English Civil Wars - Part 3 (tumbledown dick)

This week, we wrap up our series on the English Civil Wars - get ready to learn all about the Lord Protector.

Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to an hour of Our Time, the podcast where
we pick a topic, research it and come back to
tell you what we've learned. This week, we are finishing
up our three part series on the English Civil Wars,
focusing mainly on Oliver Cromwell's time as Lord Protector and
the restoration of the monarchy.

Speaker 2 (00:18):
I'm David and I'm Joe. I think I started this campaign,
if you will, talking about the English Civil Wars with

(00:39):
an ESB, an extra special bidder, and I'm ending it
with a well, this is called an English special bidder,
but that's somewhat of a bastardization of the name of
that style. But this is a yeah, an es BE,

(01:01):
which is called a bitter and I think I've discussed
this on the podcast before, but it was bitter by
the standards of the.

Speaker 1 (01:07):
Time, meaning in today's world, it's not that bitter.

Speaker 2 (01:14):
No, it is not in terms of like ibu's international
or international bittering units. It is I think a lot
of craft birds. It's actually, yes, thirty seven IBU, which
is not very much at all, not a lot of
I pas are probably probably like one hundred IBU. Oh yeah.

Speaker 1 (01:32):
People drinking all kinds of gross slot these days.

Speaker 2 (01:38):
It's mostly multi which I like. So yes, but as
I kind of mentioned it there, But why am I
drinking in English beer? We are gonna wrap up our
three part series about the English Civil Wars or the
British Civil Wars. I think that in the last episode
when I listened to it back again, you said British,

(01:59):
I used both of interchangeably, which is I don't know,
sue me.

Speaker 1 (02:05):
I guess, yeah, you know. I think it's fine. And
I was going to make myself a gin and tonic,
which I didn't end up having any tonic water. But
I'll get into at the end of the episode why
that would be relevant. It's relevant for an interesting reason.

Speaker 2 (02:23):
Oh is it? I did? We didn't talk about this
off off mic? Is it like what I Is it
the story that I probably am familiar with or is
it something.

Speaker 1 (02:32):
I don't know? What's the story you're familiar with?

Speaker 2 (02:35):
Just like because of the quinine and this is because
of okay.

Speaker 1 (02:40):
Yes, the reason that Oliver Cromwell supposedly would not take quinine.

Speaker 2 (02:46):
Mmm. Interesting. Okay, Well we'll have to I'm not sure.
I'm not familiar with that story, so we'll have to get.

Speaker 1 (02:50):
Into Okay, we'll get there.

Speaker 2 (02:54):
Well, what I figured we could do is I think
that the main part of this is going to be
a little little bit brief compared to like especially the
first episode, where there was a lot to cover about,
like why they got into conflict with one another. But
then I think we can sort of wrap up talking
about like kind of the aftermath of the Civil War.
I know, we've got another execution in this episode, or

(03:18):
not an execution, but another like you know, Grizzly death.

Speaker 1 (03:22):
Well, we have a we have a interesting post mortem,
yeah happening.

Speaker 2 (03:29):
Yeah, that's what I mean. But then I think, I
don't know, there's a couple of other like things that
I like, parts of my notes that we didn't like
get to or things like that that thought might be
like kind of interesting to talk about in terms of uh, yeah,

(03:50):
like the you know, just yeah, just like as wrap
up like stuff we didn't get to.

Speaker 1 (03:56):
Yeah, And probably a good time to mention Joe that
I know, as you're hearing this now, if you are
a Patreon subscriber or would like to be, you can
listen to an episode all about the different how would
you describe it, Joe? That the things that they were
eating at this time.

Speaker 2 (04:14):
Yeah, I had I went down a little rabbit hole,
and I went down a little rabbit hole and then
kind of like one of them was about the different
kinds of foods that people ate in Britain at this time,

(04:35):
and kind of the differences between the upper class and
lower class. Yeah, and which I think, like, now, all
of the people involved here, all the all of the
leadership of both sides would have been wealthy, however because
of kind of but but the Royalists were certainly they

(05:00):
were often a different sort of like social caste than
the than the parliamentarians, and so I think like it
just is an example of like how they might have
even been like eating different things. Yeah, just uh, you know,
just kind of like emphasizing like that the conflict was
it was over religion, it was over politics, it was
over notions of freedom, but it was even over like

(05:23):
I mean, they weren't fighting about this, but they were like,
you know, inhabiting different worlds.

Speaker 1 (05:30):
So yeah, yeah, i'd say that's fair.

Speaker 2 (05:34):
So Okay, well let's start by talking about the Well,
I guess we should do a quick recap probably, Yeah.

Speaker 1 (05:47):
I think that's a good idea. Yeah, we kind of
did that in the last episode, because it's a lot,
it's a lot getting covered.

Speaker 2 (05:52):
Yeah, So okay, let me kind of like summarize this here.
So the main to the two sides were the royalists
who are loyal to the king Charles the First, and

(06:13):
the parliamentarians or and the The royalists were often called
the cavaliers derogatorily by their their enemies, and the parliamentarians,
who were as a name suggests, members of parliament, and

(06:34):
then later the roundheads those are the roundheads, and then
later the army was sort of the new model army
was on the side of the parliamentarians. Okay, So basically
there was all these divisions within society, like I said, religious, political,

(06:55):
social that had been kind of like simmering in British culture,
but a lot of this stemmed from the parliament wanting
to the king. This was kind of the era of absolutism.
Charles believed in the divine right of kings, which was

(07:17):
a kind of a political theory that was very popular
among kings and also specifically also among some philosophers at
the time who were basically like, kings are appointed by
God to rule and they are absolute monarchs, and he
took advice from his like council of advisors called the

(07:42):
Privy Council, and then he basically expected the Parliament to
just do whatever he said. Well, but at that point parliament,
over the previous period, parliament had already developed like jobs
and responsibilities and a role in government. They for instance,

(08:04):
raised taxes and they also made some of the laws,
and they also were like controlled the purse. So they
had a role that is not unlike what modern like
our modern Congress does. So anyway, now the parliamentarians weren't like,

(08:29):
you know, completely uniform. Then there's also kind of a
separation between Protestant and Catholic. So the Charles was not Catholic,
but some of the more radical sects of Protestants, like
the Puritans and the Presbyterians sort of thought that he

(08:51):
had like Catholic leanings, and there was always like rumors
that he would, you know, bring the Catholic Church back
to England. At this point, he did you say that
his wife was I didn't yet, but yes, his wife
was Catholics, which is one of the many things that
led to this. Also, Charles had several like sort of
disastrous wars, and he needed to raise taxes, and so

(09:13):
they tried to like exert some concessions Parliament did, which
he refused, and then eventually all of these divisions and
tensions sort of led to war. So then you had
the First British Civil War, which was fought between the
at this point sort of rag tag armies of the Parliamentarians,

(09:36):
the cavaliers and the I'm sorry the Parliamentarians the Roundheads.
The Roundheads and the Royalists slash cavaliers. So neither of
them had like and this is a series of like
actual like sort of pitched large scale battles like the

(09:58):
first battle that took place Edge Hill, but then also
a lot of like smaller skirmishes, sieges, things like that.
Eventually the Irish joined on the side of the Royalists,
and the Scottish later joined on the side of the Parliamentarians.

(10:18):
Once there was basically seemed like there was a quote
unquote Irish invasion of England, right, and eventually they fought
in the Parliamentarians one there was a brief period of
not say peace, but they weren't actively fighting. Parliament tried
to force some concessions on the King. He was like,

(10:39):
not f you, and they.

Speaker 1 (10:44):
He wasn't into it. This again, remember at the time
that the Parliament was only called by the king, it
wasn't constantly in session.

Speaker 2 (10:51):
Oh yeah, that's a good point.

Speaker 1 (10:52):
So there was a long period of time eleven years specifically,
where he did not call Parliament. So when he finally
called them because he needed money because of these wars,
they were like, yeah, now that we're here.

Speaker 2 (11:04):
Yeah, they had an airing of graded a bunch of grievances, yes, yeah. Yeah.
So then basically like there was Royalist uprisings and this
led to another civil war, but this time Oliver Cromwell,
who became the leader of the Parliamentarians, was leading a

(11:28):
permanent standing army which Parliament had created called the New
Model Army. And I went into some detail last time
about what that army was like and some of the
tactics that they used. So eventually they did defeat the
Royalist forces again and including the Scottish who had joined

(11:50):
the Royalist side at that point. Yeah, so the Scots
sort of switched asides. A few times. They captured King
Charles and by order of Parliament they put him to
death in sixteen forty nine.

Speaker 1 (12:05):
Yeah, they did.

Speaker 2 (12:06):
So that gets us to sixteen forty nine and the
Third Civil War. The first of the war was much
longer than the other two, but it's important that there
were like interruptions in between each one where they could
have ended the conflict. And then that's why they're often
thought of as discreet wars rather than being like sort

(12:30):
of like, although they are all sort of part of
the same thing.

Speaker 1 (12:34):
Yeah, yeah, Well, so in sixteen forty nine, the English
Royalists sort of escape to Scotland, sorry, escape to Ireland,
and they form an alliance with what is known as
the Irish Confederate Catholics, whose flag and coat of arms

(12:54):
is pretty sweet because it's like a harp with a
woman carved into it with tigole Biddy's sick. It is sick.

Speaker 2 (13:04):
I like that they were like painting bombshells on bombers,
like even even back in the sixteen hundreds.

Speaker 1 (13:15):
Absolutely, yeah, well, that that symbol will eventually end up
on the Lord Protectorate's crest because it's part of uniting
the Kingdom's you know.

Speaker 2 (13:27):
I'd like to unite her kingdom. I'm sorry, I'm sorry.

Speaker 1 (13:32):
Well, this alliance was thought to be the biggest threat
to the English Commonwealth there was some fracturing within that alliance.
There were some Irish Catholics who didn't like this alliance.
There were some Royalists that were starting to kind of
actually lean more back towards Parliament. But yet this alliance

(13:52):
was strong and posed a threat. In fact, Cromwell was
quoted as saying I had rather be over thrown by
a Cavalierish interest than a Scotch interest. I had rather
be overthrown by a Scotch interest than an Irish interest.
And I think of all this is the most dangerous.

Speaker 2 (14:12):
As a person with a Scottish surname. You had me
in the first half I was like, ah, fuck you.
But then the second half I was like yeah, yeah.

Speaker 1 (14:24):
It was a really roundabout way of saying I think
this is dangerous. Yeah, Cromwell really hates Catholics. He can't
emphasize this enough. No, he hates Catholics.

Speaker 2 (14:38):
Yeah, we we mentioned that some last time. But I
think you're absolutely right. It bears like reiterating that Cromwell
was a Puritan, and the Puritans were there. Most of
the parliamentarians are all of them really were Protestants, but
they were mostly They ended up mostly being led by

(14:59):
Puritan and especially on the Scottish side, some Presbyterians, the
Church Church of Scotland and the Puritans were the most radical.
So often the officer corps of the army ended up
being more even more radical than like their soldiers, who
often like they maybe they were just there because they're
getting paid well.

Speaker 1 (15:20):
And you may ask yourself, and we mentioned this earlier
in another episode. You know, well England is Protestant.

Speaker 2 (15:26):
Mm hmm.

Speaker 1 (15:27):
What's the Puritans problem here? Well, basically it's not Protestant enough.
They look at the Church of England of having having
too many trappings of Catholicism because they still have bishops,
they have some rituals that have carried over, and the
Puritans want it to be you know, they want to
get rid of any papal or clerical authority.

Speaker 2 (15:49):
Well, and I mean from an outsider's perspective, I mean
like that that's not like completely wrong because if you
look at like the the phylogenetic tree of some of
the you know, the different like sects that split off
during and after the Protestant Reformation, A lot of the
ones that split off earlier on, like the Lutheranism in

(16:11):
the Anglican Church do have some similar kinds of ceremony
to the Catholic Church, whereas some of the ones that
split off later on, like the Puritans, they have like
they're they're they're much more different.

Speaker 1 (16:27):
Yes, absolutely, And the other thing, you know, Cromwell, like
other Puritans, looks at the Irish and Catholics in general
as being responsible for the persecution and death of Protestants
in Europe. And this is fueled by the Irish Rebellion

(16:49):
of sixteen forty one, during which English and Scottish Protestant
settlers in Ireland were massacred by some Irish there basically
because they didn't like them being on their land, but
also religious differences. So for all of these reasons, Cromwell

(17:10):
hates Catholics. Parliament ultimately allows Cromwell. Again, he's not Lord
of Protetory yet, so he gets approval to invade Ireland
in sixteen forty nine to basically crush this alliance between

(17:32):
the Irish and the Royalists. In doing so, though, he
and his army slaughter a lot of people. And I
read a lot of different numbers, and it seems like
it's pretty hotly debated, but I read at one point
that putting it in broad terms, we're talking twenty to

(17:55):
forty percent of the Irish population.

Speaker 2 (17:58):
I'm sorry, Dave, what what year are we at?

Speaker 1 (18:03):
This is sixteen forty nine to sixteen fifties when he
invades Ireland.

Speaker 2 (18:06):
Okay, yeah, sorry, years I wanted to follow on nine notes.

Speaker 1 (18:11):
Oh absolutely, that number is staggering. Again, you know, the
exact number is debated, but there are examples where you know,
there's a siege in sixteen forty nine where his troops
killed thirty five hundred people after the town was captured,

(18:32):
and that included twenty seven hundred Royalist soldiers, all the
Irish men in town that were carrying arms, including civilians,
and any prisoners or Roman Catholic priests.

Speaker 2 (18:41):
Yeah, this is one of those things where, like I
think from our like American perspective of like, you know,
kind of like the story that we tell ourselves of
you know, we threw off Royalists control and said that
we would not be ruled by a king and things
like that and have the American Revolution. I think, like

(19:03):
it's easy for us to look at this conflict and
look at the parliamentarians as quote unquote good guys, but
like Cromwell was a stone cold dickhead.

Speaker 1 (19:14):
Oh yeah, after this slaughter. This is his what he wrote.
I believe in this diary or in a letter. I
am persuaded that this is a righteous judgment of God
upon this barbarous wretches who have imbrewed their hands in
so much innocent blood, and that it will tend to
prevent the effusion of blood for the future, which are

(19:36):
satisfactory grounds for such actions which otherwise cannot but work
remorse and regret. Good Lord, so translate it. They deserve this.

Speaker 2 (19:49):
Yeah. Then they brought this on themselves.

Speaker 1 (19:52):
Right, And this is one of many slaughters like this,
and again civilians, Catholic priests are all being killed.

Speaker 2 (20:07):
Yeah. So I can pick up the timeline from here
if you like, sure, go for it. So I think
one of the things that I wanted to, like, just
take a well, it's kind of happening around this the
same time.

Speaker 1 (20:22):
Sorry, Joe. Before you take the timeline here, I want
to point out that all of this, this invasion of Scotland,
comes to a head with the Act for the Settlement
of Ireland in sixteen fifty two. This Act confiscated all
Catholic owned lands and gave that land to Scottish and

(20:44):
English settlers. So if you're wondering why the Irish hate
England and Oliver Cromwell, this is this is it in
that cause the Irish hate the English for a lot
of reasons, but this is why they hate Oliver Cromwell.

Speaker 2 (20:56):
That caused no future problems on the island island of.

Speaker 1 (21:00):
Ireland, Yes, absolutely nothing at all.

Speaker 2 (21:03):
Yeah, like yeah, I mean like literally this this, this
is the it started before this, but this is sort
of the start of all of the strife which would
or religious strife which would continue to plague Ireland, you know,
into our lifetime. Oh yes, and to this day.

Speaker 1 (21:26):
This with this public practice of Catholicism was banned and
Catholic priests were killed if they were captured.

Speaker 2 (21:34):
Yeah. So okay, to back up a little bit. After
the executed Charles, then the Rump Parliament, which you remember
the just prior to this, Cromwell and his you know,
inner circle had a banned a lot of members of Parliament,

(22:02):
creating what's called the Rump Parliament, which is like a
smaller group. So about any of them were left. They
declared themselves quote to the supreme power in this nation
and so they basically like had power because there was

(22:22):
not a king. On March seventeenth, sixteen forty nine, they
voted to abolish both the monarchy and the House of Lords,
which was like the aristocratic House of Parliament. So now
they have like ultimate ultimate power. And then lay a

(22:44):
little bit later that year in May, after they had
executed King Charles, they declared themselves a Commonwealth, and they
also declared that Scotland and Ireland would be part of
the Commonwealth in sixteen fifty two. Getting getting back up
to what you were saying, Dave, so the Commonwealth was

(23:04):
technically a republican government sort of mentioned last time. People
get really confused by this, the difference between republican and democratic. Okay, yeah,
because all the time lately have you encountered this, Dave,
You'll say, like, well, we are a democratic nation. People

(23:24):
will say we're not a democracy, we're republic.

Speaker 1 (23:30):
Yeah.

Speaker 2 (23:30):
I have definitely heard this as if that's supposed to
sound smart. So I I want to give people the
benefit of the doubt and believe that they're not just
saying that because those words sound like the names of
the two major parties in this country.

Speaker 1 (23:52):
Yeah, I think that's generous, But I.

Speaker 2 (23:54):
Want to believe that that's that's that's not why I
do think that there's like, uh, I think they're trying.
I think they're trying to sound uh intelligent or or
like they think that that is the more the more
correct reading. We are in this country both a democracy

(24:15):
and a republic. Mm hm, because we vote, which is democracy,
to elect representatives that then go to the republic, which
is a republic, which then go to you know, the
city Hall or the State House or Washington, d C.

(24:35):
You know where or what would would depend on your
your level of government. This would be a republic but
not a democracy. So the ministers of Parliament are not elected.
They sort of like choose themselves at this point basically,
So is that yeah, is that a good enough explanation
you think.

Speaker 1 (24:55):
Yeah, yeah, yeah, no, I got you.

Speaker 2 (24:56):
But also that is still a radical departure from I
had been before, which was a absolute monarchy. Well, I
think the problem was Charles tried to establish an absolute monarchy,
Like you saw what his buddies were doing on the continent,
and he was like I want that for me, and
you know he lost his head over it. Yeah, he did,
so anyway, they also declared themselves the like I said,

(25:20):
they declared themselves a commonwealth. So the Commonwealth was a
republican government and they ruled England, Scotland and Ireland. No monarch,
no king. The Commonwealth period lasted from sixteen forty nine
to sixteen sixty when you know it all ghost of shit. Okay,

(25:46):
So but you know, troubles are bruin. So we're now
going to go to the next sort of hero for
the problem. I'm sorry you're trying to say problems, Taran
the Royalist cause Charles's son also named Charles, Yeah, Charles

(26:10):
the Second. So this is learning about like, like European
history is always deeply confusing because of like the names
that are the same. This is Charles the Second.

Speaker 1 (26:20):
Yeah, I mean, it's like it's one of those things
where you know there's lots of like names that you
recognize but don't have the context for them, you know,
like Charles the Second, the son of Charles the First,
Charles the First, the son of King James the First,
same King James as the King James Bible. His mother
was Mary, Queen of Scotts.

Speaker 2 (26:41):
Yeah, and then there's also the inner marrying between the
different in different countries. Yeah.

Speaker 1 (26:48):
So, and Mary, Queen of Scott's was executed by Queen Elizabeth,
who was the daughter of King Henry the eighth, which
makes it someone ironic that Charles the First was buried
in the same tomb as Henry the eighth.

Speaker 2 (27:00):
Mm hmm.

Speaker 1 (27:01):
So yeah, that was a conversation I had with my
dad on Father's Day.

Speaker 2 (27:05):
Oh that's funny. Y Yeah, y'all are getting dads. What'd
you say said, y'all are getting dads? Sorry anyway, so
the Yeah, so they've got Charles the Charles the Second, Okay,
so he So the execution of Charles the First, I

(27:33):
think we mentioned last time that was actually a bridge
too far for the Scottish. Their parliament did not they
did not want the king to be executed. They simply
wanted the king to adopt, well, basically agree to the
terms that they had negotiated with him, and have a
king that accepted the Scottish covenant and then kind of

(27:56):
like be left alone.

Speaker 1 (27:58):
Yeah, I mean that was kind of what the parliamentaryans
wanted it first. But remember, yeah, Charles tried to make
a deal with the scott Scottish parliament and that's when
the parliamentarian sort of realized, we can't leave them alive.

Speaker 2 (28:12):
Yeah, and also like the Yeah, the parliamentarian sort of
became more and more radical as time went on, possibly
not without good reason, but you know, it is what
it is. So this is like, you know, obviously influenced
by factors that we we did mention that this, this
English Civil War was part of like War of the

(28:33):
Three Kingdoms, like a larger conflict between England slash Whales.
Ireland and Scotland are actually Ireland and England and Scotland
and England because you know, I mean, we've all you know,
I think a lot of people are familiar with this,
even if it's because of like the mostly fictional movie.

(28:54):
Actually they got quite a few things right, but the
fictionalized movie Braveheart. But the English had been fucking with
Scottish affairs for hundreds of years at this point. Yeah,
So anyway, they did not like the Scottish did not
like that they had executed the king. So they went
to Prince Charles Charles the second, and he agreed to

(29:18):
Presbyterian religion in England and also to sign the Scottish Covenant.
These sort of like you know, you know, rules that
would benefit Scotland. Now, Charles needed an army because Parliament
was had launched a campaign in Ireland with Cromwell in command,

(29:40):
like we said, and all of the Royalist military, all
of the people who had been loyal to the king
were tied up in that conflict. They had all gone
to Ireland or were from Ireland and were fighting there.
So so like I said, Prince Charles needed an army,

(30:04):
and so he accepted the covenant. He came to Scotland
in June sixteen fifty, although he was not crowned as
king until January sixteen fifty one. So now it is
basically the Third Civil War is really a war between
Scotland and England. The English Parliament, after they crushed the

(30:33):
Irish rebellion, Cromwell went up into Scotland. And it's it's
kind of interesting because initially, the while the Parliamentarian forces
were like very well trained, like we said last time,

(30:54):
with their drilling and their tactics and things like that,
the commander of the Scottish horses, Alexander Leslie, refused to
meet them in like a big open battle, right, so
they he was using kind of like evading them, and

(31:15):
now they're up into there behind enemy lines so to speak,
in Scotland, and so they were trying to like starve
them out, letting letting them just die from like lack
of supplies, like starvation and disease and things like that.
But then he got cocky and on September third, sixteen

(31:38):
fifty at the Battle of Dunbar, Leslie decided to try
to you know, end things by meeting Cromwell in open
battle his ass beat. And then then later that year,
in or the next year actually on July twentieth, sixteenth

(32:00):
fifty one, he got asked me again at the Battle
of at the Battle of Well, they didn't win any
of the battles during this war, I mean just again
at this point, like you're dealing with like a hardened,
trained army that's already been the victor of numerous conflicts

(32:22):
at this point finding a like sort of newly constituted
or conscripted army. They lost at the Battle of inver
key Thing on July twentieth. So then Charles went south
and he collected all all the forces that he possibly
could for this this like final battle at the Battle

(32:46):
of Worcester. This is one of the biggest battles of
all all of the English Civil Wars. They the people
of England considered this an invasion. When I say he
went south time and he went into England, they considered
this a Scottish invasion of England. So thirty two thousand

(33:07):
English soldiers came together versus only sixteen thousand for Charles
the Second. So this is another one of these battles
where the Royalist forces had a lot fewer people. And
I wanted to talk about that battle maybe just a

(33:27):
little bit. Cromwell had been beating them all of these
in all these battles. In six June sixteen fifty one,
Cromwell actually like had just had recently gotten over an illness.
He was sick, and so that kind of like put
a pause to the fighting. So then after he was
healthy again, he headed north to go to Sterling Castle,

(33:49):
okay or wel This the town of Sterling, including the castle,
which you can still go see in in Scotland. It's
one of the the yes, one of the coolest places.
They have a it's really interesting. They have a statue
of William Wallace there. But it's not like it's not
like a statue from like it's not it's not a

(34:10):
contemporary statue. It's like a statue I think they built
like after that movie came out. Oh Okay, I don't
know if this is true because I only heard this
from a few people, so it's anecdotal, but I heard
from several people there that like William Walls only really
became like a folk hero again in Scotland after that

(34:31):
movie came out, Like people like kind of learned about
him in history class, but it wasn't like like point
of Pride.

Speaker 1 (34:37):
Yeah, I've I've heard that too.

Speaker 2 (34:40):
But I digress. So it went up to Sterling, which
was a stronghold. He left the road to England free
to kind of like tempt Charles like into a trap.
And at this point I think it's good to point
out that Charles the Second was twenty years old, so

(35:02):
he was he was a baby, and he was, you know,
not that smart. He was little seasoned, right, So he headed
he started marching south down the west coast, and Cromwell
ordered his lieutenant tenor Lieutenant General John Lambert, who was

(35:27):
head of the cavalry, to follow him, and then he
ordered a second force to follow them in a different way,
and than he ordered also a third force, like a
militia force to move north, so kind of like split
his forces. Then Cromwell led his main army down and

(35:48):
he moved. They moved twenty miles a day, which is
really fast to march. But they sort of collected reinforcements
as they went, and then they all of their armies
like met back up again once and like converged on
the Scottish force because actually, and the reason why there

(36:11):
were so few Scottish soldiers is a lot of the
Scottish soldiers Scottish soldiers refused to invade England because this
is like kind of that problem. I'm not exactly sure why.
I'm sure they like they had lots of different reasons,
but one of them is that thing that we talked
about in the first episode where with these armies that

(36:33):
aren't professional armies, they often didn't want to leave their
homeland to go fight and die on you know, some
field in another country. Sure, so because of this, the
Scots were like hopelessly outnumbered. So there was these thirty
thirty some thousand English troops, twenty thousand of them were

(36:56):
members of the New Model Armies. So these were, like
I said, these like discipline and hardened veterans. The English
assaulted from the south and the east of the town
of Worcester. I'm sorry the east south pushed the Scots
back towards the town of Worcester then, but then they

(37:20):
were like kind of stubbornly resisting, so Cromwell had to
send reinforcements, leaving his eastern flank exposed. So Charles sort
of saw that as his chance, so he ordered like
two attacks to try to like exploit this weakness. But

(37:42):
cromwell troops were well trained sort of rushed in to
stop them before they could attack the flank. So then
the you know, combining English troops pushed the Scots all
the way back into Worcester and captured the city itself.
So that was a base sally. They're all the troops

(38:03):
that they had. They this was the last battle. They
had nothing left. And Charles though did not die with
his troops in a heroic blaze of glory. No he
did not, which was the custom. We talked about this
when we talked about Richard the Third who he like
you know, died in the mud and got thrown over

(38:24):
the back of a horse and stuff like that. No,
he did not. What what did Charles? What did Charles
the second do?

Speaker 1 (38:33):
Hid his bitch ass in a tree? Man?

Speaker 2 (38:34):
Yeah, I should say that some of Charles's forces were
actually sent to the American colonies as indentured servants, like
forced laborers, which is, you know, not not great, but
just tying that into a little bit to American history. Yeah,

(38:56):
you can actually still visit this battlefield. The English lost
very few soldiers, and the Scots have three thousand dead
and ten thousand captured. So if you can count, that's
like almost all of their their armies. That that was

(39:19):
the end of the resistance to Parliament, so to speaking,
the end of the the end of the Third Civil War.
But I wanted to talk real quick about Charles and
the Royal Oak.

Speaker 1 (39:35):
Yes, please do.

Speaker 2 (39:37):
So he hid in a tree, like you said, Yeah.

Speaker 1 (39:42):
Yeah, I mean I'm not We're not at a torahalizing this.
He hid in a tree.

Speaker 2 (39:49):
He did hide in a tree. So let me set
this up for you. Three am on September fourth, sixteen
fifty one. Sois is like, you know, after this battle here,
right about sixty Royalist soldiers rode up to the gates
of a converted priory like a like a monastery, White Ladies,

(40:15):
and it was dark, and with them was a wanted man,
Charles the first. All right, I'm sorry Charles the second.
So just a few hours earlier they had all they've
been defeated at the Battle of Worcester, and I read
different estimates like somewhere between three thousand and of their troops.

(40:39):
I forgot to mention that in the last part. So
he had escaped with like I said, like sixty of
his men, and they get to White Ladies and Charles
took off his coat and his pants and they dressed
him in like country clothes, green pants, a leather doublet

(41:05):
and like a hemp shirt and old hat. There's a
there's a painting from the National Portrait Gallery in London
that I'm looking at that shows him like getting into
his but he still got the like fancy.

Speaker 1 (41:18):
Hair, right, I'm gonna look with this portrait up. Yeah,
his his his like yeah, his fancy eighties metal hair.

Speaker 2 (41:28):
Uh yeah, actually the things come full circle. So yeah.
So uh and they actually cut his hair because the
the sort of like long royal hairdo would have given
him away. Oh yeah, So the other troops left and

(41:53):
and then the one of the people living in the
house are they They was a smaller number of soldiers.
They led Charles Richard Penderel, so is the guy who
you're seeing in this other the other guy in this painting.
He led Charles out to the woods and they stayed
out there in the woods for a whole day. It

(42:13):
was apparently raining. The only thing they had was a
blanket to sit on and quote, a mess of milk
and some butter and eggs, which I guess if you're
the king, it's like a sad, a sad, sad day.
And they left and decided to try to cross into
Wales where they could escape to France. As soon as

(42:40):
it was dark. They sat out on a foot and
they they while they were like going through the countryside,
Charles tried to to practice the speech patterns of the
simple country folk. And he even tried to like do
a quote a lobbing Jobson's gate, So he was trying
to like walk like a commoner, which I just sounds

(43:03):
oh my god. I bet he looked just completely insane,
like an absolute dumb ass. Yeah.

Speaker 1 (43:12):
So there, if you searched Charles the second painting, mm hmm,
you're gonna get a lot of portraits of Charles the
Second of Spain, and oh my god, it is the
quintessential example of the Habsburg jaw.

Speaker 2 (43:27):
Oh yeah, yeah, these guys. There wasn't as much inbreeding
in any of these tutors, so they didn't look like
completely fucked up.

Speaker 1 (43:36):
No, no, no, The Charles the Second of England looks
like a musketeer. Charles the Second of Spain looks like
an electric can opener turned upside down. Okay, yeah, it's
just fucked up looking.

Speaker 2 (43:48):
We talked about the Habsburg jaw at one point, Oh.

Speaker 1 (43:51):
We sure did.

Speaker 2 (43:52):
What episode was that?

Speaker 1 (43:54):
I don't remember, but I do remember reading that. Like
usually the people doing the portraits were asked to like
tamp that doubt. But when you're seeing how goofy this
jaw looks, it was a lot fucking worse. This is
a result of inbreeding.

Speaker 2 (44:10):
I'm usually the keeper of lore for like what is
like what I call the an hour of our time
cinematic universe? And like what what episode we talked about? What?
But that's okay. Anyway, you should listen to all our
episodes and eventually you'll find the one where we talking
about the Habsburg job. Oh yeah, it's one of the
ones who mark in it.

Speaker 1 (44:26):
But I can find it because I'm pretty sure a
Hapsburg jaw was the subtitle.

Speaker 2 (44:29):
Continue, let me let me guess was it? Is it?
The torture episode is one about torture methods.

Speaker 1 (44:35):
Nah, I couldn't be that right.

Speaker 2 (44:36):
Uh anyway, So at one point they had to like
like run down a hill.

Speaker 1 (44:41):
It was the assassination assassination of William the Silent.

Speaker 2 (44:45):
Oh that makes a lot more sense. Yeah, you should
listen to that. That's a really great episode. I talked
about old timing guns in that one.

Speaker 1 (44:51):
Also, Oh hell yeah, I.

Speaker 2 (44:52):
Think I talked about wheel lock wheel lock pistols in that.

Speaker 1 (44:56):
Yes, I remember this.

Speaker 2 (44:57):
I digress. So he is is hobbling hobbling around like
a like a real country bumpkin. One of the guys
that he thought about this. He at one point they
had to like run down the road and hide in
some bushes because they got to the mill evely if

(45:20):
Mill and the miller there was like, hey, you look familiar.
They're like fuck, ran and hid in the bushes. I'm
only mildly editorializing.

Speaker 1 (45:32):
Oh my god, it's amazing.

Speaker 2 (45:35):
They finally got to the house of They finally got
to add the house of one of their allies in
the town of Mattelee. But then they learned that there
was that the town was guarded. So they realized that
like they weren't going to be able to get to
Wales at that point. So they were forced to turn back.

(45:56):
So they had it out back on foot the cover
of darkness to bosco Bell House. So gonna, I don't know,
try to like speed this up all. I think it
was like a really interesting story. They basically ended up
getting one mile from where he was from the like

(46:16):
the the priory, So Boscobell House was like kind of remote,
like it was in the woods. It was it belonged
to Catholics who were persecuted at that time, and it
became like a hiding place for Catholic priests, uh, while
they were being persecuted by Cromwellem's cronies. So they're they're hungry,

(46:38):
they're starving, they like wait through river. They brought what
got into the house. He was given some bread, some cheese,
and quote apost of thick milk and small beer, which
we talked about small beer. A couple of times that's
the like water down or like not very alcoholic beer, right.

Speaker 1 (46:59):
Yeah.

Speaker 2 (47:00):
And I have also said at the at various times
that the idea and I talked about this in the
Bonus episode which you should listen to, the myth that
people only drank beer because the water was tainted like
that kind of thing. Yep, So they knew that Lake
Pam the parliament soldiers were eventually going to find them.
They couldn't stay there for very long. So Charles talked

(47:24):
with William Careless, was another fugitive staying there at the time.
And this is what the King Charles the second dictated
thirty years later, And he said, he told me that
it would be very dangerous either to stay in the
house or go into the wood, there being a great
wood hard by Bosco Bell. And he knew but one

(47:46):
way how to pass all the next day, and that
was to get up into a great oak in a
pretty plain place where we could see round about us,
for they would certainly search all the wood for people
that had made their escape. We got up into a
great oak that had been lopped some three or four
years before, and so was grown out very bushy and thick,
not to be seen through and there we sat all

(48:08):
the day. So he had sat sitt in a tree,
the King of England and Scotland Satin sitting in a tree.

Speaker 1 (48:21):
Named at one point that a parliamentarian soldier passed directly
underneath the tree.

Speaker 2 (48:27):
Yeah. So yes, later he in the parliamentary and saw
that they were going to like capture him, like within
a day or so. Yeah, Cromwell's troops they did get
close and he said, this is the king again in
his account. While we were in the tree, we see
soldiers going up and down in the thickest of the
woods searching for persons escaped. We seeing them now and
then peeping out from the woods. So the soldiers left

(48:51):
and then Charles and his buddy Careless returned to the house.
So he finally like finally got some chicken. Yeah. Uh,
they shaved him, which I think this is just really
funny that they were this is what they were worried about.
Like He's like, I really I need a shave, man,
I've been out I've been out here in the woods.

(49:16):
He had his hair trimmed like as short as they
possibly could, but they left some by the ears, which
is the like country hairstyle. Like that like friar tuck
fucking hairstyle, you know what I'm talking about?

Speaker 1 (49:31):
The long bowl cut.

Speaker 2 (49:33):
No, like very short up here, but like basically like.

Speaker 1 (49:38):
Oh, I know what you mean. Yes, yeah, anyway, opposite
of a bowl cut.

Speaker 2 (49:43):
Opposite of a bowl cut, yeah, the reverse bowl cut
in verse bowl cut.

Speaker 1 (49:48):
Yeah.

Speaker 2 (49:48):
So he stayed in this like secret hiding place that
they had in the house called a priest hole, which
I'm just not even gonna I'm skilled leave one there.
So he hid there, and he stayed there for like
most of the next day, and then they're like kind

(50:16):
of like kind of sneak around and try to get
the king food because he's still trying to like live
like a king, right, even though he's like hiding in
an attic. Yeah, but he he really hated it there,
which is like, I don't know, too bad. Eventually he
was forced to leave because the soldiers of the parliamentarians

(50:37):
are still like they're they're they're all over, So within
a few days he uh, he had to escape. He
eventually endured six weeks on the run, and he would
like get go to different like loyalist houses, change costumes,
and then eventually on October fifteenth sixteen fifty one, he

(51:00):
finally made it to the town of Shoreham and he
was able to get on a coal ship out towards
the Isle of Wight. But then the captain of the
ship turned turned it around like you know, like act

(51:22):
like they're going to the Isle of Light, and then
turned around and traveled all the way to Ruin and
then to Paris to the court, to the court of
the French king. Anyway, he stayed there for nine years
until Cromwell died. Yeah, so that is I don't know.

(51:44):
There's actually like apparently five hundred pubs in England, at
least five hundred pubs in England named the Royal Oak.

Speaker 1 (51:52):
There was one in my hometown, Oh, the Royal Oaks plural,
but I didn't know what it was a reference to
at the time.

Speaker 2 (51:58):
Holy shit, I wonder if that is that is like
a reference to them. Obviously that pub's not that old.
But they're like, was it meant to be like an
English pub? Yeah? I think so that must be. That
must be like a callback so to speak to this.

Speaker 1 (52:15):
Yeah.

Speaker 2 (52:16):
So anyway, that was a Battle of Worcester and like
and then him escaping, So just to kind of wrap
up here. At that point sixteen fifty three, England became
a England, Scotland and Ireland became a Protectorate. So the
Protectorate was led by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and

(52:37):
then his later his son Richard in from In March
sixteen fifty five, there was the Penruddick Uprising, so there
was still some like plans for Royalists to like rise
up and restore the monarchy. During this time, there was
like a different like a number of like uprisings that

(52:59):
were like not just like like spontaneous, but they were
planned and they were all going to happen on March eighth,
sixteen fifty five. However, when the date came, I don't know,
I guess they like got cold feet. And then but
then on March eleventh, the Colonel John Penrodduck, who was

(53:22):
who had fought for Charles the First during the Civil War,
attacked Salisbury. However, like like like he didn't have enough
support because the other people who were supposed to like
you know, join in this grand uprising like just stayed
at home and he and the uprising was like pretty
easily put down. But I think, you know, it does

(53:44):
show that there were still like people who were like
not happy, and for you know, good reason, because Cromwell
was not a like fun It wasn't fun to h
wasn't no. Yeah, so just some like things that happened
just back that was like the broad things. Oh, let

(54:05):
me just like kind of finish the timeline. In sixteen
fifty eight, Oliver Cromwell died. Yeah he did.

Speaker 1 (54:12):
Let me talk about this just for a minute, because
this is what I was going to get to about
the quinine.

Speaker 2 (54:16):
Yeah, let's go on.

Speaker 1 (54:17):
Apparently it is thought that he suffered from kidney stones
and malaria. They knew at the time that malaria could
be treated with quinine yep. But the legend is that
Cromwell refused to take it because quinine had been discovered
by Catholic Jesuit missionaries. He hated Catholics so much that

(54:41):
he died.

Speaker 2 (54:41):
I man, yeah, I told you, we gotta find that.
We gotta find this. This movie Dave this like docudrama
from like Amy or some shit that I watched in
high school.

Speaker 1 (54:53):
There is There is a nineteen seventy movie called Cromwell,
in which Alec Guinness plays Charles the First and want
to watch it, okay, yeah, nineteen seventy. This sounds like
another good uh uh Patreon if.

Speaker 2 (55:07):
I'm into it? Did did he just at some point
in the movie does he say who's the King of England?
Of course I know him, he's me. Yes, that's my
favorite gift posts in any group chat is obi Wan saying,
of course I know him, he's me.

Speaker 1 (55:23):
You said that to me a lot, and it's been
about like blowing up the bathroom.

Speaker 2 (55:28):
I knew you were gonna fucking say that. Yeah, like,
who who did this? Of course I know him, he's me.

Speaker 1 (55:36):
He's me.

Speaker 2 (55:37):
First off, I the other day I told Dave that
someone has been blowing up the bath room and he
was like, oh, it was you, right, Like, no, man,
I would cough to that shit.

Speaker 1 (55:52):
Like he's somebody's somebody's clogging it up.

Speaker 2 (55:55):
Yeah it's you get edited this out, but uh it's
it's not great, folks, not great. We've got a one
seater for like a lot of employees. Oh oh yeah, yeah.

Speaker 1 (56:08):
Anyway, someone's up there shred and some butthole.

Speaker 2 (56:16):
You got a real rump parliament going on. Oh man,
I'm not proud. I'm not proud of what I've done
here should be a little proud, but I do start
so so sorry.

Speaker 1 (56:27):
So he dies and his son, Richard takes over, and
he sucks and doesn't make it very long.

Speaker 2 (56:33):
No, he does not, Yes, takes over Richard Cromwell, who
looks like compared to his dad, who, like I said,
just constantly speaking of shit, constantly looks like he is
just like smelled like dog shit like just.

Speaker 1 (56:53):
But he looks like he has smelled it, or that
he does smell like it.

Speaker 2 (56:56):
No, like he just like he looks like he smelled
something bad. Like he's constantly indignant, like right right, right,
Like that's the Sundi's making at all times.

Speaker 1 (57:05):
Yeah, like all the Puritans, I would assume.

Speaker 2 (57:07):
Well, yeah, but his son looks like a little more.
He's got kind of like I don't know, like like
softer features.

Speaker 1 (57:15):
I was just gonna say, he's got a softer look
about him.

Speaker 2 (57:17):
Yeah. Well he was also younger. I mean, he can't
can't blame him.

Speaker 1 (57:21):
So yeah, and presumably he did not go through a
mental breakdown in which he became a born again Christian. No,
he just was raised by one.

Speaker 2 (57:29):
Yeah, he didn't really have any leadership skills because he
hadn't fought with the army at all, Like, he wasn't
part of the military, although they did like support him,
he like pissed off a lot of people. And only
after uh in nine months after his father died, he

(57:51):
was forced to give up his power by parliament and
then he became known as tumble down Dick, which.

Speaker 1 (58:01):
That case of tumbledown Dick I love that. Well, you know,
Cromwell in a lot of ways essentially became king. And
a good example is that when he died, his son
took over just because he was his son.

Speaker 2 (58:14):
Well, I think that's a really good point, because they
fought and fought and fought to destroy the monarchy, and
then what they they ended up making was like basically
basically a monarchy.

Speaker 1 (58:27):
It was the monarchy and everything, but name.

Speaker 2 (58:30):
Yeah, I just, I just I described it as a
military junta in the first episode, which I still think
is like sort of accurate because they were backed up
by the military. Yeah.

Speaker 1 (58:40):
I think that that's a good example of how it
came to be. Yeah, and then what it was by
the time he died, so let me it was essentially
a monarchy.

Speaker 2 (58:47):
We talk a little bit about how we got to there,
and then we'll talk about the restoration of monarchy and
we can kind of wrap up here, you know, closing
thoughts or what have you.

Speaker 1 (58:55):
But we're going to talk about Cromwell's head. We're going
to talk about it for a minute.

Speaker 2 (58:59):
We will, we will, I will not deprive you of that, okay.
So the period between sixteen forty nine and sixteen sixty
is often called the interregnum, which is like the period
of time where there was no monarch, which was again
like shocking to the rest of Europe. On May nineteen,

(59:24):
sixteen forty nine, the Rump Parliament created the Commonwealth of England,
so the monarchy and the Privy Council also were abolished,
and they were replaced by the Parliament and the Council
of State, who were actually elected each year, elected by
other not elected by all everyone. Although remember that there

(59:45):
was a proposal for universal male suffrage at one point
during the negotiations with King Charles first, that didn't end
up happening in sixteen fifty three though there was after
four years of like trying to deliberate, they still could
not agree on a constitution for how the government was
actually going to get or the kind of how the

(01:00:06):
country is actually going to be ran. So Oliver Cromwell
was backed by the army. He dissolved the rump Parliament
and created something called a National Assembly, which this is
sometimes called the bare bones Parliament. Yeah, and it was
meant to be like you know, loyal to him, but
they still had a lot of infighting and so they

(01:00:28):
really didn't get anything done. So at this point, again
backed by the army, Cromwell just dismissed parliament completely and
he introduced a constitution you know, rinted by him, not really,
but obviously it was. It was like you know, with
his blessing, known as the Instrumental Government, and so he

(01:00:52):
was basically declared as Lord Protector. So he ruled England, Wales,
Scotland and Ireland ruled under one govern known as the Protectorate.
So again, like you said, basically a king. There were
three different parliaments that he called during the protectorate, but

(01:01:15):
he didn't basically it was under no obligation to listen
to what they said because he could dismiss them at
any time. And he also in between the times that
they were sitting, him and his council State and the
army ruled so they practiced religious tolerance only if you're

(01:01:38):
a Protestant. Yeah, they're very tolerant, but only if you
were part of their club. They persecuted Catholics tremendously at
this time, which is what I kind of mentioned with
the the priest holes and things like that. They actually
abolished all bishops, so they were in meddling in the

(01:02:05):
Catholic church affairs. They were basically a Puritan dictatorship at
this point. They closed theaters. Bear baiting, which was a
popular pastime at the time, was outlawed all sporting events.

Speaker 1 (01:02:23):
What what is bear baiting?

Speaker 2 (01:02:25):
Bear baiting? I think it's where you like piss off
a bear.

Speaker 1 (01:02:29):
That's exactly what it sounds like.

Speaker 2 (01:02:31):
No, it's like basically like you they they like like
poking a bear until it is enraged and then but
like the bear is usually like chained or something.

Speaker 1 (01:02:44):
So like a bull fight but with a bear.

Speaker 2 (01:02:46):
Yeah, and then dogs fight and ultimately kill the bear. Jesus,
it's a super super duper brutal. Yeah, but that was outlawed.
That was like a common pastime. All sports were banned
and uh, and they made people wear or they encouraged
people to wear plain clothing, they banned Christmas. Here's your

(01:03:09):
fucking war on Christmas, folks. Yeah, the Puritans. I actually
have like a War on Christmas episode that that I've
had cooking for like two years now. But maybe we.

Speaker 1 (01:03:21):
Finally we'll do it. We'll do it this winter.

Speaker 2 (01:03:24):
So finally, when Cromwell died, people were really like they
have had fucking had enough. And also the Parliament's parliaments
can never get anything done or write a constitution, so
they really like the the people were yearning for a king.
And then uh, you know, it was at this point

(01:03:46):
that l rond reforged the Blade of Ellen deal to
create Arundel and they crowned. Wait, I'm sorry, oh, different
turn of the king, different return of the King. In
May May eighteen sixty to fifty nine, Parliament formed the

(01:04:09):
Committee of Safety and George the General George Monk, who
was the commander of the English forces in Scotland and
was actually a Royalist sympathizer. So this shows you how
like things had shifted where a royal sympathizer had actually
gotten into the army. He allowed the Presbyterian Parliament Ministers

(01:04:37):
of Parliament who had been removed in sixteen forty eight
by Pride during Pride's Purge, where Cromwell had, you know,
banned them and created the Rump Parliament, he allowed them
to return in sixteen sixty, so you know, you have
these Presbyterians who didn't want the king to get executed
in the first place. Prince Charles the Second, who was

(01:05:00):
in exile in sixteen sixty, he declared the Declaration of Breda,
which promised a pardon to any crimes that had committed
during the Civil War as long as they recognized him
as king. So get out of jail free card as
long as you let me be king. And then Parliament
and in May of that year, Parliament declared that Charles

(01:05:22):
was the lawful successor to Charles the First and they
started drafting legislation that would bring the monarchy back, and
by later the end of that month May twenty ninth,
Charles the Second was in London and then later on
was declared King of England. So that we call that
the restoration of the monarchy. There it is people just

(01:05:46):
hated Cromwell so much that they're like, okay, maybe having
a king wasn't so bad. So what happened to Cromwell.

Speaker 1 (01:05:52):
All right well January thirty. It's sixteen sixty one, which
is the twelfth anniversary of the execution of Charles the first.
Cromwell's body is exhumed from where it lay in Westminster Abbey.
It is subjected to a an execution posthumously. His body
is hanged, as were the remains of John Bradshaw and

(01:06:13):
Henry Ireton, other parliamentarians that we've talked about. His body
was hanged in chains and then his head was cut off,
and then his head was with the other two we're
all stuck on pikes and on top of Westminster Hall,
and it stayed there for some twenty five to thirty years.

(01:06:37):
It's actually a place in Westminster Abbey now that says
burial place of Oliver Cromwell sixteen fifty eight to sixteen
sixty one, show where his body was. His head well,
his body was thrown into a pit. But his head
has kind of an interesting story because it it stayed
on this pike for like I said, twenty five thirty years.

(01:06:58):
Then supposedly it was knocked down by a storm and
picked up by a soldier when it fell off of
the roof, and this soldier just sort of hid it
away until on his deathbed he told his daughter what
he had. It changed hands a couple more times, and
ultimately it ended up in the hands of a family

(01:07:20):
by the name Wilkinson, and stayed in that family for
one hundred and forty five years until one of them
eventually decided that this was weird and I'd like to
have a final resting place for this supposed head. And
I will point out that the head was rigorously studied
in the thirties. It was studied and they compared its

(01:07:40):
features to a death mask of Cromwell because there was
another head on display in an English museum that claimed
to be the head of Oliver Cromwell, and all these
tests pointed to this Wilkinson head being the actual head.
So this this last Wilkinson who had the head. He
reached to Sydney, Sussex, Cambridge, which is the school that

(01:08:03):
Cromwell attended, and asked if they'd be willing to bury
the head, which they did on March twenty fifth, nineteen sixty.
It is buried in a secret spot, but there is
a sign near it that reads near to this place.
Was buried on the twenty fifth of March nineteen sixty
the head of Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
of England, Scotland, Ireland Feller fellow Commoner of this College

(01:08:27):
sixteen sixteen, sixteen seventeen. So they don't know exactly where
it is, but it's near that sign. So that's what
became of his head.

Speaker 2 (01:08:37):
That's interesting. Yeah, yes, wow, yeah, I can't imagine that
it was like in this family's position for like hundreds
of years.

Speaker 1 (01:08:49):
Yeah, it it looks pretty crazy.

Speaker 2 (01:08:52):
What a wild story. So wait, are there pictures of it?

Speaker 1 (01:08:56):
Oh yeah, I'll find one for you.

Speaker 2 (01:08:58):
Okay, I gotta I gotta check that out. So you
you should, folks at home, you should look this up. Well, yeah,
so that was that's the end, the restoration of the monarchy.
I mean I think that, you know, at that point,
you know, the monarchy was. Now I gotta look at

(01:09:18):
this picture real quick. Holy ship. It looks like a
it looks like a villain from like a Indiana Jones movie.
They got they got it holding it.

Speaker 1 (01:09:29):
Uh yeah, that's that's the first Wilkinson to get it.

Speaker 2 (01:09:33):
Yeah.

Speaker 1 (01:09:36):
Here's here's another. Here's a side profile.

Speaker 2 (01:09:39):
Okay, nice. So I think that it's like interesting, it
kind of shows like that the parliamentarians weren't weren't able
to run really run the government, and because their regime
sort of failed it it made you know, having a
king like seem a lot more, a lot more palatable.

(01:10:05):
But during the reign of Charles the Second, he was like,
this didn't end the conflict. During Charles the Second reigned
from sixteen sixty to sixteen eighty five, and then his successor,
or yeah, his successor, James the Second, who ruled from

(01:10:26):
eighteen sixty five to earth sorry sixteen six sixteen eighty
five to sixteen eighty eight, there was still a lot
of discord between Parliament and the monarchy. James the Second
tried to top if you've heard this before, he tried
to be an absolute monarch, but Parliament was like, no,

(01:10:54):
fuck you, and they actually deposed James the Second in
sixteen eighty eight in a completletely bloodless revolution. Now, but
they didn't like get rid of the monarchy. The new monarchs,
William the Third and Mary of William and Mary Fame,
agreed to a Bill of Rights of Parliament in sixteen

(01:11:19):
eighty nine, which assured that the monarch could not suspend
laws raise taxes, or make appointments to royal positions, or
maintain an army without Parliament's permission. And so that was
the beginning of the constitutional monarchy, which technically is what

(01:11:42):
England or I'm sorry, the United Kingdom has today. Now,
while they're a constitutional monarchy, as we know, the monarch
doesn't wield any actual power over the government. So over
the course of the next you know, several hundred years,
they had sort of less and less power until today

(01:12:02):
they're you know, figurehead, right. But yeah, so the while
they didn't get what they wanted, you know, right away,
the parliamentarian cause eventually did result in the constitutional monarchy,
and that is the English Civil Wars. I feel like
we covered that front to back, Dave.

Speaker 1 (01:12:26):
I think we were very thorough and stayed barely organized,
even though we got on some tangents and it's extremely
dense material.

Speaker 2 (01:12:37):
That's our podcast. I think that the tangents are what
I live for. Yeah, absolutely, yeah, well, I think it's
my final thought. I think it is interesting to think
about how, you know, sixteen eighty nine, less than one
hundred years later, you would get the French Revolution, which
we think, you know, or actually about one hundred years
later and the American Revolution, so we kind of think

(01:12:58):
about those, but this was the this was the o G.
It just didn't. It just didn't. It just didn't go
well for the Parliamentary cause and also resulted in mass
death on a scale that the nation of Britain would
not see until World War One.

Speaker 1 (01:13:19):
Yeah, well there you go.

Speaker 2 (01:13:22):
Civil wars are bad.

Speaker 1 (01:13:25):
They're they're not ideal.

Speaker 2 (01:13:26):
All right. Well, yeah, like Dave said, check out check
out our patreon and support the show. We would really
appreciate it. Or if you like what you've been listening to,
you know, now's the time to go on Spotify, Apple,
give us a good review. Hell yeah, or I don't know,

(01:13:50):
give us a bad review, but like still give us
five stars, you know, just just for us.

Speaker 1 (01:13:56):
Yeah, just give us a review of any kind.

Speaker 2 (01:14:00):
Yeah, and then if you listen to the patreon, we
got some really cool episodes, including the one that Dave
was mentioning about what these fuckers were eating.

Speaker 1 (01:14:11):
Oh absolutely, and yeah, who knows, maybe we will do
one soon about the nineteen seventy movie about Oliver Cromwell.

Speaker 2 (01:14:19):
Hell yeah, all right, well, everyone go hide in a
tree to reenact Charles's second escape from the parliamentarians. Hell yeah,
and eat some cheese up there or something.

Speaker 1 (01:14:36):
All right, until next time.

Speaker 2 (01:14:38):
Okay, bye, everybody, see you.

Speaker 1 (01:14:43):
Thank you for listening to An Hour of Our Time.

Speaker 2 (01:14:45):
If you'll like what you heard, explore our catalog of
over two hundred episodes and rate and review us on
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Speaker 1 (01:14:53):
And if you'd like to support what we do, visit
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y