June 10, 2025 • 16 mins
In this special Pride Month episode, Gabrielle explores the fascinating world of queerness in nature. From same-sex penguin pairs in New York to gender-changing clownfish in coral reefs, nature has always been more diverse, adaptable, and surprising than human categories suggest. Drawing on over 600 years of scientific observation, this episode takes listeners on a global journey through the history of animal research, challenges long-held myths, and reflects on what science teaches us about identity and diversity today.
3 Things Listeners Will Learn:
How scientists from Aristotle to today have observed same-sex and gender-diverse behaviors in animals.
Why queerness in nature offers evolutionary advantages, from social bonding to population resilience.
How modern research is reshaping our understanding of sexual and gender diversity across species.
Resources & References
Evolution's Rainbow by Joan Roughgarden
Biological Exuberance by Bruce Bagemihl
Sexual Selections: What We Can and Can’t Learn About Sex from Animals by Marlene Zuk
Scientific American: “Bisexual Species: Unorthodox Sex in the Animal Kingdom”
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:01):
Welcome to Math Science History. Hi, I'm Gabrielle Birchak. I have a background in
math, science, and journalism. Today, in honor of Pride Month, we are looking at
the queer side of nature and how the world around us has always been part of
the beautiful rainbow culture. By the time you are done listening to today's
podcast, you're going to know so much more about a wide variety of adaptive
(00:25):
animals and plants that defy binaries.
In the year 415, the infamous philosopher and mathematician Hypatia of Alexandria,
Egypt was savagely murdered by church monks. This murder shocked the Roman
(00:45):
community and its government leaders. Hypatia was known far and wide as a
respected philosopher, mathematician, government advisor, and a professor.
Hypatia, the sum of her life, is a book that I wrote that looks not just at the
circumstances surrounding her death, but also at the sum of her entire life. I
(01:06):
weave in the details of her education, disciples, Neoplatonic philosophies,
female contemporaries, and the many mathematics that she wrote and taught
about. There is truly more to Hypatia's life than her death. Hypatia, the sum of
her life, written by me, Gabrielle Birchak, is now on sale on Amazon. Buy your copy
(01:27):
today. We are often told that nature is all about survival of the fittest,
reproduction, and heterosexual pairs. But what if nature has always been far from
queerer than we thought? Today, I'm going to take you on a global journey
(01:47):
throughout the world of science, from the earliest observations to cutting-edge
research, to explore queerness in nature, from same-sex pairings among penguins
and albatrosses, to gender-fluid fish, to the astonishing social lives of the
bonobos. I'm going to break down myths, look at what 600 years of scientific
(02:09):
observation has taught us, and consider why acknowledging queerness in nature
matters for all of us today. It turns out that the natural order isn't exactly
what you thought it was. Long before modern science, humans watched the
natural world with wonder and often confusion. From the ancient Greeks to
(02:31):
medieval Europe, people noticed animal behaviors that didn't fit tidy
categories. But without today's vocabulary or tools, they often framed
these observations as curiosities, anomalies, or even moral lessons. So let's
go back to Aristotle in the 4th century BCE. He was known as the father of
(02:51):
biology. Aristotle meticulously catalogued the natural world, and in his
work, History of Animals, he noted what he called unusual sexual behaviors,
including same-sex interactions among certain birds and mammals. Yet for
Aristotle, these were exceptions to nature's rules. They were aberrations and
(03:13):
not patterns. So let's fast forward to the Middle Ages. Medieval bestiaries,
lavish books describing real and mythical creatures, often mentioned
animals with dual or changing sexes, like hyenas or animals believed to mate
outside of male-female pairs. But here too, these traits were shrouded in myth or
(03:35):
moral allegory. Hyenas, for example, were symbols of greed or deception, not
subjects of biological interest. In the 16th century, Italian naturalist Ulysses
Aldrovandi documented hundreds of animal species and their behaviors.
Aldrovandi marveled at creatures like hermaphroditic snails, which blurred
(03:57):
sexual boundaries. 200 years later, naturalists like George-Louis Leclerc and
Comte de Buffon expanded on these observations. Buffon, who wrote the
massive Histoire Naturelle, recorded homosexual behavior in dogs and other
animals, though he often framed these as signs of captivity, boredom, or imbalance.
(04:20):
The idea that such behaviors might be natural or even widespread was still a
bridge too far. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, through natural selection,
revolutionized biology. However, he saw sexual diversity as a dead end. Thus, his
focus on reproductive success set the stage for erasure of queerness in nature.
(04:42):
And as a side note, Darwin was a chauvinist and believed that women were
inferior. So I guess there's a reason to not fully agree with all of his moral
philosophies. So anyhow, the 20th century marked a turning point in how scientists
viewed sex and diversity in the animal kingdom. Alfred Kinsey's research in the
(05:04):
1940s and 50s documented homosexual behavior across species, laying groundwork
for a broader understanding of sexuality. Around the same time, ethologists began
reporting same-sex behaviors in dolphins and Japanese macaques, noting their
social bonding functions. But it was the bonobo that truly reshaped perspectives.
(05:26):
This peaceful primate, native to the Congo, engages in frequent same-sex
interactions used not just for reproduction, but for building alliances,
easing conflict, and maintaining social harmony within their communities. And then
came a major intellectual shift. In the early 2000s, biologist Joan Roughgarden
(05:48):
boldly challenged Darwinian orthodoxy. In her landmark book, Evolution's Rainbow,
Roughgarden argued that diversity in sexual behavior, including same-sex
interactions and gender variation, wasn't a glitch in evolution, but a feature.
She proposed social selection, an expansion of natural selection, emphasizing
(06:11):
cooperation and social bonding, not just competition and reproduction. Her work
sparked heated debates and opened new doors for how we think about sex and
gender in nature. By the 1990s and early 2000s, hundreds of documented cases of
homosexual behavior and gender diversity in animals were emerging across
(06:34):
scientific journals. Yet, for the general public, these stories were just beginning
to trickle in, often sensationalized by media headlines or dismissed as
anthropomorphism, a term to describe how human ideas are projected onto animals.
So what the research actually showed, and continues to show, is that queerness in
(06:57):
nature is real, widespread, and deeply woven into the fabric of life itself.
I just want to repeat that one more time because it's so profound. This research
shows that queerness in nature is real, and it's woven into the world, into
nature, who we are and how we live. So around the world, nature offers a
(07:20):
breathtaking display of diversity far beyond human categories of male, female,
straight, or gay. So I'm gonna start in one of the unlikeliest of places, the
Central Park Zoo in New York City. So grab your popcorn, it's a good story.
We'll be right back after a quick word from my advertisers. In the early 2000s,
(07:43):
two male chinstrap penguins, Roy and Silo, became international celebrities. Roy and
Silo bonded. They built a nest together and even tried to incubate a rock as if
it were an egg. I think that is so precious. Zookeepers eventually gave
them a real egg to care for, and the pair successfully raised a chick named
(08:08):
Tango. Their story sparked children's books, headlines, and heated debates
about nature and parenting. But what often got lost in the noise was this. Roy and
Silo weren't an exception. Same-sex penguin pairs have been documented in
the wild and in zoos across Australia, Germany, and beyond. In the tropical
(08:31):
forests of the Congo Basin, the bonobos show us what it means to blur the lines
between sexual and social behavior. Bonobos are famously bisexual. Male and
females regularly engage in same-sex genital contact, but this isn't random or
meaningless. It's part of how they maintain peace in their groups, resolve
(08:53):
conflicts, and build alliances. In bonobo society, sex is as much about connection
as it is about reproduction. In Japan, Japanese macaques offer another striking
example. Female-female sexual behavior is common and often more frequent and
intense than heterosexual pairings. Researchers have documented long-lasting
(09:16):
female pairs that engage in mounting, grooming, and mutual support, part of the
complex web of macaque social life. On the Hawaiian Islands,
Laysan albatrosses show us yet another form of queer life. On Oahu, researchers
studying the albatross nesting patterns were surprised to discover that around
(09:36):
30% of pairs were female-female. These pairs cooperate to raise chicks, often
after mating with a male outside the pair. While they may face some challenges
compared to male-female pairs, they can still successfully raise offspring, and
their bonds can last for years. But queerness in nature isn't just about
(09:58):
same-sex pairs. Even fish defy the idea of fixed gender. Clownfish, for example, are
sequential hermaphrodites. They are born male, but if the dominant female in a
group dies, the largest male will change sex and become female. Wrasses and
parrotfish also change sex in response to social cues, allowing them to maintain
(10:22):
balance in their populations. Beyond animals, the plant and the fungal kingdoms
add even more layers. Some corals and fungi have more than two mating types,
sometimes dozens or hundreds. These species remind us that nature's playbook
is far more inventive and expansive than our human categories suggest. So why
(10:42):
does nature seem to defy the rigid binaries we humans are so fond of? One
key answer is that diversity offers evolutionary advantages. Take the penguin,
for example. In some populations, same-sex pairs help ensure that abandoned eggs
survive. In the case of the albatrosses, female-female pairs boost the colony's
(11:03):
reproductive success in male-scarce environments. Gender fluidity in fish
provides another clue. When environmental or social pressures shift, like the loss
of a dominant female, species like clownfish adapt by changing sex, ensuring
that reproduction can continue without disruption. This flexibility is a
(11:24):
powerful survival tool. And then there's the social glue of sexual behavior. In
Bonobo societies, sex is used to build alliances, ease tensions, and foster
cooperation. Same-sex interactions aren't just tolerated, they are essential to
group stability. What all these examples show is that nature values adaptability.
(11:48):
Traits that promote cooperation, flexibility, and resilience often
enhance survival, even if they don't fit our narrow ideas of what's normal or
natural. And that is perhaps the most radical lesson of all. Queerness isn't
an outlier, it's one of nature's core strategies. Yet, for much of scientific
(12:08):
history, researchers downplayed or ignored these phenomena, often because of their
own cultural biases. When they did report same-sex behavior or gender variations,
it was frequently framed as a deviation or a mistake. Only in recent decades have
scientists begun to reframe these behaviors as natural, adaptive, and worthy
(12:30):
of study in their own right. As we enter the 21st century, new research continues
to deepen and complicate our understanding of sexuality and gender in
nature. One important shift has been the growing recognition that identity is not
determined solely by biology. Nature and nurture work together in intricate, often
(12:50):
unpredictable ways. Joan Roughgarden's work has been particularly influential
here. In Evolution's Rainbow, she argues that Darwin's focus on competition and
reproductive fitness overlooked the importance of cooperation, social bonding,
and sexual diversity. Roughgarden proposes that traits like same-sex
attraction or gender fluidity can enhance a species survival, not by
(13:16):
producing more offspring directly, but by strengthening social ties and group
cohesions. At the same time, scientists are increasingly aware of the importance
of language and framing. For decades, researchers used loaded terms like
deviant, abnormal, or unnatural to describe same-sex behavior in animals.
(13:36):
Today, many scholars advocate for neutral, descriptive language that avoids human
moral judgments. Advances in genomics and neurobiology are also reshaping the
conversation. Studies of sexual orientation in mammals, for example,
suggest that a complex interplay of genes and brain structures influences
behavior, but no single, quote, gay gene determines it. This complexity reinforces
(14:02):
the idea that diversity is an inherent, valuable part of life. Finally, there are
ethical considerations. As scientists study animal sexuality and gender, they
must be careful not to impose human categories or project human assumptions
onto their subjects. Respecting the autonomy and dignity of other species is
(14:25):
part of good science and part of good stewardship of the natural world. So, what
can we learn from this? Well, one, across species and ecosystems, we see that
diversity is everywhere. Same-sex pairings, gender fluidity, non-reproductive
sex, these aren't rare exceptions or evolutionary mistakes. They are part of
(14:47):
the incredible tapestry of life on Earth. Two, understanding this richness
challenges us to rethink our own assumptions about what's natural. It
invites us to see queerness not as something outside of nature, but as
deeply woven into its very fabric. And three, perhaps most importantly, it reminds
(15:08):
us that embracing diversity, whether in the wild or in our own communities, isn't
just about tolerance. It's about recognizing the beauty, resilience, and
adaptability that diversity brings to all living systems. For those interested in
exploring further, I recommend Joan Roughgarden's Evolution's Rainbow or
(15:29):
Bruce Bagemil's Biological Exuberance. They are both groundbreaking works on
this subject. And I'm going to put affiliate links to their books in my
show notes and they will also be on my website at mathsciencehistory.com. So,
thank you for joining me on this queer journey through the natural world for
Pride Month. And until next time, Carpe Diem. Let your rainbow flags fly. Thank
(15:56):
you for tuning in to Math Science History. If you enjoyed today's episode,
please leave a quick rating and review. They really help the podcast. You can
find our transcripts at mathsciencehistory.com. And while you're
there, remember to click on that coffee button because every dollar you donate
supports a portion of our production costs and keeps our educational website
(16:17):
free. Again, thank you for tuning in and until next time, Carpe Diem.
you
Welcome to Math Science History. Hi, I'm Gabrielle Birchak. I have a background in
math, science, and journalism. Today, in honor of Pride Month, we are looking at
the queer side of nature and how the world around us has always been part of
the beautiful rainbow culture. By the time you are done listening to today's
podcast, you're going to know so much more about a wide variety of adaptive
(00:25):
animals and plants that defy binaries.
In the year 415, the infamous philosopher and mathematician Hypatia of Alexandria,
Egypt was savagely murdered by church monks. This murder shocked the Roman
(00:45):
community and its government leaders. Hypatia was known far and wide as a
respected philosopher, mathematician, government advisor, and a professor.
Hypatia, the sum of her life, is a book that I wrote that looks not just at the
circumstances surrounding her death, but also at the sum of her entire life. I
(01:06):
weave in the details of her education, disciples, Neoplatonic philosophies,
female contemporaries, and the many mathematics that she wrote and taught
about. There is truly more to Hypatia's life than her death. Hypatia, the sum of
her life, written by me, Gabrielle Birchak, is now on sale on Amazon. Buy your copy
(01:27):
today. We are often told that nature is all about survival of the fittest,
reproduction, and heterosexual pairs. But what if nature has always been far from
queerer than we thought? Today, I'm going to take you on a global journey
(01:47):
throughout the world of science, from the earliest observations to cutting-edge
research, to explore queerness in nature, from same-sex pairings among penguins
and albatrosses, to gender-fluid fish, to the astonishing social lives of the
bonobos. I'm going to break down myths, look at what 600 years of scientific
(02:09):
observation has taught us, and consider why acknowledging queerness in nature
matters for all of us today. It turns out that the natural order isn't exactly
what you thought it was. Long before modern science, humans watched the
natural world with wonder and often confusion. From the ancient Greeks to
(02:31):
medieval Europe, people noticed animal behaviors that didn't fit tidy
categories. But without today's vocabulary or tools, they often framed
these observations as curiosities, anomalies, or even moral lessons. So let's
go back to Aristotle in the 4th century BCE. He was known as the father of
(02:51):
biology. Aristotle meticulously catalogued the natural world, and in his
work, History of Animals, he noted what he called unusual sexual behaviors,
including same-sex interactions among certain birds and mammals. Yet for
Aristotle, these were exceptions to nature's rules. They were aberrations and
(03:13):
not patterns. So let's fast forward to the Middle Ages. Medieval bestiaries,
lavish books describing real and mythical creatures, often mentioned
animals with dual or changing sexes, like hyenas or animals believed to mate
outside of male-female pairs. But here too, these traits were shrouded in myth or
(03:35):
moral allegory. Hyenas, for example, were symbols of greed or deception, not
subjects of biological interest. In the 16th century, Italian naturalist Ulysses
Aldrovandi documented hundreds of animal species and their behaviors.
Aldrovandi marveled at creatures like hermaphroditic snails, which blurred
(03:57):
sexual boundaries. 200 years later, naturalists like George-Louis Leclerc and
Comte de Buffon expanded on these observations. Buffon, who wrote the
massive Histoire Naturelle, recorded homosexual behavior in dogs and other
animals, though he often framed these as signs of captivity, boredom, or imbalance.
(04:20):
The idea that such behaviors might be natural or even widespread was still a
bridge too far. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, through natural selection,
revolutionized biology. However, he saw sexual diversity as a dead end. Thus, his
focus on reproductive success set the stage for erasure of queerness in nature.
(04:42):
And as a side note, Darwin was a chauvinist and believed that women were
inferior. So I guess there's a reason to not fully agree with all of his moral
philosophies. So anyhow, the 20th century marked a turning point in how scientists
viewed sex and diversity in the animal kingdom. Alfred Kinsey's research in the
(05:04):
1940s and 50s documented homosexual behavior across species, laying groundwork
for a broader understanding of sexuality. Around the same time, ethologists began
reporting same-sex behaviors in dolphins and Japanese macaques, noting their
social bonding functions. But it was the bonobo that truly reshaped perspectives.
(05:26):
This peaceful primate, native to the Congo, engages in frequent same-sex
interactions used not just for reproduction, but for building alliances,
easing conflict, and maintaining social harmony within their communities. And then
came a major intellectual shift. In the early 2000s, biologist Joan Roughgarden
(05:48):
boldly challenged Darwinian orthodoxy. In her landmark book, Evolution's Rainbow,
Roughgarden argued that diversity in sexual behavior, including same-sex
interactions and gender variation, wasn't a glitch in evolution, but a feature.
She proposed social selection, an expansion of natural selection, emphasizing
(06:11):
cooperation and social bonding, not just competition and reproduction. Her work
sparked heated debates and opened new doors for how we think about sex and
gender in nature. By the 1990s and early 2000s, hundreds of documented cases of
homosexual behavior and gender diversity in animals were emerging across
(06:34):
scientific journals. Yet, for the general public, these stories were just beginning
to trickle in, often sensationalized by media headlines or dismissed as
anthropomorphism, a term to describe how human ideas are projected onto animals.
So what the research actually showed, and continues to show, is that queerness in
(06:57):
nature is real, widespread, and deeply woven into the fabric of life itself.
I just want to repeat that one more time because it's so profound. This research
shows that queerness in nature is real, and it's woven into the world, into
nature, who we are and how we live. So around the world, nature offers a
(07:20):
breathtaking display of diversity far beyond human categories of male, female,
straight, or gay. So I'm gonna start in one of the unlikeliest of places, the
Central Park Zoo in New York City. So grab your popcorn, it's a good story.
We'll be right back after a quick word from my advertisers. In the early 2000s,
(07:43):
two male chinstrap penguins, Roy and Silo, became international celebrities. Roy and
Silo bonded. They built a nest together and even tried to incubate a rock as if
it were an egg. I think that is so precious. Zookeepers eventually gave
them a real egg to care for, and the pair successfully raised a chick named
(08:08):
Tango. Their story sparked children's books, headlines, and heated debates
about nature and parenting. But what often got lost in the noise was this. Roy and
Silo weren't an exception. Same-sex penguin pairs have been documented in
the wild and in zoos across Australia, Germany, and beyond. In the tropical
(08:31):
forests of the Congo Basin, the bonobos show us what it means to blur the lines
between sexual and social behavior. Bonobos are famously bisexual. Male and
females regularly engage in same-sex genital contact, but this isn't random or
meaningless. It's part of how they maintain peace in their groups, resolve
(08:53):
conflicts, and build alliances. In bonobo society, sex is as much about connection
as it is about reproduction. In Japan, Japanese macaques offer another striking
example. Female-female sexual behavior is common and often more frequent and
intense than heterosexual pairings. Researchers have documented long-lasting
(09:16):
female pairs that engage in mounting, grooming, and mutual support, part of the
complex web of macaque social life. On the Hawaiian Islands,
Laysan albatrosses show us yet another form of queer life. On Oahu, researchers
studying the albatross nesting patterns were surprised to discover that around
(09:36):
30% of pairs were female-female. These pairs cooperate to raise chicks, often
after mating with a male outside the pair. While they may face some challenges
compared to male-female pairs, they can still successfully raise offspring, and
their bonds can last for years. But queerness in nature isn't just about
(09:58):
same-sex pairs. Even fish defy the idea of fixed gender. Clownfish, for example, are
sequential hermaphrodites. They are born male, but if the dominant female in a
group dies, the largest male will change sex and become female. Wrasses and
parrotfish also change sex in response to social cues, allowing them to maintain
(10:22):
balance in their populations. Beyond animals, the plant and the fungal kingdoms
add even more layers. Some corals and fungi have more than two mating types,
sometimes dozens or hundreds. These species remind us that nature's playbook
is far more inventive and expansive than our human categories suggest. So why
(10:42):
does nature seem to defy the rigid binaries we humans are so fond of? One
key answer is that diversity offers evolutionary advantages. Take the penguin,
for example. In some populations, same-sex pairs help ensure that abandoned eggs
survive. In the case of the albatrosses, female-female pairs boost the colony's
(11:03):
reproductive success in male-scarce environments. Gender fluidity in fish
provides another clue. When environmental or social pressures shift, like the loss
of a dominant female, species like clownfish adapt by changing sex, ensuring
that reproduction can continue without disruption. This flexibility is a
(11:24):
powerful survival tool. And then there's the social glue of sexual behavior. In
Bonobo societies, sex is used to build alliances, ease tensions, and foster
cooperation. Same-sex interactions aren't just tolerated, they are essential to
group stability. What all these examples show is that nature values adaptability.
(11:48):
Traits that promote cooperation, flexibility, and resilience often
enhance survival, even if they don't fit our narrow ideas of what's normal or
natural. And that is perhaps the most radical lesson of all. Queerness isn't
an outlier, it's one of nature's core strategies. Yet, for much of scientific
(12:08):
history, researchers downplayed or ignored these phenomena, often because of their
own cultural biases. When they did report same-sex behavior or gender variations,
it was frequently framed as a deviation or a mistake. Only in recent decades have
scientists begun to reframe these behaviors as natural, adaptive, and worthy
(12:30):
of study in their own right. As we enter the 21st century, new research continues
to deepen and complicate our understanding of sexuality and gender in
nature. One important shift has been the growing recognition that identity is not
determined solely by biology. Nature and nurture work together in intricate, often
(12:50):
unpredictable ways. Joan Roughgarden's work has been particularly influential
here. In Evolution's Rainbow, she argues that Darwin's focus on competition and
reproductive fitness overlooked the importance of cooperation, social bonding,
and sexual diversity. Roughgarden proposes that traits like same-sex
attraction or gender fluidity can enhance a species survival, not by
(13:16):
producing more offspring directly, but by strengthening social ties and group
cohesions. At the same time, scientists are increasingly aware of the importance
of language and framing. For decades, researchers used loaded terms like
deviant, abnormal, or unnatural to describe same-sex behavior in animals.
(13:36):
Today, many scholars advocate for neutral, descriptive language that avoids human
moral judgments. Advances in genomics and neurobiology are also reshaping the
conversation. Studies of sexual orientation in mammals, for example,
suggest that a complex interplay of genes and brain structures influences
behavior, but no single, quote, gay gene determines it. This complexity reinforces
(14:02):
the idea that diversity is an inherent, valuable part of life. Finally, there are
ethical considerations. As scientists study animal sexuality and gender, they
must be careful not to impose human categories or project human assumptions
onto their subjects. Respecting the autonomy and dignity of other species is
(14:25):
part of good science and part of good stewardship of the natural world. So, what
can we learn from this? Well, one, across species and ecosystems, we see that
diversity is everywhere. Same-sex pairings, gender fluidity, non-reproductive
sex, these aren't rare exceptions or evolutionary mistakes. They are part of
(14:47):
the incredible tapestry of life on Earth. Two, understanding this richness
challenges us to rethink our own assumptions about what's natural. It
invites us to see queerness not as something outside of nature, but as
deeply woven into its very fabric. And three, perhaps most importantly, it reminds
(15:08):
us that embracing diversity, whether in the wild or in our own communities, isn't
just about tolerance. It's about recognizing the beauty, resilience, and
adaptability that diversity brings to all living systems. For those interested in
exploring further, I recommend Joan Roughgarden's Evolution's Rainbow or
(15:29):
Bruce Bagemil's Biological Exuberance. They are both groundbreaking works on
this subject. And I'm going to put affiliate links to their books in my
show notes and they will also be on my website at mathsciencehistory.com. So,
thank you for joining me on this queer journey through the natural world for
Pride Month. And until next time, Carpe Diem. Let your rainbow flags fly. Thank
(15:56):
you for tuning in to Math Science History. If you enjoyed today's episode,
please leave a quick rating and review. They really help the podcast. You can
find our transcripts at mathsciencehistory.com. And while you're
there, remember to click on that coffee button because every dollar you donate
supports a portion of our production costs and keeps our educational website
(16:17):
free. Again, thank you for tuning in and until next time, Carpe Diem.
you
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