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August 18, 2025 • 15 mins
FOREWORD In the popular imagination, Empress Josephine wears a halo of goodness, making her biographers task particularly challenging. The disdain many hold for Napoleon is often linked to the perceived cruelty he showed towards the woman who stood by him for fourteen years. This biography seeks not to judge but to paint a vivid portrait of Josephine as she truly was, allowing readers to form their own opinions about her character. Join Walter Geer and Celine Major in exploring this complex figure of history.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Chapter nine of Napoleon, A short biography. This is a
LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox DoD org. Napoleon,
A Short Biography by R. M. Johnston. Chapter nine Austerlitz

(00:21):
Alms A proclamation of Napoleon Occupation of Vienna, Austerlitz Peace
of Presbourg. The threat of invasion had created the most
profound alarm in England, and British diplomacy had exerted itself
to the utmost to provoke a continental war that should
draw Napoleon's Great Army away from its camps on the

(00:42):
coasts of the Channel. In this it was successful, for
in the autumn of eighteen o five, Austria and Russia,
having previously entered into a treaty with Great Britain, began
moving their armies towards the French frontiers. War had long
been foreseen. The growing strength of France, the brutally asserted
ambition of the new made Emperor, the losses and humiliations

(01:05):
suffered by Austria, and two previous wars all tended to
bring about this result. Napoleon had long been preparing for it.
He abandoned without hesitation his camps along the ocean and
began transferring the army, thence to the heart of Germany.
The march began on the twenty seventh of August. It
was some five hundred miles. On the fourteenth of October, Munich,

(01:28):
the capital of Bavaria, was occupied. A week later, the
first Austrian army had been virtually destroyed. General Mack, the
Austrian commander, had invaded Bavaria in September and thence advanced
towards the Rhine, eventually occupying a place at home facing
the Black Forest. He expected that the French would advance

(01:50):
from some point between Basel and Maiense and appear in
this direction. Napoleon did everything possible to lull Mack into security.
Seated in person to Paris, handed over the command of
the army to Mular, and ostentatiously sent him to Strasburg.
He moved large detachments of dragoons and light cavalry into

(02:11):
the Duchy of Baden and into the Black Forest, simulating
a screen behind which the army was concentrating. Later, when
it became necessary for him to leave for the front,
public attention was again called to Strasburg by the imperial
baggage taking this route and by the emperors also following it.
While these demonstrations were keeping Mac motionless at Ulm, anxiously

(02:34):
watching the debauchet of the Black Forest, the seven French
army corps, starting from a base that stretched from Boulogne
to Hanover, were sweeping to the northwest of Mac through Maens,
Coblenz and Castle, circling around his right wing, and finally
sweeping down from the north onto the valley of the Danube.
In his rear, there was a repetition of the strategy

(02:57):
of Marengo, and the Austrians were half beaten before a
shot was fired. The fighting that followed was desultory. Isolated
Austrian divisions tried to force their way through an escape,
but were in nearly every case overpowered, defeated, or captured
Mac himself, with twenty thousand men surrendered at Ulm on

(03:18):
the twentieth of October. The events of the campaign were
summed up with some exaggeration in one of Napoleon's bulletins.
It will serve to illustrate his history and character. To
give the text of one of these documents, the one
that follows is that which records the downfall of mac
soldiers of the Grand Army. In fifteen days, we have

(03:40):
finished a campaign. Our intentions have been carried out. We
have driven the troops of the House of Austria from
Bavaria and re established our ally on his throne. This
army that had so ostentatiously and imprudently placed itself on
our borders is now destroyed. But what cares England? And
for that her object is gained. We are no longer

(04:04):
at Boulougne, and her subsidies will be neither diminished nor increased.
Of the hundred thousand men who made up this army,
sixty thousand are prisoners. They will fill the places of
our conscripts in the labors of the field. Two hundred guns,
the whole train, ninety colors, all their generals are ours.

(04:25):
Only fifteen thousand men have escaped. Soldiers. I had prepared
you for a great battle, but thanks to the bad
maneuvers of the enemy, I have reached equal results without
taking any risk, and unprecedented event in the history of nations,
this result has been gained at an expense of less
than fifteen hundred men out of action, Soldiers. This success

(04:49):
is due to your unlimited confidence in your Emperor, to
your patience in supporting all kinds of fatigue and privations,
and to your splendid valor. We cannot rest yet you
are impatient for a second campaign. The Russian army, drawn
by the gold of England from the furthest limits of
the earth, must suffer the same fate. In this contest.

(05:13):
The honor of the French infantry is more especially at
stake for the second time. The question must be decided,
as already once before in Switzerland and in Holland, whether
the French infantry is the first or the second in Europe.
Among them are no generals from whom I have any
glory to win. My whole anxiety shall be to obtain

(05:35):
the victory with the least effusion of blood possible. My
soldiers are my children Napoleon. Whatever may be thought of
Napoleon's rhetoric by the reader, there is one point that
must be kept steadily in mind, that it produced the
results he expected. It was designed to inspire the morale

(05:56):
of his troops, and it succeeded in doing so. All
ranks were full of confidence in the genius of their
great captain, and the large proportion of veterans from the
wars of the Republic steadied the dash of the troops
with eleven of solidity and skilled leadership. The victorious army
with which Napoleon now found himself in Bavaria has been

(06:17):
generally conceded to have been the finest he ever commanded.
He now had the following military problem to face, some
one hundred and fifty miles or more due east down
the valley of the Danube lay Vienna. Between him and
the capital, and of the northeast in Bohemia were various
Austrian and Russian corps, large in the aggregate, but not

(06:39):
yet concentrated. To the southeast, the Archduke Charles was retiring
towards the Austrian capital from Italy, followed by Marshal Massina
with a large army. A less bold general than Napoleon
would probably have given his enemies enough time to concentrate
in front of Vienna, But the Emperor waited not one
day and urged wa his columns rapidly down the valley

(07:02):
of the Danube. There was no serious resistance offered, and
on the thirty first of October, the French cavalry under
Murras reached the Austrian capital. Only eleven days had passed
since the capitulation of Alms, three hundred miles away footnote.
A large part of the French army was at Munich

(07:22):
and beyond when Ulms capitulated and footnote from Vienna. The
French marched northwards towards Moravia, where the Emperor Francis and
the Czar Alexander had now assembled a large army. Napoleon
hoped for a decisive battle, and his opponents gratified his
desire by advancing to meet him. The position of Napoleon,

(07:44):
in spite of his great success at Ulms, was in
reality very critical. The internal affairs of France were disquieting,
chiefly owing to a grave financial crisis, but what was
perhaps more important, the military situation was far from sound.
The French army army was now four hundred miles or
more from its base and much weakened by detachments. The

(08:06):
line of communications ran through southern Germany, of which the
states professed amicable sentiments, but to the north Prussia was
avowedly on the point of declaring war and had concentrated
a large army under Marshal Mollendorff. It was evidently the
policy of Russia and Austria to keep Napoleon's army employed
in Moravia without coming to battle until the action of

(08:29):
Prussia could take effect on his line of communications. But
the impetuosity of the young Tsar and of his advisers
through councils of prudence to the winds and led him
into the very course Napoleon hoped he would adopt. For
several days, the emperor slowly retired before the advancing armies,
having selected a position near Austerlitz, from which he expected

(08:51):
to derive great advantage. The French army took station there
on the night of the first of December. Kutuzov, with
the two allied emperors, disposing his troops on the rising ground.
Opposite Napoleon's left was solidly established on a hill named
the Zantun that had been well entrenched. His center was
strongly placed on ground that was not likely to tempt

(09:13):
the enemy to a decisive attack, but the right was
far otherwise situated. It was drawn up on flat and
unfavorable ground and appeared to the Russians weak in numbers
and exposed. The command of this wing was given to
the dogged Davoux, whose orders were to hold on to
this position as long as possible, while at another point

(09:34):
the Emperor was deciding the fortune of the day. Davou's
wing was in reality far better placed than it appeared
to be, and he had strong defensive positions on which
to fall back, protected by water and swampy ground. Having
thus placed his right wing as a bait to the enemy,
Napoleon crowded the cores of Siouxs of Balnadut, of Udinaut,

(09:57):
and the Imperial Guard out of sight behind some buildings
and rising ground in his center. With these troops he
proposed dealing the decisive stroke. Kutuzov arrived in front of
the French position on the first of December. He had
an army of some eighty five thousand men and estimated
his enemy at about fifty thousand. In this he was wrong,

(10:19):
for Napoleon had brought in several detachments by forced marches
and had raised his numbers to about sixty five thousand.
The Russian general in chief decided to attack the weak
French wing and thus to possess him of the road
to Vienna that lay behind it. He made his intention
clear on the afternoon before the battle by moving troops
from the strong plateau of Pratzen in his center down

(10:42):
towards the hollow occupied by Davou. From the moment Napoleon
observed these movements, he looked on the coming battle as
already won. On the night before the battle occurred in
incidents that shows with what feelings the first army of
the Empire viewed its leader. Napoleon proceeded on foot to
visit the outposts and observe the enemy. His short figure,

(11:05):
gray coat and little cocked hat were recognized by some grenadiers,
who raised shouts of vive l'an praire, reminding him that
the second of December was the anniversary of the coronation
from man to man. The enthusiasm spread, and soon all
the long lines of the bivouac were up, and an
improvised illumination of twisted straw wisps burst out. It astonished

(11:29):
the Russian camps as much as it gratified the heart
of Napoleon. At the earliest dawn, the two armies were
in their positions for battle, and just as the first
shots were fired the sun burst through the heavy winter mist.
Soon the two lines were engaged, the Austro Russians pressing
hotly on the French right. Davoux disputed the ground fiercely,

(11:52):
but was slowly forced back, a great part of the
enemy descending from the heights at Pratzen and extending into
the low land out beyond the French center. At last
Napoleon gave the signal staff. Officers dashed off in every direction,
and from behind the ridge that concealed them, the dense
columns of Bernedot and Sioux marched forward on the Russian

(12:13):
center and climbed the heights. Udineau with the grenadiers and
part of the Imperial Guard followed in support. Kutuzov was
unprepared for such an attack. His center was strong by nature,
but was now denuded of troops, and the Patsen was
soon in the hands of the French. To regain this
position was essential, for with Napoleon there, the Allies were

(12:35):
completely cut in two. The only available reserve was the
Russian Imperial Guard, and this was sent in. Fierce fighting followed,
but the French were not to be dislodged, and the
severed right of Kutuzov rolled back, defeated in the Meanwhile,
Davoux was still hotly engaged with the other wing, but
help was coming from the heights of Patsen. Long lines

(12:59):
of French guns when playing on the rear of the
Russian left, while Davoux still kept up the fight in front.
Thus cut off and surrounded, there was nothing left but retreat.
The flat ground, cut with streams and ponds, was bad
for this purpose, and many of the fugitives who attempted
to cross the frozen lake of Zatchan broke through the ice.

(13:20):
Probably several thousand were thus drowned. Footnote. Recent investigation shows
that this was not so and footnote. The battle cost
the Allies a loss of thirty five thousand men and
two hundred guns, while the French reserves were not even
brought into action and their loss was probably not more
than five thousand men. Two days later, the Emperor Francis

(13:43):
met Napoleon at the outposts and agreed to an armistice
as a preliminary of peace. Chronology twenty seventh of August
eighteen o five. Grand d Armais leaves Channel camps. Fourteenth
of October eighteen o five Munich occupied twentieth of October
eighteen o five, Surrender of march at Ulm thirty first

(14:07):
of October eighteen o five, Vienna occupied second of December
eighteen o five, Austerlitz twenty sixth of December eighteen o five.
Piece of Presburg. Notes bibliographical general see page eleven. In
the foregoing and succeeding chapter, the military operations of Napoleon

(14:29):
are taken consecutively from Alm to Friedland. Political matters are
left over for general consideration with the Treaty of Tilsit
for Alms and Austerlitz see chernhaz Der trich NUDFNF Vienna
eighteen seventy four, Stuttaheim, Badai, Dostevlitz, Hamburg eighteen o five,

(14:49):
and numerous other editions. End of Chapter nine. Recording by
Owen Cook in Potawatami ceded Land
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