05 - Chronicles of America - Elizabethan Sea-Dogs by William Wood

Step back into the dawn of American history with Elizabethan Sea-Dogs, where the spirit of the citizen, colonist, and pioneer comes alive! This captivating exploration reveals the daring adventurers of the Elizabethan era who paved the way for future generations in the New World. Under the brilliant leadership of Sir Francis Drake, the first of the modern admirals, English sailors claimed their dominion over the sea. Known as Sea-Dogs, they opened the gateway for explorers and settlers seeking their fortunes in America. Discover how this century of maritime quests and naval warfare laid the foundations for Anglo-American history and secured the path for countless pioneers eager to carve out their destinies.

Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Chapter five of Elizabethan Sea Dogs by William Wood. This
liribox recording is in the public domain. Chapter five Hawkins
and the Fighting Traders, said Francis the First of France,
to Charles, the fifth, King of Spain, Your majesty and
the King of Portugal had divided the world between you,

(00:24):
offering no part of it to me. Show me. I
pray you the will of our father Adam, so that
I may see if he has really made you his
only universal heirs. Then Francis sent out the Italian navigator
Vera Zana, who first explored the coast from Florida to Newfoundland. Afterwards,

(00:48):
Jacques Cartier discovered the Saint Lawrence Frenchman, took Cavana twice
under these Spanish treasure ships and tried to found colonies
Catholic in Canada, Protestants in Florida and Brazil. Thus, at
the time when Elizabeth ascended the throne of England in
fifteen hundred and fifty eight, there was a long established

(01:10):
New Spain extending over Mexico, the West Indies and most
of South America, a small New Portugal confined to part
of Brazil, and a shadowy New France running vaguely inland
from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, nowhere effectively occupied and
mostly overlapping. Prior English claims based on the discoveries of

(01:33):
the Cabots, England and France had often been enemies. England
and Spain had just been allied in a war against France,
as well as by the marriage of Philip and Mary.
William Hawkins had traded with Portuguese Brazil under Henry the Eighth,
as the Southampton Merchants were to do later on. English

(01:54):
merchants lived in Lisbon and Cadiz. A few were even
settled in New Spain, and a friendly Spaniard had been
so delighted by the prospective union of the English with
the Spanish crown that he had given the name of
Laundra London to a new settlement in the Argentine and Dees. Presently, however,

(02:18):
Elizabethan England began to part company with Spain, to become
more anti Papal, to sympathize with Huguenots and other heretics,
and like Francis, the first to wonder why an immense
new world should be nothing but New Spain. Besides, Englishmen
knew what the rest of Europe. Knew that the discovery

(02:39):
of Potous Sea had put out of business nearly all
the old world silver mines, and that the Burgundian ass
as Spanish treasure mules were called from. Charles's love of Burgundy,
had enabled Spain to make conquests, impose her will on
her neighbors, and keep paid spies in every form in court.

(03:00):
The English court included Londoners had seen Spanish gold and
silver paraded through the streets when Philip married Mary, twenty
seven chests of bullion, ninety nine horse loads, plus two
cartloads of gold and silver coin, and ninety seven boxes
full of silver bars. Whereover, the Holy Inquisition was making

(03:22):
Spanish seaports pretty hot for heretics. In fifteen hundred and
sixty two, twenty six English subjects were burnt alive in
Spain itself, ten times as many were imprisoned. No wonder
sea dogs were straining at the leege. Neither Philip nor
Elizabeth wanted ward just then, though each enjoyed a thrust

(03:44):
at the other by any kind of fighting short of that,
and though each winked at all kinds of armed trades
such as privateering and even downright piracy, The English and
Spanish merchants had commercial connections going back for centuries, and
bususinessmen on both sides were always ready to do a
good stroke for themselves. This was the state of affairs

(04:07):
in fifteen hundred and sixty two when young John Hawkins,
son of Old Master William, went into the slave trade
with New Spain. Except for the fact that both Portugal
and Spain allowed no trade with their oversea possessions in
any ships but their own, the circumstances appeared to favor

(04:27):
his enterprise. The American Indians were withering away before the
atrocious cruelties of the Portuguese and Spaniards, being either killed
in battle, used up in merciless slavery, or driven off
to alien wilds. Already, the Portuguese had commenced to import
Negroes from their West African possessions, both for themselves and

(04:49):
for trade with the Spaniards, who had none. Brazil prospered
beyond expectation and absorbed all the blacks that Portuguese shipping
could supply. The Spaniards had no spare tonnage. At the time.
John Hawkins, aged thirty, had made several trips to the Canaries.

(05:10):
He now formed a joint stock company to trade with
the Spaniards. Farther off, two Lord Mayors of London and
the Treasurer of the Royal Navy were among the subscribers.
Three small vessels, with only two hundred and sixty tons
between them, formed the flotilla. The crews numbered just one
hundred men. At Teneriffe, he received friendly treatment. From thence

(05:35):
he passed to Sierra Leona, where he stayed a good
time and got into his possession, partly by the sword
and partly by other means, to the number of three
hundred Negroes at the least, besides other merchandises. With this prey,
he sailed over the Ocean sea onto the island of
Hispaniola Haiti, and here he had reasonable utterance sale of

(05:58):
his English commodities, as also of some part of his negroes,
trusting the Spaniards no further than that by his own strength,
he was able still to master them. At Monte Christi,
another port on the north side of Hispaniola, he made
vent of sold the whole number of his Negroes, for
which he received by way of exchange, such a quantity

(06:20):
of merchandise that he did not only laid his own
three ships with hides, ginger sugars, and some quantity of pearls,
but he freighted also to other hulks with hides and
other like commodities, which he sent into Spain, where both
hulks and hides were confiscated as being contraband nothing daunted.

(06:42):
He was off again in fifteen hundred and sixty four
with four ships and one hundred and seventy men. This
time Elizabeth herself took shares and lent the Jesus of
Lubeca vessel of seven hundred tons, which Henry the eighth
had bought for the navy. Nobody questioned slave in those days.
The great Spanish missionary Las Casas denounced the Spanish atrocities

(07:06):
against the Indians, but he thought Negroes, who could be domesticated,
would do as substitutes for Indians who could not be domesticated.
The Indians withered at the white man's touch. The Negroes,
if properly treated, throve and were safer than among their
enemies at home. Such was the argument for slavery, and
it was true so far as it went. The argument

(07:29):
against on the score of ill treatment was only gradually
heard on the score of general human rights. It was
never heard at all at departing in cutting the foresail lashings,
a marvelous misfortune happened to one of the officers in
the ship, who, by the pulley of the sheet, was
slain out of hand. Hawkins appointed all the masters of

(07:52):
his ships in order for the keeping of good company
in this manner, the small ships to be always ahead
and a weather of the Jesus, and to speak twice
a day with the Jesus. At least if the weather
be extreme that the small ships cannot keep company with
the Jesus, then all to keep company with the Solomon.
If any happened to any misfortune, then to show two

(08:14):
lights and to shoot off a piece of ordinance. If
any lose company and come inside again, to make three
yaws zigzags in their course, and strike the mizzen three times.
Serve God daily, love one another, preserve your victuals, beware
of fire, and keep good company. John Spark, the chronicler

(08:36):
of this second voyage, was full of curiosity over every
strange sight he met with. He was also blessed with
the pen of a ready writer, so we get a
story that is more vivacious than Hacklet's retelling of the
first voyage or Hawkins's own account of the third. Spark
saw for the first time in his life Negroes, Caribs, Indians, alligators,

(08:58):
flying fish, flamingos, pla plikins, and many other strange sights.
Having been told that Florida was full of unicorns, he
once concluded that it must also be full of lions,
for how could the one kind exist without the other
kind to balance it. Spark was a soldier who never
found his sea legs, but his diary, besides its other merits,

(09:20):
as particularly interesting as being the first account of America
ever written by an English eye witness. Hawkins made for
tenor Reef in the Canaries off the rest of Africa. There,
to everybody's great amaze, the Spaniards appeared, leveling of bases,
small portable cannon and arqua buses with divers, others to

(09:42):
the number four score with halberds, pikes, swords and targets.
But when it was found that Hawkins had been taken
for a privateer, and when it is remembered that four
hundred privateering vessels English and Huguenot had captured seven hundred
Spanish prizes during the previous summer of fifteen hundred and
sixty three. There was and is less cause for amaze.

(10:06):
Once explanations had been made, Ponta gave Master Hawkins as
gentle entertainment as if he had been his own brother.
Peter was a trader with a great eye. For the
main chance spark was lost in wonder over the famous
Arbo Santo tree of Pharaoh by the dropping, whereof the

(10:26):
inhabitants and cattle are satisfied with water. For other water
they have none on the island. This is not quite
the traveler's tail, it appears to be. There are three
springs on the island of Teneref, but water is scarce,
and the arbol Santo, a sort of gigantic laurel, standing
alone on a rocky ledge, did actually supply two cisterns,

(10:48):
one for men and the other for cattle. The morning mist,
condensing on the innumerable smooth leaves, ran off and was
caught in suitable conduits. In Africa, Hawkins took many safe
which do inhabit about Rio Grande now the Jebba River,
which do jag their flesh, both legs, arms and bodies
as workmen, like as a jerkin maker, with us pinketh

(11:11):
a jerkin. It is a nice question whether these Sapees
gained or lost by becoming slaves to white men, for
they were already slaves to black conquerors, who used them
as meat with the vegetables they forced them to raise.
The Sapes were sleek pacifists who found too late that
the warlike Sambosis who inhabited the neighboring desert were not

(11:33):
to be denied. In the island of Sambula we found
almades or canoas, which are made of one piece of
wood digged out like a trough, but of a good proportion,
being about eight yards long in one in breadth, having
a beakhead and a stern, very proportionably made, and on
the outside artificially carved and painted red and blue. Neither

(11:56):
Amedi nor Canoa is, of course an African word. One
is Arabic for a cradle, el maud, the other from
which we did Canoe is what the natives told Columbus
they call their dugouts, and dugout canoes are very like
primitive cradles. Thus Spark was the first man to record
in English from actual experience the Aboriginal craft, whose name

(12:18):
both East and West was suggested to primeval Man by
the idea of his being literally rocked in the cradle
of the deep. Hawkins did not have it all his
own way with the Negroes, by whom he once lost
seven of his own men killed and twenty seven wounded.
But the captain, in a singular wise manner, carried himself

(12:39):
with countenance, very cheerful outwardly, although inwardly his heart was
broken in pieces. For it done to this end that
the Portugal's being with him should not presume to resist
against him. After losing five more men who were eaten
by sharks, Hawkins shaped his course westward with a good
cargo of Negroes and other merchandises. Contrary winds and some

(13:02):
tornadoes happened to us very ill, but the Almighty God,
who never suffered his elected parish, sent us the ordinary breeze,
which never left us till we came to an island
of the Cannibals Caribs of Dominica, who by the bye
had just eaten a shipload of Spaniards. Hawkins found the
Spanish officials determined to make a show of resisting unauthorized trade.

(13:25):
But when he prepared one hundred men, well armed with bows, arrows,
arqua buses and pikes with which he marched townwards, the
officials let the sale of blacks go on. Hawkins was
particularly anxious to get rid of his lean negroes, who
might die in his hands and become a dead loss,
so he used the gunboat argument to good effect. Spark

(13:48):
kept his eyes open for side shows, and was delighted
with the alligators, which he called crocodiles, perhaps for the
sake of the crocodile tears. His nature is to cry
and sob like a Christian, to provoke his prey to
come to him. And thereupon came this proverb that is
applied unto women when they weep, lak rama croccadilli. From

(14:10):
the West Indies, Hawkins made for Florida, which was then
an object of exceptional desire among adventurous Englishmen. De Soto,
when of Pazarro's lieutenants had annexed it to Spain, and
in fifteen hundred and thirty nine had started off inland
to discover the supposed Peru of North America. Three years
later he had died while descending the valley of the Mississippi.

(14:32):
Six years later, again, the first Spanish missionary in Florida,
taking upon him to persuade the people to subjection, was
by them taken and his skin cruelly pulled over his
ears and his flesh eaten. Hawkins's men had fear warning
on the way, for they, being ashore, found a dead
man dried in a manner hole, with other heads and

(14:53):
bodies of men apparently smoked like hams. But to return
to our purpose, as the indefatigable spark, the captain in
the ship's penance sailed along the shore and went into
every creek, speaking with divers of the Faridians, because he
would understand where the Frenchmen inhabited. Finally he found them
in the River of May now Saint John's River, and

(15:15):
standing in thirty degrees and better. There was great store
of maize and mill and grapes of great bigness, also deer,
great plenty, which came upon the sands before them. So
here were the three rivals overlapping again, the annexing Spaniards
that would be colonizing French and the persistently trading English.
There were, however, no Spaniards about at that time. This

(15:38):
was the second Huguenot colony in Florida. Renee de Laudonniere
had founded it in fifteen hundred and sixty four. The
first one, founded two years earlier, bout Jean Ribaut, had failed,
and Rebos men had deserted the place. They had started
for home in fifteen hundred and sixty three, had suffered
terrible hardships, had been picked up by an English vessel

(16:00):
and taken some to France and some to England, where
the court was all agog about the wealth of Florida.
People said there were mines so bright with jewels that
they had to be approached at night lest the flashing
light should strike men blind. Florida became proverbial, and elizabethan
Witz made endless fun of it. Still Leda or the

(16:21):
land of fools, and Sordida or the land of muckworms
were some of their geu d'esprit. Everyone was bound for Florida,
whether he meant to go there or not, despite Spanish
spears of influence the native cannibals and pirates. By the way, Hawkins,
on the contrary, did not profess to be bound for Florida. Nevertheless,

(16:41):
he arrived there, and probably had intended to do so
from the first, for he took with him a Frenchman
who had been in Reba's colony two years before, and
spark significantly says that the land is more than any
one King Christian is able to inhabit. However this may be,
Hawkins found the second French college, as well as a
French ship of four score ton and two pinnaces, a

(17:04):
fifteen ton apiece by her and a fort in which
their captain, Monsieur Douniere, was with certain soldiers therein the
colony had not been a success. Nor is this to
be wondered at when we remember that most of the
certain soldiers were ex pirates, who wanted gold, and who
would not take the pain so much as to fish

(17:24):
in the river before their doors, who would have all
things put it in their mouths. Eighty of the original
two hundred went a roving to the West Indies, where
they spoiled the Spaniards, and were of such haughty stomachs
that they thought there forced to be such that no
man durst meddle with them. But God did endure it
their hearts in such sort that they lingered so long

(17:46):
that a Spanish ship and galiassa, being made out of
zant Domingo, took twenty of them, whereof the most part
were hanged, and twenty five escaped to Florida, where they
were put into prison by Donniere, against whom they had mutined,
and four of the chiefess being condemned. At the request
of the soldiers, did pass the arqua boussayers, and then

(18:07):
were hanged upon a gibbet. Spark got the delightful expression
at the request of the soldiers, did pass the arqua
boosters from a very polite Frenchman. Could anyone tell you
more politely in mistranslated language how to stand up and
be shot? Spark was greatly taken with the unknown art
of smoking. The Floridians have an herb dried who with

(18:31):
a cane and an earthen cup in the end with fire,
and the dried herbs put together do sucked through the
cane the smoke thereof which smoke satisfied with their hunger,
and therewith they lived four or five days without meat
or drink. And this all the Frenchmen used for this purpose.
Yet do they hold opinion with all that it causeth,
water and steam to avoid from their stomachs. The other

(18:53):
commodities of the land were more than are yet known
to any man. But Hawkins was bent on trade, not colonizing.
He sold the Tiger a barque of fifty tons to
Laudonnier for seven hundred crowns, and sailed north on the
first voyage ever made along the coast of the United
States by an all English crew. Turning east off Newfoundland

(19:15):
with a good large wind of twenty September fifteen hundred
and sixty five, we came to Padstow in Cornwall. God
be thanked in safety, with the loss of twenty persons
in all the voyage, and with great profit to the venturers,
as also to the whole realm, in bringing home both
gold at silver pearls and other jewels great store. His

(19:36):
name therefore be praised for evermore Amen. Hawkins was now
a rich man, a favorite at court, and quite the
rage in London. The Queen was very gracious and granted
him the well known coat of arms with the crest
of a demi moor bounding captive, in honor of the
great New English slave trade. The Spanish ambassador met him
at court and asked him to dinner, where over the wine,

(19:58):
Hawkins assured him he was going out again next year. Meanwhile, however,
the famous Captain General of the Indian Trade, Don Pedro
Menendez de Aviles, the best naval officer that Spain perhaps
has ever had, swooped down on the French in Florida,
killed them all and built the fort of Saint Augustine
to guard the mountains of bright Stone somewhere in the hinterland.

(20:21):
News of this slaughter soon arrived at Madrid, whence orders
presently went out to have an eye on Hawkins, whom
Spanish officials thenceforth regarded as the leading interloper in New Spain. Nevertheless,
Hawkins set out on his third and very troublesome voyage
in fifteen hundred and sixty seven, backed by all his
old and many new supporters, and with a flotilla of

(20:43):
six vessels, the Jesus, the Minion, which then meant Darling,
the William and John, the Judith, the Angel, and the Swallow.
This was the voyage that began those twenty years of
sea dog fighting which rose to their zenith in the
Battle against the Armada. And with this voyage Drake himself
staid on to the stage as Captain of the Judith.
There had been a hitch in fifteen hundred and sixty

(21:05):
six where the Spanish ambassador has reported Hawkins's after dinner
speech to his King Philip had protested to Elizabeth, and
Elizabeth had consulted with Cecil afterwards, the Great Lord Burley
Ancestor the Marquess of Salisbury, British Prime Minister during the
Spanish American War of eighteen hundred and ninety eight. The
result was that orders went down to Plymouth, stopping Hawkins

(21:28):
and binding him over in a bond of five hundred
pounds to keep the peace with Her Majesty's right good friend,
King Philip of Spain. But in fifteen hundred and sixty
seven times had changed again, and Hawkins sailed with colors flying,
for Elizabeth was now as ready to hurt Philip as
he was to hurt her, provided always that open war
was carefully avoided. But this time things went wrong. From

(21:51):
the first a tremendous autumnal storm scattered the ships. Then
the first Negroes that Hawkins tried to snare proved to
be like that other kind of prey of which the
sarcastic Frenchman wrote, this animal is very wicked. When you
attack it, it defends itself. The envenomed errors of the
Negroes worked the mischief. There hardly escaped any that had

(22:12):
blood drawn of them, but died in strange sort, with
their mouths that shut. Some ten days before they died.
Hawkins himself was wounded, but thanks be to God, escaped
the lock job. After this, the English took sides in
a native war and captured two hundred and fifty persons, men,
women and children, while their friend, the king, captured six
hundred prisoners, whereof we hoped to have had our choice.

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But the negro in which nation is seldom or never
found truth, that night removed his camp and prisoners, so
that we were fain to content ourselves with those few
we had gotten ourselves. However, with between four hundred and
five hundred Negroes, Hawkins crossed over from Africa to the
West Indies and coasted from place to place, making our

(22:55):
traffic with the Spaniards as we might, somewhat hardly, because
the king had straightly commanded all his governors by no
means to suffer any trade to be made with us. Notwithstanding,
we had reasonable trade and courteous entertainment for a good
part of the way. In Rio de la Hacha, the
Spaniards received the English without volley. They killed a couple

(23:15):
of men, whereupon the English smashed in the gates while
the Spaniards retired. But after this little bit of punctilio,
trade went on under cover of nights, so briskly that
two hundred nigros were sold at good prices. From there
to Cartagena. The inhabitants were glad of us and traded willingly,
supply being short and demand extra high. Then came a

(23:38):
real rebuff from the governor of Cartagena, followed by a
trific storm which so beat the Jesus that we cut
down all her higher buildings deck superstructures. Then the course
was shaped for Florida, but a new storm drove the
battered flotilla back to the port which serveth the city
of Mexico called Saint John Ulia. The modern Bevera Cruz

(24:00):
Storic Veracruz was fifteen miles north of this harbor. Here,
thinking us to be the fleet of Spain, the chief
officers of the country came aboard us, which being deceived
of their expectation, were greatly dismayed. But when they saw
our demand was nothing but vittles, were recomforted. I, for
it is Hawkins's own story, found in the same port

(24:20):
twelve ships which had in them by report two hundred
thousand pounds in gold and silver, all which being in
my possession, that is, at my mercy. With the King's Island,
I set at liberty. What was to be done? Hawkins
had one hundred negroes still to sell, but it was
four hundred miles to Mexico City and back again, and
a new Spanish viceort was aboard the big Spanish fleet

(24:42):
that was daily expected to arrive in this very port.
If a permit to sell came back from the capital,
and time while and good if no more than time
to replenish stores was allowed, good enough despite the loss
of sales. But what if this Spanish fleet arrived. The
King's Island was a low, little res right in the
mouth of the harbor, which it all but barred. Moreover,

(25:04):
no vessel could live through a northerly gale inside the harbor,
the only one on that coast, unless securely moored to
the island itself. Consequently, whoever held the island commanded the
situation altogether. There was not much time for consultation, for
the very next morning we saw open of the haven
thirteen great ships, the fleet of Spain. It was a

(25:25):
terrible predicament. Now, said I, I am in too dangers
and forced to receive the one of them. Either I
must have kept out the fleet, which with God's help
I was very well able to do, or else suffered
them to enter with their accustomed treason. If I had
kept them out, then there had been present shipwreck of
all that fleet, which amounted in value to six millions,

(25:47):
which was in value of our money one million, eight
hundred thousand pounds, which I considered I was not able
to answer, fearing the Queen's Majesty's indignation. Thus, with myself
revolving the doubts, I thought better to abide the jut
of the uncertainty than of the certainty. So, after conditions
had been agreed upon and hostages exchanged, the thirteen span

(26:09):
ships sailed in the little island remained in English hands,
and the Spaniards were profuse in promises, But having secretly
made their preparations, the Spaniards who were in overwhelming numbers
suddenly set upon the English by land and sea. Every
englishman or shore was killed, except a few who got
off in a boat to the Jesus. The Jesus and

(26:31):
the Minion cut their headfast, hauled clear by their stern fasts,
drove back the boarding parties and engaged the Spanish fleet
at about one hundred yards. Within an hour, the Spanish
flagship and another were sunk. A third vessel was burning
furiously for an half while every English deck was clear
of enemies, but the Spaniards had swarmed onto the island

(26:52):
from all sides and were firing into the English halls
at only a few feet from the cannon's mouth. Hawkins
was cool as ever, calling for a tankard of beer.
He drank to the health of the gunners, who accounted
for most of the five hundred and forty men killed
on the Spanish side. Stand by your ordinance, lustily, he cried,
as he put the tankard down and around shot sent

(27:13):
it flying. God hath delivered me, he added, and so
will he deliver you from these traders and villains. The
masts of the Jesus went by the board, and her
old strained timbers splintered, loosened up, and were stove in
under the storm of cannon balls. Hawkins then gave the
order to abandon ship, after taking out what stores they
could and changing her berth so that she would shield

(27:36):
the little Minion. But while this desperate maneuver was being executed,
down came two fire ships. Some of the Minion's crew
then lost their heads and made sail so quickly that
Hawkins himself was nearly left behind. The only two English
vessels that escaped were the Minion and the Judith. When
nothing else was left to do, Hawkins shouted to Drake
to lay the Judith aboard the Minion, take in all

(27:58):
the men and stores he could, and put to see. Drake,
then only twenty three, did this with consummate skill. Hawkins
followed some time after an anchor just out of range,
but Drake had already gained an offing that caused the
two little vessels to part company in the night, during
which a whole gale from the north sprang up, threatening
to put the Judith on a lee shore. Drake therefore

(28:20):
fought his way to windward, and seeing no one, when
the gale abated, and having barely enough stores to make
a friendly land sailed straight home. Hawkins reported the Judith,
without mentioning Drake's name, as forsaking the minion, but no
other witness thought Drake to blame. Hawkins himself rode out
the gale under the lee of a little island, than

(28:41):
beat about for two weeks of increasing misery. When Hyesworth
thought very good meat and rats, cats, mice and dogs,
parrots and monkeys that were got at great price, none escaped.
The minion was of three hundred tons, and so was
insufferably overcrowded with three hundred men, two hundred English and
one hundred Negroes. Drake's little Judith, if only fifty tons,
could have given no relief, as she was herself over full.

(29:04):
Hawkins asked all the men who preferred to take their
chance on land to get round the foremast, and all
those who wanted to remain afloat to get round the mizzen.
About one hundred chose one course and one hundred the other.
The landing took place about one hundred and fifty miles
south of the Rio Grande. The shore party nearly all died,
but three lived to write of their adventures. David Ingram,

(29:27):
following Indian trails all round the Gulf of Mexico and
up the Atlantic seaboard, came out where Saint John new
Brunswick stands now, was picked up by a passing Frenchman
and so got safely home. Job Hortop and Myles Phillips
were caught by the Spaniards and sent back to Mexico.
Phillips escaped to England fourteen years later, but Hortop was

(29:48):
sent to Spain, where he served twelve years as a
galley slave and ten as a servant before he contrived
to get aboard an English vessel. The ten Spanish hostages
were found safe and sound board the Jesus, though by
all the rules of war Hawkins would have been amply
justified in killing them. The English hostages were kept fast prisoners.

(30:08):
If all the miseries of this sorrowful voyage, says Hawkins's report,
should be perfectly written, there should need a painful man
with his pen, and as great a time as he had,
that wrote the lives and deaths of martyrs. Thus in
complete disaster ended that third voyage to New Spain on
which so many hopes were set. And with this disastrous
end began those twenty years of sea dog rage, which

(30:31):
found their satisfaction against the Great Armada end of Chapter five.