September 3, 2025 • 13 mins
Dive into a fascinating collection of letters penned by the early pioneers of Victoria, addressing the Lieutenant-Governor Charles Joseph La Trobe in response to his circular dated July 29, 1853. These correspondences provide a glimpse into the early days of the colony, its interactions with the Aboriginal community, and the perspectives of those who shaped its history. While these letters offer valuable insights, they are not without their flaws; as noted in the preface, they cannot be deemed infallible records of our past. The series concludes with a unique compilation of Aboriginal words and phrases gathered by a dedicated woman, which, though their accuracy may be uncertain, stands as a testament to her commitment to preserving cultural heritage. Remember, the views expressed in these letters reflect the sentiments of the time and may not necessarily align with modern perspectives. (Annise)
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Section fifty four of Letters from Victorian Pioneers. This is
a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
Letters from Victorian Pioneers. Letter fifty four Letter from Hugh
(00:21):
Jamieson esquire to the Right Reverend, the Lord Bishop of
Melbourne on the Aboriginal Natives of Australia, Dura Station, River, Murray,
tenth October eighteen fifty three. My Lord, in compliance with
your Lordship's request, I do myself the honor to furnish
a few practical remarks upon the present and probable future
(00:43):
condition of the Aboriginal natives of Australia, more particularly of
the tribes inhabiting the districts of Murray and Darling. These
remarks are the result of my own observations and are
expressive of opinions and convictions which have been matured by
the experience of a residents in Victoria since the early
days of its establishment. The almost universal opinion of the
(01:06):
world seems to assign to the Aboriginal Natives of Australia
the very lowest place in the scale of civilization and
of intellect. In this opinion I cannot agree. Two. The
past experience of upwards of sixty years has abundantly shown
that the Aboriginal natives of Australia are, even in the
most uncultivated state of their faculties, possessed of a considerable
(01:28):
amount of intelligence, observation, quickness of apprehension, and aptitude for
instruction in both reading and writing. But notwithstanding all these
natural advantages, and which they have been found in all
parts of the colony to possess, I think it indisputably
proved that there is a very clearly defined limit to
their civilization, amelioration of condition, and permanent improvement, either morally
(01:51):
or physically. Three. Those who have gained experience in managing
them on a proper system have found them capable of
being civiliz to his eartain extent, and in many cases
made useful in a short time without much trouble. How
far they are capable of being brought to a higher
and more permanent degree of civilization may very properly be
(02:11):
considered worthy of inquiry. I fear the question may already
be considered determined. Four. On this station, they have always
been managed upon a uniform and rational system. They have
ever been, both to my brother and myself objects of interest.
We have for many years endeavored to show them the
advantages of permanent improvement and the general amelioration of their condition.
(02:35):
We have exclusively employed them and successfully for some years
in shepherding and in the usual routine of the management
of sheep on a station, in sheep washing, and also
in sheep shearing. To a limited extent, their services have,
during the recent scarcity of labor consequent on the gold
discoveries of Australia, been to us and other settlers on
the murray and darling of great value. The proper principle
(02:58):
of managing them is founded on consistency, kindness, firmness and decision.
Following out this plan, we continue to secure their services
for shepherding and some other descriptions of work. The prospect, however,
of a continuance of their services, I consider doubtful. I
think it probable we shall resume in part the employment
of European shepherds as soon as the state of the
(03:20):
supply of labor will allow. Every year's experience clearly shows
that there is a certain limit to their usefulness and
general improvement I use the word limit advisedly, as I
much regret to say I feel quite satisfied at the
correctness of my opinion. Beyond this limit, we seem to
have no encouragement to look for or to expect any advance.
Our object and name here is at all times to
(03:42):
prevent a retrograde movement. Amongst those who have reached a
certain state of usefulness and improvement. Very great difficulty is
experienced in keeping them up to this given point. Despite
of every encouragement that can be offered, it unfortunately appears
that we cannot impart to them a disposition for per
improving their condition. They have now no more wish than
(04:03):
formally to adopt even the first elements of civilization and
abandon their unsettled and roving life. In these districts, during
the summer months, nearly all, from the oldest to the youngest,
of the various tribes have the greatest desire to abandon
every employment and indulge in the roving life of naked savages.
The tribes on the lower Murray and Darling are generally
(04:25):
speaking on friendly terms. They not unfrequently, during their annual migrations,
travel over two hundred or three hundred miles of country,
increasing in numbers as they proceed alternately hunting, fishing, and
levying contributions on both sheep and cattle as they slowly
and indolently saunter along the banks of the Murray and Darling.
Such is the limited degree of civilization which even the
(04:47):
best of our Blacks have reached, that during these migrations
we always experience considerable difficulty in retaining out of the
whole tribe the necessary number for shepherding alone. All the
present and future advantages offered fail to compensate the Savage
for the disappointment of not being able to join in
these wild and roving excursions of the tribes. Five hopes
were for many years entertained that some of the younger
(05:10):
Blacks might be permanently reclaimed and easily civilized when separated
from the older ones. I think the experiment may be
looked upon as having been fairly and fully tried. The result,
in nearly all cases has been most discouraging. Six. As
regards their religious opinions, they have none. They have no
knowledge whatever of a supreme being, and their only idea
(05:33):
of a future state of existence consists in some vague
notion that after death they may be changed into whites.
I do not at all consider this idea an original one.
They have great superstitious dread of an evil spirit. All
their ideas, however, are extremely vague and illusory. Seven. Death
is at all times by them attributed to human agency.
(05:55):
When any black, whether old or young, dies, an enemy
is supposed during the night to a made an incision
in his side and removed his kidney fat. Even the
most intelligent natives cannot be convinced that any death proceeds
from natural causes. Eight. With regard to the numbers in
the tribes of the Murray and Darling, it is an
extremely difficult matter to form even an approximate estimate. They
(06:18):
are not nearly so numerous as has been generally supposed.
I do not imagine that the numbers occupying the country
on both sides of the Murray from Swan Hills to
the South Australian Boundary and the Darling from its junction
with the Murray to Fort Bourke, five hundred miles up
the Darling, taken together would amount to more than fifteen hundred.
During the past five or six years, the decrease in
(06:39):
their numbers has been very marked, the increase extremely small
and bearing no proportion to the decrease, evidently showing that
they are dying off whilst there are few, indeed to
replace them. In faticide prevails to a great extent. I
can obtained no satisfactory reason why it does so. They
are in general fond of their children and invariably appreciated
(07:00):
any kindness that may be shown to them. Some years ago,
the offspring only of white men and Aboriginal women were
destroyed of Late infanticide has, however, become so general that
even in these remote tribes, the greater number of the
children is destroyed immediately after their birth. The supply of
food of various sorts is here by no means precarious.
During many months of the year, the waters of the
(07:22):
Murray and Darling furnish an immense supply of fish. At
other seasons of the year, edible roots in great variety
are plentiful, even in the interior and more northern parts
of the Darling. The occupation of the country by the
stock of the settlers produces no apprehensions amongst any of
the tribes of a deficiency of the necessary supply of
food for themselves and their children. Ten They chiefly die here,
(07:44):
either of pulmonary and rheumatic complaints or of a cutaneous
disease of a very loathsome description. Their physical sufferings during
their many, long and lingering illnesses are very great. I
am not aware of any having as yet died from
the evil effects of intercourse with Europeans. The debasing influence
of spirits has fortunately not as yet extended to the
Lower Murray and produced the baleful effects which may be
(08:07):
seen in the miserable remnant of the Race near Melbourne.
In cases of sickness, much kindness and watchful attention is
shown to male relatives. I have never seen a case
in which they were neglected. When seriously unwell, they frequently
express a wish to be removed from one place to another.
The wishes complied with at all times, and they are
removed either by means of a canoe or by a
(08:29):
rude litter made for the occasion. In the case of
sickness or death of a female, the attention paid is
comparably slight. When death occurs, the lamentation and wailings are
kept up during the night for some time. No allusion
is ever afterwards made to the deceased, and from the
oldest to the youngest of the tribe all betray a
decided aversion ever to speak of the deceased or to
(08:50):
mention his or her name. They also have a superstitiou
dread of hearing the name mentioned even by a European.
The matter of disposing of the dead varies throughout the colony.
Here they adopt a plan of immediate interment, some few
feet under the ground, wood in grasp, being with some
care piled over the grave. Eleven. Of the fact that
(09:10):
they are cannibals, we have many conclusive proofs. It is, however,
only under very extraordinary circumstances, that I have ever heard
of any of the tribe feasting on human flesh. In general,
they very carefully extract and eat only the kidney fat
of their victim. On other occasions, in accordance with superstitious right,
they carry about with them the legs, arms, and pieces
(09:31):
of the skin of their victim, not for the purpose
of eating these, but with the view of distribution as
charms for fishing operations. Twelve. Although they do not live
in any regularly formed society, and there are many tribes
even without a chief. Still, their marriages are conducted in
a systematic manner. The husbands and wives are generally from
different tribes. A classification of families has always been adopted
(09:53):
and rigidly adhered to. Thirteen. With regard to the probable
future condition of the Aboriginal natives of the whole or
any part of Australia, I have always been impressed with
the idea that, in order to succeed in ameliorating the
condition of savages and bringing about anything like civilization amongst them,
concentration would be found necessary. Civilization is the result of
(10:15):
a long social process. Those submit to civilization with the
greatest difficulty who habitually live by roving and hunting. Everyone
who understands the matter can easily foresee that the natives
of Australia are most unlikely to conform to civilization. They
are as obstinately attached as ever to all the superstitious prejudices, passions, customs,
and habits of their forefathers. They have always been found
(10:37):
totally destitute of the most essential pulmonary of civilization, and
I fear they will never acquire it. They exhibit great
dislike to the restraint even of living at a particular
place for any length of time, though they are found
in abundance of food and clothing. Fourteen. In confirmation of
the opinion I have expressed with respect to the improbability
(10:58):
of any of the Australian tribes every being civilized, and
even few of their numbers ever being advanced beyond a
limited extent, I would adduce some facts from which I
think conclusive opinions may very fairly be drawn. Looking back
on our very earliest intercourse with the Aboriginal natives of
New South Wales, and to the attempts, both public and private,
which were even then made to ameliorate their condition, we
(11:21):
have the well known case of the Sydney native Benelong,
who some sixty years ago was taken to England by
the first Governor of New South Wales. In England, Benelong
remained for some time. Very soon after his return to
the colony, however, he threw off all the clothes he
had brought with him from England, and, returning to the bush,
rejoined his tribe as a native savage. This was perhaps
(11:42):
the first most discouraging proof that the Aboriginal natives of
Australia seemed doomed to an animal and unimproving existence. Another
and a well known case occurred lately in Victoria, when
the Native Police Corps was broken up after having been
formed for many years. The fact was at once self
evident that during these years of intercourse with Europeans and
in various parts of the colony, the native troopers had
(12:04):
acquired no indispensable taste for European comforts or civilization. On
the other hand, they nearly all at once discarded the
idea of future improvement or other employment, and, being dismounted,
traveled on foot hundreds of miles to rejoin their respective
tribes and resume their former habits of savage life. Several
of these Native police were recruited some years ago from
this part of the colony. Having deserted prior to the
(12:27):
breaking up of the corps. They returned here, having traveled
on foot at distance of four hundred miles. Since their return,
I regret to say they have too clearly shown that
they have not improved by their absence from savage life. Fifteen.
Assuming the impracticability of any of the Australian tribes ever
being civilized by means of concentration and that further attempt
(12:48):
to do so would only involve a useless expenditure of
a large amount of money and a hopeless cause. The
only question that remains is can useful knowledge be diffused
amongst them? Or can anything be done towards improving their
condition without controlling their wandering habits. Some attempts upon this
principle were made many years ago in Canada by the Jesuits,
but without success. I fear any attempts of this nature
(13:09):
here would be equally fruitless. The Australian Aboriginal race seems
doomed by providence, like the Mohican and many other well
known Indian tribes, to disappear from their native soil before
the progress of civilization, and they will in a few
years only have an existence in the recollection of man.
The race is so rapidly disappearing here and in all
other parts of the colony with which I am acquainted,
(13:31):
that I fear no other inference than the one I
adopt can be deduced, either from past experience or from
present prospects I have, et cetera. You Jamison, the right Reverend,
the Bishop of Melbourne, et cetera, et cetera. End of
Section fifty four Recording by Todd
Section fifty four of Letters from Victorian Pioneers. This is
a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
Letters from Victorian Pioneers. Letter fifty four Letter from Hugh
(00:21):
Jamieson esquire to the Right Reverend, the Lord Bishop of
Melbourne on the Aboriginal Natives of Australia, Dura Station, River, Murray,
tenth October eighteen fifty three. My Lord, in compliance with
your Lordship's request, I do myself the honor to furnish
a few practical remarks upon the present and probable future
(00:43):
condition of the Aboriginal natives of Australia, more particularly of
the tribes inhabiting the districts of Murray and Darling. These
remarks are the result of my own observations and are
expressive of opinions and convictions which have been matured by
the experience of a residents in Victoria since the early
days of its establishment. The almost universal opinion of the
(01:06):
world seems to assign to the Aboriginal Natives of Australia
the very lowest place in the scale of civilization and
of intellect. In this opinion I cannot agree. Two. The
past experience of upwards of sixty years has abundantly shown
that the Aboriginal natives of Australia are, even in the
most uncultivated state of their faculties, possessed of a considerable
(01:28):
amount of intelligence, observation, quickness of apprehension, and aptitude for
instruction in both reading and writing. But notwithstanding all these
natural advantages, and which they have been found in all
parts of the colony to possess, I think it indisputably
proved that there is a very clearly defined limit to
their civilization, amelioration of condition, and permanent improvement, either morally
(01:51):
or physically. Three. Those who have gained experience in managing
them on a proper system have found them capable of
being civiliz to his eartain extent, and in many cases
made useful in a short time without much trouble. How
far they are capable of being brought to a higher
and more permanent degree of civilization may very properly be
(02:11):
considered worthy of inquiry. I fear the question may already
be considered determined. Four. On this station, they have always
been managed upon a uniform and rational system. They have
ever been, both to my brother and myself objects of interest.
We have for many years endeavored to show them the
advantages of permanent improvement and the general amelioration of their condition.
(02:35):
We have exclusively employed them and successfully for some years
in shepherding and in the usual routine of the management
of sheep on a station, in sheep washing, and also
in sheep shearing. To a limited extent, their services have,
during the recent scarcity of labor consequent on the gold
discoveries of Australia, been to us and other settlers on
the murray and darling of great value. The proper principle
(02:58):
of managing them is founded on consistency, kindness, firmness and decision.
Following out this plan, we continue to secure their services
for shepherding and some other descriptions of work. The prospect, however,
of a continuance of their services, I consider doubtful. I
think it probable we shall resume in part the employment
of European shepherds as soon as the state of the
(03:20):
supply of labor will allow. Every year's experience clearly shows
that there is a certain limit to their usefulness and
general improvement I use the word limit advisedly, as I
much regret to say I feel quite satisfied at the
correctness of my opinion. Beyond this limit, we seem to
have no encouragement to look for or to expect any advance.
Our object and name here is at all times to
(03:42):
prevent a retrograde movement. Amongst those who have reached a
certain state of usefulness and improvement. Very great difficulty is
experienced in keeping them up to this given point. Despite
of every encouragement that can be offered, it unfortunately appears
that we cannot impart to them a disposition for per
improving their condition. They have now no more wish than
(04:03):
formally to adopt even the first elements of civilization and
abandon their unsettled and roving life. In these districts, during
the summer months, nearly all, from the oldest to the youngest,
of the various tribes have the greatest desire to abandon
every employment and indulge in the roving life of naked savages.
The tribes on the lower Murray and Darling are generally
(04:25):
speaking on friendly terms. They not unfrequently, during their annual migrations,
travel over two hundred or three hundred miles of country,
increasing in numbers as they proceed alternately hunting, fishing, and
levying contributions on both sheep and cattle as they slowly
and indolently saunter along the banks of the Murray and Darling.
Such is the limited degree of civilization which even the
(04:47):
best of our Blacks have reached, that during these migrations
we always experience considerable difficulty in retaining out of the
whole tribe the necessary number for shepherding alone. All the
present and future advantages offered fail to compensate the Savage
for the disappointment of not being able to join in
these wild and roving excursions of the tribes. Five hopes
were for many years entertained that some of the younger
(05:10):
Blacks might be permanently reclaimed and easily civilized when separated
from the older ones. I think the experiment may be
looked upon as having been fairly and fully tried. The result,
in nearly all cases has been most discouraging. Six. As
regards their religious opinions, they have none. They have no
knowledge whatever of a supreme being, and their only idea
(05:33):
of a future state of existence consists in some vague
notion that after death they may be changed into whites.
I do not at all consider this idea an original one.
They have great superstitious dread of an evil spirit. All
their ideas, however, are extremely vague and illusory. Seven. Death
is at all times by them attributed to human agency.
(05:55):
When any black, whether old or young, dies, an enemy
is supposed during the night to a made an incision
in his side and removed his kidney fat. Even the
most intelligent natives cannot be convinced that any death proceeds
from natural causes. Eight. With regard to the numbers in
the tribes of the Murray and Darling, it is an
extremely difficult matter to form even an approximate estimate. They
(06:18):
are not nearly so numerous as has been generally supposed.
I do not imagine that the numbers occupying the country
on both sides of the Murray from Swan Hills to
the South Australian Boundary and the Darling from its junction
with the Murray to Fort Bourke, five hundred miles up
the Darling, taken together would amount to more than fifteen hundred.
During the past five or six years, the decrease in
(06:39):
their numbers has been very marked, the increase extremely small
and bearing no proportion to the decrease, evidently showing that
they are dying off whilst there are few, indeed to
replace them. In faticide prevails to a great extent. I
can obtained no satisfactory reason why it does so. They
are in general fond of their children and invariably appreciated
(07:00):
any kindness that may be shown to them. Some years ago,
the offspring only of white men and Aboriginal women were
destroyed of Late infanticide has, however, become so general that
even in these remote tribes, the greater number of the
children is destroyed immediately after their birth. The supply of
food of various sorts is here by no means precarious.
During many months of the year, the waters of the
(07:22):
Murray and Darling furnish an immense supply of fish. At
other seasons of the year, edible roots in great variety
are plentiful, even in the interior and more northern parts
of the Darling. The occupation of the country by the
stock of the settlers produces no apprehensions amongst any of
the tribes of a deficiency of the necessary supply of
food for themselves and their children. Ten They chiefly die here,
(07:44):
either of pulmonary and rheumatic complaints or of a cutaneous
disease of a very loathsome description. Their physical sufferings during
their many, long and lingering illnesses are very great. I
am not aware of any having as yet died from
the evil effects of intercourse with Europeans. The debasing influence
of spirits has fortunately not as yet extended to the
Lower Murray and produced the baleful effects which may be
(08:07):
seen in the miserable remnant of the Race near Melbourne.
In cases of sickness, much kindness and watchful attention is
shown to male relatives. I have never seen a case
in which they were neglected. When seriously unwell, they frequently
express a wish to be removed from one place to another.
The wishes complied with at all times, and they are
removed either by means of a canoe or by a
(08:29):
rude litter made for the occasion. In the case of
sickness or death of a female, the attention paid is
comparably slight. When death occurs, the lamentation and wailings are
kept up during the night for some time. No allusion
is ever afterwards made to the deceased, and from the
oldest to the youngest of the tribe all betray a
decided aversion ever to speak of the deceased or to
(08:50):
mention his or her name. They also have a superstitiou
dread of hearing the name mentioned even by a European.
The matter of disposing of the dead varies throughout the colony.
Here they adopt a plan of immediate interment, some few
feet under the ground, wood in grasp, being with some
care piled over the grave. Eleven. Of the fact that
(09:10):
they are cannibals, we have many conclusive proofs. It is, however,
only under very extraordinary circumstances, that I have ever heard
of any of the tribe feasting on human flesh. In general,
they very carefully extract and eat only the kidney fat
of their victim. On other occasions, in accordance with superstitious right,
they carry about with them the legs, arms, and pieces
(09:31):
of the skin of their victim, not for the purpose
of eating these, but with the view of distribution as
charms for fishing operations. Twelve. Although they do not live
in any regularly formed society, and there are many tribes
even without a chief. Still, their marriages are conducted in
a systematic manner. The husbands and wives are generally from
different tribes. A classification of families has always been adopted
(09:53):
and rigidly adhered to. Thirteen. With regard to the probable
future condition of the Aboriginal natives of the whole or
any part of Australia, I have always been impressed with
the idea that, in order to succeed in ameliorating the
condition of savages and bringing about anything like civilization amongst them,
concentration would be found necessary. Civilization is the result of
(10:15):
a long social process. Those submit to civilization with the
greatest difficulty who habitually live by roving and hunting. Everyone
who understands the matter can easily foresee that the natives
of Australia are most unlikely to conform to civilization. They
are as obstinately attached as ever to all the superstitious prejudices, passions, customs,
and habits of their forefathers. They have always been found
(10:37):
totally destitute of the most essential pulmonary of civilization, and
I fear they will never acquire it. They exhibit great
dislike to the restraint even of living at a particular
place for any length of time, though they are found
in abundance of food and clothing. Fourteen. In confirmation of
the opinion I have expressed with respect to the improbability
(10:58):
of any of the Australian tribes every being civilized, and
even few of their numbers ever being advanced beyond a
limited extent, I would adduce some facts from which I
think conclusive opinions may very fairly be drawn. Looking back
on our very earliest intercourse with the Aboriginal natives of
New South Wales, and to the attempts, both public and private,
which were even then made to ameliorate their condition, we
(11:21):
have the well known case of the Sydney native Benelong,
who some sixty years ago was taken to England by
the first Governor of New South Wales. In England, Benelong
remained for some time. Very soon after his return to
the colony, however, he threw off all the clothes he
had brought with him from England, and, returning to the bush,
rejoined his tribe as a native savage. This was perhaps
(11:42):
the first most discouraging proof that the Aboriginal natives of
Australia seemed doomed to an animal and unimproving existence. Another
and a well known case occurred lately in Victoria, when
the Native Police Corps was broken up after having been
formed for many years. The fact was at once self
evident that during these years of intercourse with Europeans and
in various parts of the colony, the native troopers had
(12:04):
acquired no indispensable taste for European comforts or civilization. On
the other hand, they nearly all at once discarded the
idea of future improvement or other employment, and, being dismounted,
traveled on foot hundreds of miles to rejoin their respective
tribes and resume their former habits of savage life. Several
of these Native police were recruited some years ago from
this part of the colony. Having deserted prior to the
(12:27):
breaking up of the corps. They returned here, having traveled
on foot at distance of four hundred miles. Since their return,
I regret to say they have too clearly shown that
they have not improved by their absence from savage life. Fifteen.
Assuming the impracticability of any of the Australian tribes ever
being civilized by means of concentration and that further attempt
(12:48):
to do so would only involve a useless expenditure of
a large amount of money and a hopeless cause. The
only question that remains is can useful knowledge be diffused
amongst them? Or can anything be done towards improving their
condition without controlling their wandering habits. Some attempts upon this
principle were made many years ago in Canada by the Jesuits,
but without success. I fear any attempts of this nature
(13:09):
here would be equally fruitless. The Australian Aboriginal race seems
doomed by providence, like the Mohican and many other well
known Indian tribes, to disappear from their native soil before
the progress of civilization, and they will in a few
years only have an existence in the recollection of man.
The race is so rapidly disappearing here and in all
other parts of the colony with which I am acquainted,
(13:31):
that I fear no other inference than the one I
adopt can be deduced, either from past experience or from
present prospects I have, et cetera. You Jamison, the right Reverend,
the Bishop of Melbourne, et cetera, et cetera. End of
Section fifty four Recording by Todd
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