Embark on a thrilling journey through the life of Lord Cochrane, a legendary Napoleonic-era sea captain. This volume brings to life his daring exploits as he aids the Chilean navy in defeating Spain and takes command of Brazils fleet. Cochranes extraordinary journey doesnt end there - he sails to Greece, joining the fight for their liberation from the Ottoman Empire. This is not just a biography, its an unfinished autobiography completed by his son and a renowned naval historian.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Chapter ten of the Life of Thomas Lord Cochrane, tenth
Earl of Dundonald, Volume one by Henry Richard fox Bourne.
This LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by
Timothy Ferguson eighteen twenty three. In eighteen o eight, King
John the sixth of Portugal, driven by Buonaparte from his
(00:21):
European dominions, took refuge in his great colonial possession of Brazil,
and the result of this emigration was considerable enlargement of
the liberties of the Brazilians. Thereby, the immense Portuguese colony
in South America was prevented from following in the revolutionary
steps of the numerous Spanish provinces adjoining it. In Brazil, However,
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during the ensuing years, party faction produced nearly as much
turmoil as attended the struggle for independence in Chile and
the other Spanish colonies. Those Brazilians who were still intimately
connected with the inhabitants of the mother country rallied under
Portuguese leaders and did their utmost to maintain the Portuguese
premiscy over the colony. Quite as many, on the other hand,
were eager to take advantage of the new state of
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things as a means of consolidating the freedom of Brazil.
Plots and counterplots, broils and insurrections lasted almost without intermission
until eighteen twenty one, when King John returned to Portugal,
leaving his son Don Pedro as lieutenant and regent to
cope with yet greater difficulties. The courts of Portugal, unable
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to get back their king, desired also to bring back
Brazil to all its former servitude. So great was the
opposition thus provoked that the Native or True Brazilian party
induced Don Pedro to throw off allegiance to his father.
In October eighteen twenty two, the independence of the colony
was publicly declared, and on the first of December, Don
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Pedro assumed the title of Emperor of Brazil. Only the
southern part of Brazil, however, acknowledged his authority. The northern provinces,
including Bahia, Marianam and Para, were ruled by the Portuguese
faction and held by Rortuguese troops. A formidable fleet moreover,
swept the seas, and the independent provinces were threatened with
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speedy subjection to the sway of Portugal. That was the
state of affairs in the young Empire of Brazil during
the months in which Lord Cochrane, having destroyed the Spanish
lead in the Pacific, was being subjected to the worsting
gratitude of his Chilean employers. Don Pedro and his advisers,
hearing in this, lost no time in inviting him to
enter the service of the Brazilian nation. Equal rank and
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position to those held by him under Chile were offered
to him. Abandon z vou, my lord, wrote the official
who conveyed the Emperor's message on the fourth of November
eighteen twenty two. Allah reconnaissance Brazilian Allah munificence to Prince
Allah proberty sons tache de la acchuel government en vou's
faro justice, un rabasera de nsela pointe lhote consideracion ran
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grand character ete de vantijes qui vou sondhu and yet
stronger terms. A second letter was written soon afterwards, Venes
milor de honeire vous envit le glorie vous appel venes
donnain and as armes navales set rame maveleu et discipline
incomparable des Poisson Albion Lord Cochrane, as we have seen,
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accepted this invitation, not however, without some misgivings, which in
the end we fully justified. Having quitted Valpariso on the
eighteenth of January eighteen twenty three, he arrived at Rio
de Geneio on the thirteenth of March. He had not
been there a week before he discovered that, while all
classes were anxious to secure his aid, the Emperor Pedro
the First stood almost alone in the desire to treat
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him honorably and in a way worthy of his character
and reputation. Vague promises were made to him, but when
a statement of his position was asked for in writing,
very different terms were employed. He was only to have
the rank of a subordinate admiral, with pay of less
amount than the Chilian pension that he had resigned. His
employment was to be temporary and informal, subjecting him to
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the chance of dismissal at any moment. When, however, resenting
these trees, he announced the intention of proceeding at once
to Europe and accepting the Greek service offered to him,
a different tone was adopted. Under the Emperor's signature. He
was appointed on the twenty first of March, first admiral
of the nation, an imperial navy, with emoluments equal to
those he had received from Chile. He did not then know,
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though he was soon to learn it by hard experience,
how strong, even at the Imperial court was the influence
of the Portuguese Party, and by what meanness and trickery
it sought to maintain and augment that influence. Quote Where
the Portuguese Party was really to blame, he afterwards said,
was in this that seemed disorder everywhere more or less prevalent.
They strained every nerve to increase it, hoping to paralyze
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further attempts at independence by exposing whole provinces to the
evils of anarchy and confusion. Their loyalty also partook more
of self interest than of attachment to the supremacy of Portugal.
For the commercial classes, which formed the real strength of
the Portuguese faction, hoped, by preserving the authority of the
mother country in her distant provinces, to obtain as their
reward the revival of old trade monopolies, which twelve years
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before had been thrown open, enabling the English traders, whom
they cordially hated to supersede them in their own markets.
Being a citizen of the rival nation. Their aversion to
me personally was undisguised. The more so, perhaps that they
believed me capable of achieving at Bahia, whether the squadron
was destined the irreparable injury of their own cause which
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the Imperial troops had been unable to effect. Had I
at the time been aware of the influence and latent
power of the Portuguese party in the Empire, nothing would
have induced me to accept the command of the Brazilian navy.
For to contend with faction is more dangerous than to
engage an enemy, and a contest of intrigue is foreign
to my nature and inclination. Having entered the Brazilian service, however,
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Lord Cochrane applied himself to his work with characteristic energy
and success. He hoisted his flag on board the Pedro
Primiero on the twenty first of March and put to
sea on the third of April. His squadron consisted of
the Pedro Primiero, a fine and well appointed ship rated
rather too highly for seventy four guns, commanded by Captain
Crosby of the Perega, A fine frigate entrusted to Captain
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Jalat of the Maria de Gloria, a showy, bit comparatively
worthless clipper mounting thirty two small guns under Captain beaurepair
of the Liberal under Captain Gaso. He was accompanied by
two old vessels, the Guarani and the Real, to be
used as fire ships. Two other ships of war then
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near the Rowi, assigned to Captain Taylor and the Carolina,
were left behind to complete their equipment, and the first
of these joined the squadron on its way to Bayea, which,
being the nearest of the disaffected provinces, was the first
to be subdued. The coast of Bayea was reached on
the first of May, and Lord Cochrane was arranging to
blockade its capital and port on the fourth when the
Portuguese fleet came out of the harbor. It comprised the
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don Haeo of seventy four guns, the Constitucio of fifty,
the Parola of forty four, the Princess air Rial of
twenty eight, the Regeneracio, the des de Feverio, the Sangualtea,
the Principe did Brazil and the Restiacio of twenty six each,
and the Calypso and the Activa of twenty two, the
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Adas of twenty and the Cancercao of eight, being one
line of battleship, five frigates, five corvettes, a brig and
a schooner. Lord Cochrane did not venture with his small
and as yet untried force to attack the whole squadron,
but he proceeded to cut off the four rimost ships.
This he did with the Pedro Primerio, but to his disgust,
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the other vessels, heedless of his orders, failed to follow him.
Had the rest of the Brazilian squadron, he said, come
down in obedience to signals, the ships cut off might
have been taken or dismantled. As with the flagship, I
could have kept the others at bay, and no doubt
have crippled all in a position to render them assistance.
To my astonishment, the signals were disregarded and no efforts
were made to second my operations. The Pedro Primirio, after
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fighting alone for some time, and during the time even
doing but little mischief by reason of the clumsy way
in which her guns were handled, had to be withdrawn.
At that failure, Lord Cochran was reasonably chagrined. Worse than
the fact the Portuguese had escaped uninjured, for this once
was the knowledge that he could not hope thoroughly to
punish them without first affecting great reform in the materials
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at his disposal. On the fifth of May, he wrote
to the Government to complain of the miserable condition of
the ships and crews provided for him by the Brazilian government.
From the defective sailing and manning of the squadron, he said,
it seems to me that the Pedro Primirio is the
only one that can assail an enemy ship of war,
or act in the face of a superior force so
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as not to compromise the interests of the Empire and
the character of the officer's commanding. Even this ship, in
common with the rest, is so well equipped as to
be much less efficient than she otherwise would be. Our
cartridges are all unfit for service, and I have been
obliged to cut up every flag and ensign that could
be spared to render them serviceable, so as to prevent
the men's arms from being blown off whilst working the guns.
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The guns without locks. The bed of the mortar, which
I received on board this ship was crushed on the
first fire, being entirely rotten. The fuses for the shells
are formed of such wretched composition that it will not
take fire with the discharge of the mortar. Even the
powder is so bad that six pounds will not throw
out shells more than a thousand yards. The Marines understand
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neither gun exercise, the use of small arms, nor the sword,
and yet have so high an opinion of themselves that
they will not assist to wash the decks, or even
to clean out their own berths, but sit and look
on while those operations are being performed by seamen. I
warned the Minister of a Marine that every native of
Portugal put on board the squadron, with the exception of
officers of known character, would prove prejudicial to the expedition.
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And yesterday we had clear proof of the fact. The
Portuguese station in the magazine actually withheld the powder while
the ship was in the midst of the enemy, and
I have since learned that they did so from feelings
of attack dgment to their own countrymen. I enclosed two letters,
one from the officer commanding the real whose crew were
on the point of carrying that vessel into the enemy's
squadron for the purpose of delivering her up. I have
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also reason to believe that the conduct of the Liberal yesterday,
in not bearing down upon the enemy and not complying
with the signal which I had made to break the line,
was owing to her being manned by Portuguese. The Maria
de Gloria also has a great number of Portuguese, which
is the more to be regretted, as otherwise her superior
sailing with the zeal and activity of her captain would
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render her an effective vessel. To disclose to you the truth,
it appears to me that one half of the squadron
is necessary to watch over the other half. Assuredly, this
is a system which ought to be put an end
to without delay. Other indignant complaints of that sort, which
need not here be repeated, were reasonably made by Lord Cochrane.
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The bad equipment of his squadron, both in men and material,
had hindered him at starting from achieving a brilliant success
of the enemy, and though his subsequent achievements were of
unsurpassed brilliance, he was to the end seriously hindered by
the wilful and accidental mismanagement of his employers. Lord Cochrane
lost no time, however, in correcting by his own prudent action,
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the evil effects of this mismanagement. Not choosing to run
the risk of a second failure, and believing that two
good ships would be more serviceable than any number of
bad ones, he took his squadron to the Morrow Saint Paulo,
where he transferred all the best men and most serviceable
fittings to the flagship and the Maria de Gloria. There
he left the other vessels to be improved as far
as possible, directing that instruction should be given in seamanship
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to all the incompetent men who showed any promise of
being made efficient, and that several small prizes which he
had taken on the way from Rio di Jeneio, should
be turned into fire ships for future use. With the
two refitted ships, he then went back to Beigaia to
watch its whole coast and blockade the port. The wisdom
of this course was at once apparent. Several minor captures
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were made, the supplies of Billiaa were cut off, and
the enemy's squadron was locked in the harbor for three weeks.
Lord Cochrane went to the Morris and Polo on the
twenty sixth, leaving the Maria de Gloria to overlook the port,
and the Portuguese fleet ventured out for a few days.
It dared not show fight, however, and was driven back
by the flagship, which returned on the second of June. Quote.
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On the eleventh of June, said Lord Cochrane, information was
received that the enemy was seriously thinking of evacuating the
port before the fire ships were completed. I therefore ordered
the Maria de Gloria to water and revictual for three months,
so as to be in readiness for anything which might occur,
as in case the Room approved correct our operations might
take a different turn to those previously intended. The Perengo
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was also ordered to have everything in readiness for weighing
immediately on the flagship appearing off the Morrow, and making
signals to that effect. The whole squadron was at the
same time ordered to revictual and to place its surplus
articles in a large shed constructed of trees and branches
felled in the neighborhood of the Morrow, whilst the other
ships with US engaged, I diedto to increase the panic
of the enemy. With the flagship alone. The position of
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their fleet was about nine miles up the bay, under
shelter of fortifications, so that an attack by day would
have been more perilous than prudent. Nevertheless, it appeared practicable
to pay them a hostile visit on the first dark night, when,
if we were unable to effect any serious mischief, it
would at least be possible to ascertain their exact position
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and to judge what could be accomplished when the fire
ships were brought to bear upon them. Accordingly, the narrative proceeds.
Having during the day carefully taken bearings at the mouth
of the river, on the night of the twelfth of June,
I decided on making the attempt, which might possibly result
in the destruction of part of the enemy's fleet in
consequence of the confused manner in which the ships anchored.
As soon as it became dark, we proceeded up the river,
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but unfortunately, when we were within hail of the utmost ship,
the wind failed, and the tide soon after turning, our
plan of attack was rendered abortive. Determined, however, to complete
the reconnaissance. We threaded our way amongst the outermost vessels
in spite of the darkness. The presence of a strange
ship under sail was discovered, and some beat to quarters,
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hailing to know what ship it was. The reply an
English vessel satisfied them, however, and so our investigation was
not molested. The chief object thus accomplished. We succeeded in
dropping out with the ebb tide now rapidly running, and
were enabled to steady our course stern foremost, with the
stream anchor a drag, whereby we reached our former position.
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That exploit was more daring than Lord Cochrane's modest description
would imply, and though the bold hope that it might
be possible for a single invading ship to conquer the
whole Portuguese squadron in its moorings was not realized, the
effect was all that could be desired. The Portuguese Admiral
and his chief officers were at a ball in Bayer,
while Lord Cochrane was quietly sailing around and amongst their squadron,
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and the report of this achievement was brought to them
in the midst of their festivities. What exclaimed the Admiral
Lord Cochrane's line of battleship in the very midst of
our fleet impossible. No large ship could have come up
in the dark. When it was known that the thing
had really been done, and that the construction of fire
ships at the Moros and Paulo was being rapidly preceded
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with the Portuguese authorities, both naval and military, considered that
it would be no longer safe to remain in Bay
A Harbor. They were seriously inconvenienced moreover by the success
with which Lord Cochrane had blockaded the port and all
its approaches. The means of subsistence fail us and we
cannot secure the entrance of any provisions, said the Commander
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in Chief in the proclamation, intimating that the so called
defenders of the province were thinking of abandoning the post.
They did this after a fortnight's consideration. On the second
of July. The whole squadron of thirteen war vessels and
about seventy merchantmen and transports, filled with a large body
of troops, evacuated the port. That was a movement with
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which Lord Cochrane was well pleased. He had been in
doubt as to the prudence of leading his small fleet
into a desperate action in the harbor, by which the
inexperience of his crews might ruin everything, and which might
have to be followed by fighting on land. But now
that the Portuguese, both soldiers and sailors, were in the
open sea, he could give them chase without much risk,
as in the event of their turning round upon him
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with more valor than he gave them credit for the
worst that could happen would be his forced abandonment of
the pursuit. The valor was not shown. No sooner were
the Portuguese out of port with their sow set for Miranjam,
where they hoped to join other ships and troops and
so augment their strength. Then Lord Cochrane proceeded to follow
them and dog their progress. His scheme was a bold one,
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but as successful as it was bold. Attended first by
the Mariere de Gloria alone, and afterwards by the Carolina
the near the Rowi, and a small merchant brig the
Colonel Allen, in which he placed a few guns, he
pursued and harassed the cumbrous crowd of Portuguese warships, troop
ships and trading vessels about eighteen all through fourteen days.
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The chase, indeed, was practically conducted by his flagship, the
Pedro Primiero alone. The other vessels were ordered to look
out for any of the enemy's fleet that lay behind
or were borne away from the main body of the fugitives,
either to the right hand or to the left. Of
these there were plenty, and none were allowed to escape.
The pursuers had easy work in price taking. Quote. I
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have the honor to inform you, wrote Lord Cochrane in
a concise despatch to the Brazilian Minister of Marine on
the seventh of July, that half the enemy's army, their colors, cannon, ammunitions,
stores and baggage have been taken. We are still in
pursuit and shall endeavor to intercept the remainder of the troops,
and shall then look after the ships of war, which
would have been my first object, but that in pursuing
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this course the military would have escaped. Two occasion further
hostilities against the Brazilian Empire, most of his prizes and prisoners,
Le Cochrane sent into Pernambuco, the port then nearest to him,
and he despatched two officers told Bayeux for Brazil. With
his flagship, he continued his pursuit of the enemy, losing
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them once during a fog, and then when he found
them being prevented from doing all the mischief, which he
had hoped as a calm, enabled them to keep close
together and present a front too formidable for attack by
a single assailant. The Portuguese, however, continued their flight as
soon as the wind permitted. Lord Cochrane did not trouble
them much during the day, but each night he swept
down on them like a hawk upon its prey, and
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harassed them with wonderful effect. They were chased past Fernando Island,
past the equator, and more than half way to Cape Verde. Then,
on the sixteenth of July, Lord Cochrane, after a parting broadside,
left them to make their way in peace to Lisbon,
there to tell how by one daring vessel, thirteen ships
of war had been ignominiously driven home, accompanied by only
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thirteen out of the seventy vessels that had placed themselves
under their protection. Lord Cochran would have continued the pursuit
still farther had not some of the troop ships contrived
to escape, and as he was anxious that these should
not get into shelter at Moranjum, or if there should
not have time to recover their spirits, he deemed it
best to hasten thither. He reached moran Jam before them,
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and thus found it possible to carry through an excellent
expedient which he had devised on the way. Moraanjam, the
wealthiest province of the old Brazilian colony, was best guarded
by the Portuguese, and now served as the center and
stronghold of resistance to the authority of the new Emperor.
Lord Cochrane's plan had been, for its object nothing less
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than the annexation of the whole province, single handedly and
without a blow. With this intent, he entered the river Miranjum,
which served as a harbor to the port the same name,
on the twenty sixth of July, with Portuguese colors flying
from the mast of the Pedro Primiero. The authorities deceived
thereby promptly sent a messenger with despatches and congratulations on
the safe arrival of what was supposed to be a
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valuable reinforcement from Portugal. The messenger was soon undeceived but
Lord Cochrane at once made him the agent of a
much more elaborate and altogether justifiable deception, announcing to him
that the swift sailing of the Pedro Primiero had brought
her first to Marjam, but that she was being followed
by a formidable squadron intended for the invasion of the province.
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He sent him back with letters to the same effect,
addressed to the Portuguese Commandant and to the local Junta
of Marjum. The naval and military forces under my command,
he wrote to the former, leave me no room to
doubt the success of the enterprise in which I am
about to engage, in order to free the Province of
Marjam from foreign domination and to all the other people
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free choice of government. Of the flight of the Portuguese
naval and military forces from Baja, you are aware, I
have now to inform you of the capture of two
thirds of the transports and troops, with all their stores
and ammunition. I am anxious not to let loose the
imperial troops of Baja upon Marjam, exasperated as they are
at the injuries and cruelties exercised towards themselves and their countrymen,
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as well as by the plunder of the people and
churches of Baja. It is for you to decide whether
the inhabitants of these countries shall be further exasperated by
resistance which appears to me unavailing and alike prejudicial to
the best interests of Portugal and Brazil. End quote. New
quote begins the forces of his Imperial Majesty, he said
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to the Haunta, having freed the city and province of
Baja from the enemies of independence, I now hasten in
conformity with the will of His Majesty, that the beautiful
province of Muranjam should be free also to offer the
oppressed inhabitants whatever aid and protection they need against a
foreign yoke, desiring to accomplish their liberation, and to hail
them as brethren and friends. Should there, however, be any who,
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from self interested motives oppose themselves to the deliverance of
their country, let such be assured that the naval and
military forces which have driven the Portuguese from the south
are again ready to draw the sword in a like
just cause, and the result cannot be long doubtful. Those
mingled promises and threats took prompt effect. On the following day,
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the twenty seventh of July, after a conditional offer of
capitulation had been rejected, the members of the junta, the
Bishop of Maranjam and other leading persons went on board
the Pedro Primiero to tender their submission to the Emperor
of Brazil. The city and forts were surrendered without reserve,
and in less than twenty four hours from Lord Cochran's
first appearance in the river, the flag of Portugal was
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replaced by that of Brazil. A great province had been
added to the dominions of Pedro the first without bloodshed,
and with no more expenditure ammunition than was needed for
the volleys discharged in honor of the triumph, The liberation
of Maranjum was publicly celebrated on the twenty eighth of July,
and on the following day the Portuguese troops embarked for Europe,
special concessions being made to them by Lord Cochrane, who
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deemed it well that they should be out of the
way before the device by which he had outwitted them
was made known. No resentment was to be expected from
the civilians, as even those most hearty in the adherence
to the Portuguese faction in Brazil, would not dare to
offer direct opposition to the sentiments of the majority. But
Lord Cochrane wisely set himself to conciliate allot to the
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inhabitants of the city. He said, I was careful to
accord complete liberty, claiming in return that perfect order should
be preserved and property of all kinds respected. The delight
of the people was unbounded at being freed from a
terrible system of inaction and imprisonment, which, when I entered
the river was being carried on with unrelenting vigor by
the Portuguese authorities towards all suspected of a leaning to
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the Imperial government. Instead of retaliating, as would have been
gratifying to those so recently laboring under oppression, I directed
oths to the Constitution to be administered not to Brazilians only,
but to all Portuguese who chose to remain and conform
to the new order of things, a privilege of which
many influential persons of that nation availed themselves with the
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capture of Maranjam alone. However, Lord Cochrane was not satisfied
without a day's delay, he dispatched a Portuguese brig which
he had seized in the river and christened by its
name under Captain Grenfell, to follow at Para, the only
important province of Brazil still under the Portuguese yoke, the
same cause which he had just adopted with such wonderful success.
He himself found it necessary to remain at Mora Jan
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for more than two months, where he had to curb
with a strong hand the passions of the liberated inhabitants,
eager used their liberty and lawless ways, and to retaliate
upon the Portuguese still resident among them for the hardships
which they had hitherto endured. On the twentieth September, having
heard that Captain Grenfell had entirely succeeded in his designs
on Para, he started for Rio di Gennaro, and there
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he arrived on the ninth of November. Quote I immediately
forwarded to the Minister of Marine. He said, a recapitulation
of all transactions since my departure seven months before, namely
the evacuation of Bahia by the Portuguese in consequence of
our nocturnal visit connected with the dread of my reputed
skill in the use of fire ships arising from the
affair of Basque roads, the pursuit of their fleet beyond
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the equ waiter and the dispersion of its convoy, the
capture and disabling of the transports filled with troops intended
to Maine. Portuguese domination of barran German Para, the device
adopted to obtain the surrender to the Pedro Primiero alone
of the enemy's naval and military forces at Miranja. The
capitulation of Para with the ships of war to my
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summons sent by Captain Grenfell, the deliverance of the Brazilian
patriots whom the Portuguese had imprisoned, the declaration of independence
by the intermediate provinces this liberated and their union with
the Empire, the appointment of provisional governments, the embarkation and
departure of every Portuguese soldier from Brazil. And the enthusiasm
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with which all my measures, though unauthorized and therefore extra official,
had been received by the people of the northern provinces, who,
thus relieved from the dread of further oppression, had everywhere
acknowledged and proclaimed his Majesty as constitutional Emperor, Lord Cochrane's
services had indeed been, many of them unauthorized and therefore
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extra official. He had been sent out merely to recover Bahia,
but besides doing that, he had gained for Brazil other
territories more than half as large as Europe. For this, however,
nothing but gratitude could be shown, and that gratitude was
for a time, at any rate unalloyed. On the very
day of the Pedro Primiero's return, the Emperor went on
board to offer his thanks in person. Further thanks were
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voted by the legislature and tendered by all classes of
the people. Quote taking into consideration the great services which
your Excellency has just rendered to the nation, wrote the
Emperor on the twenty fifth of November, add desiring to
give your Excellency a public testimonial of gratitude for those
high and extraordinary services on behalf of the generous Brazilian people,
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who will ever preserve a lively remembrance of such illustrious acts.
I deem it right to confer upon your Excellency the
title of Marquis of Mahrajom, the decoration of the Imperial
Order of the Cruziero was also bestowed upon Lord Cochrane,
and on the nineteenth of December he was made a
Privy Councilor of Brazil, the highest honor which it was
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in the Emperor's power to grant. On the same day
he also received from the Emperor a charter confirming his
rank and emoluments as First Admiral of Brazil. Quote, seeing
how advantageous it would be for the interests of the
Empire to avail itself of the skill of so valuable
an officer in quote, and in recognition of quote the valor,
intelligence and activity by which he had distinguished himself in
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the different services with which he had been entrusted end
quote end of chapter ten. Recording by Timothy ferguson Gold Coast, Australia,
Chapter ten of the Life of Thomas Lord Cochrane, tenth
Earl of Dundonald, Volume one by Henry Richard fox Bourne.
This LibriVox recording is in the public domain recording by
Timothy Ferguson eighteen twenty three. In eighteen o eight, King
John the sixth of Portugal, driven by Buonaparte from his
(00:21):
European dominions, took refuge in his great colonial possession of Brazil,
and the result of this emigration was considerable enlargement of
the liberties of the Brazilians. Thereby, the immense Portuguese colony
in South America was prevented from following in the revolutionary
steps of the numerous Spanish provinces adjoining it. In Brazil, However,
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during the ensuing years, party faction produced nearly as much
turmoil as attended the struggle for independence in Chile and
the other Spanish colonies. Those Brazilians who were still intimately
connected with the inhabitants of the mother country rallied under
Portuguese leaders and did their utmost to maintain the Portuguese
premiscy over the colony. Quite as many, on the other hand,
were eager to take advantage of the new state of
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things as a means of consolidating the freedom of Brazil.
Plots and counterplots, broils and insurrections lasted almost without intermission
until eighteen twenty one, when King John returned to Portugal,
leaving his son Don Pedro as lieutenant and regent to
cope with yet greater difficulties. The courts of Portugal, unable
(01:25):
to get back their king, desired also to bring back
Brazil to all its former servitude. So great was the
opposition thus provoked that the Native or True Brazilian party
induced Don Pedro to throw off allegiance to his father.
In October eighteen twenty two, the independence of the colony
was publicly declared, and on the first of December, Don
(01:45):
Pedro assumed the title of Emperor of Brazil. Only the
southern part of Brazil, however, acknowledged his authority. The northern provinces,
including Bahia, Marianam and Para, were ruled by the Portuguese
faction and held by Rortuguese troops. A formidable fleet moreover,
swept the seas, and the independent provinces were threatened with
(02:06):
speedy subjection to the sway of Portugal. That was the
state of affairs in the young Empire of Brazil during
the months in which Lord Cochrane, having destroyed the Spanish
lead in the Pacific, was being subjected to the worsting
gratitude of his Chilean employers. Don Pedro and his advisers,
hearing in this, lost no time in inviting him to
enter the service of the Brazilian nation. Equal rank and
(02:27):
position to those held by him under Chile were offered
to him. Abandon z vou, my lord, wrote the official
who conveyed the Emperor's message on the fourth of November
eighteen twenty two. Allah reconnaissance Brazilian Allah munificence to Prince
Allah proberty sons tache de la acchuel government en vou's
faro justice, un rabasera de nsela pointe lhote consideracion ran
(02:52):
grand character ete de vantijes qui vou sondhu and yet
stronger terms. A second letter was written soon afterwards, Venes
milor de honeire vous envit le glorie vous appel venes
donnain and as armes navales set rame maveleu et discipline
incomparable des Poisson Albion Lord Cochrane, as we have seen,
(03:15):
accepted this invitation, not however, without some misgivings, which in
the end we fully justified. Having quitted Valpariso on the
eighteenth of January eighteen twenty three, he arrived at Rio
de Geneio on the thirteenth of March. He had not
been there a week before he discovered that, while all
classes were anxious to secure his aid, the Emperor Pedro
the First stood almost alone in the desire to treat
(03:35):
him honorably and in a way worthy of his character
and reputation. Vague promises were made to him, but when
a statement of his position was asked for in writing,
very different terms were employed. He was only to have
the rank of a subordinate admiral, with pay of less
amount than the Chilian pension that he had resigned. His
employment was to be temporary and informal, subjecting him to
(03:56):
the chance of dismissal at any moment. When, however, resenting
these trees, he announced the intention of proceeding at once
to Europe and accepting the Greek service offered to him,
a different tone was adopted. Under the Emperor's signature. He
was appointed on the twenty first of March, first admiral
of the nation, an imperial navy, with emoluments equal to
those he had received from Chile. He did not then know,
(04:19):
though he was soon to learn it by hard experience,
how strong, even at the Imperial court was the influence
of the Portuguese Party, and by what meanness and trickery
it sought to maintain and augment that influence. Quote Where
the Portuguese Party was really to blame, he afterwards said,
was in this that seemed disorder everywhere more or less prevalent.
They strained every nerve to increase it, hoping to paralyze
(04:42):
further attempts at independence by exposing whole provinces to the
evils of anarchy and confusion. Their loyalty also partook more
of self interest than of attachment to the supremacy of Portugal.
For the commercial classes, which formed the real strength of
the Portuguese faction, hoped, by preserving the authority of the
mother country in her distant provinces, to obtain as their
reward the revival of old trade monopolies, which twelve years
(05:05):
before had been thrown open, enabling the English traders, whom
they cordially hated to supersede them in their own markets.
Being a citizen of the rival nation. Their aversion to
me personally was undisguised. The more so, perhaps that they
believed me capable of achieving at Bahia, whether the squadron
was destined the irreparable injury of their own cause which
(05:27):
the Imperial troops had been unable to effect. Had I
at the time been aware of the influence and latent
power of the Portuguese party in the Empire, nothing would
have induced me to accept the command of the Brazilian navy.
For to contend with faction is more dangerous than to
engage an enemy, and a contest of intrigue is foreign
to my nature and inclination. Having entered the Brazilian service, however,
(05:47):
Lord Cochrane applied himself to his work with characteristic energy
and success. He hoisted his flag on board the Pedro
Primiero on the twenty first of March and put to
sea on the third of April. His squadron consisted of
the Pedro Primiero, a fine and well appointed ship rated
rather too highly for seventy four guns, commanded by Captain
Crosby of the Perega, A fine frigate entrusted to Captain
(06:11):
Jalat of the Maria de Gloria, a showy, bit comparatively
worthless clipper mounting thirty two small guns under Captain beaurepair
of the Liberal under Captain Gaso. He was accompanied by
two old vessels, the Guarani and the Real, to be
used as fire ships. Two other ships of war then
(06:32):
near the Rowi, assigned to Captain Taylor and the Carolina,
were left behind to complete their equipment, and the first
of these joined the squadron on its way to Bayea, which,
being the nearest of the disaffected provinces, was the first
to be subdued. The coast of Bayea was reached on
the first of May, and Lord Cochrane was arranging to
blockade its capital and port on the fourth when the
Portuguese fleet came out of the harbor. It comprised the
(06:53):
don Haeo of seventy four guns, the Constitucio of fifty,
the Parola of forty four, the Princess air Rial of
twenty eight, the Regeneracio, the des de Feverio, the Sangualtea,
the Principe did Brazil and the Restiacio of twenty six each,
and the Calypso and the Activa of twenty two, the
(07:16):
Adas of twenty and the Cancercao of eight, being one
line of battleship, five frigates, five corvettes, a brig and
a schooner. Lord Cochrane did not venture with his small
and as yet untried force to attack the whole squadron,
but he proceeded to cut off the four rimost ships.
This he did with the Pedro Primerio, but to his disgust,
(07:37):
the other vessels, heedless of his orders, failed to follow him.
Had the rest of the Brazilian squadron, he said, come
down in obedience to signals, the ships cut off might
have been taken or dismantled. As with the flagship, I
could have kept the others at bay, and no doubt
have crippled all in a position to render them assistance.
To my astonishment, the signals were disregarded and no efforts
were made to second my operations. The Pedro Primirio, after
(08:01):
fighting alone for some time, and during the time even
doing but little mischief by reason of the clumsy way
in which her guns were handled, had to be withdrawn.
At that failure, Lord Cochran was reasonably chagrined. Worse than
the fact the Portuguese had escaped uninjured, for this once
was the knowledge that he could not hope thoroughly to
punish them without first affecting great reform in the materials
(08:21):
at his disposal. On the fifth of May, he wrote
to the Government to complain of the miserable condition of
the ships and crews provided for him by the Brazilian government.
From the defective sailing and manning of the squadron, he said,
it seems to me that the Pedro Primirio is the
only one that can assail an enemy ship of war,
or act in the face of a superior force so
(08:42):
as not to compromise the interests of the Empire and
the character of the officer's commanding. Even this ship, in
common with the rest, is so well equipped as to
be much less efficient than she otherwise would be. Our
cartridges are all unfit for service, and I have been
obliged to cut up every flag and ensign that could
be spared to render them serviceable, so as to prevent
the men's arms from being blown off whilst working the guns.
(09:05):
The guns without locks. The bed of the mortar, which
I received on board this ship was crushed on the
first fire, being entirely rotten. The fuses for the shells
are formed of such wretched composition that it will not
take fire with the discharge of the mortar. Even the
powder is so bad that six pounds will not throw
out shells more than a thousand yards. The Marines understand
(09:26):
neither gun exercise, the use of small arms, nor the sword,
and yet have so high an opinion of themselves that
they will not assist to wash the decks, or even
to clean out their own berths, but sit and look
on while those operations are being performed by seamen. I
warned the Minister of a Marine that every native of
Portugal put on board the squadron, with the exception of
officers of known character, would prove prejudicial to the expedition.
(09:49):
And yesterday we had clear proof of the fact. The
Portuguese station in the magazine actually withheld the powder while
the ship was in the midst of the enemy, and
I have since learned that they did so from feelings
of attack dgment to their own countrymen. I enclosed two letters,
one from the officer commanding the real whose crew were
on the point of carrying that vessel into the enemy's
squadron for the purpose of delivering her up. I have
(10:11):
also reason to believe that the conduct of the Liberal yesterday,
in not bearing down upon the enemy and not complying
with the signal which I had made to break the line,
was owing to her being manned by Portuguese. The Maria
de Gloria also has a great number of Portuguese, which
is the more to be regretted, as otherwise her superior
sailing with the zeal and activity of her captain would
(10:34):
render her an effective vessel. To disclose to you the truth,
it appears to me that one half of the squadron
is necessary to watch over the other half. Assuredly, this
is a system which ought to be put an end
to without delay. Other indignant complaints of that sort, which
need not here be repeated, were reasonably made by Lord Cochrane.
(10:54):
The bad equipment of his squadron, both in men and material,
had hindered him at starting from achieving a brilliant success
of the enemy, and though his subsequent achievements were of
unsurpassed brilliance, he was to the end seriously hindered by
the wilful and accidental mismanagement of his employers. Lord Cochrane
lost no time, however, in correcting by his own prudent action,
(11:15):
the evil effects of this mismanagement. Not choosing to run
the risk of a second failure, and believing that two
good ships would be more serviceable than any number of
bad ones, he took his squadron to the Morrow Saint Paulo,
where he transferred all the best men and most serviceable
fittings to the flagship and the Maria de Gloria. There
he left the other vessels to be improved as far
as possible, directing that instruction should be given in seamanship
(11:38):
to all the incompetent men who showed any promise of
being made efficient, and that several small prizes which he
had taken on the way from Rio di Jeneio, should
be turned into fire ships for future use. With the
two refitted ships, he then went back to Beigaia to
watch its whole coast and blockade the port. The wisdom
of this course was at once apparent. Several minor captures
(11:59):
were made, the supplies of Billiaa were cut off, and
the enemy's squadron was locked in the harbor for three weeks.
Lord Cochrane went to the Morris and Polo on the
twenty sixth, leaving the Maria de Gloria to overlook the port,
and the Portuguese fleet ventured out for a few days.
It dared not show fight, however, and was driven back
by the flagship, which returned on the second of June. Quote.
(12:20):
On the eleventh of June, said Lord Cochrane, information was
received that the enemy was seriously thinking of evacuating the
port before the fire ships were completed. I therefore ordered
the Maria de Gloria to water and revictual for three months,
so as to be in readiness for anything which might occur,
as in case the Room approved correct our operations might
take a different turn to those previously intended. The Perengo
(12:41):
was also ordered to have everything in readiness for weighing
immediately on the flagship appearing off the Morrow, and making
signals to that effect. The whole squadron was at the
same time ordered to revictual and to place its surplus
articles in a large shed constructed of trees and branches
felled in the neighborhood of the Morrow, whilst the other
ships with US engaged, I diedto to increase the panic
of the enemy. With the flagship alone. The position of
(13:04):
their fleet was about nine miles up the bay, under
shelter of fortifications, so that an attack by day would
have been more perilous than prudent. Nevertheless, it appeared practicable
to pay them a hostile visit on the first dark night, when,
if we were unable to effect any serious mischief, it
would at least be possible to ascertain their exact position
(13:25):
and to judge what could be accomplished when the fire
ships were brought to bear upon them. Accordingly, the narrative proceeds.
Having during the day carefully taken bearings at the mouth
of the river, on the night of the twelfth of June,
I decided on making the attempt, which might possibly result
in the destruction of part of the enemy's fleet in
consequence of the confused manner in which the ships anchored.
As soon as it became dark, we proceeded up the river,
(13:47):
but unfortunately, when we were within hail of the utmost ship,
the wind failed, and the tide soon after turning, our
plan of attack was rendered abortive. Determined, however, to complete
the reconnaissance. We threaded our way amongst the outermost vessels
in spite of the darkness. The presence of a strange
ship under sail was discovered, and some beat to quarters,
(14:08):
hailing to know what ship it was. The reply an
English vessel satisfied them, however, and so our investigation was
not molested. The chief object thus accomplished. We succeeded in
dropping out with the ebb tide now rapidly running, and
were enabled to steady our course stern foremost, with the
stream anchor a drag, whereby we reached our former position.
(14:31):
That exploit was more daring than Lord Cochrane's modest description
would imply, and though the bold hope that it might
be possible for a single invading ship to conquer the
whole Portuguese squadron in its moorings was not realized, the
effect was all that could be desired. The Portuguese Admiral
and his chief officers were at a ball in Bayer,
while Lord Cochrane was quietly sailing around and amongst their squadron,
(14:54):
and the report of this achievement was brought to them
in the midst of their festivities. What exclaimed the Admiral
Lord Cochrane's line of battleship in the very midst of
our fleet impossible. No large ship could have come up
in the dark. When it was known that the thing
had really been done, and that the construction of fire
ships at the Moros and Paulo was being rapidly preceded
(15:14):
with the Portuguese authorities, both naval and military, considered that
it would be no longer safe to remain in Bay
A Harbor. They were seriously inconvenienced moreover by the success
with which Lord Cochrane had blockaded the port and all
its approaches. The means of subsistence fail us and we
cannot secure the entrance of any provisions, said the Commander
(15:36):
in Chief in the proclamation, intimating that the so called
defenders of the province were thinking of abandoning the post.
They did this after a fortnight's consideration. On the second
of July. The whole squadron of thirteen war vessels and
about seventy merchantmen and transports, filled with a large body
of troops, evacuated the port. That was a movement with
(15:57):
which Lord Cochrane was well pleased. He had been in
doubt as to the prudence of leading his small fleet
into a desperate action in the harbor, by which the
inexperience of his crews might ruin everything, and which might
have to be followed by fighting on land. But now
that the Portuguese, both soldiers and sailors, were in the
open sea, he could give them chase without much risk,
as in the event of their turning round upon him
(16:18):
with more valor than he gave them credit for the
worst that could happen would be his forced abandonment of
the pursuit. The valor was not shown. No sooner were
the Portuguese out of port with their sow set for Miranjam,
where they hoped to join other ships and troops and
so augment their strength. Then Lord Cochrane proceeded to follow
them and dog their progress. His scheme was a bold one,
(16:40):
but as successful as it was bold. Attended first by
the Mariere de Gloria alone, and afterwards by the Carolina
the near the Rowi, and a small merchant brig the
Colonel Allen, in which he placed a few guns, he
pursued and harassed the cumbrous crowd of Portuguese warships, troop
ships and trading vessels about eighteen all through fourteen days.
(17:02):
The chase, indeed, was practically conducted by his flagship, the
Pedro Primiero alone. The other vessels were ordered to look
out for any of the enemy's fleet that lay behind
or were borne away from the main body of the fugitives,
either to the right hand or to the left. Of
these there were plenty, and none were allowed to escape.
The pursuers had easy work in price taking. Quote. I
(17:23):
have the honor to inform you, wrote Lord Cochrane in
a concise despatch to the Brazilian Minister of Marine on
the seventh of July, that half the enemy's army, their colors, cannon, ammunitions,
stores and baggage have been taken. We are still in
pursuit and shall endeavor to intercept the remainder of the troops,
and shall then look after the ships of war, which
would have been my first object, but that in pursuing
(17:46):
this course the military would have escaped. Two occasion further
hostilities against the Brazilian Empire, most of his prizes and prisoners,
Le Cochrane sent into Pernambuco, the port then nearest to him,
and he despatched two officers told Bayeux for Brazil. With
his flagship, he continued his pursuit of the enemy, losing
(18:06):
them once during a fog, and then when he found
them being prevented from doing all the mischief, which he
had hoped as a calm, enabled them to keep close
together and present a front too formidable for attack by
a single assailant. The Portuguese, however, continued their flight as
soon as the wind permitted. Lord Cochrane did not trouble
them much during the day, but each night he swept
down on them like a hawk upon its prey, and
(18:28):
harassed them with wonderful effect. They were chased past Fernando Island,
past the equator, and more than half way to Cape Verde. Then,
on the sixteenth of July, Lord Cochrane, after a parting broadside,
left them to make their way in peace to Lisbon,
there to tell how by one daring vessel, thirteen ships
of war had been ignominiously driven home, accompanied by only
(18:49):
thirteen out of the seventy vessels that had placed themselves
under their protection. Lord Cochran would have continued the pursuit
still farther had not some of the troop ships contrived
to escape, and as he was anxious that these should
not get into shelter at Moranjum, or if there should
not have time to recover their spirits, he deemed it
best to hasten thither. He reached moran Jam before them,
(19:12):
and thus found it possible to carry through an excellent
expedient which he had devised on the way. Moraanjam, the
wealthiest province of the old Brazilian colony, was best guarded
by the Portuguese, and now served as the center and
stronghold of resistance to the authority of the new Emperor.
Lord Cochrane's plan had been, for its object nothing less
(19:32):
than the annexation of the whole province, single handedly and
without a blow. With this intent, he entered the river Miranjum,
which served as a harbor to the port the same name,
on the twenty sixth of July, with Portuguese colors flying
from the mast of the Pedro Primiero. The authorities deceived
thereby promptly sent a messenger with despatches and congratulations on
the safe arrival of what was supposed to be a
(19:52):
valuable reinforcement from Portugal. The messenger was soon undeceived but
Lord Cochrane at once made him the agent of a
much more elaborate and altogether justifiable deception, announcing to him
that the swift sailing of the Pedro Primiero had brought
her first to Marjam, but that she was being followed
by a formidable squadron intended for the invasion of the province.
(20:13):
He sent him back with letters to the same effect,
addressed to the Portuguese Commandant and to the local Junta
of Marjum. The naval and military forces under my command,
he wrote to the former, leave me no room to
doubt the success of the enterprise in which I am
about to engage, in order to free the Province of
Marjam from foreign domination and to all the other people
(20:33):
free choice of government. Of the flight of the Portuguese
naval and military forces from Baja, you are aware, I
have now to inform you of the capture of two
thirds of the transports and troops, with all their stores
and ammunition. I am anxious not to let loose the
imperial troops of Baja upon Marjam, exasperated as they are
at the injuries and cruelties exercised towards themselves and their countrymen,
(20:56):
as well as by the plunder of the people and
churches of Baja. It is for you to decide whether
the inhabitants of these countries shall be further exasperated by
resistance which appears to me unavailing and alike prejudicial to
the best interests of Portugal and Brazil. End quote. New
quote begins the forces of his Imperial Majesty, he said
(21:17):
to the Haunta, having freed the city and province of
Baja from the enemies of independence, I now hasten in
conformity with the will of His Majesty, that the beautiful
province of Muranjam should be free also to offer the
oppressed inhabitants whatever aid and protection they need against a
foreign yoke, desiring to accomplish their liberation, and to hail
them as brethren and friends. Should there, however, be any who,
(21:41):
from self interested motives oppose themselves to the deliverance of
their country, let such be assured that the naval and
military forces which have driven the Portuguese from the south
are again ready to draw the sword in a like
just cause, and the result cannot be long doubtful. Those
mingled promises and threats took prompt effect. On the following day,
(22:03):
the twenty seventh of July, after a conditional offer of
capitulation had been rejected, the members of the junta, the
Bishop of Maranjam and other leading persons went on board
the Pedro Primiero to tender their submission to the Emperor
of Brazil. The city and forts were surrendered without reserve,
and in less than twenty four hours from Lord Cochran's
first appearance in the river, the flag of Portugal was
(22:23):
replaced by that of Brazil. A great province had been
added to the dominions of Pedro the first without bloodshed,
and with no more expenditure ammunition than was needed for
the volleys discharged in honor of the triumph, The liberation
of Maranjum was publicly celebrated on the twenty eighth of July,
and on the following day the Portuguese troops embarked for Europe,
special concessions being made to them by Lord Cochrane, who
(22:45):
deemed it well that they should be out of the
way before the device by which he had outwitted them
was made known. No resentment was to be expected from
the civilians, as even those most hearty in the adherence
to the Portuguese faction in Brazil, would not dare to
offer direct opposition to the sentiments of the majority. But
Lord Cochrane wisely set himself to conciliate allot to the
(23:07):
inhabitants of the city. He said, I was careful to
accord complete liberty, claiming in return that perfect order should
be preserved and property of all kinds respected. The delight
of the people was unbounded at being freed from a
terrible system of inaction and imprisonment, which, when I entered
the river was being carried on with unrelenting vigor by
the Portuguese authorities towards all suspected of a leaning to
(23:29):
the Imperial government. Instead of retaliating, as would have been
gratifying to those so recently laboring under oppression, I directed
oths to the Constitution to be administered not to Brazilians only,
but to all Portuguese who chose to remain and conform
to the new order of things, a privilege of which
many influential persons of that nation availed themselves with the
(23:53):
capture of Maranjam alone. However, Lord Cochrane was not satisfied
without a day's delay, he dispatched a Portuguese brig which
he had seized in the river and christened by its
name under Captain Grenfell, to follow at Para, the only
important province of Brazil still under the Portuguese yoke, the
same cause which he had just adopted with such wonderful success.
He himself found it necessary to remain at Mora Jan
(24:15):
for more than two months, where he had to curb
with a strong hand the passions of the liberated inhabitants,
eager used their liberty and lawless ways, and to retaliate
upon the Portuguese still resident among them for the hardships
which they had hitherto endured. On the twentieth September, having
heard that Captain Grenfell had entirely succeeded in his designs
on Para, he started for Rio di Gennaro, and there
(24:38):
he arrived on the ninth of November. Quote I immediately
forwarded to the Minister of Marine. He said, a recapitulation
of all transactions since my departure seven months before, namely
the evacuation of Bahia by the Portuguese in consequence of
our nocturnal visit connected with the dread of my reputed
skill in the use of fire ships arising from the
affair of Basque roads, the pursuit of their fleet beyond
(24:59):
the equ waiter and the dispersion of its convoy, the
capture and disabling of the transports filled with troops intended
to Maine. Portuguese domination of barran German Para, the device
adopted to obtain the surrender to the Pedro Primiero alone
of the enemy's naval and military forces at Miranja. The
capitulation of Para with the ships of war to my
(25:21):
summons sent by Captain Grenfell, the deliverance of the Brazilian
patriots whom the Portuguese had imprisoned, the declaration of independence
by the intermediate provinces this liberated and their union with
the Empire, the appointment of provisional governments, the embarkation and
departure of every Portuguese soldier from Brazil. And the enthusiasm
(25:42):
with which all my measures, though unauthorized and therefore extra official,
had been received by the people of the northern provinces, who,
thus relieved from the dread of further oppression, had everywhere
acknowledged and proclaimed his Majesty as constitutional Emperor, Lord Cochrane's
services had indeed been, many of them unauthorized and therefore
(26:02):
extra official. He had been sent out merely to recover Bahia,
but besides doing that, he had gained for Brazil other
territories more than half as large as Europe. For this, however,
nothing but gratitude could be shown, and that gratitude was
for a time, at any rate unalloyed. On the very
day of the Pedro Primiero's return, the Emperor went on
board to offer his thanks in person. Further thanks were
(26:24):
voted by the legislature and tendered by all classes of
the people. Quote taking into consideration the great services which
your Excellency has just rendered to the nation, wrote the
Emperor on the twenty fifth of November, add desiring to
give your Excellency a public testimonial of gratitude for those
high and extraordinary services on behalf of the generous Brazilian people,
(26:47):
who will ever preserve a lively remembrance of such illustrious acts.
I deem it right to confer upon your Excellency the
title of Marquis of Mahrajom, the decoration of the Imperial
Order of the Cruziero was also bestowed upon Lord Cochrane,
and on the nineteenth of December he was made a
Privy Councilor of Brazil, the highest honor which it was
(27:08):
in the Emperor's power to grant. On the same day
he also received from the Emperor a charter confirming his
rank and emoluments as First Admiral of Brazil. Quote, seeing
how advantageous it would be for the interests of the
Empire to avail itself of the skill of so valuable
an officer in quote, and in recognition of quote the valor,
intelligence and activity by which he had distinguished himself in
(27:30):
the different services with which he had been entrusted end
quote end of chapter ten. Recording by Timothy ferguson Gold Coast, Australia,
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