Agartha, Shambhala, and Hyperborea are all names for a a mythic spiritually and scientifically advanced kingdom, always in some hidden location, sometimes within the earth, a legend which became an obsession of early Soviet spies, a mad soldier of fortune, and a mystical Russian artist during the 1920s.
We begin with a clip from the 1939 German documentary, Secret Tibet, which records the activities of visiting Nazi researchers in that country. While we can't establish to what extent the expedition focused on Third Reich mythology connecting their Nordic Aryan with South and East Asia cultures, we examine other efforts by the Reich's department of Ahnenerbe (ancestral heritage) to make such connections. Alongside this, we look at some 19th-century precedents associating an ancient, primal race with both the far north and Vedic culture of the subcontinent. We also examine the classical concept of Thule (a far-north Neverland) appropriated by the pre-Reich Thule Society.
We next look have a brief look at 1871 book by French writer Louis Jacolliot, The Son of God, which introduces the name "Agartha,” (and its many forms) to designate an underground city or land serving as a repository of ancient wisdom. Jacolliot places this land in the East and associates it with a sort of universalized Vedic culture.
It's Alexandre Saint-Yves' 1886 book The Mission of India in Europe, that really defines Agartha as its come to be understood, placing it underground, in the East, and probably within the Himalayas. His fascination with the topic probably was inspired by his Sanskrit tutor, a mysterious Afghan, who called himself Hardjji Scharipf, and claimed to be "of the Great Agartthian School." Scharipf, however, had little to do with the specific content of Saint-Yves's book, which in part reads like Hollow Earth fiction of our previous episode. Mrs. Karswell reads for us some fantastical passages from his text.
The majority of Saint-Yves's work, however, is devoted to the ruling principle of this hidden kingdom, something he calls “Synarchy,” (from Greek words for “together” and “rule." Fearing the West's descent into anarchy (Synarchy's opposite) and its inability to receive the "Synarchic radiations" of Agartha, he calls upon the East to unify with Europe and guide the world toward a Synarchic utopia (the titular "Mission of India to Europe"). Saint-Yves is particularly concerned with Britain and Russia's competition for the lands of Central Asia, an area poised to become the hypothetical capital of a united East and West.
This brings us Russia or the competing Red and White armies of the Russian Civil war fighting in this region.The Polish writer, Ferdynand Ossendowski, who served with the White Guard in this setting documents these conflicts in his 1922 best-seller, Beasts, Men, and Gods. Ossendowski not only mentions encountering the local myth of Shambhala (Tibetan Buddhism's equivalent of Agartha). but also relates tales of Baron Roman Ungern von Sternberg, a German cavalry officer loosely allied with the Whites, but fighting not so much for the Tsars as for Mongolia's Bogd Khan, third highest lama of Tibetan Buddhist, whom Ungern imagines rebuilding the empire of Genghis Khan. Ossendowski describes the Baron's use of Tibetan legends, including that of the King of Shambhala, to promote this cause. He also describes some of the German's more perversely brutal ways, which earned him the moniker, "the Bloody Baron" which we naturally share.
Baron Ungern von Sternberg, painting by Dimitri Shmarin.
Next we come to a figure who represents a sort of nexus of all we’ve discussed -- a Russian occultist and mythographer, Aleksandr Barchenko. We hear a bit about his early life, involving extracurricular ESP experiments, lecturing sailors of the St. Petersburg fleet on Shambhala, and his meeting with the occult-minded chief of the Secret Police, Gleb Bokii, who is attracted by Barchenko's talk of an ancient body...