Cities today emerged from the industrial revolutions of the 18th to 20th centuries, which moved populations from rural areas to urban centers with mechanized production. This shift led to the necessity of urban planning to manage growth. Early plans like the McMillan and Chicago Plans focused on development but often missed social issues. Over time, comprehensive planning evolved to address housing, transportation, equity, and environmental protection. Notable plans include the Cincinnati Plan and the Regional Plan for New York. Post-WWII suburban growth and laws like the U.S. Housing Act of 1954 furthered comprehensive planning. These plans, reviewed every five years, now include tribal planning and global best practices, focusing on sustainability and community engagement. International approaches vary, with European cities emphasizing sustainability, Asian cities addressing rapid urbanization, and Latin American and African cities incorporating participatory planning. Comprehensive planning aims to create resilient, inclusive, and sustainable urban environments.
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