August 18, 2025 • 15 mins
FOREWORD In the popular imagination, Empress Josephine wears a halo of goodness, making her biographers task particularly challenging. The disdain many hold for Napoleon is often linked to the perceived cruelty he showed towards the woman who stood by him for fourteen years. This biography seeks not to judge but to paint a vivid portrait of Josephine as she truly was, allowing readers to form their own opinions about her character. Join Walter Geer and Celine Major in exploring this complex figure of history.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Chapter fifteen of Napoleon, A Short Biography. This is a
LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
Recording by Russell Newton. Napoleon, A Short Biography by R. M. Johnson.
(00:21):
Chapter fifteen The Campaign of France, Napoleon's last defense Saint Dizier,
Brienne Lyrothier, Montmury, Leon, Chatillon, fall of Paris, abdication, the
final scene at Fountain Blue. Driven from Russia in eighteen twelve,
(00:45):
from Germany in eighteen thirteen, Napoleon was now in eighteen fourteen,
preparing to defend France. Yet peace had always been within
his reach, and even after so many disasters, when the
Allies were mustering half a million of men on the
frontier of exhausted France, she might still have retained the
natural frontiers won by the Republic, the Alps and the Rhine.
(01:08):
During the last few months, negotiations proceeded at Frankfurt and Chalence.
But beneath the diplomatic superficialities and wranglings was the unmistakable
fact that Napoleon was always thinking of victory rather than
of peace. He aimed at regaining the whole of his
position ed would not accept a diminished portion. He was
(01:28):
the man of success and could not acknowledge defeat. His strategy,
usually so sound, was weakened by the extravagant possibilities of
victory his ardent imagination evoked. He forgot that soldiers were
not machines, always equally responsive to their driver's inpulsion, and
believed that by military means such as his genius could devise,
(01:51):
he could plant the French eagles once more in Berlin
and on the Vistula to retain his hold on Germany.
He'd left on one hundred and fifty thousand men in
her fortresses from Dresden to Hamburg and Danzig. These were
now swallowed up and useless, while in France there were
not enough soldiers to guard the Rhine. The remnants of
(02:13):
the army that had retreated from Leipzig had been distributed
along the frontier, but Typhus broke out among the troops
and caused immense losses. When the Austrians, Prussians and Russians,
some two hundred thousand strong, crossed the Rhine at the
beginning of eighteen fourteen. They met with no resistance and
slowly advanced into a country where there was apparently no
(02:34):
army to oppose them. To understand the extraordinary military events
that followed, a glance at the accompanying map is necessary.
Harris was the objective of the Allies, and there were
three converging routes by which they might advance. The first
of these ran southeast from the Rhine through Namur and Leon.
(02:55):
The second, starting from points on the Rhine between Manse
and Basel, followed Rome roads converging about Vitry and Chelon,
and thence took the Valley of the Marne to the capitol.
The third was parallel to the second, and to the
south of it, following the Valley of the sin. As
the campaign opened, the great force of the Allies, under
(03:16):
the supreme command of Schwarzenburg, accompanied by the Emperors of
Austria and Russia and the King of Prussia, had reached
the Marne and signed unopposed Blue Cheer with seventy thousand
Prussians and Russians was on the northern road. Schwarzenburg with
one hundred and fifty thousand Austrians on the southern. Napoleon
had now collected about fifty thousand men, mostly raw recruits,
(03:39):
at Challons, and marched rapidly up the Marne Valley, striking
Blucher's advance from Saint Dizier on the twenty seventh of January.
Fierce fighting followed, and Blucher, unable to hold his ground, retreated,
abandoning the line of the Marne and marching south towards Schwarzenburg.
Napoleon followed hard over took and surprised the Prussians at
(04:01):
Brienne on the twenty ninth, and there once more drove
them off the field. And here it may be as
well to note the peculiar advantage Napoleon had in this campaign.
He was fighting on his own ground. The name of
Brienne has once before appeared in this history, For here
it was that Napoleon had passed most of his schoolboy days.
(04:23):
How little could he foresee then that he would one
day surprise and nearly capture a Prussian commander in chief
in the old chateau where he had investigated the initial
mysteries of mathematics and literature. But the Austrians were now
at hand. On the day following his defeat at Brienne,
Blucher effected his junction with Schwarzenburg. Napoleon determined to make
(04:46):
an attempt to bar their advance. He selected a strong
position at La Ratier and there fought a desperate defensive
battle against immensely superior numbers on the first of February.
Making up for his lack of infantry and ca cavalry
by employing and risking the loss of immense batteries. He
made a gallant defense and at nightfall was still maintaining
(05:07):
the fight. But the French army had lost too severely
and was too exhausted to renew the engagement, and in
the night Napoleon retreated down the valley of the Sinne,
eventually taking position at Nogent. He was now extremely dejected,
and it may be that for a few days at
this time his instructions to calling court for negotiating a
(05:29):
peace worse sincere. But the aspect of affairs soon changed.
The victory at La Rothier made Blucher and Swarzenburg lose
sight of the extraordinary and indomitable resource of their enemy.
The original scheme was resumed and Blucher returned to the
valley of the Marne leaving Schwarzenburg to follow that of
(05:49):
the sin from Nogent. Napoleon eagerly watched their movements. With
a detached corps. He demonstrated in Schwarzenburg's front and delayed
his advance. Then, timing his march with marvelous precision, he
suddenly moved north towards the valley of the Marne. Blucher
was advancing westward along the road that follows that valley,
(06:11):
there being about three days march between his front and
rear divisions. On the tenth of February, Napoleon struck this
long column at its center, destroying that and turning right
and left. In the course of the next two days,
completely shattered the Prussian army, the principal engagements being fought
at Champaubert, Montmori and Beauchamp. Blucher beat a disordered retreat,
(06:36):
and Napoleon was so elated at his brilliant success that
he confidently declared that one more such victory would carry
the French arms to central Germany. But while this fighting
was proceeding in the valley of the Marne, Schwarzenburg had
pushed up on the Valley of the Seine and was
now getting threateningly near Paris. The Emperor could not pursue Blucher,
(06:58):
but fell back near the capitol to watch the Austrian movements,
and decided to try against Schritzenburg the same strategy that
has succeeded so well against blue Cher. He rapidly transferred
his army from the valley of the Marne to the
Valley of the Sand, once more struck the Austrian line
of advance in flank, and severely handled their columns in
(07:19):
a series of engagements, of which those at Nangis and
Monterau only need be mentioned February seventeen to twenty two.
On the twenty third of February, Napoleon had advanced as
far as Troya's and Schwarzenburg was falling back in full retreat.
These wonderfully brilliant results, this appearance of success proved elusive.
(07:42):
The reinforcements sent from Paris to the army barely sufficed
to fill the gaps caused by casualties, disease, and the
wholesale desertions of the conscripts. There was a dearth too
of muskets, and the withdrawal of troops from the southern
army under Seoul had enabled Wellington to get a foothold
north of the Pyrenees, while Napoleon, though successful, saw his
(08:05):
strength decrease. The defeated Allies were being daily reinforced. A
large number of fresh troops had now joined Blucher, while
other corps had begun operations in the direction of Leon,
and after much hesitation and debate, the assembled monarchs, statesmen
and generals of the allies decided that the march on
Paris must be resumed. Blucher once more advanced down the
(08:29):
valley of the marn and this time reached Mio before
Napoleon could arrest his movement. No sooner, however, had Blucher
realized that the Emperor was once more nearing his flank,
than he hastily crossed to the further bank of the
Marne march third and retreated towards the north. Napoleon pursued
and maneuvered to surround the Prussians, but was unsuccessful, partly
(08:52):
owing to the advance of fresh Allied corps down the
Nimur lyon Paris road. On the seventh a severe action
was fought at Crayon, with little result. Blucher, however, retreated,
and on the ninth at Leon once more offered battle,
and this time was success. Napoleon was severely defeated and
(09:12):
retreated to Raims. Still hoping for success, however, and learning
that Schwarzenburg was again on the march for Paris, he
left Raims and marched hurriedly southward to attack the Austrians
once more. On the twentieth of March, the French advance
guard came into contact with an Austrian column at Arcius
su aub Soon the whole of Napoleon's little army was
(09:36):
in action, but the emperor discovered, when it was too
late to disengage himself, that it was not an isolated
Austrian corps, but the whole of Schwarzenburg's army that faced him.
The odds were too great, and though Napoleon rode through
the fiercest fire, apparently courting death, he could not avert
a crushing defeat. Beaten by both Prussians and Austrians, his
(09:59):
army sh at all. Hope of success now seemed lost,
but Napoleon played one last desperate card. Instead of retreating
towards Paris, he issued orders for the army to march
northeast toward the Rhine. His object was to base himself
on the frontier fortresses, to sweep aside the Allied forces
(10:20):
blockading them, and to operate against Schwarzenberg's and Blucher's lines
of communications. It was a defensible move from a strictly
military point of view, but it was feeble politically, for
there was now a Bourbon movement forming, and Napoleon had
driven France to such a pass that peace would have
appeared a cheap blessing to nearly all men at any cost.
(10:45):
At Paris was a weak government, the Empress the King
of Rome, Joseph Bonaparte, with few troops, little hope, and
no ability. An occupation of the city would mean the
proclamation of the Bourbons and the downfall of Napoleon. Detaching
a large force of cavalry to mask his movements, Schwarzenburg
risked his line of communications, pushed straight on for Paris,
(11:08):
effected his junction with Blucher in the neighborhood of Meou,
and on the twenty ninth of March arrived under the
walls of the capitol. One day earlier, Napoleon at du
la Verne realized that his manure had not drawn his
opponents from their objective, and that Paris was in imminent danger,
he decided to start for the capitol. He traveled post haste,
(11:30):
taking a southerly route by the Sand Valley, leaving the
army to follow him. On the evening of the thirtieth
he reached Fountain Blue with his few attendants, where he
received reports that heavy fighting had been going on before
Paris and that it had capitulated. He continued his journey,
and a few miles further on met the troops that
had just left the city by the terms of capitulation.
(11:53):
General belliird urged him to give up all thought of proceeding,
and he turned back to Fountain Blue, where he took
up his quarters in the palace. The game had been
played out to the bitter end, and Napoleon had lost.
He could still muster fifty thousand men at Fountain Blue,
and for a day or two he threatened to continue
the struggle, but France was fast turning from him. A
(12:15):
provisional government, of which the chief member was tallyrant, had
proclaimed the restoration of the Bourbons, and even the marshals
were anxious to put an end to the frightful eighteen
months drama that had cost a million lives and that
had shaken their allegiance to their old comrade and emperor.
The hard facts of the situation were too great for
(12:36):
even Napoleon to conquer, and on the fourth of April
he signed a formal abdication. A week later he concluded
a personal treaty with the Allies, whereby he was granted
the sovereignty of the little island of Elba off the
coast of Tuscany, the title of Emperor, and an annual
revenue of two million francs payable by the French government.
(12:58):
While these negotiations were preceding, the new King, Louis the
eighteenth had made his entry into Paris, surrounded by a
group of marshals, all wearing the white cockade of the Bourbons.
On the twentieth of April. Napoleon's traveling carriage was ready
for his conveyance. As soon as one last ceremony should
have been duly accomplished. A few hundred veterans, the remains
(13:20):
of the Old Guard were drawn up in the courtyard
of the palace for the last parade, for the last farewell.
Then at last emotion broke down the indomitable courage, the
pitiless intellect of the great captain. When, in front of
that splendid setting of presented bayonets and somber faces, grim
under the tall bearskins, he saw the tattered tricolor the
(13:44):
flag of Lodi, of Marengo, of Austerlitz lowered to him
for the last time. He was suddenly overpowered, and seizing
the glorious symbol, he buried his head in its folds
and sobbed. That dramatic scene portended much. It was not
only the Emperor Napoleon whom the Bourbons were displacing, but
(14:04):
also Napoleon, the child of the Revolution. Their white standard
had displaced not only the flag of the Empire, but
that of the republic. Chronology twenty seventh January eighteen fourteen,
Saint Dizier twenty ninth January, Brienne, first February, La Rothier
(14:26):
tenth February, Champaubert thirteenth February, mon Marie seventeenth February, Nangus,
seventh of March, Crayon, nine of March, Leon thirteenth March
eighteen fourteen, Wellington enters Bordeaux twentieth March our see through
(14:47):
all thirtieth March Paris capitulates fourth of April abdication of Napoleon,
eleventh of April Treaty of Fountain Blue. End of Chapter
fifteen
Chapter fifteen of Napoleon, A Short Biography. This is a
LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
Recording by Russell Newton. Napoleon, A Short Biography by R. M. Johnson.
(00:21):
Chapter fifteen The Campaign of France, Napoleon's last defense Saint Dizier,
Brienne Lyrothier, Montmury, Leon, Chatillon, fall of Paris, abdication, the
final scene at Fountain Blue. Driven from Russia in eighteen twelve,
(00:45):
from Germany in eighteen thirteen, Napoleon was now in eighteen fourteen,
preparing to defend France. Yet peace had always been within
his reach, and even after so many disasters, when the
Allies were mustering half a million of men on the
frontier of exhausted France, she might still have retained the
natural frontiers won by the Republic, the Alps and the Rhine.
(01:08):
During the last few months, negotiations proceeded at Frankfurt and Chalence.
But beneath the diplomatic superficialities and wranglings was the unmistakable
fact that Napoleon was always thinking of victory rather than
of peace. He aimed at regaining the whole of his
position ed would not accept a diminished portion. He was
(01:28):
the man of success and could not acknowledge defeat. His strategy,
usually so sound, was weakened by the extravagant possibilities of
victory his ardent imagination evoked. He forgot that soldiers were
not machines, always equally responsive to their driver's inpulsion, and
believed that by military means such as his genius could devise,
(01:51):
he could plant the French eagles once more in Berlin
and on the Vistula to retain his hold on Germany.
He'd left on one hundred and fifty thousand men in
her fortresses from Dresden to Hamburg and Danzig. These were
now swallowed up and useless, while in France there were
not enough soldiers to guard the Rhine. The remnants of
(02:13):
the army that had retreated from Leipzig had been distributed
along the frontier, but Typhus broke out among the troops
and caused immense losses. When the Austrians, Prussians and Russians,
some two hundred thousand strong, crossed the Rhine at the
beginning of eighteen fourteen. They met with no resistance and
slowly advanced into a country where there was apparently no
(02:34):
army to oppose them. To understand the extraordinary military events
that followed, a glance at the accompanying map is necessary.
Harris was the objective of the Allies, and there were
three converging routes by which they might advance. The first
of these ran southeast from the Rhine through Namur and Leon.
(02:55):
The second, starting from points on the Rhine between Manse
and Basel, followed Rome roads converging about Vitry and Chelon,
and thence took the Valley of the Marne to the capitol.
The third was parallel to the second, and to the
south of it, following the Valley of the sin. As
the campaign opened, the great force of the Allies, under
(03:16):
the supreme command of Schwarzenburg, accompanied by the Emperors of
Austria and Russia and the King of Prussia, had reached
the Marne and signed unopposed Blue Cheer with seventy thousand
Prussians and Russians was on the northern road. Schwarzenburg with
one hundred and fifty thousand Austrians on the southern. Napoleon
had now collected about fifty thousand men, mostly raw recruits,
(03:39):
at Challons, and marched rapidly up the Marne Valley, striking
Blucher's advance from Saint Dizier on the twenty seventh of January.
Fierce fighting followed, and Blucher, unable to hold his ground, retreated,
abandoning the line of the Marne and marching south towards Schwarzenburg.
Napoleon followed hard over took and surprised the Prussians at
(04:01):
Brienne on the twenty ninth, and there once more drove
them off the field. And here it may be as
well to note the peculiar advantage Napoleon had in this campaign.
He was fighting on his own ground. The name of
Brienne has once before appeared in this history, For here
it was that Napoleon had passed most of his schoolboy days.
(04:23):
How little could he foresee then that he would one
day surprise and nearly capture a Prussian commander in chief
in the old chateau where he had investigated the initial
mysteries of mathematics and literature. But the Austrians were now
at hand. On the day following his defeat at Brienne,
Blucher effected his junction with Schwarzenburg. Napoleon determined to make
(04:46):
an attempt to bar their advance. He selected a strong
position at La Ratier and there fought a desperate defensive
battle against immensely superior numbers on the first of February.
Making up for his lack of infantry and ca cavalry
by employing and risking the loss of immense batteries. He
made a gallant defense and at nightfall was still maintaining
(05:07):
the fight. But the French army had lost too severely
and was too exhausted to renew the engagement, and in
the night Napoleon retreated down the valley of the Sinne,
eventually taking position at Nogent. He was now extremely dejected,
and it may be that for a few days at
this time his instructions to calling court for negotiating a
(05:29):
peace worse sincere. But the aspect of affairs soon changed.
The victory at La Rothier made Blucher and Swarzenburg lose
sight of the extraordinary and indomitable resource of their enemy.
The original scheme was resumed and Blucher returned to the
valley of the Marne leaving Schwarzenburg to follow that of
(05:49):
the sin from Nogent. Napoleon eagerly watched their movements. With
a detached corps. He demonstrated in Schwarzenburg's front and delayed
his advance. Then, timing his march with marvelous precision, he
suddenly moved north towards the valley of the Marne. Blucher
was advancing westward along the road that follows that valley,
(06:11):
there being about three days march between his front and
rear divisions. On the tenth of February, Napoleon struck this
long column at its center, destroying that and turning right
and left. In the course of the next two days,
completely shattered the Prussian army, the principal engagements being fought
at Champaubert, Montmori and Beauchamp. Blucher beat a disordered retreat,
(06:36):
and Napoleon was so elated at his brilliant success that
he confidently declared that one more such victory would carry
the French arms to central Germany. But while this fighting
was proceeding in the valley of the Marne, Schwarzenburg had
pushed up on the Valley of the Seine and was
now getting threateningly near Paris. The Emperor could not pursue Blucher,
(06:58):
but fell back near the capitol to watch the Austrian movements,
and decided to try against Schritzenburg the same strategy that
has succeeded so well against blue Cher. He rapidly transferred
his army from the valley of the Marne to the
Valley of the Sand, once more struck the Austrian line
of advance in flank, and severely handled their columns in
(07:19):
a series of engagements, of which those at Nangis and
Monterau only need be mentioned February seventeen to twenty two.
On the twenty third of February, Napoleon had advanced as
far as Troya's and Schwarzenburg was falling back in full retreat.
These wonderfully brilliant results, this appearance of success proved elusive.
(07:42):
The reinforcements sent from Paris to the army barely sufficed
to fill the gaps caused by casualties, disease, and the
wholesale desertions of the conscripts. There was a dearth too
of muskets, and the withdrawal of troops from the southern
army under Seoul had enabled Wellington to get a foothold
north of the Pyrenees, while Napoleon, though successful, saw his
(08:05):
strength decrease. The defeated Allies were being daily reinforced. A
large number of fresh troops had now joined Blucher, while
other corps had begun operations in the direction of Leon,
and after much hesitation and debate, the assembled monarchs, statesmen
and generals of the allies decided that the march on
Paris must be resumed. Blucher once more advanced down the
(08:29):
valley of the marn and this time reached Mio before
Napoleon could arrest his movement. No sooner, however, had Blucher
realized that the Emperor was once more nearing his flank,
than he hastily crossed to the further bank of the
Marne march third and retreated towards the north. Napoleon pursued
and maneuvered to surround the Prussians, but was unsuccessful, partly
(08:52):
owing to the advance of fresh Allied corps down the
Nimur lyon Paris road. On the seventh a severe action
was fought at Crayon, with little result. Blucher, however, retreated,
and on the ninth at Leon once more offered battle,
and this time was success. Napoleon was severely defeated and
(09:12):
retreated to Raims. Still hoping for success, however, and learning
that Schwarzenburg was again on the march for Paris, he
left Raims and marched hurriedly southward to attack the Austrians
once more. On the twentieth of March, the French advance
guard came into contact with an Austrian column at Arcius
su aub Soon the whole of Napoleon's little army was
(09:36):
in action, but the emperor discovered, when it was too
late to disengage himself, that it was not an isolated
Austrian corps, but the whole of Schwarzenburg's army that faced him.
The odds were too great, and though Napoleon rode through
the fiercest fire, apparently courting death, he could not avert
a crushing defeat. Beaten by both Prussians and Austrians, his
(09:59):
army sh at all. Hope of success now seemed lost,
but Napoleon played one last desperate card. Instead of retreating
towards Paris, he issued orders for the army to march
northeast toward the Rhine. His object was to base himself
on the frontier fortresses, to sweep aside the Allied forces
(10:20):
blockading them, and to operate against Schwarzenberg's and Blucher's lines
of communications. It was a defensible move from a strictly
military point of view, but it was feeble politically, for
there was now a Bourbon movement forming, and Napoleon had
driven France to such a pass that peace would have
appeared a cheap blessing to nearly all men at any cost.
(10:45):
At Paris was a weak government, the Empress the King
of Rome, Joseph Bonaparte, with few troops, little hope, and
no ability. An occupation of the city would mean the
proclamation of the Bourbons and the downfall of Napoleon. Detaching
a large force of cavalry to mask his movements, Schwarzenburg
risked his line of communications, pushed straight on for Paris,
(11:08):
effected his junction with Blucher in the neighborhood of Meou,
and on the twenty ninth of March arrived under the
walls of the capitol. One day earlier, Napoleon at du
la Verne realized that his manure had not drawn his
opponents from their objective, and that Paris was in imminent danger,
he decided to start for the capitol. He traveled post haste,
(11:30):
taking a southerly route by the Sand Valley, leaving the
army to follow him. On the evening of the thirtieth
he reached Fountain Blue with his few attendants, where he
received reports that heavy fighting had been going on before
Paris and that it had capitulated. He continued his journey,
and a few miles further on met the troops that
had just left the city by the terms of capitulation.
(11:53):
General belliird urged him to give up all thought of proceeding,
and he turned back to Fountain Blue, where he took
up his quarters in the palace. The game had been
played out to the bitter end, and Napoleon had lost.
He could still muster fifty thousand men at Fountain Blue,
and for a day or two he threatened to continue
the struggle, but France was fast turning from him. A
(12:15):
provisional government, of which the chief member was tallyrant, had
proclaimed the restoration of the Bourbons, and even the marshals
were anxious to put an end to the frightful eighteen
months drama that had cost a million lives and that
had shaken their allegiance to their old comrade and emperor.
The hard facts of the situation were too great for
(12:36):
even Napoleon to conquer, and on the fourth of April
he signed a formal abdication. A week later he concluded
a personal treaty with the Allies, whereby he was granted
the sovereignty of the little island of Elba off the
coast of Tuscany, the title of Emperor, and an annual
revenue of two million francs payable by the French government.
(12:58):
While these negotiations were preceding, the new King, Louis the
eighteenth had made his entry into Paris, surrounded by a
group of marshals, all wearing the white cockade of the Bourbons.
On the twentieth of April. Napoleon's traveling carriage was ready
for his conveyance. As soon as one last ceremony should
have been duly accomplished. A few hundred veterans, the remains
(13:20):
of the Old Guard were drawn up in the courtyard
of the palace for the last parade, for the last farewell.
Then at last emotion broke down the indomitable courage, the
pitiless intellect of the great captain. When, in front of
that splendid setting of presented bayonets and somber faces, grim
under the tall bearskins, he saw the tattered tricolor the
(13:44):
flag of Lodi, of Marengo, of Austerlitz lowered to him
for the last time. He was suddenly overpowered, and seizing
the glorious symbol, he buried his head in its folds
and sobbed. That dramatic scene portended much. It was not
only the Emperor Napoleon whom the Bourbons were displacing, but
(14:04):
also Napoleon, the child of the Revolution. Their white standard
had displaced not only the flag of the Empire, but
that of the republic. Chronology twenty seventh January eighteen fourteen,
Saint Dizier twenty ninth January, Brienne, first February, La Rothier
(14:26):
tenth February, Champaubert thirteenth February, mon Marie seventeenth February, Nangus,
seventh of March, Crayon, nine of March, Leon thirteenth March
eighteen fourteen, Wellington enters Bordeaux twentieth March our see through
(14:47):
all thirtieth March Paris capitulates fourth of April abdication of Napoleon,
eleventh of April Treaty of Fountain Blue. End of Chapter
fifteen
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