July 26, 2025 • 31 mins
Dive into the captivating life story of Joseph Haydn, as told by German music scholar, Ludwig Nohl. From his humble beginnings to his rise to international acclaim, Nohl paints a vivid picture of Haydns journey, complete with intriguing insights and humorous anecdotes. Explore the complexities of Haydns musical compositions, and discover how his work was both influenced by, and influential to, his contemporaries, including his close relationship with Mozart. Known affectionately as Papa Haydn, he is hailed as the Father of the symphony and the string quartet. (Summary by mkirkpat)
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Section three of Life of Heiden by Ludwig Knowl, translated
by George p. Upton. The LibriVox recording is in the
public domain, Chapter two, seventeen fifty four to seventeen eighty one.
At Prince ester Hausi's part a, his hours were occupied
with lesson giving and studies. Music so far monopolized his
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time that at this period no other than musical books
came into his hands. The only exceptions were the works
of Metastasio, and these can hardly be called an exception,
as Metastasio always wrote for music, and therefore a kapellmeister
who had determined to try his powers an opera ought
to have been acquainted with his writings as these. We
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know from Heiden himself that an Italian singer and opera
composer was his last instructor in thorough bass, and that
he had composed much, but was not firmly grounded, that is,
was not correct and strong, until he had the good
fortune to study the fundamental principles of composition with a
famous Porpora, the Neapolitan Niccolo Propoora, was in Vienna from
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seventeen fifty three to seventeen fifty seven. He belonged to
that early school of Italian opera which dominated nearly all Europe.
The charm of melody predominated at this time, and with
it the art of singing. They had reached their highest point.
Smoothly flowing melody, however, was considered the main essential and
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above all things, clearness and very simple harmonic structure characterized
this school. Haiden played the accompaniments when Porpoora gave singing
lessons to the ten year old Martinez and to the
mistress of an ambassador, and was paid with lessons in
composition from the impetuous and supercilious old master. A s
vagabond blockhead alternating with blows greeted this not very accomplished
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De Deesco German. For three months he filled the position
of servant and blacked his master's shoes. But I improved
in singing, in composition and in Italian very much, says
the modest mechanic's son, who plain and simple himself loved
his art above all else. In fact, compared with the
German music before him, or even with Philipp Emmanuelbach's Sonatus,
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Heiden's style at once shows not only that he had
abandoned the tudesk German, of which the Italians complained, but
that he had obtained a more refined phrasing of melody
and a greater clearness of harmony, whereas the art of
Bach had not advanced beyond the intellectual and characteristic. He
also gave up embellishments and manifested a strong desire for
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the pure lines, and above all recognized that symmetry of
construction which was rare among the Germans themselves, and yet
constitutes an essential feature of modern German instrumental music. The
first larger works of Heiden were also Italian operas. He
prized them very more, and they were also very pleasing
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to others. And it was only a deep inward feeling
for the calling he had chosen, and a happy chance
which gave him the opportunity of satisfying that feeling that
saved him from a course which certainly might have secured
him speedy fame and fortune, but not that immortal halo
of glory which crowns the father of the symphony. He
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even declined an imitation from Gluck at that time, the
most celebrated of the Italian opera composers, to go to Italy.
Apart from this, it may be said, incidentally, we learn
of no nearer relations between these two artists. Temperament, character,
and the objects of their ambition kept them widely apart.
Haiden now devoted himself still more earnestly to studies of
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a theoretical nature. From sixteen to eighteen hours daily work
was his rule, two thirds of the time being devoted
to the necessities of life. Matheson's Fulkommener Kapellmeister and the
Gratis ad Parnassem of Fuchs the Vienna Hofkappelmeister were his
text books. With unwearied determination. Heiden sought to master the
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theory of Fuchs, says Griesinger, the counselor who met him
frequently in eighteen hundred and in eighteen ten published the
biographical Notices of him. He says Heiden studied out the problems,
laid them aside some weeks, then looked them over again,
and reviewed them often enough to make sure he was
master of them. Heiden called this work Fuchsu's Theory a classic,
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and kept a much worn copy of it all his life.
Mathieson's book was found among his relics, completely gone. This
work certainly did not extend his knowledge of composition, but
he prized a method and educated many a scholar and
had during his life, and among those scholars was Beethoven.
He officiated as organist at a church in the suburbs,
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wrote quartets and other pieces, which commanded him still more
favorably to amateurs. He was universally recognized as a genius,
says Dius. One of these amateurs was the councilor Vanfordenburg,
from whom I received special marks of favor, says Heiden himself. Vanfordenburg,
who was already indebted to Heiden for several trios, was
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accustomed to have chamber music at his villa in viin
Cerrel played by the pastor of the place, his own
steward of violin cellist, and Heiden, and one day encouraged
the latter to write a string quartet. Thus, an accident
of his surroundings turned his inventive spirit toward that particular
form of chamber music, the string quartet, which was destined
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to be so wonderful in results. This occurred in seventeen fifty.
Much had been already written for the four stringed instruments,
but Heiden gave to the quartet the movements and organic
form which he had found in the sonatus. By the
force of his knowledge of harmony, he gave a more
spontaneously melodious capacity to the divisions of the quartet which
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had hit the two have been merely vague and sketchy,
so that their development captivated the player and listener. It was,
as it were, a scene in which four individualities acting
together play out a complete and concrete life picture, artistic
performances which appealed to the player as well as to
the artist and poet in a higher degree than the
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simple plain sonata. Hence, the invention of the string quartet
marked an epoch in the history of music. The first
quartet B flat six' eight met with such an instant's
success and so actively Inspired heiden himself that in a
short time he produced eighteen works in this. Style and
yet A prussian major who had been made a prisoner
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in The Seven Years, war who heard these early, productions
says that although everyone was in raptures over his, Composition
heiden was modest even to, timidity and could not bring
himself to believe that they were of any. Account twenty years,
later even he looked up To. Hasse at that time
indeed famous throughout the world as a great, composer and
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declared he would treasure his praise of his stopit matyr like,
gold though it was, undeserved not on account of the opinion,
itself but for the sake of a man so, estimable
who Knows hassa to, day and who that knows anything
of music is not familiar With Joseph hayden and his.
Quartets The english music Hunter berney mentions that in seventeen
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seventy two he heard them played at. Glooks he contributed
greatly to his activity and, composition that he was now
in better Circumstances wornburgh had secured for him the appointment
of director in the establishment of a music loving. Count
the first quartets breathe the full joyous humor of his childlike.
Spirit though at first many a one protested against the
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lowering of music to mere, trifling and was of the
opinion that there was no earnest effort in his, compositions
the verdict this time declared itself in favor of the
creator of this, style and many a deeply earnest tone
in these works is a souvenir of happy, hours which
even now a quartet evening With heiden. Affords the count
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who in seventeen fifty nine had Installed heiden as his
director in one in that position must also be a,
composer was The bohemian Nobleman franz Von. Mortsen he passed
his winters In vienna and his summers at his country
house At, lukovic where he kept his, orchestra and while
with Him heiden wrote his first. Symphony there were symphonies,
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indeed long Before. Heiden, originally all music in several parts
was thus designated at first vocal pieces with instrumental, accompaniments
but after the seventeenth century instrumental music only the instrumental
preludes to The italian, operas in, particular were called. Symphonies
the symphony in regular form consisted of an, allegro an,
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adagio and a second. Allegro heiden made the three movements
which he had transferred from the sonata form to the
quartet richer and more, independent and added to them the,
minuet so that four movements became the. Rule heiden's progress
therefore was exemplified in the symphony by the freedom and
vivacity which he gave to the separate, instruments but above
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all by their skillful combination and the dynamic gradations of the.
Ensemble for this he had his models in the compositions
of The mannheim, school Which mozart so much admired. Afterward
heiden's First symphony IN d major is a prominent example
of the clearness of his method in such larger orchestral.
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Work we shall soon see that he developed it still.
Farther his position with The, count satisfactory so far as
compensation was, concerned might have been the source of prolific.
Creation for The count and his young son were enthusiastic musical,
amateurs but the contract stipulated that he should remain. Unmarried
heiden was then twenty seven years of, age and it
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was not until that time that the charms of the
other sex attracted his. Attention and it happened then only
by an, accident which reveals to us the innocence of his.
Youth in his later, years he was fond of telling
the story that, once when he was accompanying the young
countess in our, singing she stooped over so as to see,
better and her neckerchief became. Disarranged it was the first
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TIME i had ever witnessed such a. SIGHT i was.
Embarrassed my plane, ceased and my fingers lay idly on the.
Keys he Told, gresinger what has? Happened heiden said The,
countess what are you? Doing with perfect, Respect heiden, replied
who could retain his self command in your gracious ladyship's.
Presence the sequel to such an unexpected relation was not
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long in. Following in the autumn of seventeen, Sixty heiden
was again with his scholars In. Vienna among them were
two daughters Of, keller a wig, maker and the Ungar,
gassa who had frequently assisted him before this. Time the
younger daughter was so attractive to him, that in spite
to the count's, order which only made her still more
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alluring to the fiery young, fellow he determined to marry,
Her but to his, sorrow she chose to enter a. Convent,
heiden you ought to marry my eldest, daughter jokingly said
the father one, day for he was particularly pleased with
the smart and gifted young. Director And heiden did. So
whatever may have been the, reason, gratitude, ignorance helplessness and practical,
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matters or the wish to have a wife right. Away
whatever may have been the, motive he, married and sorely
he had to suffer for. It his wife was older than,
he and this of itself made the relations between them very.
Uncertain besides, This dius says that she was an imperious
and unfeeling woman who was incapable of any, consideration and
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had earned the reputation of being a. Spendthrift the proofs
of her quarrelsomeness and of her heartless treatment of her
husband revealed to us a Perfect xantippe as compared with the,
simple frank and joyous heart At. Heidn she was an
extreme bigot and. Prude only a person of his disposition
could have endured such a wretched and above all childless.
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Marriage we were affectionate, together but for all, THAT i
soon discovered that my wife was extremely, frivolous he very
mildly said To. Dias he Told grisinger that he was
obliged to carefully conceal his earnings from her on account
of her passion for. Finery she was also fond of
inviting priests to, dine urging them to say many, masses
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and giving more money to them for charity than she
could afford Very many Of haydn's masses and smaller church,
pieces especially though scattered about in The austrian, convents are
due to the fact that she availed herself of her
husband's talent to appear. Generous under such, circumstances he naturally
did not accomplish his best, work but wrote in a careless. Style,
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once When, greisinger for whom he had done some favor
for which he would not accept, anything asked permission to
make his wife at, present he resolutely, replied she does
not deserve. Anything it is little matter to her whether
her husband is an artist or a. Cobbler she was
also particularly malicious and purposely tried to offend her, husband
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using his, notes for, instance as curl papers and in pie,
dishes occasioning the loss undoubtedly of many of his earlier.
Scores one, day when she complained that there was not
money enough in the house to bury him in case
he died, Suddenly heiden called her attention to a row
of cannons which were framed and hung upon the wall
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of his chamber in lieu of any other, decoration and
told her that they would bring enough for his funeral.
Expenses notwithstanding his patience and good, heartedness he could not
overcome an intuitive feeling of repugnance for his. Wife in
the year eighteen o, five when the Violinist baieaux was visiting,
him they happened to pass a picture in the. Hall
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heiden stopped, and Grasping io by the, arms, said that
is my. Wife many a time she is maddened to?
Me is it not? Natural? Then and excusable also that
at times he sought solace away from. Home An italian,
singer in Particular Luigia, pozzli won his affections in later
years and bestowed upon him a loving. Sympathy he writes
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to her From london in seventeen ninety, two thirty two
years after his unfortunate, marriage in furious, Terms my Wife
bistia and fernand has written so much stuff THAT i
had to tell HER i would not come to the
house any, more which has brought her again to her.
SENSES a year, later he, says in a gentler and
almost sorrowful, tone my wife is ailing most of the
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time and is always in the same miserable. Temper BUT
i do not let it distress me any. Longer there
will some time be an end of this torment the
remark In lessing's Jungera, GELLERTON i am obliged to admit
THAT i have had no other aim than this to.
Practice those virtues which enable one to endure such a
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woman exactly apply To haidn's. Case at last he could
bear it no. Longer he procured board for her with
the Teacher stole At, baden who is spoken of In mozart's,
letters and she died there in eighteen. Hundred heiden dearly
earned that exquisite peace which characterized so many of his.
Adagios but it was the true rest of the. Soul
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and is only here and there that a softly signed
chord reminds us Of botan's. Words the victory was won
through toil and, trouble from morning until. Night the unrestrained
outpourings of Love heidn could not. Express When adam And
eve in The Creation, Her hanschen And lucas sing the fond,
strains you never think Of constance And. Pamina and Yet
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heiden wrote both these works long After mozart was. Dead
the fullness and dignity of true womanly nature in which
his own wife was, wanting he was elsewhere to learn and.
Value as we shall yet, see the tenderer and deeper
notes of the heart are not wanting in his. Compositions
on the, contrary he was the first to introduce them in,
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music in all their. Perfection we now resumed the course
of our. Narrative dies. Says six months passed by Before
Count mortsen knew that His kapellmeister was. Married circumstances occurred
which Changed hayden's. Affairs it became necessary for The count
to reduce his large expenses and to dismiss his, musicians
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and thus he lost his. Position prince Enster, hase, however
a short time, before had become acquainted with some of
his orchestral pieces and admired. Them his growing, fame his
admirable personal, character Besides morteson's hearty, commendations secured for him
the position Of kapellmeister to The prince in the same
year seventeen sixty, one and he held it nearly to
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the close of his. Life this position Settled haydn's future
as a. Composer The esterhazi residence is in the little
town Of eisenstadt In, hungary where The Princess castle supplied
accommodation for every style of musical and dramatic. Performances music
in particular had been patronized by the family for many. Generations,
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here in undisturbed, Quiet hayden actively devoted himself to those
remarkable compositions which deservedly proclaim him the founder of modern instrumental.
Music the prince had a pretty complete, orchestra though it
was small and a modest chorus with two. Soloists it
was also expected that the servants in, attendance after the
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custom of that, time would assist as. Musicians the entire
force of musicians was placed under the direction of the Nu,
kapellmeister who was raised to an official position by virtue
of his. Rank he was obliged to appear daily in
the ante chamber and receive instructions with regard to the.
Music he was also expected to compose what music was
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necessary and reel the. Singers his contract Of may, first
seventeen sixty one commends the duty required of him to
his skill and zeal and hopes that he will keep
the orchestra up to such a standard as will reflect
honor upon him and entitle him to further marks of
princely favor rarely, indeed has a hope been more fully.
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Realized the orchestra was soon a superior, one and it
was not long before the works written for it By
haidn became famous throughout the. World the very first of
The estrahazi symphonies IN C, major known as The, noon
showed that he was determined to bring The prince as
well as the orchestra to a realization of the work before.
Them it makes demands upon the orchestra which this one
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could not supply till much, later as it was written
in a very large and broad. Style it also has
in it a foreshadowing Of beethoven's dramatic style in a
recttee for violin with orchestra introduced in one. Movement he
himself was also more thoroughly grounded in his own archetistic.
Work the ever increasing interest which The prince took in
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him to Paul antone succeeded the next, Year Nicholas anton
following him in seventeen ninety and a Second nicholas Following
anton in seventeen ninety, five was a fresh incentive to
his creative, talent so that the confinement in his rural
situation during the twenty years that he passed with the
first two princes did not weigh very heavily upon. Him
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after seventeen sixty, six he spent many of the winter
months with his prince In. Vienna My prince was always
satisfied with my. WORKS i not only had the encouragement
of steady, approbation but as leader of the, ORCHESTRA i could,
experiment observe what produced and what weakened, effects and was
thus enabled to, improve, change make additions or, omissions and
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venture upon. ANYTHING i was separated from the. World there
was no one to distract or torment, me AND i
was compelled to become. Original such a statement as, this
which is made To, greasinger shows what an important influence
his life this period had upon his artistic. Development there
are many other interesting details of This esterhausi. Life griesinger
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says fishing and hunting Were hyden's favorite pleasures during his
stay In. Hungary thing for a moment when an influence
such an, unbroken RESTful life In god's free nature must
have had upon, him especially when it is considered that
this had continued for thirty years and had been his
only recreation outside of his own, profession the dew dropping morn,
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all how it quickens, all Says, eve in the. Creation
in the early, morning the best time for his favorite,
pleasure when the sun rose shining in his full splendor of,
giant proud and. Joyous or at evening the moon stole
upon the home returning hunter with soft step and gentle.
Shimmer how his heart must have expanded as this sublime
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solitude of nature revealed itself to him and spoke its own.
Language time when the sense of nature rose superior to
all the artifices of, custom and her majesty and chaste
purity made a deep impression upon every noble. Feeling in
this sacred, solitude, which with his beloved, art filled his
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life with its only happiness and, contentment he stripped off
his powdered wig and stood, up clothed in his own pure.
Manhood what the result was may be seen in his exuberant,
melodies earnest as well as, passionate which picture the innocent
joy of. Nature many other things he learned to picture
at this. Time it was only that free and appreciative
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contemplation of, nature which continual intimate intercourse with her, producers
which enabled him to keenly observe the characteristics of every
one of her, phenomena and to give them conscious. Expression
in his old age in The creation and The. Seasons
the Noon symphony was soon followed by The morning that
he intended to express in this. Music the awakening of
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impressions upon arriving in the country is shown by a
concerto which appeared soon afterward the, evening and which closes
with a. Storm according to these his prince had commissioned
him to make the divisions of the day's subjects for.
Composition we know by their reception that these works revealed
an entirely new world of. Music, beethoven with his incomparably
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deeper feeling for, nature received his first impulses of that
feeling from this. Music the original can only be found
In Haydn's Quiet life At eisenstadt With Prince. Esterhsi we
shall find further confirmation of the influence of this life
in the following. Details the bearing Of Prince, nicholas then
in his fortieth, year corresponded with his. Surroundings rich and
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distinguished as he, was he had noble. Passions his appearance
at court was, brilliant while the richness of his jewels was,
proverbial but his love of art and science was far
greater than his fondness for show and court, display and
in True hungarian in, fashion music was the dearest of
all to. Him he was a Genuine austrian cavalier of
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the best old. Times goodness of, heart, magnanimity and kindly
feeling were his prominent traits of, character and he manifested these,
qualities especially towards his, orchestra during the entire period of his.
Rule his, records nearly all of which begin with the
Declaration God be with, us are a continuous series of
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releases from moneyed as well as other, obligations and rarely
was a request, refused Says ool in his reliable biography Of.
Heyden still he could be severe without retaining. Animosity his
own instrument was a baritone at that time very much,
admired which has long since been superseded by the noble violin.
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Cello apropos of this, instrument the following characteristic event occurred
the prince played only in one. Key heiden practiced for six,
months day and night upon the, instrument often disturbed by
the abuse of his, wills and upon one occasion incurred
the censure of The prince for neglecting his. Compositions, thereat
impelled by a fit of, vanity he played upon the
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instrument one of the evening entertainments in several. Keys The
prince was not at all disturbed and only, Said, heiden
you ought to have known. Better at first he was
pained by the indifference of his honored, master but he
immediately felt it was a gentle reproof because he had
wasted so much time and neglected his proper work to
become a good baritone, player and turned to his compositions
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again with renewed. Earnestness for the baritone, alone he has
written upwards one hundred and seventy five. Pieces heidn's real
feelings towards The prince are shown by his words in
his autobiography of seventeen seventy, six would THAT i could
live and die with. Him upon the accession of the new,
administration his salary was increased one, half and afterwards six
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hundred florins were, added besides which he received frequent gifts
from The. Prince this helped to appear use his longing
to go, abroad particularly To, italy a longing which many
a time must have arisen in his. Solitude he, recalled
even in his old, age with grateful, feelings the good
and Generous Prince, nicholas who had twice rebuilt his little
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house after it had been reduced to ashes by fires
in the. City though he wrote, much very much simply
for The prince's personal, gratification and consequently much that had little,
value yet The prince's knowledge of music was sufficient to
Realize haydn's constant development and to actively foster. It heiden
was not under personal, restraint at least not more than
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was customary in a court at that time of literal primitive.
Despotisms though he was not the less a. Courtling he
remained an artist in clove to his own. RANK i
am surrounded by, emperors kings and many exalted, persons AND
i have had much flattery from. Them BUT i will
not live upon familiar terms with. THEM i prefer the
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people of my own, station he said To greasinger in
his later. Years, indeed he personally asserted his dignity before
his prince and. Master on his return From. London he
bitterly complained because he was addressed by the customary err
as an, inferior and after that he was always called
her Von heyden and respected sir or Dear kapellmeister Von.
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Heyden upon one, occasion the Young Prince nicholas expressed his
disapproval of a, rehearsal And haidn, replied Your, highness it
is my duty to attend to these. MATTERS a glance
of displeasure was the only response of his. Highness with
the orchestra, itself which numbered many excellent, Players heiden had
troubled many a, time the easy lenity of The prince
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made it careless in what the habits of musicians were
at that. Time mozart's biography shows the appeals Of heiden
are touching and heart reaching when he intercedes for those
who have aired only through. Carelessness as poll he also
helped to appease The prince with specially arranged compositions to
these probably belongs To symphony in five movements Called lemidi
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with a recitatie for the first Violinist, tomasini who was
a special favorite of The, prince at proved that the
images of his fancy were already influencing, him and, that Like,
luke he was determined not to be a, mason but an.
Architect that he put his whole soul into these compositions
is shown by the inscriptions at the beginning and end
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In Nomine, domini laos, deo et. Cetera his most important
compositions during his earlier years At esterhas Were italian operas
the prince had engaged foreign, actors and the festival occasions
at the, palace which as we, know were often attended
by royal, personages were made brilliant by these theatrical. Performances
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during his thirty years stay At, esterhas more than a
dozen of these works were brought, out some of Which
haiden himself. Esteemed they certainly show a copious richness of,
detail of harmonic, beauty and of instrumental. Effects When karabini
looked through some of my, manuscripts he always hit upon
places which were deserving of, attention Said heiden To resinger
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And karabini at that. Time an opera composer par excellence
might well be concerned about the superiority Of heyden's. Operas
but the qualities which were conspicuous In heiden's instrumental, music
the sure movement of the whole work and the freedom
of the intellectual development were wanting in his. Operas this
Was gluke's contribution to the. Opera heiden had no part in.
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It he recognized himself that his operas in originality of
form could scarcely equal those Of gluck in the more modern.
Period and yet we shall find that one of his
operas was performed In. LONDON a criticism in The Vienna
zeitung during the year seventeen sixty six gives us another
picture of his varied acquirements and of his successful, activity
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as well as of the character of his. Genius he
is enumerated among the distinguished composers of The Imperial city
at that time under the title of Her Joseph, heden
the favorite of the, nation whose gentle character is reflected
in every one of his. Pieces his compositions possess, beauty, symmetry,
clearness and a delicate and noble, simplicity which impress themselves
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upon the listener even before he has become specially. Attentive his,
quartets trios and other works of this class are like
a pure clear strip of water ruffled by a southern,
breeze quickly agitated and rolling with, waves but preserving its.
Depth the doubling of the melody by octaves originated with,
him and one cannot deny its. Charm in the symphony
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he is, robust powerful and ingenious in his, songs, charming
captivating and tender in his, minuets, natural merry and. Graceful
one can see that in all his leading Qualities heidned
was recognized in his own. Time rigid masters Like heidn's
predecessor in, service The Kampelmeister, werner a genuine representative of
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the old contrapuntal, school were freely at hand with such
epithets as fashion hunter and song. Scribbler but the Acute
berlin critic at that, time hostile to Everything South, german
Declared Heiden's Quartet opus nineteen and The Symphony opus eighteen
that they displayed the most original humor and sprightly agreeable.
Spirit it IS. J. F reichardt who says, this never
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says he has there been a composer who combined so
much unity and variety with so much agreeableness and. Popularity
it is extremely interesting to Consider haydn's works in their successive.
Order his first works twenty years ago showed that he
had an agreeable humor of his own and yet it
was rather mere purtness and extravagant, mirth without much harmonic.
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Depth but by degrees his humor became more manly and
his work more thoroughly, considered, until through elevated and earnest,
feeling riper, study and above all, effect the matured original
man and trained artist were. Manifest if we had only
a height And Philip Emanuel bach We germans can boldly
assert that we have a style of our, own and
(31:05):
that our instrumental music is the most interesting of, all
he says in conclusion end of section, three
Section three of Life of Heiden by Ludwig Knowl, translated
by George p. Upton. The LibriVox recording is in the
public domain, Chapter two, seventeen fifty four to seventeen eighty one.
At Prince ester Hausi's part a, his hours were occupied
with lesson giving and studies. Music so far monopolized his
(00:24):
time that at this period no other than musical books
came into his hands. The only exceptions were the works
of Metastasio, and these can hardly be called an exception,
as Metastasio always wrote for music, and therefore a kapellmeister
who had determined to try his powers an opera ought
to have been acquainted with his writings as these. We
(00:46):
know from Heiden himself that an Italian singer and opera
composer was his last instructor in thorough bass, and that
he had composed much, but was not firmly grounded, that is,
was not correct and strong, until he had the good
fortune to study the fundamental principles of composition with a
famous Porpora, the Neapolitan Niccolo Propoora, was in Vienna from
(01:09):
seventeen fifty three to seventeen fifty seven. He belonged to
that early school of Italian opera which dominated nearly all Europe.
The charm of melody predominated at this time, and with
it the art of singing. They had reached their highest point.
Smoothly flowing melody, however, was considered the main essential and
(01:30):
above all things, clearness and very simple harmonic structure characterized
this school. Haiden played the accompaniments when Porpoora gave singing
lessons to the ten year old Martinez and to the
mistress of an ambassador, and was paid with lessons in
composition from the impetuous and supercilious old master. A s
vagabond blockhead alternating with blows greeted this not very accomplished
(01:54):
De Deesco German. For three months he filled the position
of servant and blacked his master's shoes. But I improved
in singing, in composition and in Italian very much, says
the modest mechanic's son, who plain and simple himself loved
his art above all else. In fact, compared with the
German music before him, or even with Philipp Emmanuelbach's Sonatus,
(02:18):
Heiden's style at once shows not only that he had
abandoned the tudesk German, of which the Italians complained, but
that he had obtained a more refined phrasing of melody
and a greater clearness of harmony, whereas the art of
Bach had not advanced beyond the intellectual and characteristic. He
also gave up embellishments and manifested a strong desire for
(02:41):
the pure lines, and above all recognized that symmetry of
construction which was rare among the Germans themselves, and yet
constitutes an essential feature of modern German instrumental music. The
first larger works of Heiden were also Italian operas. He
prized them very more, and they were also very pleasing
(03:02):
to others. And it was only a deep inward feeling
for the calling he had chosen, and a happy chance
which gave him the opportunity of satisfying that feeling that
saved him from a course which certainly might have secured
him speedy fame and fortune, but not that immortal halo
of glory which crowns the father of the symphony. He
(03:23):
even declined an imitation from Gluck at that time, the
most celebrated of the Italian opera composers, to go to Italy.
Apart from this, it may be said, incidentally, we learn
of no nearer relations between these two artists. Temperament, character,
and the objects of their ambition kept them widely apart.
Haiden now devoted himself still more earnestly to studies of
(03:46):
a theoretical nature. From sixteen to eighteen hours daily work
was his rule, two thirds of the time being devoted
to the necessities of life. Matheson's Fulkommener Kapellmeister and the
Gratis ad Parnassem of Fuchs the Vienna Hofkappelmeister were his
text books. With unwearied determination. Heiden sought to master the
(04:09):
theory of Fuchs, says Griesinger, the counselor who met him
frequently in eighteen hundred and in eighteen ten published the
biographical Notices of him. He says Heiden studied out the problems,
laid them aside some weeks, then looked them over again,
and reviewed them often enough to make sure he was
master of them. Heiden called this work Fuchsu's Theory a classic,
(04:32):
and kept a much worn copy of it all his life.
Mathieson's book was found among his relics, completely gone. This
work certainly did not extend his knowledge of composition, but
he prized a method and educated many a scholar and
had during his life, and among those scholars was Beethoven.
He officiated as organist at a church in the suburbs,
(04:54):
wrote quartets and other pieces, which commanded him still more
favorably to amateurs. He was universally recognized as a genius,
says Dius. One of these amateurs was the councilor Vanfordenburg,
from whom I received special marks of favor, says Heiden himself. Vanfordenburg,
who was already indebted to Heiden for several trios, was
(05:15):
accustomed to have chamber music at his villa in viin
Cerrel played by the pastor of the place, his own
steward of violin cellist, and Heiden, and one day encouraged
the latter to write a string quartet. Thus, an accident
of his surroundings turned his inventive spirit toward that particular
form of chamber music, the string quartet, which was destined
(05:37):
to be so wonderful in results. This occurred in seventeen fifty.
Much had been already written for the four stringed instruments,
but Heiden gave to the quartet the movements and organic
form which he had found in the sonatus. By the
force of his knowledge of harmony, he gave a more
spontaneously melodious capacity to the divisions of the quartet which
(05:59):
had hit the two have been merely vague and sketchy,
so that their development captivated the player and listener. It was,
as it were, a scene in which four individualities acting
together play out a complete and concrete life picture, artistic
performances which appealed to the player as well as to
the artist and poet in a higher degree than the
(06:21):
simple plain sonata. Hence, the invention of the string quartet
marked an epoch in the history of music. The first
quartet B flat six' eight met with such an instant's
success and so actively Inspired heiden himself that in a
short time he produced eighteen works in this. Style and
yet A prussian major who had been made a prisoner
(06:43):
in The Seven Years, war who heard these early, productions
says that although everyone was in raptures over his, Composition
heiden was modest even to, timidity and could not bring
himself to believe that they were of any. Account twenty years,
later even he looked up To. Hasse at that time
indeed famous throughout the world as a great, composer and
(07:05):
declared he would treasure his praise of his stopit matyr like,
gold though it was, undeserved not on account of the opinion,
itself but for the sake of a man so, estimable
who Knows hassa to, day and who that knows anything
of music is not familiar With Joseph hayden and his.
Quartets The english music Hunter berney mentions that in seventeen
(07:26):
seventy two he heard them played at. Glooks he contributed
greatly to his activity and, composition that he was now
in better Circumstances wornburgh had secured for him the appointment
of director in the establishment of a music loving. Count
the first quartets breathe the full joyous humor of his childlike.
Spirit though at first many a one protested against the
(07:49):
lowering of music to mere, trifling and was of the
opinion that there was no earnest effort in his, compositions
the verdict this time declared itself in favor of the
creator of this, style and many a deeply earnest tone
in these works is a souvenir of happy, hours which
even now a quartet evening With heiden. Affords the count
(08:09):
who in seventeen fifty nine had Installed heiden as his
director in one in that position must also be a,
composer was The bohemian Nobleman franz Von. Mortsen he passed
his winters In vienna and his summers at his country
house At, lukovic where he kept his, orchestra and while
with Him heiden wrote his first. Symphony there were symphonies,
(08:31):
indeed long Before. Heiden, originally all music in several parts
was thus designated at first vocal pieces with instrumental, accompaniments
but after the seventeenth century instrumental music only the instrumental
preludes to The italian, operas in, particular were called. Symphonies
the symphony in regular form consisted of an, allegro an,
(08:53):
adagio and a second. Allegro heiden made the three movements
which he had transferred from the sonata form to the
quartet richer and more, independent and added to them the,
minuet so that four movements became the. Rule heiden's progress
therefore was exemplified in the symphony by the freedom and
vivacity which he gave to the separate, instruments but above
(09:15):
all by their skillful combination and the dynamic gradations of the.
Ensemble for this he had his models in the compositions
of The mannheim, school Which mozart so much admired. Afterward
heiden's First symphony IN d major is a prominent example
of the clearness of his method in such larger orchestral.
(09:35):
Work we shall soon see that he developed it still.
Farther his position with The, count satisfactory so far as
compensation was, concerned might have been the source of prolific.
Creation for The count and his young son were enthusiastic musical,
amateurs but the contract stipulated that he should remain. Unmarried
heiden was then twenty seven years of, age and it
(09:57):
was not until that time that the charms of the
other sex attracted his. Attention and it happened then only
by an, accident which reveals to us the innocence of his.
Youth in his later, years he was fond of telling
the story that, once when he was accompanying the young
countess in our, singing she stooped over so as to see,
better and her neckerchief became. Disarranged it was the first
(10:20):
TIME i had ever witnessed such a. SIGHT i was.
Embarrassed my plane, ceased and my fingers lay idly on the.
Keys he Told, gresinger what has? Happened heiden said The,
countess what are you? Doing with perfect, Respect heiden, replied
who could retain his self command in your gracious ladyship's.
Presence the sequel to such an unexpected relation was not
(10:42):
long in. Following in the autumn of seventeen, Sixty heiden
was again with his scholars In. Vienna among them were
two daughters Of, keller a wig, maker and the Ungar,
gassa who had frequently assisted him before this. Time the
younger daughter was so attractive to him, that in spite
to the count's, order which only made her still more
(11:02):
alluring to the fiery young, fellow he determined to marry,
Her but to his, sorrow she chose to enter a. Convent,
heiden you ought to marry my eldest, daughter jokingly said
the father one, day for he was particularly pleased with
the smart and gifted young. Director And heiden did. So
whatever may have been the, reason, gratitude, ignorance helplessness and practical,
(11:25):
matters or the wish to have a wife right. Away
whatever may have been the, motive he, married and sorely
he had to suffer for. It his wife was older than,
he and this of itself made the relations between them very.
Uncertain besides, This dius says that she was an imperious
and unfeeling woman who was incapable of any, consideration and
(11:46):
had earned the reputation of being a. Spendthrift the proofs
of her quarrelsomeness and of her heartless treatment of her
husband revealed to us a Perfect xantippe as compared with the,
simple frank and joyous heart At. Heidn she was an
extreme bigot and. Prude only a person of his disposition
could have endured such a wretched and above all childless.
(12:08):
Marriage we were affectionate, together but for all, THAT i
soon discovered that my wife was extremely, frivolous he very
mildly said To. Dias he Told grisinger that he was
obliged to carefully conceal his earnings from her on account
of her passion for. Finery she was also fond of
inviting priests to, dine urging them to say many, masses
(12:30):
and giving more money to them for charity than she
could afford Very many Of haydn's masses and smaller church,
pieces especially though scattered about in The austrian, convents are
due to the fact that she availed herself of her
husband's talent to appear. Generous under such, circumstances he naturally
did not accomplish his best, work but wrote in a careless. Style,
(12:53):
once When, greisinger for whom he had done some favor
for which he would not accept, anything asked permission to
make his wife at, present he resolutely, replied she does
not deserve. Anything it is little matter to her whether
her husband is an artist or a. Cobbler she was
also particularly malicious and purposely tried to offend her, husband
(13:14):
using his, notes for, instance as curl papers and in pie,
dishes occasioning the loss undoubtedly of many of his earlier.
Scores one, day when she complained that there was not
money enough in the house to bury him in case
he died, Suddenly heiden called her attention to a row
of cannons which were framed and hung upon the wall
(13:36):
of his chamber in lieu of any other, decoration and
told her that they would bring enough for his funeral.
Expenses notwithstanding his patience and good, heartedness he could not
overcome an intuitive feeling of repugnance for his. Wife in
the year eighteen o, five when the Violinist baieaux was visiting,
him they happened to pass a picture in the. Hall
(13:58):
heiden stopped, and Grasping io by the, arms, said that
is my. Wife many a time she is maddened to?
Me is it not? Natural? Then and excusable also that
at times he sought solace away from. Home An italian,
singer in Particular Luigia, pozzli won his affections in later
years and bestowed upon him a loving. Sympathy he writes
(14:21):
to her From london in seventeen ninety, two thirty two
years after his unfortunate, marriage in furious, Terms my Wife
bistia and fernand has written so much stuff THAT i
had to tell HER i would not come to the
house any, more which has brought her again to her.
SENSES a year, later he, says in a gentler and
almost sorrowful, tone my wife is ailing most of the
(14:44):
time and is always in the same miserable. Temper BUT
i do not let it distress me any. Longer there
will some time be an end of this torment the
remark In lessing's Jungera, GELLERTON i am obliged to admit
THAT i have had no other aim than this to.
Practice those virtues which enable one to endure such a
(15:05):
woman exactly apply To haidn's. Case at last he could
bear it no. Longer he procured board for her with
the Teacher stole At, baden who is spoken of In mozart's,
letters and she died there in eighteen. Hundred heiden dearly
earned that exquisite peace which characterized so many of his.
Adagios but it was the true rest of the. Soul
(15:27):
and is only here and there that a softly signed
chord reminds us Of botan's. Words the victory was won
through toil and, trouble from morning until. Night the unrestrained
outpourings of Love heidn could not. Express When adam And
eve in The Creation, Her hanschen And lucas sing the fond,
strains you never think Of constance And. Pamina and Yet
(15:50):
heiden wrote both these works long After mozart was. Dead
the fullness and dignity of true womanly nature in which
his own wife was, wanting he was elsewhere to learn and.
Value as we shall yet, see the tenderer and deeper
notes of the heart are not wanting in his. Compositions
on the, contrary he was the first to introduce them in,
(16:10):
music in all their. Perfection we now resumed the course
of our. Narrative dies. Says six months passed by Before
Count mortsen knew that His kapellmeister was. Married circumstances occurred
which Changed hayden's. Affairs it became necessary for The count
to reduce his large expenses and to dismiss his, musicians
(16:31):
and thus he lost his. Position prince Enster, hase, however
a short time, before had become acquainted with some of
his orchestral pieces and admired. Them his growing, fame his
admirable personal, character Besides morteson's hearty, commendations secured for him
the position Of kapellmeister to The prince in the same
year seventeen sixty, one and he held it nearly to
(16:54):
the close of his. Life this position Settled haydn's future
as a. Composer The esterhazi residence is in the little
town Of eisenstadt In, hungary where The Princess castle supplied
accommodation for every style of musical and dramatic. Performances music
in particular had been patronized by the family for many. Generations,
(17:15):
here in undisturbed, Quiet hayden actively devoted himself to those
remarkable compositions which deservedly proclaim him the founder of modern instrumental.
Music the prince had a pretty complete, orchestra though it
was small and a modest chorus with two. Soloists it
was also expected that the servants in, attendance after the
(17:36):
custom of that, time would assist as. Musicians the entire
force of musicians was placed under the direction of the Nu,
kapellmeister who was raised to an official position by virtue
of his. Rank he was obliged to appear daily in
the ante chamber and receive instructions with regard to the.
Music he was also expected to compose what music was
(17:57):
necessary and reel the. Singers his contract Of may, first
seventeen sixty one commends the duty required of him to
his skill and zeal and hopes that he will keep
the orchestra up to such a standard as will reflect
honor upon him and entitle him to further marks of
princely favor rarely, indeed has a hope been more fully.
(18:19):
Realized the orchestra was soon a superior, one and it
was not long before the works written for it By
haidn became famous throughout the. World the very first of
The estrahazi symphonies IN C, major known as The, noon
showed that he was determined to bring The prince as
well as the orchestra to a realization of the work before.
Them it makes demands upon the orchestra which this one
(18:42):
could not supply till much, later as it was written
in a very large and broad. Style it also has
in it a foreshadowing Of beethoven's dramatic style in a
recttee for violin with orchestra introduced in one. Movement he
himself was also more thoroughly grounded in his own archetistic.
Work the ever increasing interest which The prince took in
(19:03):
him to Paul antone succeeded the next, Year Nicholas anton
following him in seventeen ninety and a Second nicholas Following
anton in seventeen ninety, five was a fresh incentive to
his creative, talent so that the confinement in his rural
situation during the twenty years that he passed with the
first two princes did not weigh very heavily upon. Him
(19:26):
after seventeen sixty, six he spent many of the winter
months with his prince In. Vienna My prince was always
satisfied with my. WORKS i not only had the encouragement
of steady, approbation but as leader of the, ORCHESTRA i could,
experiment observe what produced and what weakened, effects and was
thus enabled to, improve, change make additions or, omissions and
(19:48):
venture upon. ANYTHING i was separated from the. World there
was no one to distract or torment, me AND i
was compelled to become. Original such a statement as, this
which is made To, greasinger shows what an important influence
his life this period had upon his artistic. Development there
are many other interesting details of This esterhausi. Life griesinger
(20:11):
says fishing and hunting Were hyden's favorite pleasures during his
stay In. Hungary thing for a moment when an influence
such an, unbroken RESTful life In god's free nature must
have had upon, him especially when it is considered that
this had continued for thirty years and had been his
only recreation outside of his own, profession the dew dropping morn,
(20:33):
all how it quickens, all Says, eve in the. Creation
in the early, morning the best time for his favorite,
pleasure when the sun rose shining in his full splendor of,
giant proud and. Joyous or at evening the moon stole
upon the home returning hunter with soft step and gentle.
Shimmer how his heart must have expanded as this sublime
(20:54):
solitude of nature revealed itself to him and spoke its own.
Language time when the sense of nature rose superior to
all the artifices of, custom and her majesty and chaste
purity made a deep impression upon every noble. Feeling in
this sacred, solitude, which with his beloved, art filled his
(21:15):
life with its only happiness and, contentment he stripped off
his powdered wig and stood, up clothed in his own pure.
Manhood what the result was may be seen in his exuberant,
melodies earnest as well as, passionate which picture the innocent
joy of. Nature many other things he learned to picture
at this. Time it was only that free and appreciative
(21:36):
contemplation of, nature which continual intimate intercourse with her, producers
which enabled him to keenly observe the characteristics of every
one of her, phenomena and to give them conscious. Expression
in his old age in The creation and The. Seasons
the Noon symphony was soon followed by The morning that
he intended to express in this. Music the awakening of
(21:58):
impressions upon arriving in the country is shown by a
concerto which appeared soon afterward the, evening and which closes
with a. Storm according to these his prince had commissioned
him to make the divisions of the day's subjects for.
Composition we know by their reception that these works revealed
an entirely new world of. Music, beethoven with his incomparably
(22:21):
deeper feeling for, nature received his first impulses of that
feeling from this. Music the original can only be found
In Haydn's Quiet life At eisenstadt With Prince. Esterhsi we
shall find further confirmation of the influence of this life
in the following. Details the bearing Of Prince, nicholas then
in his fortieth, year corresponded with his. Surroundings rich and
(22:45):
distinguished as he, was he had noble. Passions his appearance
at court was, brilliant while the richness of his jewels was,
proverbial but his love of art and science was far
greater than his fondness for show and court, display and
in True hungarian in, fashion music was the dearest of
all to. Him he was a Genuine austrian cavalier of
(23:06):
the best old. Times goodness of, heart, magnanimity and kindly
feeling were his prominent traits of, character and he manifested these,
qualities especially towards his, orchestra during the entire period of his.
Rule his, records nearly all of which begin with the
Declaration God be with, us are a continuous series of
(23:26):
releases from moneyed as well as other, obligations and rarely
was a request, refused Says ool in his reliable biography Of.
Heyden still he could be severe without retaining. Animosity his
own instrument was a baritone at that time very much,
admired which has long since been superseded by the noble violin.
(23:46):
Cello apropos of this, instrument the following characteristic event occurred
the prince played only in one. Key heiden practiced for six,
months day and night upon the, instrument often disturbed by
the abuse of his, wills and upon one occasion incurred
the censure of The prince for neglecting his. Compositions, thereat
impelled by a fit of, vanity he played upon the
(24:09):
instrument one of the evening entertainments in several. Keys The
prince was not at all disturbed and only, Said, heiden
you ought to have known. Better at first he was
pained by the indifference of his honored, master but he
immediately felt it was a gentle reproof because he had
wasted so much time and neglected his proper work to
become a good baritone, player and turned to his compositions
(24:31):
again with renewed. Earnestness for the baritone, alone he has
written upwards one hundred and seventy five. Pieces heidn's real
feelings towards The prince are shown by his words in
his autobiography of seventeen seventy, six would THAT i could
live and die with. Him upon the accession of the new,
administration his salary was increased one, half and afterwards six
(24:53):
hundred florins were, added besides which he received frequent gifts
from The. Prince this helped to appear use his longing
to go, abroad particularly To, italy a longing which many
a time must have arisen in his. Solitude he, recalled
even in his old, age with grateful, feelings the good
and Generous Prince, nicholas who had twice rebuilt his little
(25:14):
house after it had been reduced to ashes by fires
in the. City though he wrote, much very much simply
for The prince's personal, gratification and consequently much that had little,
value yet The prince's knowledge of music was sufficient to
Realize haydn's constant development and to actively foster. It heiden
was not under personal, restraint at least not more than
(25:36):
was customary in a court at that time of literal primitive.
Despotisms though he was not the less a. Courtling he
remained an artist in clove to his own. RANK i
am surrounded by, emperors kings and many exalted, persons AND
i have had much flattery from. Them BUT i will
not live upon familiar terms with. THEM i prefer the
(25:56):
people of my own, station he said To greasinger in
his later. Years, indeed he personally asserted his dignity before
his prince and. Master on his return From. London he
bitterly complained because he was addressed by the customary err
as an, inferior and after that he was always called
her Von heyden and respected sir or Dear kapellmeister Von.
(26:18):
Heyden upon one, occasion the Young Prince nicholas expressed his
disapproval of a, rehearsal And haidn, replied Your, highness it
is my duty to attend to these. MATTERS a glance
of displeasure was the only response of his. Highness with
the orchestra, itself which numbered many excellent, Players heiden had
troubled many a, time the easy lenity of The prince
(26:40):
made it careless in what the habits of musicians were
at that. Time mozart's biography shows the appeals Of heiden
are touching and heart reaching when he intercedes for those
who have aired only through. Carelessness as poll he also
helped to appease The prince with specially arranged compositions to
these probably belongs To symphony in five movements Called lemidi
(27:03):
with a recitatie for the first Violinist, tomasini who was
a special favorite of The, prince at proved that the
images of his fancy were already influencing, him and, that Like,
luke he was determined not to be a, mason but an.
Architect that he put his whole soul into these compositions
is shown by the inscriptions at the beginning and end
(27:24):
In Nomine, domini laos, deo et. Cetera his most important
compositions during his earlier years At esterhas Were italian operas
the prince had engaged foreign, actors and the festival occasions
at the, palace which as we, know were often attended
by royal, personages were made brilliant by these theatrical. Performances
(27:44):
during his thirty years stay At, esterhas more than a
dozen of these works were brought, out some of Which
haiden himself. Esteemed they certainly show a copious richness of,
detail of harmonic, beauty and of instrumental. Effects When karabini
looked through some of my, manuscripts he always hit upon
places which were deserving of, attention Said heiden To resinger
(28:06):
And karabini at that. Time an opera composer par excellence
might well be concerned about the superiority Of heyden's. Operas
but the qualities which were conspicuous In heiden's instrumental, music
the sure movement of the whole work and the freedom
of the intellectual development were wanting in his. Operas this
Was gluke's contribution to the. Opera heiden had no part in.
(28:28):
It he recognized himself that his operas in originality of
form could scarcely equal those Of gluck in the more modern.
Period and yet we shall find that one of his
operas was performed In. LONDON a criticism in The Vienna
zeitung during the year seventeen sixty six gives us another
picture of his varied acquirements and of his successful, activity
(28:50):
as well as of the character of his. Genius he
is enumerated among the distinguished composers of The Imperial city
at that time under the title of Her Joseph, heden
the favorite of the, nation whose gentle character is reflected
in every one of his. Pieces his compositions possess, beauty, symmetry,
clearness and a delicate and noble, simplicity which impress themselves
(29:13):
upon the listener even before he has become specially. Attentive his,
quartets trios and other works of this class are like
a pure clear strip of water ruffled by a southern,
breeze quickly agitated and rolling with, waves but preserving its.
Depth the doubling of the melody by octaves originated with,
him and one cannot deny its. Charm in the symphony
(29:36):
he is, robust powerful and ingenious in his, songs, charming
captivating and tender in his, minuets, natural merry and. Graceful
one can see that in all his leading Qualities heidned
was recognized in his own. Time rigid masters Like heidn's
predecessor in, service The Kampelmeister, werner a genuine representative of
(29:58):
the old contrapuntal, school were freely at hand with such
epithets as fashion hunter and song. Scribbler but the Acute
berlin critic at that, time hostile to Everything South, german
Declared Heiden's Quartet opus nineteen and The Symphony opus eighteen
that they displayed the most original humor and sprightly agreeable.
Spirit it IS. J. F reichardt who says, this never
(30:22):
says he has there been a composer who combined so
much unity and variety with so much agreeableness and. Popularity
it is extremely interesting to Consider haydn's works in their successive.
Order his first works twenty years ago showed that he
had an agreeable humor of his own and yet it
was rather mere purtness and extravagant, mirth without much harmonic.
(30:44):
Depth but by degrees his humor became more manly and
his work more thoroughly, considered, until through elevated and earnest,
feeling riper, study and above all, effect the matured original
man and trained artist were. Manifest if we had only
a height And Philip Emanuel bach We germans can boldly
assert that we have a style of our, own and
(31:05):
that our instrumental music is the most interesting of, all
he says in conclusion end of section, three
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