WhiteBoard Medicine - Emergency And Critical Care

Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening condition caused by a critical reduction in intravascular volume, leading to decreased preload, reduced cardiac output, and impaired tissue perfusion. One of the most severe and common forms is hemorrhagic shock.

In this episode, we begin with a high-yield overview of hypovolemic shock, reviewing core physiology, compensatory mechanisms, hemodynamic patterns, and bedside differentiation from ...

Understanding oxygen content is essential to interpreting pulse oximetry, arterial blood gases, and tissue oxygen delivery. In this video, we walk step-by-step through capillary gas exchange, oxygen content, hemoglobin physiology, and the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, tying physiology directly to clinical practice.

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Mechanical ventilation doesn’t have to feel overwhelming. In this episode, we break down mechanical ventilation from the big-picture perspective, focusing on how all the pieces fit together rather than memorizing isolated settings.

We cover the core concepts that actually matter at the bedside, including: • How mechanical ventilation works • Common ventilator modes (AC, PC, APRV, pressure support) • FiO₂, PEEP, and oxygenation stra...

Heart failure and cardiogenic shock exist on the same disease spectrum, yet they’re often taught separately. In this episode, we bring them together into a single, cohesive framework that explains how heart failure progresses to cardiogenic shock — and how to manage both at the bedside.

Topics covered include: • Heart failure pathophysiology (HFrEF vs HFpEF) • Preload, afterload, contractility, and cardiac output • Compensated vs d...

Mechanical ventilation has many different modes and settings. In this video we dive into the foundational settings that everyone should know - PEEP, FiO2, Respiratory Rate, Tidal Volume, and Inspiratory Pressure. We touch on how these settings may differ between modes of ventilation, such as volume control and pressure control. We talk about normal values and ranges of values. We also discuss which settings help ventilation versus ...

Distributive shock is a life-threatening form of shock characterized by severe vasodilation, relative hypovolemia, and impaired tissue perfusion despite normal or increased cardiac output.

In this episode, we provide a high-yield overview of distributive shock physiology, hemodynamic patterns, and bedside differentiation. We then deep dive into the major causes of distributive shock, including septic shock, neurogenic shock, anaphy...

Cardiac arrest remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide. In this comprehensive, high-yield overview, we break down cardiac arrest from presentation to management, with a focus on epidemiology, physiology, rhythm recognition, and outcomes.

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Shock is a life-threatening condition characterized by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. In this video, we provide a comprehensive, clinically focused review of the four major shock states: distributive, cardiogenic, obstructive, and hypovolemic.

We start with a high-yield overview of shock physiology, hemodynamic principles, and bedside differentiation. The video then transitions into deep dives on each shock subtyp...

In this episode, we dive into Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (VILI), a serious complication that can arise from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Understanding the causes, mechanisms, and prevention strategies is crucial. We talk about multiple types of VILI including volutrauma, barotrauma, biotrauma, ergotrauma, atelectrauma. Learn all things VILI in this high yield episode!

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Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction that can rapidly progress to anaphylactic shock, airway compromise, and cardiovascular collapse. Early recognition and treatment are essential to prevent mortality.

In this episode, we provide a comprehensive review of anaphylaxis, beginning with epidemiology and underlying immunologic mechanisms including IgE-mediated mast cell and basophil activation. We review ...

In this episode, we explore the management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), with a focus on evidence-based strategies and insights from the respective medical studies. ARDS is a critical condition that requires timely and precise intervention to improve patient outcomes. Whether you're a healthcare professional, a medical student, or someone interested in respiratory care, this video provides an in-depth analysis of t...

Hemorrhagic shock is a form of hypovolemic shock caused by acute blood loss, leading to decreased preload, reduced cardiac output, and impaired tissue perfusion. It is one of the most common and rapidly fatal shock states encountered in trauma and emergency medicine.

In this episode, we break down the pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock, classic clinical presentation, and key hemodynamic patterns. We review ATLS hemorrhage classes...

In this episode, we explore the advanced pathophysiology of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), diving deep into the molecular mechanisms and cellular processes that drive the progression of this life-threatening condition. Understanding ARDS at the pathophysiological level is critical for effective management and treatment in clinical settings.

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Anaphylactic shock is a severe, life-threatening form of distributive shock caused by systemic hypersensitivity reactions and massive release of vasoactive mediators. It is characterized by hypotension, airway compromise, bronchospasm, and cutaneous findings such as urticaria and angioedema.

In this episode, we break down the pathophysiology of anaphylactic shock, classic clinical presentation, key hemodynamic patterns, and evidenc...

In this episode, we explore the different phenotypes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS), with a focus on severity, clinical, biomarker, and physiologically derived phenotypes. We dive into hyper inflammatory and hypo inflammatory phenotypes including their morbidity, mortality, and management differences. ARDS is a critical condition that requires timely and precise intervention to improve patient outcomes. Whether you'r...

Endocrine shock refers to life-threatening shock states caused by hormonal deficiencies or endocrine crises that impair vascular tone, cardiac output, and metabolism. Unlike other forms of shock, endocrine shock is often diagnosed only after common causes such as sepsis, cardiogenic, or hypovolemic shock have been ruled out.

In this episode, we break down the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and hemodynamic patterns of the m...

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) diagnosis can be complex, but is critically important. In this video, we dive into the complexities of diagnosing ARDS. We discuss the Berlin Criteria as a diagnostic approach before transitioning into the newer Global Definition of ARDS published in 2024. We compare and contrast these two diagnostic frameworks, review real-world examples, and discuss how to apply this clinically.

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Neurogenic shock is a form of distributive shock caused by loss of sympathetic tone after spinal cord injury, most commonly with lesions above T6. Unlike other shock states, it presents with hypotension, bradycardia, and warm, dry skin.

In this episode, we break down the pathophysiology of neurogenic shock, how to distinguish it from spinal shock, classic clinical findings, and high-yield hemodynamic patterns. We also review eviden...

Minute ventilation, alveolar ventilation, and dead space are critical foundational concepts to understanding when working to master respiratory physiology. Learn about these critical topics in this episode!

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