Chapter 1. General Introduction and Overview of Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune condition that targets and destroys β-cells in the pancreas. Under normal circumstances, β-cells produce insulin, an essential hormone for several metabolic processes, with one of the main ones being the regulation of blood glucose levels. Without insulin, the body cannot effectively regulate glucose levels, leading to hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose concentration). As a result, for people living with T1D, every day is a constant challenge to keep blood glucose levels within a target range (typically between 3.9 and 10 mmol/L or 70 and 180 mg/dL). Deviations from this range can lead to serious health consequences.

The challenges associated with T1D are substantial and can negatively impact the quality of life. The necessity for constant monitoring of blood glucose levels, insulin administration, and the fear of potential complications such as vision impairment, nerve damage, kidney failure, and heart attack can significantly strain both physical and mental well-being.

Despite the challenges, there is hope. Advances in medical technology and a deeper understanding of the condition enable many people with T1D to lead fulfilling and healthy lives. In this first chapter, we will delve into the intricacies of blood glucose regulation and explore how T1D disrupts this delicate balance. We will also provide an overview of key concepts in T1D management, including insulin therapy, blood glucose management, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). This chapter will serve as the foundation for the rest of the book, where we will focus more heavily on exercise and sport.

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