September 3, 2025 • 17 mins
Delve into one of the earliest comprehensive studies of Philippine history crafted by an American scholar. This remarkable work stems from the authors ethnological research on indigenous island tribes following the American war in the Philippines. Aimed at the Filipino audience, the author skillfully weaves the islands history into the expansive tapestry of European and American narratives, offering a unique perspective on the cultural and historical significance of the Philippines. (Summary by JoeD)
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Speaker 1 (00:05):
Chapter ten, Part one of A History of the Philippines.
This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Gary macfadden. A History
(00:25):
of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter ten, Part one,
Chapter ten. A Century of Obscurity and Decline sixteen sixty
three to seventeen sixty two Political decline of the Philippines
(00:46):
for the hundred years succeeding the abandonment of the Malaccas,
the Philippines lost all political significance as a colony. From
almost every standpoint, they were profitless to Spain. There were
continued deficits which had to be made good from the
Mexican treasury. The part of Spain and the Conquest of
the East was over, and the Philippines became little more
(01:08):
than a great missionary establishment presided over by the religious orders.
Death of Governor Salcedo by the Inquisition in sixteen sixty three,
Lara was succeeded by Don Diego de Salcedo. On his arrival,
Manila had high hopes of him, which were speedily disappointed.
(01:28):
He loaded the Acapulco Galleon with his own private merchandise,
and then despatched it earlier than was usual, before the
cargoes of the merchants were ready. He engaged in a
wearisome strife with the archbishop, and seems to have worried
the ecclesiastic, who was aged and feeble into his grave.
At the end of a few years, he was hated
(01:48):
by everyone, and a conspiracy against him was formed, which
embraced the religious, the army, the civil officials, and the merchants.
Beyond the reach of power of ordinary plotters, he fell
victim to the commissioner of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition,
which wrought such cruelty and misery in the Peninsula, was
(02:08):
carried also to the Spanish colonies. As we have seen,
it was primarily the function of the Dominican order to
administer the institution. The powers exercised by an inquisitor can
scarcely be understood at the present day. His methods were secret,
the charges were not made public, the whole proceedings were closeted.
And yet so great were the powers of this court
(02:31):
that none could resist its authority or inquire into its actions.
Spain forbade any heretics, Jews or more's going to the colonies,
and did the utmost to prevent heresy abroad. She also
established in America the Inquisition itself. Fortunately, it never attained
the importance in the Philippines that it had in Spain.
(02:52):
In the Philippines there was no tribunal, the institution being
represented solely by a commissioner of the governor. In sixteen
sixty seven, when the unpopularity of Governor Salsato was at
its height, this commissioner professed to discover in him grounds
of heresy from the fact that he had been born
in Flanders, and decided to avenge the Church by encompassing
(03:15):
his ruin. By secret arrangement, the master of the camp
withdrew the guard from the palace, and the commissioner, with
several confederates, gained admission. The door of the governor's room
was opened by an old woman who had been terrified
into complicity, and the governor was seized sleeping with his
arms lying at the head of his bed. The commissioner
(03:37):
informed the governor that he was a prisoner of the
Holy Office. He was taken to the convent of the Franciscans.
Here he was kept in chains until he could be
sent to Mexico to appear before the tribunal there. The
government in Mexico and aulled the arrest of the commissioner,
but Salsado died at sea on the return of the
vessel to the Philippines in sixteen sixty nine. In sixteen
(04:01):
sixty eight, a Jesuit mission under Padre Diego Luis de
Sanviteres was established on the Ladrones, the first of many
mission stations, both Roman, Catholic and Protestant in the South Pacific.
The islands at that time were well populated and fertile,
and had drawn the enthusiasm of Padre san Viteries in
sixteen sixty two when he first sailed to the Philippines.
(04:26):
The hostility of the Manchus in China, the Japanese persecutions,
and the abandonment of the Mendanao had closed many mission fields,
and explains the eagerness with which the Jesuits sought the
royal permission to christianize these islands, which had been so
constantly visited by Spanish ships but never before colonized. With
Padre San Vitues and his five Jesuit associates were a
(04:49):
number of Christian Filipino catechists settlement of Guam. The mission
landed at Guam and was favorably received. Society among these
islanders was divided into castes. The chiefs were known as Chamori,
which has led to the natives of the Ladrones being
called Chamorros. A piece of ground was given to the
(05:10):
Jesuits for a church at the principal town called Agadna
in parenz Agana, and here also a seminary was built
for the instruction of young men. The Queen region of Spain,
Maria of Austria, gave an annual sum to this school,
and in her honor, the Jesuits changed the name of
the islands to the Marianas. The Jesuits preached on eleven
(05:32):
inhabited islands of the group, and in a year's time
had baptized thirteen thousand islanders and given instruction to twenty thousand.
Troubles with the natives at Guam, this first year was
the most successful in the history of the mission. Almost
immediately after the Jesuits angered the islanders by compulsory conversions.
(05:54):
There were quarrels in several places and priests trying to
baptize children against the wishes of their parents, were killed.
In sixteen seventy the Spaniards were attacked and obliged to
fortify themselves at Agana. The Jesuits had a guard of
a Spanish captain and about thirty Spanish and Filipino soldiers, who,
(06:14):
after some slaughter of the natives, compelled them to sue
for peace. The conditions imposed by the Jesuits were that
the natives should attend Mass and festivals, have their children baptized,
and send them to be catechised. The hatred of the
natives was unabated, however, and in sixteen seventy two San
Vidores was killed by them. His biographer claims that at
(06:37):
his death he had baptized nearly fifty thousand of these islanders.
And here a footnote. See the account of the settlement
of the Ladrones by the Spanish in Bernese voyages in
the Pacific Volume three, Depopulation of the Ladrone Islands. About
(06:57):
sixteen eighty a governor was sent to the island and
they were organized as a dependency of Spain. The policy
of the governors and the Jesuits was conversioned by the sword.
The natives were persecuted from island to island, and in
the history of European settlements, there is hardly one that
had more miserable consequences to the inhabitants. Disease was introduced
(07:19):
and swept off large numbers. Others fell resisting the Spaniards,
and an entire island was frequently depopulated by order of
the governor or the desire of the Jesuits to have
the natives brought to Guam, many, with little doubt, fled
to other archipelagos. If we can trust the Jesuit accounts,
there were in the whole group one hundred thousand inhabitants
(07:41):
when the Spaniards arrived, a generation saw them almost extinct. Dampier,
who touched at Guam in sixteen eighty six, says then
that on the island where the Spaniards had found thirty
thousand people, there were not above one hundred natives in
seventeen sixteen. In seventeen twenty one, other voyagers announced the
(08:03):
number of inhabitants on Guam at two thousand, but only
one other island of the group was populated when Anson
in seventeen forty two visited Guam, the number had risen
to four thousand, and there were a few hundred inhabitants
on Rota, but these seemed to have been the whole population.
The original native population certainly very nearly touched extinction. The
(08:27):
islands were from time to time colonized from the Philippines,
and the present population is very largely of Filipino blood
conflicts between governor and archbishop. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, the
conflict of the governor with the archbishop and the friars continued.
The conduct of both sides was selfish and outrageous. In
(08:50):
sixteen eighty three, the actions of Archbishop Pardeaux became so
violent and seditious that the Audiencia decreed his banishment to
Pangasian or Kagayan. He was taken by force to Lingayon,
where he was well accommodated but kept under surveillance. The
Dominicans retaliated by excommunication, and the Audiencia thereupon banished the
(09:12):
provincial of the Order from the islands and sent several
other friars to Marvedes. But the year following, Governor Vargas
was relieved by the arrival of his successor, who was
favorable to the ecclesiastical side of the controversy. The archbishop
returned and assumed a high hand. He suspended and excommunicated
on all sides. The Eudores were banished from the city,
(09:35):
and all died in exile in remote portions of the archipelago.
The ex governor General Vargas, being placed under the spiritual ban,
sued for pardon and begged that his repentance be recognized.
The archbishop sentenced him to stand daily for the space
of four months at the entrances to the churches of
the city and of the Parian and in the thronged
(09:57):
quarter of Binando, attired in the habit of a p
with a rope about his neck and carrying a lighted
candle in his hand. He was, however, able to secure
a mitigation of this sentence, but was required to live
absolutely alone in a hut on an island in the
Pasigue River. He was sent a prisoner to Mexico in
(10:18):
sixteen eighty nine, but died upon the voyage. The various
deans and cannons who had concurred in the archbishop's banishment,
as well as other religious with whom the prelate had
had dissensions were imprisoned or exiled. The bodies of two
others were on their death and after their burial, disinterred
and their bones profaned. Degeneration of the colony under Church rule.
(10:43):
Archbishop Pardeaux died in sixteen eighty nine, but the strife
and confusion which had been engendered continued. There were quarrels
between the archbishop and the friars, between the prelate and
the governor. All classes seemed to have shared the bitterness
and the hatred of these unhappy dissensions. The moral tone
of the whole colony during the latter part of the
(11:04):
seventeenth century was lowered. Corruption flourished everywhere, and the vigor
of the administration decayed. Violence when unrebuked, and the way
was opened for the deplorable tragedy in which this strife
of parties culminated. Certainly, no governor could have been more
supine and shown greater incapacity and weakness of character than
(11:24):
the one who ruled in the time of Archbishop Pardeaux.
Improvements made by Governor Bustamante Enrichmond of the Treasury in
the year seventeen seventeen, however, came a governor of a
different type, Fernando Monuel de Bustamante. He was an old soldier,
stern of character, and severe in his measures. He found
(11:46):
the treasury robbed and exhausted. Nearly the whole population of
Manila were in debt to the public funds. Bustamante ordered
these amounts paid, and to compel their collection, he attached
the cargo of silver arriving by the galleon from Acapulco.
This cargo was owned by the religious companies, officials, and merchants,
(12:06):
all of whom were indebted to the government. In one
year of his vigorous administration, he raised the sum of
three hundred thousand pesos for the treasury with sums of
money again at the disposal of the state, Bustamante attempted
to revive the decayed prestige and commerce of the islands,
refounding of Zamboanga. In seventeen eighteen, he refounded and rebuilt
(12:31):
the Presidio of Zamboanga, not a year had passed since
its abandonment. Years before that, the pirates from Borneo and
Mendanao had failed to ravage the Beisayas. The Jesuits had
petitioned regularly for its re establishment, and in seventeen twelve
the king had decreed its reoccupation. The citadel was rebuilt
(12:51):
on an elaborate plan under the direction of the engineer
Don Juan Secara. Besides the usual barracks, storehouses and arsenals,
there were within the walls a church, hospital and quartel
for the Panpangan soldiers. Sixty one cannon were mounted upon
the defenses upon the petition of the recollects. Bustamante also
(13:13):
established a presidio at La Beaux, at the southern point
of the island of Palawan, whose coasts were attacked by
the Moros from Sulu and Borneo treaty with Siam. In
the same year, he sent an embassy to Siam with
the idea of stimulating the commerce which had flourished a
century before. The reception of this embassy was most flattering.
(13:35):
A treaty of peace, friendship and commerce was made, and
on ground seated to the Spaniards was begun the erection
of a factory improvements in the city of Manila. How
far this brave and determined man might have revived the colony,
it is impossible to say. The population of Manila both
ecclesiastical and civil, was at this time so sunk in
(13:58):
corruption and so degenerate as to make almost impossible any
recuperation except under the rule of a man equally determined
as Bustamante, but ruling for a long period of time,
he had not hesitated to order investigations into the finances
of the islands, which disclosed defalcations amounting to seven hundred
thousand pesos. He fearlessly arrested the defaulters, no matter what
(14:21):
their station. The whole city was concerned in these peculations. Consequently,
the utmost fear and apprehension existed on all sides, and Bustamanni,
hated as well as dreaded, was compelled to enforce his
reform single handed his murder. He was opposed by the
friars and defied by the archbishop, but notwithstanding ecclesiastical condemnation,
(14:44):
he went to the point of ordering the arrest of
the prelate. The city rose in sedition, and a mob
headed by friars proceeded to the palace of the governor,
broke in upon him, and as he faced them alone
and without support, killed him in cold blood. Purens October eleventh,
seventeen nineteen, the archbishop proclaimed himself governor and president of
(15:05):
the Audiencia. The eudees and officials who had been placed
under arrest by Bustamanti were released and his work overthrown.
The new government had neither the courage nor the inclination
to continue Bustamante's policy, and in seventeen twenty the archbishop
called a council of war, which decreed the abandonment of
the fort at La Beaux. When the news of this
(15:27):
murder reached Spain, the King ordered an investigation and the
punishment of the guilty, and in seventeen twenty one Governor
Campo arrived to put these mandates into execution. The culprits, however,
were so high and so influential, that the governor did
not dare proceed against him, and although the commands of
the king were reiterated in seventeen twenty four, the assassins
(15:50):
of Bustamante were never brought to justice. Treaty with the
Sultan of Jolo. In spite of the cowardly policy of
the successors of Bustamante, the Presidio of Zamboanga was not abandoned.
So poorly was it administered however, that it was not
effective to prevent Moro piracy, and the attacks upon the
Bisayas and the Kalimienes continued. In seventeen twenty one, a
(16:14):
treaty was formed with the Sultan of Jolo, providing for
trade between Manila and Jolo, the return or ransom of captives,
and the restitution to Spain of the island of Basilan
the Moro pirates of Tawi Tawi. To some extent, this
treaty seems to have prevented assaults from Jolo, but in
seventeen thirty the Moros of Tawi Tawi fell upon Palawan
(16:37):
and the Kalimienes, and in seventeen thirty one another expedition
from the south spent nearly a whole year cruising and
destroying among the Bisayas. Deplorable state of Spanish defenses. The
defenses of the Spaniards during these many decades were continually
in a deplorable state. Their arms were wretched, and except
(16:59):
in moments of great apprehension, no attention was given to fortifications,
to the preservation of artillery, nor to the supply of ammunition.
Sudden attacks, ever, found these Spaniards unprepared military unreadiness was
the normal condition of this archipelago from these early centuries
down to the destruction of the Spanish armament by the
American fleet. End of Chapter ten, Part one, recording by
(17:26):
Garry mac fadden
Chapter ten, Part one of A History of the Philippines.
This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Gary macfadden. A History
(00:25):
of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter ten, Part one,
Chapter ten. A Century of Obscurity and Decline sixteen sixty
three to seventeen sixty two Political decline of the Philippines
(00:46):
for the hundred years succeeding the abandonment of the Malaccas,
the Philippines lost all political significance as a colony. From
almost every standpoint, they were profitless to Spain. There were
continued deficits which had to be made good from the
Mexican treasury. The part of Spain and the Conquest of
the East was over, and the Philippines became little more
(01:08):
than a great missionary establishment presided over by the religious orders.
Death of Governor Salcedo by the Inquisition in sixteen sixty three,
Lara was succeeded by Don Diego de Salcedo. On his arrival,
Manila had high hopes of him, which were speedily disappointed.
(01:28):
He loaded the Acapulco Galleon with his own private merchandise,
and then despatched it earlier than was usual, before the
cargoes of the merchants were ready. He engaged in a
wearisome strife with the archbishop, and seems to have worried
the ecclesiastic, who was aged and feeble into his grave.
At the end of a few years, he was hated
(01:48):
by everyone, and a conspiracy against him was formed, which
embraced the religious, the army, the civil officials, and the merchants.
Beyond the reach of power of ordinary plotters, he fell
victim to the commissioner of the Inquisition. The Spanish Inquisition,
which wrought such cruelty and misery in the Peninsula, was
(02:08):
carried also to the Spanish colonies. As we have seen,
it was primarily the function of the Dominican order to
administer the institution. The powers exercised by an inquisitor can
scarcely be understood at the present day. His methods were secret,
the charges were not made public, the whole proceedings were closeted.
And yet so great were the powers of this court
(02:31):
that none could resist its authority or inquire into its actions.
Spain forbade any heretics, Jews or more's going to the colonies,
and did the utmost to prevent heresy abroad. She also
established in America the Inquisition itself. Fortunately, it never attained
the importance in the Philippines that it had in Spain.
(02:52):
In the Philippines there was no tribunal, the institution being
represented solely by a commissioner of the governor. In sixteen
sixty seven, when the unpopularity of Governor Salsato was at
its height, this commissioner professed to discover in him grounds
of heresy from the fact that he had been born
in Flanders, and decided to avenge the Church by encompassing
(03:15):
his ruin. By secret arrangement, the master of the camp
withdrew the guard from the palace, and the commissioner, with
several confederates, gained admission. The door of the governor's room
was opened by an old woman who had been terrified
into complicity, and the governor was seized sleeping with his
arms lying at the head of his bed. The commissioner
(03:37):
informed the governor that he was a prisoner of the
Holy Office. He was taken to the convent of the Franciscans.
Here he was kept in chains until he could be
sent to Mexico to appear before the tribunal there. The
government in Mexico and aulled the arrest of the commissioner,
but Salsado died at sea on the return of the
vessel to the Philippines in sixteen sixty nine. In sixteen
(04:01):
sixty eight, a Jesuit mission under Padre Diego Luis de
Sanviteres was established on the Ladrones, the first of many
mission stations, both Roman, Catholic and Protestant in the South Pacific.
The islands at that time were well populated and fertile,
and had drawn the enthusiasm of Padre san Viteries in
sixteen sixty two when he first sailed to the Philippines.
(04:26):
The hostility of the Manchus in China, the Japanese persecutions,
and the abandonment of the Mendanao had closed many mission fields,
and explains the eagerness with which the Jesuits sought the
royal permission to christianize these islands, which had been so
constantly visited by Spanish ships but never before colonized. With
Padre San Vitues and his five Jesuit associates were a
(04:49):
number of Christian Filipino catechists settlement of Guam. The mission
landed at Guam and was favorably received. Society among these
islanders was divided into castes. The chiefs were known as Chamori,
which has led to the natives of the Ladrones being
called Chamorros. A piece of ground was given to the
(05:10):
Jesuits for a church at the principal town called Agadna
in parenz Agana, and here also a seminary was built
for the instruction of young men. The Queen region of Spain,
Maria of Austria, gave an annual sum to this school,
and in her honor, the Jesuits changed the name of
the islands to the Marianas. The Jesuits preached on eleven
(05:32):
inhabited islands of the group, and in a year's time
had baptized thirteen thousand islanders and given instruction to twenty thousand.
Troubles with the natives at Guam, this first year was
the most successful in the history of the mission. Almost
immediately after the Jesuits angered the islanders by compulsory conversions.
(05:54):
There were quarrels in several places and priests trying to
baptize children against the wishes of their parents, were killed.
In sixteen seventy the Spaniards were attacked and obliged to
fortify themselves at Agana. The Jesuits had a guard of
a Spanish captain and about thirty Spanish and Filipino soldiers, who,
(06:14):
after some slaughter of the natives, compelled them to sue
for peace. The conditions imposed by the Jesuits were that
the natives should attend Mass and festivals, have their children baptized,
and send them to be catechised. The hatred of the
natives was unabated, however, and in sixteen seventy two San
Vidores was killed by them. His biographer claims that at
(06:37):
his death he had baptized nearly fifty thousand of these islanders.
And here a footnote. See the account of the settlement
of the Ladrones by the Spanish in Bernese voyages in
the Pacific Volume three, Depopulation of the Ladrone Islands. About
(06:57):
sixteen eighty a governor was sent to the island and
they were organized as a dependency of Spain. The policy
of the governors and the Jesuits was conversioned by the sword.
The natives were persecuted from island to island, and in
the history of European settlements, there is hardly one that
had more miserable consequences to the inhabitants. Disease was introduced
(07:19):
and swept off large numbers. Others fell resisting the Spaniards,
and an entire island was frequently depopulated by order of
the governor or the desire of the Jesuits to have
the natives brought to Guam, many, with little doubt, fled
to other archipelagos. If we can trust the Jesuit accounts,
there were in the whole group one hundred thousand inhabitants
(07:41):
when the Spaniards arrived, a generation saw them almost extinct. Dampier,
who touched at Guam in sixteen eighty six, says then
that on the island where the Spaniards had found thirty
thousand people, there were not above one hundred natives in
seventeen sixteen. In seventeen twenty one, other voyagers announced the
(08:03):
number of inhabitants on Guam at two thousand, but only
one other island of the group was populated when Anson
in seventeen forty two visited Guam, the number had risen
to four thousand, and there were a few hundred inhabitants
on Rota, but these seemed to have been the whole population.
The original native population certainly very nearly touched extinction. The
(08:27):
islands were from time to time colonized from the Philippines,
and the present population is very largely of Filipino blood
conflicts between governor and archbishop. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, the
conflict of the governor with the archbishop and the friars continued.
The conduct of both sides was selfish and outrageous. In
(08:50):
sixteen eighty three, the actions of Archbishop Pardeaux became so
violent and seditious that the Audiencia decreed his banishment to
Pangasian or Kagayan. He was taken by force to Lingayon,
where he was well accommodated but kept under surveillance. The
Dominicans retaliated by excommunication, and the Audiencia thereupon banished the
(09:12):
provincial of the Order from the islands and sent several
other friars to Marvedes. But the year following, Governor Vargas
was relieved by the arrival of his successor, who was
favorable to the ecclesiastical side of the controversy. The archbishop
returned and assumed a high hand. He suspended and excommunicated
on all sides. The Eudores were banished from the city,
(09:35):
and all died in exile in remote portions of the archipelago.
The ex governor General Vargas, being placed under the spiritual ban,
sued for pardon and begged that his repentance be recognized.
The archbishop sentenced him to stand daily for the space
of four months at the entrances to the churches of
the city and of the Parian and in the thronged
(09:57):
quarter of Binando, attired in the habit of a p
with a rope about his neck and carrying a lighted
candle in his hand. He was, however, able to secure
a mitigation of this sentence, but was required to live
absolutely alone in a hut on an island in the
Pasigue River. He was sent a prisoner to Mexico in
(10:18):
sixteen eighty nine, but died upon the voyage. The various
deans and cannons who had concurred in the archbishop's banishment,
as well as other religious with whom the prelate had
had dissensions were imprisoned or exiled. The bodies of two
others were on their death and after their burial, disinterred
and their bones profaned. Degeneration of the colony under Church rule.
(10:43):
Archbishop Pardeaux died in sixteen eighty nine, but the strife
and confusion which had been engendered continued. There were quarrels
between the archbishop and the friars, between the prelate and
the governor. All classes seemed to have shared the bitterness
and the hatred of these unhappy dissensions. The moral tone
of the whole colony during the latter part of the
(11:04):
seventeenth century was lowered. Corruption flourished everywhere, and the vigor
of the administration decayed. Violence when unrebuked, and the way
was opened for the deplorable tragedy in which this strife
of parties culminated. Certainly, no governor could have been more
supine and shown greater incapacity and weakness of character than
(11:24):
the one who ruled in the time of Archbishop Pardeaux.
Improvements made by Governor Bustamante Enrichmond of the Treasury in
the year seventeen seventeen, however, came a governor of a
different type, Fernando Monuel de Bustamante. He was an old soldier,
stern of character, and severe in his measures. He found
(11:46):
the treasury robbed and exhausted. Nearly the whole population of
Manila were in debt to the public funds. Bustamante ordered
these amounts paid, and to compel their collection, he attached
the cargo of silver arriving by the galleon from Acapulco.
This cargo was owned by the religious companies, officials, and merchants,
(12:06):
all of whom were indebted to the government. In one
year of his vigorous administration, he raised the sum of
three hundred thousand pesos for the treasury with sums of
money again at the disposal of the state, Bustamante attempted
to revive the decayed prestige and commerce of the islands,
refounding of Zamboanga. In seventeen eighteen, he refounded and rebuilt
(12:31):
the Presidio of Zamboanga, not a year had passed since
its abandonment. Years before that, the pirates from Borneo and
Mendanao had failed to ravage the Beisayas. The Jesuits had
petitioned regularly for its re establishment, and in seventeen twelve
the king had decreed its reoccupation. The citadel was rebuilt
(12:51):
on an elaborate plan under the direction of the engineer
Don Juan Secara. Besides the usual barracks, storehouses and arsenals,
there were within the walls a church, hospital and quartel
for the Panpangan soldiers. Sixty one cannon were mounted upon
the defenses upon the petition of the recollects. Bustamante also
(13:13):
established a presidio at La Beaux, at the southern point
of the island of Palawan, whose coasts were attacked by
the Moros from Sulu and Borneo treaty with Siam. In
the same year, he sent an embassy to Siam with
the idea of stimulating the commerce which had flourished a
century before. The reception of this embassy was most flattering.
(13:35):
A treaty of peace, friendship and commerce was made, and
on ground seated to the Spaniards was begun the erection
of a factory improvements in the city of Manila. How
far this brave and determined man might have revived the colony,
it is impossible to say. The population of Manila both
ecclesiastical and civil, was at this time so sunk in
(13:58):
corruption and so degenerate as to make almost impossible any
recuperation except under the rule of a man equally determined
as Bustamante, but ruling for a long period of time,
he had not hesitated to order investigations into the finances
of the islands, which disclosed defalcations amounting to seven hundred
thousand pesos. He fearlessly arrested the defaulters, no matter what
(14:21):
their station. The whole city was concerned in these peculations. Consequently,
the utmost fear and apprehension existed on all sides, and Bustamanni,
hated as well as dreaded, was compelled to enforce his
reform single handed his murder. He was opposed by the
friars and defied by the archbishop, but notwithstanding ecclesiastical condemnation,
(14:44):
he went to the point of ordering the arrest of
the prelate. The city rose in sedition, and a mob
headed by friars proceeded to the palace of the governor,
broke in upon him, and as he faced them alone
and without support, killed him in cold blood. Purens October eleventh,
seventeen nineteen, the archbishop proclaimed himself governor and president of
(15:05):
the Audiencia. The eudees and officials who had been placed
under arrest by Bustamanti were released and his work overthrown.
The new government had neither the courage nor the inclination
to continue Bustamante's policy, and in seventeen twenty the archbishop
called a council of war, which decreed the abandonment of
the fort at La Beaux. When the news of this
(15:27):
murder reached Spain, the King ordered an investigation and the
punishment of the guilty, and in seventeen twenty one Governor
Campo arrived to put these mandates into execution. The culprits, however,
were so high and so influential, that the governor did
not dare proceed against him, and although the commands of
the king were reiterated in seventeen twenty four, the assassins
(15:50):
of Bustamante were never brought to justice. Treaty with the
Sultan of Jolo. In spite of the cowardly policy of
the successors of Bustamante, the Presidio of Zamboanga was not abandoned.
So poorly was it administered however, that it was not
effective to prevent Moro piracy, and the attacks upon the
Bisayas and the Kalimienes continued. In seventeen twenty one, a
(16:14):
treaty was formed with the Sultan of Jolo, providing for
trade between Manila and Jolo, the return or ransom of captives,
and the restitution to Spain of the island of Basilan
the Moro pirates of Tawi Tawi. To some extent, this
treaty seems to have prevented assaults from Jolo, but in
seventeen thirty the Moros of Tawi Tawi fell upon Palawan
(16:37):
and the Kalimienes, and in seventeen thirty one another expedition
from the south spent nearly a whole year cruising and
destroying among the Bisayas. Deplorable state of Spanish defenses. The
defenses of the Spaniards during these many decades were continually
in a deplorable state. Their arms were wretched, and except
(16:59):
in moments of great apprehension, no attention was given to fortifications,
to the preservation of artillery, nor to the supply of ammunition.
Sudden attacks, ever, found these Spaniards unprepared military unreadiness was
the normal condition of this archipelago from these early centuries
down to the destruction of the Spanish armament by the
American fleet. End of Chapter ten, Part one, recording by
(17:26):
Garry mac fadden
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