled in court.
It was handled with rifles.
Murphy's men, deputies, wrestlershired guns, carried out his will.
(09:12):
Contracts became warrants.
Commerce became war.
The result was one of the mostviolent feuds in frontier history.
The Lincoln County War, Murphy himselfwould not live to see its end by 1878, his
body was failing ravaged by cancer and.
As the fullest flew across, LincolnMurphy retreated to Santa Fe, transferring
(09:35):
control of the house to Dolan.
He died that October.
His empire intact.
His reputation in ruinsthe verdict of time.
Lori G. Murphy was the architect of thehouse, a man who built wealth from rations
and power from desperation to some.
He was a businessman, disciplined,shrewd, and visionary to others, he
(10:00):
was a tyrant in a merchant's coat.
A man who bled Lincoln Countydry with a smile on a handshake.
He never drew a gun in anger, yet hispin signed the orders that sparked a war.
He never stood in the street at HighNoon, yet his ambition pulled the
trigger on a generation of violence.
History's verdict.
(10:20):
Is this.
Murphy didn't just control Lincoln County.
He created the system that corrupted it.
His empire of debt and influence setthe stage for the regulators, for
Billy the kid, and for the chaos thatwould define the New Mexico territory.
The man who taught the frontierhow to sell justice never
(10:41):
learned how to buy peace.
And just to note, he did not getshot in the forehead in the middle
of the freaking street by Billythe kid as he rode into the sunset.
Yeah.
He died of freaking cancer ina much less glamorous fashion.
Angela (11:00):
Yeah.
My brain was like, I remembersomething about that being wrong.
John (11:04):
Yeah.
Read the whirlwind Murphy.
Okay, so when Lawrence g Murphy'sH Health failed, the kingdom
that he built didn't crumble.
It just evolved.
Every empire need needs a successor.
And the house found one in a manwho learned its every trick, every
(11:27):
ledger line, every backroom deal.
James Joseph Dolan, he wasn'tthe visionary that Murphy was,
but he was colder, harder, morewilling to draw blood where Murphy
Perfor preferred to sign papers.
Dolan had come west as a soldier too, afellow Irishman who served under Murphy
(11:48):
in the Ninth Infantry, but where Murphybuilt his empire through commerce.
Dolan intended to keep it through fear.
With Murphy dying in Santa Fe, Dolantook the reins of the house, tightening
his grip on Lincoln County, like a vice.
He controlled the deputies, thecourts, and the gangs that did
the dirty work in the shadows.
(12:09):
He made enemies fast and he madesure that they didn't live long.
If Murphy had built the house with aledger, Dolan fortified it with a gun.
The war for Lincoln Countywasn't born in a courtroom.
It was born in Dolan's ambition,and it's here that the story
turns from business to blood.
(12:30):
So let's call the next witness, James jDolan, the charge turning monopoly into
murder and proving that when greed meetspower, blood is always the final currency.
He called himself a businessman.
The people of Lincoln Countycalled him something else.
(12:53):
James j Dolan, the Apprenticewho inherited the house.
Born in county, Galloway Ireland on May2nd, 19, 18, 48, Dolan came to America
as a child chasing the same promise thathad lured so many of his countrymen,
freedom, fortune, and a place to belong.
(13:14):
What he found instead was war.
At 14, he joined the Union Army,serving until the end of the Civil War.
That experience hardened him.
A boy molded into a soldier.
A soldier molded into something colder.
When the guns fell silent in the East,he followed the scent of Opportunity
West Landing in Fort Staton, New Mexico.
(13:36):
That's where he met Lawrence G. Murphy.
A man twice his age already apower player, already carving
his name into the frontier.
Murphy took Dolan under his wing andwhat began his mentorship quickly
became a masterclass in manipulation.
At LG Murphy and Company Dolanlearned that control wasn't about
(13:57):
guns or gold, it was about credit.
If you owned a man'sdebt, you owned his life.
Together with Murphy and JohnReilly, Dolan helped transform
the store into an empire.
The one, everyone in Lincoln Countywould come to know, fear and the house.
They supplied Fort Statin andthe Mescalero Apache reservation
(14:20):
padding contracts, inflatingprices, and tightening their grip
on every rancher in the valley.
Dolan became the enforcer, fiery,proud and utterly ruthless.
He wasn't content to run the books.
He wanted to run the territory.
In 1873, he nearly shot a FortStatin officer during an argument.
(14:40):
And when corruption forced Murphyand Dolan out of the Fort Dolan
did not retreat, he recalibrated.
They reestablished themselves inLincoln, building their monopoly,
brick by brick, debt by debt.
But then came John Henry Tunstallyoung, polished English and
unafraid to challenge the throne.
(15:01):
With lawyer Alexander MCs, Swen and CattleBear, and John Chm at his side, Tunstall
dared to open a competing store for Dolan.
This wasn't business, it was betrayal.
He responded the only way thathe knew how with violence.
He financed the Jesse Evans game, paiddeputies to look the other way and
turned the house into a war machine.
(15:23):
When Tunstall was ambushed andmurdered in February of 1878,
Dolan wasn't just behind it.
He bankrolled it.
That killing, and the spark thatignited the Lincoln County War, a
feud that would consume 19 lives anddragged the territory into chaos.
Dolan issued bounties on rivals,hired assassins, and used his
(15:44):
political clout to stay untouchable.
Even when Attorney Houston Chapman, whoinvestigated McQueen's death was gunned
down in the street, burned and mutilated.
Dolan escaped prosecution justice likecredit was something he'd already bought.
When the smoke cleared, Dolanowned what he'd fought for.
(16:05):
Constable's land the storeand a political seat.
He became Lincoln CountyTreasurer and even served in the
New Mexico territorial Senate.
But victory had its price.
The empire he'd inherited turnedpoisonous alcohol, dulled his mind.
Scandal followed his name, andthe loyalty that he demanded from
(16:26):
others dried up with his fortunes.
On February 6th, 1898, Dolan died athis ranch in Lincoln County, a hollow
man surrounded by the ghosts of thosehe'd buried beneath his ambition.
The verdict of time James J Do.
James j Dolan was the living embodimentof corruption on the frontier.
(16:48):
A soldier turned merchant, a merchantturned tyrant, where Lawrence Murphy
built the house through business.
Dolan maintained it through blood.
He learned from the bestand died by his own lessons.
His contracts outlasted.
His conscience.
His empire outlived his honor, andthough the records list him as a
(17:09):
politician and a rancher historyknows him for what he truly was, the
enforcer, who proved that in LincolnCounty, justice was never blind.
Blind.
It was bought.
When James Dolan finally drankhimself into obscurity, the empire
that he fought to keep didn't vanish.
(17:29):
It simply changed hands.
Every kingdom has its generals,its traitors and its survivors.
And in the house, oneman survived them all.
John Riley, he wasn't thegunman, he wasn't the mastermind.
He was the quiet one.
The accountant in the corner who kept thebooks balanced while the bullets flew.
(17:50):
Where Murphy built the foundationand Dolan enforced it, Riley made
sure that it never fell apart.
He learned early that in LincolnCounty, the most dangerous weapon
wasn't a Winchester, it was a ledger.
Riley stayed calm while Murphy's Healthfailed in Dolan's temper, ignited wars.
And when both men were gone, he was stillstanding, holding the keys, the contracts,
(18:15):
and the last remnants of the housethey'd built on debt, deceit, and blood.
If Murphy was the architect and Dolanthe muscle, Riley was the one who
turned the monopoly into a legacy,cold, efficient, and quietly profitable.
He didn't need gun smoke to leave a mark.
He let the numbers do the killing.
(18:37):
Let's bring the final partnerof the house to the stand,
the charge, writing the rules ofcorruption in ink instead of blood,
and proving that silence can bejust as deadly as a six shooter.
If the house was an empire, JohnRe was the man who made sure
the foundation never cracked.
(18:59):
Born in Dingle Bay, Ireland in 1850,Riley came to America like so many
others, chasing the promise of abetter life only to find himself in a
country still bleeding from civil war.
He enlisted with the Californiacolumn marching across the
southwest, under the union banner.
But when the gunfire stopped,Riley didn't go home.
(19:21):
He went into business, and businessin New Mexico meant opportunity for
the, for the bold and the ruthless.
That's where he found LawrenceG. Murphy and James Dolan, two
countrymen carving out their ownempire in the dust of Laken County.
Together they built LG Murphy and Company,the mercantile and banking powerhouse
(19:43):
that would become known and whispers andcurses alike as the house where Murphy
was the architect and Dolan the enforcer.
Riley was the strategist.
He was the numbers man.
The contract broker, the quiet operatorwho understood that power didn't just
come from bullets, it came from paperwork.
(20:04):
He helped secure government contractsto feed Fort Statin and the Mescalero
Apache Reservation, leveraging hisconnections in legal knowhow to turn
simple trade into total domination.
Credit flowed through re's ledgerslike blood through the veins, and soon
every rancher in merchant in LincolnCounty found themselves owing the
house more than they could ever repay.
(20:27):
Riley's strength wasn't in his aim.
It was in his ability toturn the law into a weapon.
He twisted credit, manipulateddeeds, and bought influence
from sheriffs and judges alike.
When someone couldn't be bribed, theycould always be bled dry by debt.
But even men of numbers in Inc.Cast long shadows, Riley's name
(20:49):
appeared in more than one gunfight.
He was tied to local disputesand suspected in violent
confrontations, including theone that left respected citizen.
Juan Patron badly wounded to thecommon settlers of Lincoln County.
Riley wasn't just a businessman.
He was the face of quiet cruelty, the kindthat smiled while taking your last dollar.
(21:13):
When John Todd stole and Alexander McSwainopened their rival store at 1877, Riley
stood squarely behind Murphy and Dolan.
He kept the accounts balanced, thebribes flowing, and the deputies
loyal all while the killing began.
And when Tunstall fell in 1878, murderedon the open range, Riley's fingerprints
(21:33):
were there, not on the trigger, but onthe paperwork that made it all possible.
The Lincoln County War wasn'tjust fought in the streets.
It was fought in ledgers, in courtrooms,and in the back rooms of Riley's making.
He understood what most men neverdid the law in the right hand do more
damage than a Winchester ever could.
(21:55):
When the smoke cleared in,his partners were gone.
Murphy did.
Dolan ruined, Riley didwhat he always did best.
He moved on.
He married in Las Cruces in 1882, bought aranch in Colorado and lived quietly until
1916 when pneumonia finally claimed him.
He died a wealthy man far fromLincoln, far from the ghost that he
(22:18):
helped to create the verdict of time.
John Reilly was the lastpillar of the house.
The man who outlived thegunman and outsmarted the law.
He never stood in the street, dual,never ordered a posse, and never
fired the shot that killed John Tuns.
He didn't need to.
His power was quieterand far more enduring.
(22:41):
He proved that corruption doesn't alwayswear a badge or brandish a weapon.
Sometimes it wears a vest, keeps neatrecords and smiles across the counter
while it takes everything that you own.
When the legends of Lincoln Countywere buried, re's name faded from the
headlines, but his signature remained onthe documents that made the war possible.
(23:04):
In the ledger of history, JohnReilly's balance sheet was full
of profit, power and of blood.
Every empire has its generals.
Men like Murphy, Dolan and Riley whomade their power visible in stores and
contracts and in the barrel of a gun.
But behind the house stood another figure,quieter, wealthier, and far less exposed.
(23:31):
His name was Emil Fritz.
He wasn't a gunfighter, hewasn't a sheriff or a politician.
He was the money.
The investor whose wealth gave Murphyand Dolan the fuel they needed to
expand their monopoly and enforcetheir grip on Lincoln County.
Fritz didn't make speechesor lead posses into battle.
(23:52):
His power was written in numbers inbanking records, land deals, and silent
loans that turned the wheels of the house.
When others reached forrifles, he reached for ledgers.
But make no mistake, hisinfluence was just as deadly.
Without Emil Fritz's financial backing,there would have been no empire to
(24:14):
defend, no monopoly to fight over, andperhaps no Lincoln County War at all.
Now let's turn the page andcall Emil Fritz, the investor
in the shadows to the stand.
The charge leaving behind,not bullets, but a fortune and
sparking a war from the grave.
(24:36):
Emil Fritz was not a gunman or a lawman.
He was a soldier, a traitor, andeventually the quiet financier
whose money helped build the house.
Born in Stut, Germany in 1832,Fritz K. Cross the Atlantic during
an era when opportunity luredthousands of Europeans to America.
He spent time in California duringthe Gold Rush, then traded his
(24:59):
pickax for a uniform, joining theUnion Army during the Civil War.
He rose to the rank of Captainlater earning a Bret promotion
to Lieutenant Colonel.
His service took him west, where hebecame a cap commander at Fort Staton, the
varied place that would shape his future.
It was there that Fritz crosspaths with another young officer
(25:22):
who saw the potential of supplyand trade, Lawrence G. Murphy.
Together they began as army tradersproviding goods for soldiers and settlers.
When Murphy's standing with themilitary soured, he and Fred's
left the Ford and established theirmercantile operation in Lincoln.
It was the foundation of whatwould soon be feared across
(25:43):
the territory as the house.
Fritz himself wasn't known for violence.
His role was quieter.
Establishing land holdings, buildinga modest wrench near Lincoln, and
ensuring the operation had thestability of capital and contracts.
But in a region ruled by debtand dependency, money was every
(26:03):
bit as deadly as a cult revolver.
By the early 1870s, Fritz's Healthbegan to fail suffering from
kidney disease and tuberculosis.
He returned to Germany in1874 at just 43 years old.
He died far from Lincoln County, but indeath he left behind more than memories.
(26:25):
He left an insurance policy worth $10,000,an enormous sum for the time, and it
was this policy, not his life, that madeEmil Fritz one of the most consequential
figures in Lincoln County history.
When Alexander McSwain collected thepayout, he refused to hand it over
to Murphy and Dolan, who claimedit as a debt owed to the house.
(26:48):
The dispute over Emil Fritz'sinsurance money ignited, simmering
tensions becoming one of the sparksthat set off the Lincoln County War.
Fritz never fired a shot, neverordered an ambush, and never
rode with Posses in the night.
Yet his death and the fortune thathe left behind became fuel for a
(27:09):
feud that claimed nearly 20 livesand etched itself into legend.
The verdict of time.
Emil Fritz was the quietestof the house's founders.
A man remembered less for whathe did in life than for what his
estate triggered after his death.
He was a soldier who traded hisuniform for commerce, a businessman
(27:31):
who partnered with Murphy, andultimately the financial backbone
of Lincoln's most powerful monopoly.
But history remembershim as something else.
The man who set fire to a powder kegwithout ever striking the match, his
insurance policy became blood moneyand his absence helped fuel one of
(27:51):
the old west most infamous feuds.
He lies today in Stut, Germany, far fromthe dusty crossroads of Lincoln County.
Yet the shadow is it of his fortune.
Stretches across the historyof the American frontier by the
timing made Fritz's fortune set.
Lincoln County on fire.
(28:12):
The house had already begun to shift fromguns and ledgers to something even colder.
Paperwork and politics, the power playerswere dying off, but the money still had to
move and someone had to keep the accountsstraight while the bodies piled up.
That man was Edgar Walls.
He wasn't a rancher,a gunman or a soldier.
(28:33):
He was a banker.
One of the few men in Lincoln whounderstood how to make a killing
without ever touching a gun.
Walls, handled the money, balancedthe debts, and made sure that
every dollar taken in blood wasproperly recorded in black ink.
If Murphy, Dolan and Riley builtthe house and Fritz financed it.
(28:54):
Walls ensured it survived.
He managed the flow of credit,legitimized corruption through banking
ties, and gave the empire its mostpowerful disguise, respectability.
When the war came, men like Billy,the kid fought it with bullets.
Men like Edgar Wallsfought it with signatures.
Let's turn the page to the next manwho turned numbers into weapons.
(29:17):
Edgar Walls, the banker whokept the books on blood,
the charge keeping a dying empire solventand ensuring that even as men bled in
the streets, the accounts still balanced.
By the late 1870s, the house was cracking.
Lawrence Murphy was dead.
(29:38):
James Dolan was drowningin debt and scandal.
Riley had, van had vanishedinto quieter pursuits, and yet
somehow the machine kept turning.
That was thanks In nosmall part to Edgar Walls.
He wasn't born into the LincolnCounty conflict, but he arrived
when it needed him the most.
(29:59):
A banker sent to keep the crumblingempire afloat walls was tied by both
blood and business to one of themost powerful men in the southwest.
Thomas Bitten Catone attorney, landbarren and master manipulator behind the
Santa Fe ring, the political machine thatruled New Mexico like a private kingdom.
(30:19):
Catone held the mortgage on Dolan'sassets, and when the house began to
collapse under the weight of corruption,Catone sent in his man to take control.
Edgar Walls, walls arrived in Lincoln,not as a fighter, but as a steward.
His job was simple, protect cat'sinvestment, manage the store, and ensure
(30:39):
the Dolan factions money and influencedidn't vanish with their credibility, but
nothing in Lincoln County was ever simple.
The feud had already turned toblood and by the time walls walked
through the doors of the MurphyDolan store, Lincoln was a war zone.
Rival factions, Dolans men on one side,MCs, Swains, and tonsils on the other
(31:01):
were poised for the showdown that woulddefine the county for generations.
During the five day battle in July of1878, walls was, was reportedly present
in Lincoln as the last great confrontationunfolded, fires raging, bullets tearing
through walls, and the town itselfburning under the weight of its own greed.
(31:21):
He wasn't there to shoot or to die.
He was there to make surethat when the smoke cleared
the money still had an owner.
That was the quiet truth of men.
Like Edgar Walls, they never had topull a trigger to control the outcome.
While gunmen fought for ground,men like walls decided who
owned the land beneath it.
After the war walls remained in businessproof that those who deal in paper
(31:46):
often outlived those who deal in lead.
He lived until 1935 dying peacefullyin San Diego, California, far
from the ruins of Lincoln.
The verdict of time.
Edgar Walls was not a villainby reputation, but he was
an accountant to villains.
He represented a new breedof frontier power, educated,
(32:08):
connected, and untouchable.
When the old guard of the housefell to disease, debt and violence,
walls ensured their legacy andtheir creditors stayed alive.
He was the living bridge betweenthe frontiers, blood feuds, and
the quiet takeover of New Mexico bythe Santa Fe ring, where lawyers,
bankers, and politicians replacedgunfighters as the architects of power.
(32:33):
In the courtroom of history, Edgar Wallstands as the bookkeeper of the fallen,
the man who made sure that even afterthe war was over, the balance sheet of
the house still came out in the black.
But in the late 1870s, the house hadmoney, land, and political power, but
what it didn't have anymore was control.
(32:55):
Their ledgers could bully the honest,and their contracts could bankrupt
the weak, but paper doesn't stopa bullet to enforce their rule.
The house needed muscle, notmerchants, not bankers, gunman.
And that's when they turnedto Jesse Evans and the boys.
Evans was everything.
Murphy, Dolan and Waltz weren'tyoung, fearless, and mean
(33:19):
enough to do their dirty work.
Without hesitation, his gang movedthrough Lincoln County like wildfire,
stealing cattle, intimidatingwitnesses, torching businesses, and
killing anyone who stood between thehouse and its control of the valley.
They called themselves cowboys.
The law called them outlaws, but inLincoln County, they were employees.
(33:43):
Hired protection, paid intimidation,the trigger hand of the house.
When lawyers couldn't silence theopposition and bankers couldn't buy
obedience, Jesse Evans and his men madesure the message was delivered another
way, loud, bloody, and permanent.
They didn't just enforce debts,they collected them in blood.
(34:06):
Now the courtroom of history calls itsnext witness, Jesse Evans, and the boys
who rode beside him, the enforcers whoturned the house's, greed into war,
the charge murder, wrestling, andserving as the gun hand of Laken
County's most corrupt empire.
(34:28):
If the house was a fortress builton greed, Jesse Evans was the man
who guarded its gates with bulletsinstead of laws born in 1853,
possibly in Missouri or Texas.
Evans wasn't raised forgentleness or obedience.
He came of age in the chaos of thefrontier, a place where survival
(34:48):
and sin walked hand in hand.
He started his life on the edge ofrespectability working for cattle
ranchers like John Chisholm, but itdidn't take long for him to learn
that there was faster money to bemade on the other side of the brand.
By his early twenties, Evans had formedhis own crew, a vicious and loyal
band of thieves and gunfighters knownacross New Mexico and West Texas as the
(35:13):
Jesse Evans gang, or simply the boys.
Evans gang was made up of some ofthe hardest men in the territory.
Frank Baker, Tom Hill, pony deal, and fromtime to time, even Billy, the kid rode
among them before choosing a differentpath and becoming their bitter enemy.
They wrestled cattle, robbed stagecoaches raided ranches, and enforced
(35:37):
their will with cold precision.
When violence became currency inLincoln County, Jesse Evans was the
one everyone knew, could collect.
And that reputation drewattention, powerful attention.
When the Lincoln County were erupted,the Murphy Dolan faction desperate for
muscle, turned to Evans and his crew.
(35:58):
They didn't need a sheriff.
They needed killers.
Evans delivered in February 18th, 78.
Jesse Evans and the boys ambushed andmurdered John Tunstall, the act that lit
the match for the Lincoln County War.
From that moment, Evanswasn't just a criminal.
He was a soldier for hire, fighting onbehalf of the house his gang carried
(36:19):
out, raids, assassinations, andambushes across the county, attacking
the regulators, burning property andhunting McSwain supporters like prey.
Even hardened men feared him.
Billy, the kid himself once admittedthat he'd rather negotiate than cross.
Jesse Evans head on.
He was there when Frank McNabb was cutdown when the battle of Lincoln turned
(36:42):
the town into a war zone, and whenblood became the language of business.
When the war ended,Evans didn't fade away.
He simply returned to what he knew best.
Killing for profit.
In 1879, he and his men murdered.
Attorney Houston Chapman.
A crime so brazen.
It reignited the outrage that had barelycooled since the war, since the wars end.
(37:06):
But the law was finally catching upafter a gun fight in Presidio, Texas,
where Evans killed a Texas ranger.
He was captured, tried and sentencedto Huntsville State Prison.
It should have been the end of him, butlike any outlaw worth, the legend, Jesse
Evans refused to stay caged in 1882.
(37:27):
During a prison work detail,he vanished, escaping into the
wind, never to be seen again.
Some say he died in Mexico.
Others swore they sigh.
Years later, gray and smilingin a border town saloon.
No one ever proved a thing.
The verdict of time.
Jesse Evans was the perfect outlawfor the perfect storm, charming,
(37:50):
violent, and unflinchingly loyalto whoever paid him the most.
He wasn't a politician,a merchant, or a soldier.
He was a weapon.
When the house needed enforcers,he became its trigger hand.
The living embodiment of the greed andbrutality that ruled Lincoln County.
His gang didn't fight forjustice or for survival.
(38:12):
They fought for money, power,and the thrill of being feared.
And when the war ended, Evansleft behind nothing but ghosts
and a legend that refused to die.
In the history of the AmericanFrontier, Jesse Evans stands as proof
that the West wasn't tamed by law.
It was bought, fought, and burnedinto submission by men like him.
(38:37):
By the time Jesse Evans and the boyshad soaked Lincoln County in Blood,
the house had learned one truth.
Loyalty could be bought,but it never came cheap.
When they needed even more mento fight their war, they didn't
look to soldiers or deputies.
They looked to Drifters, ranch, hands,and outlaws, who lived by one rule.
(38:58):
Whoever paid the bestowned their trigger finger.
That was the Seven Rivers Warriors.
They came out of Seven Rivers, NewMexico, a settlement halfway between
nowhere and the Badlands, a placewhere the law barely bothered to ride.
These men weren't boundby cause or conscience.
They weren't fighting for thehouse or for the regulators.
(39:21):
They fought for whoever put themost whiskey on the table and
the most cash in their hand.
They were a loose brotherhood of ranchers,wrestlers, and opportunists, A temporary
army of outlaws that would soon helpdecide the fate of Lincoln County.
And when the war broke open,they become the higher guns
that gave the house its numbers.
(39:42):
With Evans and the boys leading thecharge, the Seven Rivers Warriors
rode in behind them burning homes,ambushing rivals, and helping
drive McSwain's men into retreat.
They turned the fight into somethingbigger than business, a campaign
of chaos that swallowed everyranch and river crossing for miles.
They weren't loyalists,they were survivors.
(40:03):
And when the dust settled,they rode off just as easily
as they'd ridden in pockets.
Heavy and conscience is empty.
Next on the docket, the men whoturned mercenary and whose bullets
carried no allegiance but greed.
The Seven Rivers warriors, hired gunswho fought for pay, not for principle,
(40:27):
the charge fighting for both sides ofthe law, and proving that in Lincoln
County, justice and outlaw often rodethe same horse in the Badlands of
southeastern Lincoln County near astretch of water called Seven Rivers.
A different kind of army took shape.
They weren't hired gunmen, not at first.
(40:48):
They were small ranchers, the kind whoscraped by on hard land and harder luck.
Men caught between the endlessherds of John Chisholm's cattle
empire and the unforgiving emptinessof the New Mexico frontier.
When Chisholm's Livestock swallowedthe grazing range and his influence
smothered smaller operations,resentment turned to rebellion.
(41:11):
That rebellion became a gang.
They called themselves the Seven Riverswarriors, led by him, Henry m, Hugh
Beckwith, and his brothers Bob and John.
The Warriors were a volatile mix ofranchers, wrestlers, and roughnecks
who decided that if the system wasrigged, they'd play by their own rules.
(41:31):
They stole cattle, raided corrals, andran their own shadow economy across
the dry basins of Lincoln County, notjust for profit, but for survival.
But when the Lincoln County War brokeout in 1976, survival found new meaning
the Beckwith, along with their men,threw in with the Murphy Dolan faction,
(41:52):
not because they admired the house,but because they despised its enemy.
John Chisholm, whose alliance with JohnTung Dolan, Alexander MCs Swen, made
him the natural target of their anger.
And so the Seven Rivers Warriors becamethe house's newest hired guns fighting
a war that they didn't start fromthen, that they didn't like against
(42:13):
ranchers, that they'd once worked beside.
They worked closely with JesseEvans and John Kinney's Gangs Riot
as reinforcements and enforcers.
They attacked Tunsell's men raidedMcSwain's properties, and turned
the link and turned Lincoln Countyinto a battleground of burnt fences,
stolen herds, and murdered rivals.
(42:35):
But what made them truly dangerous wasn'tjust their guns, it was their badges.
Several members, including Bob Beckwith,Wallace Allinger, Bob Allinger, held
official law enforcement positions.
Beckwith and Wallace Allinger wereDeputies Undersheriff William Brady,
while Bob Allinger was a sworn US marshal.
(42:58):
That meant the same men whoburned out farms by night could
arrest their victims by day.
The line between law andoutlaw didn't just blur.
It completely disappeared.
Their notoriety peaked with the killingof regulator, Frank McNabb, the capture
of Franco and their bloody participationin the Battle of Lincoln in 1878, where
(43:21):
Bob Beckwith was shot dead amid the chaos,but victory was short-lived after the
war, their unity dissolved faster thanthe smoke that rose from Lincoln's ruins.
Greed, guilt andvengeance tore them apart.
Former allies turned on each other andthe Once Fears seven Rivers warriors
destroyed themselves from a end.
(43:43):
By the end, the gang was gone.
Scattered across the southwest,their badges stripped, their
names reduced to footnotes ina few that had outlasted them.
The verdict of time, the Seven Riverswarriors were the frontier's, truest
reflection men trying to survivein a world run by power and profit.
(44:03):
They began as ranchers fightingmonopolies and ended as killers for
hire trapped in a war where loyaltywas a luxury no one could afford.
Their story is proof that in LincolnCounty Justice wore two faces, one
carved in brass and pinned to a vest,and the other hidden behind a loaded gun.
(44:24):
The Seven Rivers, warriors, outlawsdeputies, and everything in between.
By the time the Seven RiversWarriors had turned the frontier
into no man's land, the housestill wasn't finished recruiting.
They had politicians to buy andbankers to balance the books, but
what they needed most were soldiers.
(44:44):
And when the lock couldn't provide enoughmuscle, they turned south to accrue,
already notorious from Silla to El Paso.
Men who didn't fight for loyalty,land or justice, they fought for pay.
They were the John Kinney gang.
Kenny's outfit was one of themeanest and most organized outlaw
(45:06):
groups in New Mexico territory.
A mix of deserters, drifters, andcareer criminals who made their living
the only way that they knew how.
By taking what others couldn'tprotect, they wrestled cattle,
robbed freighters, and sold theirservices to whoever could afford them.
And during the Lincoln County War,that employer was the house while
(45:28):
Jesse Evans and the Seven RiversWarrior handled the local bras, brawls.
John Kinney's men brought precisiontrained fighters who knew how to ambush,
intimidate, and vanish before dawn.
Their ranks included gunman whohad later become infamous in their
own right men like Pony deal.
(45:48):
Jess Evans and Dirty SteveStevens names whispered in
saloons from Roswell to Tucson.
They fought not for a cause, but for acontract raid McSwain's allies escorting
Murphy Dolan shipments and adding theirfirepower to the house's campaign of fear.
Wherever the Kenny Gang road, themessage was clear resistance meant
(46:12):
ruin, but even mercenaries have limits.
And when the smoke began toclear, Kenny's men scattered.
Some hanged, some vanished, andsome like their leader turned their
notoriety into uneasy truces withthe very law that they once to fight.
Next on the stand.
John Kinney and his gang, themercenaries of Mesilla men who fought
(46:36):
for gold, not glory, and left LincolnCounty bloodier than they found it.
John Guinea's in young guns.
You remember him?
Charlie was terrified.
He's concern.
Angela (46:49):
I'm still over here.
John (46:50):
Yes I am.
Charlie was terrified of John Kinney.
It's, it's, it's John.
It's John Keen.
It's John Keen.
It.
It's John.
Thank you very much.
Charlie.
Before the Lincoln County War, beforethe house began buying loyalties
by the bullet, every kind of outfitalready ruled the borderlands hard
(47:12):
men who live by no law but survivaland no allegiance but profit.
They called themselvesthe John Kinney gang.
Though in the border towns and Badlands,most folks knew them by another name.
The Rio Grande Posse led by JohnKinney, a former army sergeant who
traded his uniform for an outlaws coat.
(47:35):
The gang carved its reputationout of the south of the
southern New Mexico territory.
Based in Donna Ana County.
They operated like a roamingmilitia, equal parts, cattle
thieves, bandits, and hired killers.
Their early years were soaked in violence.
They wrestled cattle on both sides ofthe border, robbed ranchers and stage
(47:56):
lines, and weren't afraid to squareoff with soldiers or sheriffs alike.
In 1875, they crossed a line even byoutlaw standards, a deadly gunfight
with US Calvary troops in Las Cruces.
That left soldiers and civilians dead.
From that moment on, the KennyGangs name carried the weight of
(48:17):
infamy From Illa to El Paso, thegangs rank shifted constantly.
Man came and went, but the namesthat remained became legend.
Jesse Evans Pony Deal.
Jim McDaniels all rode under Kenny'sbanner at one time or another.
They were young, mean and efficient,the kind of men who could turn a cattle
(48:39):
trail into a graveyard before breakfast.
When the Lincoln County Warerupted, the house needed
muscle to back their monopoly.
Kenny had men trained, armed and ruthless,and he didn't ask many questions.
Sheriff George Pepin deputizedhim and his gang turning
outlaws into lawmen overnight.
(49:00):
Their badges may have been official,but their actions were not.
Under Murphy and Dolan's payroll,the Kitty gang fought the regulators
burned property, raided safe houses,and joined the Battle of Lincoln.
A siege that left the town smolderingand the power balance forever changed.
They were the muscle that gave the houseteeth, and when it came to killing.
(49:22):
They didn't distinguish between legalityand vengeance, but wars end and hired.
Guns always move on.
After the smoke cleared, theKenny gang drifted south again.
Some joining other outlaw outfits likesome and scouts, others dying in anonymous
shootouts that barely made the papers.
As for John Kinney, the man whostarted it all, his story didn't
(49:46):
end in a bleeds of gunfire.
The law finally caught up to him in 1883when he was convicted of cattle wrestling.
He served a short term behindbars before walking free.
And in a strange twist of fate, helater rejoined the US army during the
Spanish American war, from Deserterto outlaw, from outlaw to soldier.
(50:09):
John Kinney was the frontier'smost adaptable survivor.
His gang may have been born inblood, but he died in peace, leaving
behind a legend that blurred theline between bandit and mercenary.
The verdict of time, the John Kinney gangwas the hired gun of the borderlands.
A ban of soldiers without acountry outlaws with discipline
(50:32):
and killers for rent.
They didn't ride for honor or vengeance.
They rode for pay and forthe thrill of watching.
Men with power realized thatmoney couldn't buy safety forever.
Their legacy is writtenin both ink and blood.
A testament to how lawlessness wasn'tthe opposite of order in the old West,
(50:52):
it was often its twin, the Rio GrandPosse, where the Army's discipline met
the outlaws creed and where the frontierlearned that justice was always for sale.
By the time the house had filledits ranks with mercenaries and
outlaws, Lincoln County was lessa town and more a battlefield.
(51:14):
Every man had chosen a side or hadone chosen for him, but for one
gunman, his choice would ignitethe bloodiest chapter of them all.
His name was William Buck Morton, thoughmost knew him simply as Billy Morton.
Morton was no hired thug.
Fresh off the trail.
He was a seasoned ranch hand, amarksman, and a man whose loyalty to
(51:37):
the house was as deadly as his aim.
He had ridden with Jesse Evans, foughtbeside the Seven Rivers warriors and knew
how to make violence look like business.
When the conflict between Murphy Dolan andTTO McSwain turned from words to bullets,
buck Morton became the point of the spear.
He wasn't paid to threaten.
He was paid to finish.
(51:59):
And it was Morton who rode thatFebruary day in 1878 alongside
Jesse Evans and Tom Hill.
When the ambush came, the one thatleft John Henry Tunstall face down in
the dust, his life ended by the men.
He'd refused to bow to that killing.
That single act of murder onthe open range became the spark
(52:19):
that set Lincoln County ablaze.
The regulators would rise from it,Billy the kid would be forged by it.
And every man who rode withBuck Morton that day would soon
find himself marked for death.
Now, the court of history callsforward the Nest witness, William Buck
Morton, the gunman whose bullets beganthe war that would define the west,
(52:46):
the charge, murder, ambush, andthe single gunshot that lit the
fuse of the Lincoln County War.
By 1878, William Buck Morton or BillyMorton, depending on who was telling
the story, had already made a name forhimself on the wrong side of the law.
He wasn't just an outlaw, hewas a man of divided loyalties.
(53:07):
A wrestler wearing a deputy'sbadge, writing for a sheriff
who took orders from the house.
Morton had started as a cowboyin a cattle hand, but ambition
and violence carried him further.
When Sheriff William Brady deputizedhim, it gave Morton's crimes a thin
layer of legitimacy, the kind thatmade murder look like law enforcement.
(53:28):
He rode with Jesse Evans, served theinterests of Murphy and Dolan, and
when the time came to silence theirmost dangerous rival, John Henry
Tunstall Morton didn't hesitate.
On February the 18th, 1878, along alonely stretch near Blackwater Creek,
Tunsell's horse bolted under fire.
(53:48):
Morton and his fellow riders closed in.
The Englishman's body was foundmoments later, shot in the head
execution style and left in the dust.
That killing didn'tjust take a man's life.
It started a war.
Within days, the regulators wereborn, a posse sworn to bring justice
to the men who killed Tunstall.
(54:08):
Their first order ofbusiness buying Buck Morton.
They chased him for days through thedesert, cornered him near Blackwater
Canyon and captured him alongsidefellow gang member Frank Baker.
For several tense days, Morton wasmarched under guard, Dick Brewer, Charlie
Bowry, and the young Billy, the Kid.
Among his captors, the regulators claimthat Morton and B tried to escape.
(54:33):
History remembers it differently.
Two gunshots echoed through the canyon.
Both men were deadbefore the dust settled.
The death of Buck Mortondidn't bring peace.
It brought blood.
The regulators had taken revengeand Murphy and the Murphy Doen
faction vowed to return at tenfold.
Each killing justified the nextuntil Lincoln County became a
(54:55):
graveyard of grudges and ghosts.
The verdict of time, WilliamBorton stands as a symbol of the
West's greatest contradiction.
A man sworn to uphold the law whoinstead became its executioner.
His bullet killed John Tunstall andhis death in turn fueled the vengeance
that defined the Lincoln County War.
(55:16):
He wasn't the first to die in thatfeud, but he was the first who had
to that the deputy, the outlaw, thespark bug Morton, the man who who shot,
still echoes through Lincoln's dust.
When Buck Morton fell into theregulator's hands, he wasn't
alone riding beside him that day.
(55:36):
A rifle across his saddle and a bountyon his head was another gunman whose
name never carried the same weight, butwhose fate was sealed by the same war.
His name Frank Bakker.
Bakker was a wrestler gun hand,and a member of the Jesse Evans
gang, one of the many men who hadtraded their brand for a bull.
When the house began payingfor protection, he wasn't a
(55:59):
leader, he wasn't even notorious.
But in Lincoln County, that didn't matter.
You only had to ride with the wrongmen to die for the wrong cause.
When John Tunstall was gunned down onthat cold February morning in 1878, banker
rode in the same company as Morton andthe killers who fired the fatal shots.
(56:19):
That single act, an ambush turnedexecution, made him a marked man.
The regulators swore an oath ofvengeance, and within weeks, Bakker and
Wharton were running for their lives.
The posse that hunted them, led byDick Brewer, with Billy the Kid,
Charlie Bry, and Doc Scurlock amongits ranks, caught up near Blackwater
(56:40):
Canyon after a long and desperate chase.
For four days, the prisoners weremarched under armed guard, weary,
silent, and resigned to their fate.
When the march ended, so did their lives.
The regulators claim Bakkerand Mor tried to escape.
But the truth whisperedeven then was simpler.
(57:00):
The regulators executed themjustice by the gun Frontier style.
Frank B break's names faded into thebackground of the blood soaked feud,
overshadowed by legends like Billy theKid, buck Morton and John Tunstall.
But for those who study the war, his deathmarks a turning point, the moment when
vengeance stopped, pretending to be law.
(57:23):
Next to take the stand.
Frank Baker, the forgottengunman, who paid the price for
a crime that changed the West,
the charge.
Murder, ambush, and dying bythe same justice he once claimed
to serve in Lincoln County.
Loyalty was a currency and Frank,Frank and Frank Baker spent his
(57:45):
on the wrong side of history.
He was a man who wore two faces, deputyby day, outlaw by night, a gun for
hire, a peace officer when it paid,and a loyal enforcer for the house.
Baker rode with Jesse Evans and the menwho brought order through intimidation,
deputized by Sheriff William Brady.
(58:06):
He helped turn badges into weapons,symbols, not of law, but of
ownership by the winner of 1878.
His allegiance was clear.
He stood with Murphy andDolan, the merchants who ruled
Lincoln County like kings.
When John Tunstall refused to kneel tothem, Bakker saddled up with Buck Morton
and the posse that hunted him down.
(58:28):
On February 18th, 18th 78, TTO wascornered and killed, shot in cold blood.
As his horse bolted in terror,the single gunshot tore through
more than just flesh and bone.
It ripped open the heart of LincolnCounty and set in motion, one of the
bloodiest F the West would ever know.
The regulators sworn in toavenge their employer's murder.
(58:51):
Put Baker's name at the top of their list.
They found him three weeks later,riding with Morton near the Pecos River.
Captured after a hard chase, bakerwas shackled, marched across miles
of desert and held under guardby Dick Brewer Billy the Kid.
And Charlie Bowry, the regulatorssaid he tried to escape the truth.
(59:13):
They executed him.
Frontier Justice.
Quick and final.
Two shots at Blackwater Creekand the bodies of Baker and
Morton left where they fell.
Their desks didn't close the chapter.
They tore it white or open,each killing begot another.
Each act of vengeance demanded itsreply, and the war that began with
(59:33):
John Tunsell's blood would not enduntil Lincoln itself lay smoldering
and ruin the verdict of time.
Frank Bakker was both deputy and outlaw.
Lawman and killer.
A man caught betweenambition and survival.
He rode for a cause built on greed,and died in the name of justice
(59:54):
turned vengeance in the end.
His story is the story of the link ofLincoln County itself, a place where
every man claimed the law was on hisside, and none of them were right.
The deputy who rode forpower and died for it.
Frank Baker, another casualty in thewar of the West could never forget.
(01:00:15):
By the time Frank Baker andBuck Morton met their end in
the dust of Blackwater Creek.
The war for Lincoln County was nolonger about cattle or contracts.
It had become personal,bloody unforgiving.
And in that growing chaos rode oneof the wildest, most unpredictable
men the frontier ever produced.
Tom Hill.
(01:00:36):
Hill wasn't a businessman or a rancher.
He wasn't even a soldierof fortune like the rest.
He was a wonderer with a gun, an outlawwho drifted between gangs, trading,
loyalty for liquor, and bullets for coin.
He'd ridden with Jesse Evans, foughtbeside Buck Morton and earned a
reputation for speed temper andrecklessness that even the hardest men
(01:00:59):
in Lincoln County didn't want to test.
But what made Hill truly dangerouswasn't his aim, it was his impulse.
He didn't plan ambushes, he started them.
When John Tussle was murdered in Februaryof 78, witnesses said Hill was there,
one of the gunmen who helped corner theEnglish rancher and fired the fatal shots.
(01:01:22):
Some accounts claim it wasHill's Bullet that struck first.
Others say he was justanother trigger in the smoke.
Either way, his namewas etched into history.
The moment Tunstall hit the ground,the regulators wanted him next,
but Hill didn't wait to be hunted.
He struck first, not long after Tunsell'sdeath in a skirmish near the Pecos.
(01:01:43):
He drew his gun and went downin the exchange shot dead before
the war even hit its stride.
His death didn't make the headlines.
It didn't change the course of thewar, but it added another ghost to
a long list of names that LincolnCounty would never vary properly.
Tom Hill Outlaw gunman, and the wildcard in a feud that no one controlled.
(01:02:08):
He didn't live long enough tosee what his violence helped
unleash, but the war that he helpedstart, it was only just beginning
the charge.
Murder, ambush, and setting the spark thatignited Lincoln County's deadliest war.
But before the smoke of the Lincoln CountyWar ever darkened the horizon, there was
(01:02:31):
Tom Hill, a gunman with a short temper,a quicker trigger, and no fear of dying.
On the wrong side of history Hillwasn't a strategist or a hired deputy.
He was the kind of man who solvedproblems at gunpoint and let
someone else count the cost.
Later, a restless drifter witha reputation for violence.
(01:02:52):
He found his place among the Jesse Evansgang, a crew already thick with wrestlers,
killers, and mercenaries for the house.
Together they became the Murphy Dole.
In fact, iron Fist.
The men who made sure no rival business,no defiant rancher, and no outsider
challenged their rule in Lincoln County.
(01:03:13):
On February 18th 78, that Defiance hada name, John Tunstall Hill Road with
Jesse Evans, buck Morton, and Frank B. Asthey tracked Tunstall through the scrub
land north of Lincoln, when the ranchershorse spooked and bolted, the posse
gave chase Moments later shots rang out.
Eyewitnesses would later argue who firedfirst, but most agreed on one thing.
(01:03:38):
Tom Hill pulled the triggerthat ended John Tunsell's life.
It was the gunshot heard roundLincoln and county, the one
that transformed a business feudinto a full scale frontier war.
Hill kept riding with the Evans gang afterthe murder raid ranches and terrorizing
tunsell's ally allies under the bannerof Murphy and Dolan, but in a land
(01:04:01):
where revenge rode faster than justice.
His time was short.
Just three weeks later on Marchthe ninth, 1878, during a botched
cattle raid near Tularosa Hill's,violent streak met its match.
Local ranchers opened fire, and whenthe smoke cleared, Tom Hill was dead.
Jesse Evans wounded beside him.
(01:04:22):
His gang scattered into the desert.
Wind hill.
Death came swiftly, but the firehe started would rage for years.
By the time his body cooled, LincolnCounty was already drowning in
blood revenge, killings, ambushesand burning homesteads, marking the
landscape that he helped destroy.
(01:04:42):
The verdict of time.
Tom Hill was the kind of man, thefrontier created and destroyed an
equal measure, too reckless forpeace, too fearless for mercy.
He didn't plan the Lincoln CountyWar, but his bullets started it.
And though he died before the conflictreached its darkest hours, his shadow
(01:05:03):
lingered over every killing thatfollowed Tom Hill, the outlaw who
struck the match and burned with it.
There's not near as much young gunsto reference when you're talking
about a house, because they didn'treally freaking, they really
Angela (01:05:17):
isn't.
John (01:05:18):
No.
I mean, I don't know if Tom Hill, iflike Henry Hill, who Billy the kid shot
first in young guns in the outhouse.
Mm-hmm.
And he says Henry Hill.
Well, Heidi.
And then he jumps out into a full of pee.
Um, I don't know if, oh,yeah, that's not a good thing.
(01:05:39):
I don't know if that was like TomHill, if it, I don't know for sure.
Angela (01:05:44):
Oh,
John (01:05:45):
it's, there's not near as
many of the, the houses side really
represented in, in any real detail.
I mean, some of the names are thrownout there, like Sheriff Pepin and John
Kinney and stuff, but they didn't reallybuild out those characters so much.
So.
But the next one wasdefinitely in younguns.
(01:06:06):
Okay.
So by the time Tom Hill fell inTula in a Rosa Gunfight, the war
he helped start was burning throughLincoln County, like brush fire.
Every gun that fired seemedto birth another feud, another
vendetta, another death.
But not every man who found himself inthe crosshairs had gone looking for it.
(01:06:28):
Some were just unlucky enough to livein the wrong county at the wrong time.
That was Andrew l Buckshot.
Roberts Roberts wasn'tan outlaw or a lawman.
He was a tired frontiersman tryingto sell his land and leave New Mexico
behind before the war swallowed it whole.
(01:06:49):
He'd once done business with the house andthat was enough to make him a marked man.
In Lincoln County,guilt didn't need proof.
It only needed rumor.
So when the regulators rode outlooking for anyone tied to T'S killers,
they found Roberts at his cabin nearBlazer's Mill, 12 men against one.
(01:07:11):
They called for his surrender.
He answered with his rifle whatfollowed would become one of
the most famous standoffs ofthe entire Lincoln County War.
A lone gunman who wanted no part ofthe fight, forced to defend himself
against the very war that refused tolet him leave it next to take the stand.
(01:07:32):
Buckshot Roberts, the man who didn't startthe fight, but sure as hell finished one.
The charge defiance, survival,and refusing to surrender
when the war came to his door.
Andrew Buckshot Roberts was a legendaryfigure of the frontier, part soldier, part
(01:07:53):
survivor, and one of the most unexpectedcombatants in the Lincoln County War.
Born in 1831, Roberts was a Texasranger and a Civil War veteran.
A man hardened by years of conflictand marked by it the buckshot buried in
his, in his soldier from an old wound,gave him his nickname and a lifetime
(01:08:14):
reminder that he was never easy to kill.
By the late 1870s, Roberts owned a modestranch in the Ru Doso Valley near Lincoln.
Though he had done some businesswith Mur, with the Murphy Dolan
fact, he had no loyalty to any side.
He was a frontiersman ready to sellout, pack up, and move on before the
(01:08:36):
violence consumed everything around him.
But in Lincoln County,neutrality didn't exist.
Once the regulators marchedyour name, there was no way out.
On April 4th, 1878, Roberts rode into BLinto Blazer's Mill to collect a payment
unaware that a large group of regulators,including Billy, the kid, Charlie
(01:08:57):
Bowry, and Dick Brewer, were waiting.
They demanded his surrender,believing him, aligned with the house.
Roberts refused taking cover behinda carpenter shop as the standoff
erupted into one of the fiercegunfights of the Lincoln County War.
Outnumbered 12 to one.
Roberts fought like a mandetermined to die on his own terms.
(01:09:19):
He wounded several regulators, includingCharlie Bowry and John Middleston,
and with a single deadly shot hekilled regulator leader, Dick Brewer.
Despite being hit multiple timeshimself, Roberts held his ground
until his body finally gave out.
He died later that evening from hiswounds, but not before earning the
(01:09:40):
respect of every man who faced him.
So as you can see, a little bitdifferent than in the movie.
Yeah.
It's when he come in to collecta bounty for all of their heads.
It didn't quite play out that way.
No.
But Brian Keith played thatrole freaking flawlessly.
I say it.
Guy was such a badass actor.
He was really freaking good.
(01:10:00):
So the verdict of timefrom Fuck Shop Roberts.
Well, he didn't fight for afaction or a fortune or a name he
fought because he had no choice.
In a war built on greed, betrayal, andvengeance, he became the rarest thing.
Lincoln County ever saw a man who stoodalone for nothing but his own survival.
(01:10:22):
He didn't start the fight, butwhen it came for him, he damn sure
finished it by the 10 buck shotRoberts fell at Blazer's Mill.
The war had already claimed too many menwho never meant to fight it, but Lincoln
County wasn't running out of willing guns.
The battle lines were drawn deeper.
Now, the house on one side, theregulators on the other, and every
(01:10:46):
man wearing a badge had to choosewhich master he was gonna serve.
For Robert Bob Beckwith, thatchoice had already been made.
A small rancher turned.
Deputy Sheriff Beckwith was partof the Seven Rivers warriors, the
band of rough men who walked thethin line between lawman and outlaw.
(01:11:07):
He rode for Sheriff William Bradystood with Murphy and Dolan and fought
to keep their power intact whileLincoln County burned around him.
When the call came to defendthe house during the Battle of
Lincoln, Beckwith didn't hesitate.
It was July of 1878, and the townhad become a battlefield smoke,
(01:11:28):
dust, and gunfire choking the airas the regulators made their stand.
Amid the chaos, Beckwith tookhis position, badge glinting
faintly through the haze.
Moments later, a bullet tore through him.
He fell dead in the street.
Another lawman turned casualty ina war that no law could control.
(01:11:48):
Next to take the stand, Robert w BobBeckwith, the deputy who rode for the
house and met his end defending it.
Angela (01:11:58):
I struggle with the
name Bob for back in the day.
John (01:12:02):
Yeah.
Angela (01:12:02):
I don't know why.
John (01:12:04):
Really?
Angela (01:12:04):
Yeah, just Bob doesn't
seem like it back in the day name.
John (01:12:08):
There's more than one in this story.
We've also got Bob Bollingerthat we'll be talking about too.
Angela (01:12:14):
That doesn't sound right.
Bob seems to two now.
Bob's a pretty old I know, butit just doesn't feel right.
John (01:12:25):
The charge Lawman, outlaw
and enforcer for the house.
Robert w. Bob Beckwith, I Can't,was one of the most feared and loyal
members of the Seven Rivers Warriors.
The gang of ranchers turned gunman whofought on behalf of the Murphy Dolan
faction during the Lincoln County War.
(01:12:46):
Born in 1850 in New Mexico to HughBeckwith and refugee Recon io.
Good job.
I think so.
Bob was raised in the volatile ranchlandsof Southeastern Lincoln County, a
place where rusting and gun fightingwere as calm and as branding irons.
(01:13:08):
When war came to Lincoln County,Beckwith stood firmly with the house.
He wasn't just another gun inthe saddle, he wore a badge.
Serving as Deputy Sheriff underSheriff William Brady Beckwith enjoyed
the legal protection that allowedhim and the Seven Rivers warriors to
carry out raids, cattle thefts, andviolent reprisals with near impunity.
(01:13:32):
To the public.
He was law enforcement to the regulators.
He was an outlaw with paperwork.
In April, 1878, Beckwith rode withthe posse that ambushed Frank McNabb,
ABST Sanders, and Frank Coe killingMcNabb and capturing Coe in one of
the bloodiest skirmishes of the war.
It was a calculated move, one thatsent a clear message to anyone daring
(01:13:56):
to oppose the Murphy Dolan empire.
But the violence Beckwith helpedunleash would circle back on
him before the summers end.
By July, 1878, the war reachedits peak at the Battle of Lincoln.
The town was a war zone.
Bullets whistling through the adobewalls smoke curling from the burning
(01:14:17):
rooftops in every alley hiding death.
Beckwith fought alongside otherhouse loyalists as they laid siege
to the Mc Sween home where theregulators made their last stand.
When the regulators tried to break on July19th, Beckwith was caught in the storm.
Accounts differ, but most say thatit was Billy, the kid's bullet that
(01:14:40):
found him cutting him down in the dustand the chaos of the final escape.
His death ended one of the mostbrutal chapters of the for the Seven
Rivers Warriors, and marked anothertoll in the endless cycle of revenge
that defined the Lincoln County War.
The verdict of time, Bob Beckwith wasthe embodiment of Lincoln County's
(01:15:01):
corruption, a lawman who enforcedmonopoly through gunfire and fear.
He fought not for justice, but for power,and yet when the smoke cleared, he met the
same fate as the outlaws that he hunted.
He rode for the house, killed forit, and finally died defending it.
Proof that in Lincoln County, eventhe law had blood on its hands.
Angela (01:15:26):
Dan Law.
John (01:15:28):
Oh, here's another one for you.
So, by the time Bob Beck was fell inthe streets of Lincoln, the war had
become more than cattle and contracts.
It was a vendetta machinefeeding on blood rumor and pride.
Every man on both sides had his list, andevery list was getting shorter by the day.
(01:15:50):
But before the flames consume LincolnCounty before the ambushes and the house
burnings, there was one moment, one sparkthat said the whole thing roaring to life.
And that spark came from a man namedCharlie Lolly, cooler Crawford.
Angela (01:16:09):
I can get on board with that one.
John (01:16:11):
Yeah.
You like, yeah, I like that one.
Lolly cooler.
Yeah, I'm good.
Crawford was a hard drinker, a quicktemper with a six shooter and a loyal
ally to Lawrence Murphy and James Dolan.
He wasn't a strategist or a leader.
He was the kind of man the houseused when they wanted a problem
handled without paperwork.
By early 1878, the Aaron Lincolnwas thick with tension, too many
(01:16:36):
threats, too many guns and too muchwhiskey, and then came the gunfire.
In a drunken confrontation, Crawfordopened fire on a, on Alexander
McSwain's attorney Houston Chapman,outside the saloon, an act of sudden
violence that tore away the last thinlayer of civility in Lincoln County.
(01:16:57):
The killing, inflamed tempers shatteredany hope of restraint and set off a blood
feud That became the Lincoln County War.
Now the courtroom of history calls itsnext witness, Charlie Lolly, cooler
Crawford, the hothead gunman whosebullets turned a rivalry into a war.
(01:17:19):
And is Charlie Crawford in Younguns
Angela (01:17:25):
is a
John (01:17:25):
bad guy?
Mm-hmm.
Angela (01:17:27):
I don't remember.
John (01:17:28):
Just barely.
That's when they're stuckin the mc sweeten house.
And Billy Hollers that he says,Hey, sheriff Pepin looks like he got
Charlie Crawford down there with you.
Ah.
And he says, oh yeah, we got a lot of him.
Boom.
Hey Pepin, CharlieCrawford's not with you.
Anyway.
(01:17:50):
So the charge Sharp, shootingsiege, and turning the high
ground into a killing field.
Charlie Loller Lolly, cooler Crawford.
Where did that name come from though?
Do we know?
I don't think, sorry,I don't, it's not even
Angela (01:18:05):
important, but I need
to know the unimportant things.
John (01:18:08):
Yeah, I don't think I know
where that name came from, honestly.
Angela (01:18:12):
How dare you.
I
John (01:18:13):
know, I'm sorry.
Angela (01:18:16):
You know this about me by now.
I'm gonna ask you the weirdest questions.
John (01:18:20):
This is true,
Angela (01:18:22):
that mean nothing.
John (01:18:24):
So Charlie Lolly, cooler Crawford.
Was a marksman, a gun for hire,and one of the most deadly members
of the Seven Rivers Warriors,and to see if I can find it.
The Outlaw band aligned withthe Murphy Dole infection
during the Lincoln County War.
No one is no one for hisprecision with a rifle.
Crawford wasn't the typeto charge into town.
(01:18:47):
With six shooters blaring, blazing, hepreferred to fight from a distance where
one good shot could settle a score.
By July of 78, the war had reachedits bloody crescendo at the Battle of
Lincoln, a five day siege that turnedthe dusty settlement into a battlefield.
Crawford took his position high abovethe town Jo joined by Lucille Matoya and
(01:19:12):
another Mexican picket from that ridge.
The trio reigned death down uponthe besiege regulators trapped
inside the McQueen's Adobe house.
Armed with a long range Buffalo rifle.
Crawford became one of the house's mostvaluable assets during the standoff.
Each shot from the ridge struck the wallslike thunder, forcing the defenders to
(01:19:34):
stay low and return fire blindly throughthe smoke and the shattered plaster.
For days.
He helped pin the regulators insidewhile Lincoln burned around them.
But on July 18th, 1878, the man who hadhunted from the hills became the hunted
from somewhere within town regulator.
(01:19:54):
Fernando Herrera raisedhis rifle and took aim.
A shot estimated between 756 and900 yards, one of the longest
on record in frontier history.
The bullet struck trueshattering Crawford's back and
dropping him where he stood.
He lay under the sun for hours beforehis allies managed to reach him.
(01:20:18):
By the time they brought himdown into town, it was too late.
There was no doctor, nocomfort, and no miracle waiting.
Charlie Lolly Cooler Crawford diedfrom his wounds, one of the final ca
casualties of the siege he helped sustain.
Angela (01:20:37):
It was meant sarcastically as
an insult to his luck and intelligence.
John (01:20:43):
Interesting.
But does it say what Lollycooler is supposed to mean,
Angela (01:20:48):
uh, as a derogatory
moniker given to Charlie Crawford
by his enemies, the Tunstall men.
Huh?
That's all it says.
Very interesting.
It's meant to be
John (01:20:59):
an insult.
Angela (01:21:00):
Be an insult to
his look and intelligence.
John (01:21:03):
Well, there you have it.
There you have it.
And that by the way, is afreaking incredible shot.
Eight to 900 yards.
Yeah, with probably like a Winchester 73.
I mean, that's unbelievable.
I mean, for now with like a 30 outsix or something, it's nothing.
But back then, that's an incredible shot.
(01:21:25):
Anyway.
Angela (01:21:26):
Anyhow, meanwhile,
back at the rest,
John (01:21:29):
the verdict of time, Charlie
Lolly, cooler Crawford was the embodiment
of the frontier, gunman, cold eye,calculating and lethal from a mile away.
His skill is a sharpshooter, madehim a weapon of the house, but it was
another man's bullet fired from equallysteady hands that brought him down.
(01:21:49):
He lived by distance, precision,and control, but in Lincoln
County, even the best shotcouldn't escape the reach of fate.
By the time Charlie Lolly, coolerCrawford fell from the ridge, the Battle
of Lincoln was in its final hours.
The regulators were pinned, thehouse was burning, and the sound of
(01:22:11):
the rifle fire rolled through thevalley like thunder refusing to fade.
But for every gunman who wentdown there always seemed to be
another ready to take his place.
One of those men was Charles Dutch,Charlie Crewing, a survivor, a
hired gun, and one of the lastof the house's, hard cases still
(01:22:32):
standing when the smoke cleared.
Cooling wasn't as famous, wasn't afamous outlaw or a local rancher.
He was a professional, a drifter with amean streak and a steady trigger finger,
the kind of man you paid to do a job anddidn't ask twice about the details he'd
ridden with the Seven Rivers warrior stoodguard for Dolan's men and fought through
(01:22:54):
the bloodiest stretches of the LincolnCounty War, from open skirmishes on the
plains to the last desperate shootoutsin the streets of Lincoln itself when
the war was over and the bodies buried.
Grueling was one of the fewleft alive to tell about it.
But like most of the houses, gunmensurvival didn't mean peace, it just
meant living long enough to carrythe weight of what he'd done next.
(01:23:18):
To take the stand, Charles Dutch Charliecrewing the Gun for Hire who outlasted
the war, but never outran its ghost.
I
Angela (01:23:28):
like his name.
John (01:23:29):
Dutch Charlie?
Angela (01:23:30):
Mm-hmm.
John (01:23:31):
You like it better
than lolly cooler?
I do.
I do
the charge Enforcer, gunman andloyal soldier for the house.
Charles Dutch Charlie Crewing was oneof the many shadow with figures who
fought and bled for the Murphy Dolanfaction during the Lincoln County War.
(01:23:51):
As a member of the SevenRivers Roy Warriors.
Crewing wasn't a leader or a lawman.
He was a fighter, A hired handfree war that devoured every man
who thought he could control it.
He rode wherever the house needed muscle,working as both enforcer and gunman.
His rifle serving the interest ofMurphy Dolan and their powerful allies.
(01:24:14):
Like most of the seven Rivers men, crewinglived in the gray space between law and
outlaw, wearing a badge when it offeredprotection and discarding it when the job
called for blood instead of paperwork.
Cooling's most infamous momentcame in the spring of 1878.
During the siege of Lincoln that followedthe French Ranch gunfight, a chaotic
(01:24:37):
skirmish that left regulator Frank McNabbdead and Ab Saunders badly wounded.
As the battle rage, George Cove perchedto top, Alexander McSwain's home
spotted crawling across the valley,lifting his rifle code lined up what
witnesses later called a miraculousshot over 350 yards, a near impossible
(01:25:00):
distance with Frontier iron sight.
He pulled the trigger andthe bullet struck home.
Dutch Charlie Crowing fellseriously wounded the regulators
shouting and triumph as one of thehouse's hardest guns went down.
After that coolingdisappeared from history.
No records confirmed whetherhe lived or died of his wound.
(01:25:21):
Only that his name never resurfaced.
Once the Lincoln County War ended, like somany who fought under Murphy and Dolan's
Banner, he simply vanished into the dust.
One more gunman swallowed bythe aftermath of the war, he
helped fight the verdict of time.
Dutch Charlie Crewing was a productof the Lincoln County War's chaos.
(01:25:43):
A fighter without fame,fortune, or forgiveness.
He wasn't remembered for who he was,but for the shot that took him down in a
conflict where every man thought he wasuntouchable, ING's fall reminded them all.
No one in Lincoln County was out of range.
(01:26:05):
The story of the house isn'tabout good men and bad men.
It's about what happens when ambitionoutgrows morality, when money replaces
mercy and when power unchecked,unchallenged, and unrelenting
turns a county into a battlefield.
From the beginning, Lawrence Murphyand James Dolan saw Lincoln County,
(01:26:27):
not as a home, but as a kingdom.
They controlled the stores, thebanks, the land, and the law itself.
Their word was business.
Their business was law.
And for a while it worked.
But the frontier has a way of pushing.
Back when John Todd and AlexanderMcSwain rode into town, they
(01:26:47):
weren't just opening a ramble store,they were threatening an empire.
And the empires, when cornereddon't compromise, they crush.
That's when the house unleashed its army.
Jesse Evans and his crew, theboys, men who lived by the
gun and died by it faster.
The Seven Rivers Warriors outlaws withbadges, wrestlers with deputy stars,
(01:27:11):
men who blurred the line between lawand murder, the John Kinney game,
professional Killers for Hire, whobrought military precision to frontier
violence, and behind them all menlike Murphy, Dolan and Riley, counting
Prophets while others counted bodies.
Each name we've spoken tonight wasanother brick in that bloody empire.
(01:27:34):
Buck Morton and Frank Bakker, whokilled for the house and paid for it
in kind Tom Hill, who may have firedthe first shot that ignited the war.
Buckshot Roberts, the man who wantedto, to want it out, but couldn't
escape the chaos that found him.
Bob Beckwith, Charlie Crawford andDutch Charlie Crewing, soldiers of
(01:27:55):
Fortune who traded their lives forsomeone else's power when it was over.
Lincoln wasn't a town, it was a scar.
Buildings burned, men's buried,families scattered and reputations
shattered beyond repair.
The men of the house had won battles, butthey had lost everything that mattered.
(01:28:15):
Murphy was dying, Dolan'sfortune collapsing, and the
county itself left in ruin.
Their greed had devoured them.
Brick by brick, deal bydeal, bullet by bullet.
And yet their story lingers becauseit's not just a tale from the old West.
It's a reminder etchedin dust and gunpowder.
(01:28:37):
That power once taken byforce, always ends in blood.
The Lincoln County War wasn't legendborn of lawlessness lawlessness.
It was born of control of men tryingto own a land that refused to be owned.
Every shot fired in those canyonsechoed far beyond New Mexico.
(01:28:57):
It became part of the largerAmerican story, a story of greed,
loyalty, and how far men will go toprotect what they think is theirs.
And though most of those menare long gone, their ghosts
still whisper in the wind overLincoln County's old Main Street.
You can still feel the weight of theirchoices, their ambition, their arrogance,
(01:29:21):
and the price they paid for both.
Next time on Gallows and Gunfights,we'll continue our descent into
the darker corners of the house.
We'll meet the lieutenants, theshooters, and the survivors men
who carried the cause forward.
When the empire began to crumble, becausein the West, the fight never ended.
(01:29:42):
It just changed hands.
You can buy loyalty, you canbuy the law, but you cannot buy
peace, not in Lincoln County.
Not in this lifetime.
Keep your powder dry and yourconscience cleaner than theirs.
That closes today's case on thehouse, the empire that tried to own
(01:30:04):
Lincoln County and everyone in it.
Greed built it.
Loyalty, bled for it, and history.
Never let it rest.
Angela (01:30:12):
If you've been writing
with us through this story, make
sure to like, follow and share theshow wherever you're listening.
It helps more folks find theirway into the courtroom of history.
John (01:30:23):
Leave us a rating and a review too.
Every review helps us climb thecharts and keeps these stories
of the American frontier alive.
For the next listenerlooking for the truth.
Grit and justice.
Angela (01:30:36):
Follow the Dart Dialogue Network
on Facebook, X, YouTube, and Substack
for updates behind the scenes posts andupcoming episodes from all of our shows.
John (01:30:45):
Your support, your likes,
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keep this community strong.
So saddle up, spread the wordand help us keep the legends
talking and the guilty answering.
You can continue your support onPatreon or on Patreon, or on coffee.
Your support is how we're ableto continue to do this work.
Angela (01:31:07):
Next time, we'll keep digging
into the men who fought for the house
and the ghosts they left behind.
John (01:31:12):
Until then, keep your powder dry.
Your aim true, and yourconscience clear because the
jury of history never adjourns.
Let the past take the stand andthe guilty face, the gallows.