Episode Transcript
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Welcome to Today In Space. Thisweek, we get to talk to someone
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who's kind of at the front linesof showing everyone what's
possible with climate changeinitiatives and innovations. And
Josh dwarfman, the CEO and hostof super cool, is joining us
this week, and I had a reallygreat time talking with him.
It's always fun when someoneelse does podcasting or talking,
when you could do it withsomeone who's done it for so
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long, like Josh, it's just a funback and forth. So I really want
to thank Josh for coming on. Itwas just nice to have someone so
passionate about something likeI am with space. And it's always
just fun to get to know them alittle bit more, and that's what
we did on this episode thispeople of science. Josh Dorfman
shares about his life for hisupbringing. We talk about
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climate, we talk about AI andtechnology, which was very kind
to jump into that conversationwith me. And we played around
with the idea of the spaceconundrum, which we did our
Fourth of July episode. Allabout that in the search that we
all have for our own mentalfreedom. So go check that out if
you haven't already right beforewe start. Before we start. I
just wanted to say thank you forjoining us. If you haven't
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already, subscribe to uswherever you are. Apple podcast,
Spotify, YouTube, where it is,wherever it is. You listen or
watch the podcast. If you wantto help support the podcast,
we've got a bunch of links ineach episode's description so
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know, since you guys are in theknow, you guys are the inner
circle the Today In Spacepodcast. Fam, make sure to
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follow us on, eg, 3d printing tosee what we're doing. We've got
our website, eg, 3d printing.comWe've got our Instagram page at
80 printing, Facebook. AG, 3dprinting and on Tech Talk. AG,
3d printing live, where we'reposting every time we open that
map, which has been veryinteresting, but huge news
coming at the end of this monthfor our 3d printing efforts, and
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we're doing something brand new.So I want you to stay up to date
on that. Make sure to go followus there, and that's it. Folks.
Welcome. Josh Dorfman, let'sdive in. Welcome to Today In
Space. We're back for anotherepisode. This week. We'll be
talking to Josh wharfman, cofounder, CEO and host of super
cool Josh, thanks for joining
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us, Alex. It's just great to behere, man. I'm very excited to
chat with
you, absolutely like we dowhenever we have someone on the
podcast. Let's start with yourorigin story. Kind of tell us a
little bit about who you are asa person, but really the journey
that's brought you to startingbusinesses and super cool and
and just all of that good stuff.
Yeah, awesome. I mean, that's avery open, open ended way to get
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into it. But so I guess I wouldsay I was raised by parents who
were who are entrepreneurs, whogrew businesses. So I think that
was just always, was just themodel that I saw, right? It was
not necessarily a conventionalmodel, and and my parents did a
couple things, and actuallyalways worked together. The
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business they ran the longestwas a children's sleep away
camp, a summer camp up in NewHampshire, and wonderful on so
many levels. But I think as akid growing up and seeing your
parents working on that kind ofbusiness, it's kind of all the
time. I mean, you get a lot offreedom. It's people think, Oh,
it's a summer camp. It's eightweeks in the summer, and then
you live like the greatestlifestyle ever, right? But you
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got to go hire 100 people everyyear, if not more, you got to
recruit more campers. And so Iwas just around, you know, role
models who were just, it wasjust kind of woven into the
fabric of our lives, right? Theymight, we might, they might have
an early dinner, and thenthey're going out to try and
recruit campers and get acustomer. And so, right? So that
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was kind of ingrained in me. Andthen the other thing that was
ingrained in me growing up wasthis was really through my mom
to have a very internationaloutlook, just to be very mindful
of your place in the world. We'dhave really interesting dinner
conversations. We were kind ofrequired to growing up and so so
after college, I went to Chinafor a couple of years, and I
went to the University ofPennsylvania. I was an
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international relations major.Had studied major. Had studied
in France as an undergrad. Cameback from my senior year, 1993
94 Tiananmen Square had happenedin 1989 that was about now a few
years in the rear view mirror,and the Clinton administration
was starting to ask thequestion, how do we re engage
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with China? And so it'sinteresting to reflect back now
on that moment, given how howoften China is, you know, front
and center first. You know,front page news. But back then
it really wasn't. But for me,something triggered where I
thought, You know what, this isgonna this is gonna become the
most important relationship inthe 21st Century, the 21st
Century, the relationshipbetween the United States and
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China, and it was for whateverreason, it was crystal clear. My
view was, I'm going to go there.I'm going to figure out how to
get there. Something cool willhappen. Hopefully that means I'm
going into the CIA. I don'treally know, but if I, but if I
can just figure out how to getthere, I'll say. Myself. I'll
learn Chinese. I'll learn theculture. And I've always loved
being kind of cross cultural andlearning different cultures. And
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so I did. I got to China 1995 Iwas teaching English on the
university outside of a Nanjing,Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, teaching thesegrad students, these master
students, PhD students, reallyfascinating. And I got a part
time job just because I wastrying to, one, make a little
bit extra income, but two, justbut two, just experience this
country as much as I could. Igot a part time job working in a
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bicycle lock factory. Now, atthe time, everyone in China had
a bicycle. That's over a billionpeople riding bikes, right? And
so I don't know if you ever hada Kryptonite bike lock. I've
heard of them. Yeah, yeah. Theycreated, like, the original U
shaped bike lock. Oh,
okay, I didn't kryptonite overthe first Yeah,
I was kryptonite. Wow. 1995kryptonite opens their first
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factory in China, 20 minutesfrom where I'm teaching English.
Oh, damn. And they needed anAmerican to just sort of show up
and let the Chinese know, like,Hey, we're keeping tabs on
things. And so that was me. Ididn't have an operations
background. I knew nothing aboutsupply chains, but I was, but I,
you know, raised my hand. I'mlike, I'll do that. And so I
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didn't, I didn't speak Chinesewhen I first went into that
factory. And I just brought a,you know, a couple carts of
cigarettes. And I was like, hereyou go, pass them out to
engineers, right? Make friends,yeah. And that kind of started
me on a journey, which I endedup working for kryptonite full
time. We opened more factories.It was really a life changing
experience. I say all that tosay to kind of get to this
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moment in 1997 where we opened athird factory in southern China.
And I, by that point, my Chinesewas, was really good. I mean, I
was learning, like a baby, youknow, when you're in China and
you're learning Chinese, atleast back then, yeah, they were
so, like, shocked. I mean, itwas a little sort of, you know,
probably condescending, butthey'd be like, Oh, my God, the
foreign devil can say any right?And they're like, Oh, you're
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like, oh, ni hao. And they'relike, what, you know, you can
speak our language? Yeah, he's agenius. How could he possibly
learn our language? And so youget all this positive
reinforcement, and at first youmake no sense, and then
eventually you just make sense,like how a baby learns. And so I
learned like a baby, wow. So1997 we opened this third
factory. I'm traveling with theChinese owner of the of the
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factory to this restaurant.We're going to consummate the
deal in essentially acombination of what's called by
Geo, which is basically, likegrain alcohol. And so it's like
this combination of grainalcohol and Snake blood, and
we're all going there to doshots. And then we're like,
okay, we're in business. And sowe get to the parking lot, we're
in his Mercedes, and again, thisis Communist China, nearly 30
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years ago. We're in this dude'smassive Mercedes, and we get to
the parking lot, there's allthese other Mercedes there. And
before we go into therestaurant, he says, Josh, look,
my Mercedes is the biggestMercedes in the parking lot. His
chest swells up with pride. AndI just thought, right, you're
just like us. You want more. Youwant bigger. No one here wants a
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bike. And there's a billion ofyou, and there's going to be a
billion cars here, and I'mseeing all the highways and
bridges and tunnels and all ofthis coming in so fast. There's
gonna be a billion cars here. Idon't know anything about
climate change. I don't knowanything about global warming. I
never this, never even on myradar as a kid. But I just
started thinking, like, how isthis gonna work? Like, where
even is all the oil gonna comefrom? What's and I just started
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it just I felt like I peekedinto the future. I eventually
came back states, but I justcouldn't lose this feeling of
like I've seen where we're goingas a civilization, and I'm not
sure we're resourced to do thatwithout wars or huge competition
in the Middle East. I just don'tget how that's going to work,
and eventually that led metoward understanding climate and
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sustainability and what washappening globally, and trying
to figure out for me. I mean,the thing I'll say here, I'll
pause, is I after thatexperience, and I got my MBA, I
went through the.com bubble, butI could never lose this notion
of, like, how are we going tosurvive and thrive on this
planet live as well as wepossibly can, and enable future
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generations to do the same,knowing that we're contending
with finite resources, knowingthat we're now contending with
climate change, and I never lostsight of that, that that's
really been the guy the guidingthrough line for me for the rest
of my career.
That is so cool. I love it's sointeresting, how much your
parents, seeing what yourparents did, really set you up
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for, like, this entrepreneuriallife, and just like seeing the
traction in real life, like,that's like the market, right?
That's like picking up on atrend that people don't even see
coming and like that, that feelslike a trait that is pretty
unique to entrepreneurs andpeople that that do that was
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that, did you always have that?Did you just, do you think it
was just the environment thatyou were in, or, like, where do
you think that came from?
Yeah, it's a great question. II. Think I was given license as
a kid to have as hold as muchvision as I possibly could. I
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was never, well, maybe I wouldsay two things, right? On the
one hand, I think that's true,and on the other hand, while my
dad was entrepreneurial, hewasn't that way. So if I came up
with an idea, or I wanted to,you know, China's example, or I
wanted to go do something hishis first instinct was usually
no, and it would trigger someanxiety in him. And so I think
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for me, it was a combination oflike, I'm seeing these
entrepreneurial parents and I'mbeing told I can't do something
over and over again. Andeventually that reaction in me
was to just be like, for betteror worse. You know, when I got
to college, it was like, I'mgoing to say yes to everything.
You know, which is, which is,you know, that's the wisest
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strategy, right? But like, youknow, but I do think I've always
that kind of combination of howI grew up, has has compelled me,
enabled me to think big. Thinkabout vision. China was that
way. And I will say, as Ipivoted, then eventually to
thinking about sustainability,which, you know, started working
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on my first company in 2004 ish,this modern design, sustainable,
what eventually became like afurniture and furnishing
company. I also could see thatcoming. I could see that this
green thing that I don't knowanything about is about to
become huge in the 21st Century.And I could see that too. And
the thing that I would say aboutmyself is I'm not the first
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there were. There were Americansin China for two decades before
I got there, right? Nixonactually opened China on the day
I was born. So I did feel like alittle bit this was like, wow.
Like, Wow, interesting. Yeah,yes, me, I'm gonna go there.
Yeah, I could see things earlyand pick up on trends early,
which I do think is a reallygood entrepreneurial trait, and
a lot of entrepreneurs probablyhave that in common. You don't
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have to be the first, but if andyou may not even want to be the
first, right, that's not alwaysthe best position, right? Seeing
things early. That's somethingthat, yeah, has been pretty core
to how I operate.
And did you find I asked thisbecause I I've kind of gone
through this process myself. Didyou find being like a very lots
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of what's the word I'm lookingfor? Imagination, you're able
to, like, see the future ish orsee something happening in front
of you. Did you find it hardwhen you were younger to, like,
get things done, or, like, dothat second part that's really
necessary for business, whichis, like, you may have the idea,
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but you've got to execute andwork your butt off. Was that?
Did that also come natural?
Some of it did my my strength asan entrepreneur is in creating
something out of nothing, right?My and I can take that. I know
how far I can take that, right?I can take that through a seed
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round. I can take that through aSeries A round. I can, you know,
get toward the series B round.But once you're starting to get
into kind of growth stages, orif someone asked me to come in
and manage something within alarger company, and I've done
that too, it's just not, itdoesn't light me up. It's really
not my greatest strengths,building something at from
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scratch, and pushing it till itactually becomes kind of clear
to everyone else, like, oh yeah,this is going to become
something, yeah. That's, that'sreally kind of my, my strong
suit.
I love that you're so honestabout that, because I think, I
think there's a ton of peoplewho are good at a certain part
of business and then end upgetting sucked into another
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aspect of it that they don'tlove. And I think, you know,
we're gonna talk about AI andthings like that in a second
here. But like, I think it'sreally interesting in the world
of automation and what comesnext in the world, like, if
labor and work and menial taskscan be done, then what are you
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really doing with with yourlife? And to hear you say that,
it's, it's, to me, it'sexciting, because I'm like,
okay, like, this guy's reallyjust going after and focusing on
the things that you are reallygood at and making the most of
that. Does that sound right?
Yeah, that's, I'd say that'saccurate, yeah. And I think that
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as a society, as and this kindof part of the society around,
you know, entrepreneurship,startups, we operate under some
myths. And I would really saythat they're myths, because we
do myth building, and we do, youknow, this sort of hero worship,
right? You look at like an ElonMusk, or you look at Zuckerberg,
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or you look at Steve Jobs BillGates, entrepreneurs who took an
idea from zero to one andbeyond, did the whole thing.
They could be the early stageentrepreneur. They could be the
growth stage entrepreneur. Theycould be. The CEO of a mature
company, and in all of those inwell, yeah, even with Tesla, all
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those instances, even take acompany public and and still be
the CEO that is, like, that'sthe outlier. Those are the
unicorns. Yeah, most, right.Most CEOs are mo certainly, most
CEOs are definitely not thatsomewhere the early stage. Some
are the growth stage. Some arethe public, right? But very,
very few have that whole thing.And it creates, I feel like some
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false Well, what should I think?It creates some, you know, some
negative feelings and anxietywithin CEOs and C suite
executives who think they haveto be at their best through all
those stages. And it's just notthe way the world works. For 99%
of the world. And that's okay,
yeah, duh. I mean, it's justreal talk. I mean, I think, I
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think we live in this veryinteresting time. I talk about
it in this perspective of thespace conundrum, which is this
idea of, like, you know, thelast space race, which kind of
led to us looking at Earth forthe first time from the moon,
and really everyone, even Nixon,focusing on the environment, but
it was filled with all thischaotic just insanity in in real
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life. So this progress in spaceand progress and chaos in
society were kind of tiedtogether, and we seem like we're
right in the middle of thatcycle. Again, tons of space
progress and tons of societalchaos. And it, it really kind of
puts things into perspective, oflike, what's important, and how
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do you really manage life inthis kind of, like, insane
scenario? I don't know how that,how that idea hits you, but
wondering what you think aboutthat. I
mean, I find that fascinating.It's why I was excited to talk
to you. Just given you know yourarea of focus and expertise, and
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because that linkage, as you'redescribing it, I never would
have made that, that link, thatthere's this sort of this.
There's this moment happening inspace, and it's now reflected,
which is reflected down onEarth, yes, right, this sort of
chaos moment, or this, thismoment of, of yeah, just
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outcomes unclear. I guess wecould say Right, like, yeah,
like, I will sound. I said toyou right before we got started,
I spent much of the past, much,much of the 2020, so far,
working with x space Xers. So Ispent a lot of time talking
about Mars, and I will say withmy my co founder, Watto, this
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company planted, which I'm happyto talk about when we started.
Its carbon negative buildingmaterials. So, like, we're
trying to replace trees withthis fast growing grass, and
pull down carbon and and, andthen lock it away, sequestering
the walls of homes. You know, itwas always like, yeah, the
Spaceship Earth, this, this isfinite. We just like the we have
a carbon imbalance. And this guywas responsible for the life
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support systems for the dragoncrew spacecraft. So that was
just like, we got to regulatecarbon. We can't have too much
carbon in the cabin, right?Like, we got to keep everybody
alive on this little bubblegoing around the Earth. Now we
have Spaceship Earth biggerbubble, but we've got these
imbalances we have to rectify.That's, that's how you think so
but, but what was amazing, heshowed me when we first met, and
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we're, like, laying this thingout. He had this spreadsheet.
And he's like, Okay, so we're inphase one of this plant, right?
Phase one? And, like, it's like,phase seven is, you know,
colonize Mars build. Call itlike, literally, just build
colonies on Mars, and we need tofigure out the materials, and we
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need to figure out, you know,what we might grow on Mars. And
we need to figure out, like,what shovels we're going to get
to Mars. It's really expensiveto bring a shovel to Mars. Like,
we got to figure out themachine, right? All this, like,
we're in phase one of this,like, you know, master plan. So
I don't know, I guess thatthat's where my mind goes, where
you talk about this sort of, youknow, here's what's happening
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with with kind of, whether it'sa space race or the next
evolution of what's happeningwith space exploration, how
that's reflected down on onEarth. And I feel grateful that
I have had some lens into peoplewho have worked on that too.
Yeah, have some understanding ofthe conversation.
Yeah, yeah, it's, it's such aninteresting field, or, like,
field of study, right? Like,space, anything in space, is
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such a multi disciplinary thing.And problem solving is such, is
like at the core, and you havethis unique opportunity to kind
of start from scratch with anyproblem, because you there's
nothing there, you know, likeeven going to the moon right
now, like there's barelyanything there, like even GPS
and satellites and all thatstuff. So it's like, when you
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think of something like Mars andand living there, man, that's a
lot of problems to solve, butlike, you get the right people
in there, just like the peopleyou worked with, I'm sure, just
like. Are ready to tackle it andgive it, give it their all. So
let's go back to plant it,because I love that story, and I
think, you know, on thispodcast, I would love to do more
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on the environment and just ourplanet, right in general. So to
have you here, who's, you know,built companies around this,
tried to solve problems aroundthis, and we'll get to to the
rest of the business here. Buttell me about that journey, like
where you found these guys,where did you meet them, and how
did the pieces start to cometogether
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in 2018 I want to say thereabout so I was living in
Asheville, North Carolina, andI'm talking to you, and I live
down on the coast in SouthCarolina, pretty awesome little
town called Surfside beach, butI spent eight years living up in
the mountains in western NorthCarolina. And I, I mentioned, I
mentioned briefly, in yearsbefore that, 2004 I'd started
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this sustainable furniturecompany focused on modern design
and trying to make it appealingfor mainstream consumers to
consider the more environmentalalternative, because it just
looked beautiful and it lookednormal and no sacrifice, right?
And in 2018 I came back to thatidea, and I and I thought, okay,
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here I am in North Carolina.This is furniture manufacturing
country, historically the mostimportant furniture
manufacturing hub in America, ifnot the world. Why don't I give
this another go? And so Istarted working with the
factory. I started working witha great designer, and I came up
with this concept we calledassembly, like simple assembly.
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It's kind of IKEA style, Chip,flat, flat pack to you, but
really beautiful design, and wewere using this really high
quality Forest StewardshipCouncil FSC certified plywood.
And it was awesome. It wasgreat. It was it was a great
little business. And then thepandemic hit, COVID hit at
first, like for many otherfurniture companies, that was
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great, because everyone'sfurnishing home offices and
buying our desk. And then right.And then pretty quickly it
became it broke the businessbecause our factory had to shut
down. I couldn't get thematerial. And when I could get
this material, the quality wasgoing down, prices were going
up. And I just started homing inon this material issue. And I
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started thinking, like, okay,here I am. I've dedicated so
much of my life tosustainability. I feel this is
really important. Is thisresponsibly harvested wood
really like the best we can doas a material to make stuff out
of? Like, yeah. And it wasreally frustrating me. And so in
that moment, this again, this.So this is now I want to say so
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well, this some time had passed,so this was probably early 2021,
now, someone I knew said to me,Hey, there's this guy down in
Raleigh, Durham. You should justtalk to him. He's got a little
furniture kind of concept goingmanufacturing thing. I think you
guys would like each other.Well, I took a look at this
guy's website, and it was like,pre AOL, you know, it was just
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the design, the esthetic. AndI'm a branding kind of
communication that's veryesthetic driven person. I was
like, Yeah, I don't really needto talk to whoever's behind this
thing, but WADA is verypersistent, and so eventually we
get on the phone, and he'ssaying, you're going to build
this huge furniture company,it's going to be eco friendly
and do all this good for theworld. And I was like, No, man,
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if it succeeds, I will do goodfor my family, but I'm not
really sure we're doing thatmuch good for the world. He's
like, Well, why? And I'm like, Ijust don't buy into this whole
material thing. And, you know,wood. And he's like, Well, what
would you do? And I was like, Idon't know, maybe use hemp, try
something else. And he's like,Oh, I've got six giant trash
bags of hemp in my garage.That's like, what? Like, who are
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you? What are you talking about?Yeah, exactly. And he's like,
Oh, I just moved here. I spenteight years at SpaceX. I ran the
life support systems keepingastronauts alive on the dragon
cruise spacecraft. And I'm like,and you're in Raleigh, and he's
like, Well, you know, I I put aspreadsheet together of all the
cities and all my criteria, andRaleigh was number one. And we
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got here, and there's a lot oftrees, and it's nice, and, yeah,
here we go. And so I immediatelythought I said two things. I'm
like, Okay, here's what I thinkwe should do. This was like, 20
minutes. I'm like, I'm like, I'mgoing to shut my company. I
think you should shut yourcompany, and we should go build
a materials company, because heand other space actors, and this
was coming down from Elon at thetime, were were thinking about
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carbon removal. We're thinkingabout this really carbon
imbalance. And Elon was onrecord saying, there's not
enough land on planet Earth toplant trees to pull enough
carbon. It's just physically, itis just, there's just not enough
space, like something else needsto do carbon removal. And he
had, actually was just launchedthis 100 million dollar X Prize
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competition to come up withcarbon removal so. Solutions. So
WADA and some space experts werethinking about that. So we put
these ideas together, and wesaid, Okay, what if we could
figure out something, maybe 10,maybe something else goes much
faster than trees pull carbonfaster the material has to have
utility. Like, we're not justgoing to do this as a science
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experiment or trying to sellsomeone a random carbon credit,
like we got to build a businesshere, right? So, and if we're
and if we're going to do this,and we're going to replace trees
in industry, where do trees go?Trees turn into lumber. They
mostly go into homes in America,okay, so we're going to try and
grow something and put it inhomes as a building material. So
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then it was like, why don't wego call some home builders and
see if they would be interestedin this? And we just started,
right? We just like, and it waslike, oh, but also, why can you
get some more space extras here?And he was like, Yeah, I think I
could do that. So that's so thatbecame planted. That's actually
what we did. We we built it. Webuilt a company. We found this.
We found it in in 2021 about May2021, so four years ago, and we
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said, Okay, we're going to findsomething that grows faster than
trees. We did. We found aperennial grass that grows eight
to nine, maybe 10 times fasterthan trees. Hard, crazy every
year. Structurally awesome. Youcan you can do exactly the same
things. We pulled more spaceextras here. This is what we
were doing. We actually opened afactory just north of Raleigh,
Durham, little town calledOxford, where we built first of
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its kind, modular productionsystem that's about 140 feet
long and and built for probably100th of the price of a modern
mill that makes like a plywoodor oriented strand board, which
is the two which is the four byeight sheet you nailed to the
two by fours when you werebuilding a house. Yeah. So we
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actually, and it's all electric,so we said, Okay, we're gonna
pull this carbon down with thisgrass. But this grass doesn't
exist. There's no supply chain,so we have to build it. And so
with SpaceX, there's, it's like,Well, nothing's harder than
building a rocket ship. So we'lljust set up a tissue culture
lab, and we'll set up greenhouseoperations, and we'll go find
farmers, which we did, wow. Andthen we built this production
(27:05):
capability with no smokestack onthe roof, first of its kind, so
we don't give the carbon back,right? We're actually
sequestering. We're keeping itsequestered. And then we, early
on, started working with DRHorton, who's the largest home
builder in America. Like, oneout of every seven new homes in
America today is a DR Hordenhome. Oh, wow. First builder to
ever build a million homes inAmerica. They're doing about
(27:27):
100,000 homes a year. Theystarted working with us early
on, just last fall. So in 2024about three and a half years
after starting this business,they gave us an order for 10
million of these panels. Wow. 10million these panels is about
90,000 homes. I mean, this islike, I mean, you talk about,
like a sort of proverbial rocketship. This thing is a rocket
(27:52):
ship that's planted. Wow. I gotto work with these SpaceX guys,
so I was the CEO for the firstthree years. I stepped down last
year and have become an advisorto the company. We're still
working on some really coolstuff. Nathan, one of the SpaceX
who stepped in as CEO, and it'sstill just guns blazing, man.
(28:12):
It's a really, really coolcompany
that is the most SpaceX thingI've ever heard. And I love it,
like, even down to like, how wedecided to go to Raleigh, like
the Excel spreadsheet, like thatis classic,
yeah, all right. Well, let me,let me tell you what one kind of
anecdote that that gave me somuch insight into how these guys
(28:34):
think, which was reallyfascinating. So in the fall of
2021 we raised a $2 million seedround, and when we got that
complete, that was the impetusfor everyone to move full time,
to be together in Raleigh. Okay,so I moved from Asheville.
Nathan moved from, you know,from a he actually left SpaceX.
Moved from LA other co founder.There were three of us who co
(28:55):
founded the company with Wada,who was already there when I got
to Durham. And what I love, whatI love about these guys is,
like, they're, they're so cheap,like, just, like, in here, like,
and this is also trained, right?They're just so, so cheap. So we
had the worst, like, the mostdisgusting, awful prototype
space in, just like, a part oftown where you don't want to be
(29:16):
after night, but it was dirtcheap. Yeah, and we get in the
and we're and we're bringing in,we're still bringing more
investors, and we're bringing incustomers and and what you need
when you're making buildingmaterials? I mean, it's not
terribly complicated to thinkabout. You need some way to get,
you know, in this case, grass orhemp or whatever, yeah, strip
it, slice it, get it intostrands, put a little put a
(29:39):
little resin on it, right, mixit up, and then, you know, you
apply some heat and you press itright. You got to try right.
That's kind of the wholeoperation. When I got to Durham
and I saw the prototype shop,the mixer we were using, WADA
had gone out and purchased a 50gallon used pickle barrel, and
he bought one. Probably forabout 50 bucks. And he bought a
(30:02):
treadmill off Craigslist forlike $120 and he got some wheels
and bolted the pickle barrelonto the treadmill. And so you
could just run this treadmill onfat burn, and you would have
have your mixer if you weregonna go out to the market. Even
at that level, you're, you know,you're probably, you're spending
over 1000 bucks to justprobably, you know, maybe 3000
(30:23):
to get a commercial scaleability, right? Investors would
show up, and, you know, I'd bepitching them, trying to get
them, you know, to come visit.And they know they're coming to
see SpaceX, they're alreadyexcited. And they're, you know,
they see shiny things, and thenthey see this thing, yeah, and
at first, like, you can see kindof the disappointment, and then
(30:43):
you can see the light bulbs allgo off because they think, oh my
gosh, these guys are going to beincredible stewards of my
capital, yes, yeah. And it was,it was, like that light bulb
moment that was so instrumentalfor helping us get new business,
(31:04):
get, you know, get people to buyinto what's what planted was
really going to be all about.Yeah, it was really learned so
much to seeing that sort ofSpaceX type, you know,
engineering approach applied tothe challenges that that we've
been working on solving. Yeah,
and it as having been trained byengineers of different eras.
(31:27):
It's a very unique type ofthinking, like classic
engineers, I think, I guess wecall them old school at this
point, that are still inbusiness, or some of the young
engineers that leave school.It's, you know, I want to, I
want to get a T slot rail,aluminum rail for this thing
that I'm building. You know,it's like the cost of building
(31:49):
whatever it is they want tobuild, is super high, and it
takes a long time to materializeor get anything out of it. And
so what you're describing islike what I saw in those early
days, 2011 2012 of I would havearguments with my professors in
(32:11):
college about the whole thingthat they didn't even think it
was possible. So these have beengreat years to see the fruits of
all what they've done, but alsoall these people from that
discipline, leaving and startingthese other companies, I think
is super, super cool. It's, it'sunlike anything I've seen in in
(32:31):
my lifetime, really,
I believe, yeah, totally. Imean, this was, this was my only
snapshot into it, yeah, and itthat was that will stay with me
forever. Man,
that is so cool that I mean,thank you for sharing that
story. And so, having grown up,my father was a contractor. We
did houses, a lot of flooring,and those supplies are super
(32:55):
expensive, and they were beforethe supply chain broke. And I, I
love the where that came from,just the the pure necessity of
something is broken here, thesupply chain, which no, no one
really thought it could breaklike it did. And in that
necessity, this, you know, itled you to this thing, which is
(33:17):
just so cool,
yeah, and that says a lot to alittle bit of luck timing. I
mean, it probably wasinfluencing our thinking that
this could be a good idea. Itwas definitely a business you
could get off the ground in 2021just knowing how capital
intensive it is to go do this, Ithink that's just become a lot
harder to do today. So a timingfor sure. Yeah, has so much to
(33:41):
do with, you know, with seeingsome of these ideas come to
fruition.
So let's, let's jump to, tosuper cool, tell me about what's
going on there. So
when I left, or when I steppeddown from running, planted day
to day, I picked my head up and,like we talked about in the
beginning of our conversation.You know, my career really
(34:03):
shifted coming out of China,where it's just like, I know one
day I'm going to be focused onthis sustainability thing. I
don't know how it's all going tocome together, but, but I feel
like I'm been put on this earthto work on these challenges. And
like I said, like being born onthe day Nixon opened China. And
then what that led to, and itjust, you know, for me, it's
(34:24):
just felt like this is mycalling. And so when I left
planted, I picked my head up,and I started looking around and
saying, Well, what else ishappening in this sort of
climate space, in thissustainability space? What I
started seeing was, you know, by2020 so this was what last year,
2024 you had hundreds of climatetech startups working in very
(34:50):
different disciplines that hadraised over the past decade,
Series B, financing, fundingrounds and beyond. So they were
growth stage. They'd got. In,through the lab. They'd gone
through early pilots, they had,they've hit market, right?
They've gotten and not all ofthem succeed, of course, but a
lot of them were succeeding. I'msaying, I'm looking around
(35:11):
saying, Wow, there are all thesesolutions in the market, not
just solar and wind, but thingsthat we can talk about around,
you know, harnessing AI inreally interesting ways in
machine learning that arecutting carbon, cutting costs
for businesses and deliveringbetter outcomes for customers,
like this is here. And then Iwas looking and you saw, in
(35:32):
2024, $2 trillion was investedglobally in clean energy. So
that's solar, that's EVs, that'swind, that's grid modernization
technologies, nuclear, somegeothermal, but 2 trillion and
the US, as historic as ourspending has been, was only 16%
(35:54):
of that total, 330 somewhathistoric for America, but only a
lot. A small piece of this trainthat has left the building and
and as much as you know we'refrom, so what I work on, you
know, in this current moment,the current the Trump
Administration, has differentpriorities, and so that's
(36:14):
impacting, will impact some ofthe incentives. But globally,
we're, we're tracking to get to$2.2 trillion invested in energy
technologies. So and it's, it'snearly double what's going into
fossil fuels. And so when I lookat these, these kind of mega
trends, what I see is a worldthat is in a new era, that is
(36:36):
moving with some inevitabilitytoward a lower carbon future.
And I see 15,000 cities thathave climate action plans that
are doing interesting work tosay, how can we enhance, raise
quality of life for the peoplewho live here and cut carbon at
the same time? And I justthought, this is, this is
underway, like we're in a newera, and this is, these stories
(36:59):
are underway, butunderrepresented in the media,
and that is not just a pro. Sothat's an opportunity from from
firms that I see, and I alsothink that it's it's a missed
opportunity for a lot ofbusinesses, because there's
solutions out there that if theyknew of they would adopt, and if
a director or a VP or a businessmanager heard about them. They
(37:23):
wouldn't have to worry aboutgetting fired if they bring it
to their boss, because there'shundreds of other companies
already doing it. They are derisked. I'm going to go build a
company around telling thesestories, kind of case, studying
these solutions, but I'm goingto wrap awesome storytelling
around it. We're going to wrap adata layer around it, and we're
going to make it we're going tomake the medicine really easy to
(37:43):
digest and like you're you'regoing to like this medicine
because it's going to beentertaining, right? And we're
going to tell you things, tellyou things that are making like
you're going to make yourbusiness better and do some good
in the world at the same time.But I'm not here to tell you
about carbon reduction. I'm hereto tell you about innovation and
really cool companies that areout there succeeding today.
(38:05):
Yeah, well, that's, I mean,talking about a really awesome
job. I mean, that's, that'slike, you're, you're telling the
stories of what's happening. Imean, I relate a lot to what I'm
trying to do here with the withthe podcast. So, yeah, so what
makes a good story startstarting there. When you're,
you're putting this together,
(38:26):
all right, so just to stay on,Alex, you said this kind of
thread like, Hey, we're gonna,we're gonna talk about AI. So
yeah, let's so here's what Imean. I had this company on my
show called Brain Box AI, andthis whole thing was just really
fascinating to me. This is acompany that started out of
Montreal. The technology thatthey came up with enables them
(38:50):
to look at, really any buildingand just imagine a imagine a
skyscraper, right? So what, whatbrain box can do is they can
plug into the all of the HVACequipment in that building, and
that could be 4000 differentpieces, components on different
floors, right? Or with, ifminimal hardware, if you need
(39:13):
any hardware at all. And whatthey can then do is they can
say, Okay, let's look at floor11. Okay, floor 11, we know six
hours from now, with 96%certainty, who's going to be in
this who's going to be occupyingthe space, where they're going
to be, we're going to know, kindof, we have that confidence
level of seeing the future now anest thermostat, right? That we
(39:34):
call a smart thermostat. Can'tsee it all into the future. It's
actually stupid, right? It canlook a little bit into the past
and kind of be a little bitpredict, but it has no idea
what's gonna happen six hours.If you know what's gonna happen
six hours from now, what you cando, you can actually start to
either gradually cool space,gradually warm a space you can
you can see and project andunderstand when the energy on
(39:58):
the grid is going to becheapest. Maybe use that moment
to actually power up. You cansee when it's going to be the
most or the least carbonintensive, when there's going to
be the most renewables on thegrid right. You can see the sun
angle. You can see the weather.You can ingest all this data
right into into a into a machinelearning model, into into it,
(40:20):
you know, an AI powered model,and then what you enable is
comfortable spaces, but energycost reductions of 20 to 25% and
carbon reductions of 40% so whenI was talking to when I was
talking to the CEO, this guy,Sam ramadori, who quit his like
cushy private equity job, whenhe heard about this thing, and
(40:40):
he was like, I've just like, gotto go explain to my wife. I was
like, you know, giving up, youknow, all my benefits to go run
an AI company. I know anythingabout AI. And what he said to
me, though he's like, the thingabout this, Josh, is that the
way you position this is soimportant, because no facilities
manager, no Director ofOperations wakes up in the
(41:02):
morning and says, You know whatI need? I could really use some
more AI in my building, right?No, but they all could sure use
some cost savings, some moreinsight into right, some better
some some predictive maintenancecapabilities, because we can
tell you what's gonna actually,what you need to, what's about
(41:23):
to go out. We can deliver allthis value because we use AI. We
can cut costs and, oh, by theway, we do this great thing for
the planet too. But we don'thave to go tell anybody about
that, and we don't necessarilyhave to talk about AI. But this
is what's this is what'senabling all of this accretive
value.
Yeah. Yeah. I mean, that is thekind of, the the way that AI
(41:46):
value add wins here, right? Ifeel, I feel this resistance
from the public because it'sbeen sold as this God in a lot
of different ways and like it'sand rightfully so any, like, any
big technology has taken awayjobs of the past. But to your
point, that's why it's soimportant to talk about the
(42:07):
applications, the real lifeexamples. I feel like we're in
such an early stage with AI tothe masses that it's not really
told in such a great way. So Ilove that you're having these
conversations and getting deeperinto that, because I think
that's where the conversationneeds to go.
I agree with you. And I thinkthe the challenge with AI from
(42:31):
where I sit, and, you know, frommaybe some of my people in my,
you know, or adjacentindustries, it's also very easy
from from to dismiss AI bysaying, well, it's going to
take, you know, so energyintensive. This is going to take
three right? These data centers,hyper, right? And that's true.
(42:51):
It uses a lot of energy. If youlook at Amazon, Microsoft, these
are the Facebook these are thebiggest purchasers of renewable
energy on the planet. I mean,outside of China, just as
private entities right there,because they're, they're also
just trying to get as muchenergy as they possibly can. And
solar today in many parts of theworld is the cheapest energy you
(43:13):
can possibly get, right? Soit's, and again, that's just
what lights me up and why. Youknow, I started thinking about
about super cool. But the flipside is, you know, what AI the
way that that I've come tounderstand it, of course, it
just like it does for for you orme, if I'm using, you know,
chat, GPT. It makes everythingmore efficient. And of course,
it does that around aroundenergy in every process. And so
(43:37):
we had another company on theshow. I was trying to get this
woman on the show for a longtime, she finally agreed to come
on this woman, Ritu Narayan, shebuilt a company. She's building
this company called Zoom, Z, U,M, and she started a company
that now works with over 4000schools, like public schools
(43:59):
around the country and most ofthe major school districts in
the country, and what zoom doesis basically they take over the
school bus. And what she said tome, said, Josh, she said, Do you
have kids? I was like, I suredo. Got three of them. And she's
like, Okay, well, your kids arehaving the same experience on
the school bus as yourgrandparents had like it, right?
(44:23):
And she's like, how can that bepossible that everything changes
and and she's like, so what doesthat mean? She's like, what that
means is, parents have no ideawhere the school bus is. The
school has no idea where theschool bus is, and the school
bus, the school bus is late.Maybe it's on time. Nobody knows
it is this giant black box,which is so incredibly
(44:45):
inefficient. And in major schooldistricts, kids are showing up
late to school constantly,right? And so zoom does a bunch
of things. I mean, they takeover, they employ the drivers.
They really they're like thisoutsource system. I. But they
use AI to look at every busroute and make it far more
efficient, far more efficient,right? It's not just to make it
(45:08):
more efficient, but so ofcourse, it's like, we're gonna
know where the bus is, so anadministrator can actually
manage and a parent can also geton an app and be like, Oh,
Johnny's sick today. You don'thave to come. And then the bus
reroutes and they but over time,the bus routes get much more
efficient. You can't get to anelectric future without AI. And
(45:29):
the reason why and what zoom wasable to do was they started
working with the with Oakland,and Oakland became the first
major school district to move to100% electric busses. But
Oakland had, Oakland had whenthey started working with Zoom,
136 diesel engine, dieselpowered busses. When zoom
(45:51):
started working with them, bythe time zoom was ready to
electrify Oakland, they said,Look, you don't need 136 busses.
We're actually running yoursystem with 74 so we're just
going to go by 74 electricschool busses, and we can thank
AI for for powering a systemthat creates that type of
efficiency in the in the schoolbus routes and everything
(46:11):
associated with now, it's muchcheaper and more affordable,
right to, you know, to actuallymove into the electric future
With which everybody wantshealthier in those
neighborhoods. No one's suckingdiesel fumes, right? Just
everything about right, better,yeah. And you just come across
example after example where thephysical world, right, the
(46:33):
buildings or busses, these majorinfrastructure systems, are able
to move into a lower carbonfuture because of the power of
AI, and that needs to beunderstood more.
Yeah, for me, thinking about AIas a partner instead of, you
(46:55):
know, however, I guess it'sbeing told in a lot of modern
advertising of it is soimportant. And what you were
talking about is like, iseverything about what AI as a
partner can do. It can look atwhat you've already been doing
and figure out something that'smore efficient. And it can also
(47:15):
keep addressing the situationgoing forward, stay live and
current. And if you know, I livein the Boston area, so the
traffic has just been sounpredictable. It makes driving
anywhere other from 10 to oneimpossible. And so like I see it
change so often that, likehaving something or AI paying
(47:37):
attention to that it can just bein so many more places than we
can be at one time. And I thinkthat's a really underwritten
thing about AI.
Totally agree, Boston, I think,is one of the first cities
that's using AI to modernize andand make the transportation
(47:58):
systems more efficient, carryingout red light, green light, just
the whole system. How do you getbetter flow on the system? Yeah,
I think everything we Google on,we definitely need
it. And
our trains have not been updatedsince my grandparents were on
them. So another, anothersimilarity with Zoom. So
(48:20):
a lot of opportunity ahead.Absolutely,
absolutely. Do you find that? SoI find the AI world to be very
optimistic and excited about theworld, and then I I see where
the world is back to thisconundrum where it's really hard
to get people who are stuck in anegative space to think
(48:44):
positively and really to be ableto adapt to what's happening.
Right? Do do you see anychallenges from the communities
that use AI to really commute,communicate to the public about
this? Or do you think it'sreally a game like, what super
cool is doing, just like, getthese stories out there, because
it's just, it's not, it's not,it doesn't have the momentum yet
(49:08):
in in your kind of, like,helping push this out
well. So it's clear, and I thinkthis is clear, my platform is
not to go out and tout thewonderful benefits of AI, right?
My platform is to go out andtout the wonderful opportunity
to embrace these solutions thatare going to improve your
(49:28):
business and cut carbon. And AIis a technology, right? It's an
enabler. What I do see is,though, that people getting
stuck in whether it's concernedabout AI, for sure, getting
stuck in fear about climatechange and not being willing to
(49:51):
accept that there are solutionsthat aren't theoretical. They're
already here. So what I. Try todo, you know, we tell a lot of
stories around companies. Wealso tell a lot of stories
around cities, and talk to a lotof mayors, and we find these
linkages as well. Like, okay,most people live in cities
(50:12):
around the world. The world's,you know, the majority of people
are already urbanized, and it'sonly going to become more. So
what's going on? And you justhear these frontline stories
that make me optimistic. Youknow, we, and it's like we just
had the mayor on of this of thecity Byron Kia, Columbia, on the
(50:35):
Caribbean. It's on the northerncoast of of Columbia. It's on
the Caribbean Sea. It's, it'sreally a fascinating city. I
knew nothing about it. We hadthis incredibly dynamic Mayor on
and they did a couple of thingsthat really struck me. He said,
Look, we planted a lot of trees.Why don't we plant a lot of
trees? Because I went to Londonand I saw a study that London
(50:56):
had done, and they looked at thestreets with tree lined streets,
and they looked at the streetsthat didn't have tree lines
trees and the streets with treeline streets had 15% higher
property values, and so they had15% more tax revenue. And I
said, Haha, now I have a way togo talk to people who don't
understand the value of nature.I'm going to talk about
economics, because this is goingto be a great river. And he goes
(51:19):
back to Byron key, and he startsthis, you know, this greening
campaign, and then he startsthis parks campaign, and he
builds, like, 300 local parks,right? And we're talking about
it, and he's, like, the goalwas, he's like, we just said
we're going to build theseparks. We're going to green
these neighborhoods, right? Thisis all. There's a, there's a
climate adaptation. We're goingto lower the heat, we're going
(51:41):
to do all this great stuff.We're going to, you know, pull
know, pull carbon. And he said,We made the park so nice. We
went into the worst neighborhoodin Barranquilla. It's like a
city of 1.5 million people, andwe built them the nicest Park.
And no one could believe that wewere doing this. And then we
went to, like, the richestneighborhood who said, Yeah,
we're going to, we're going toupgrade your park too. And
they're like, No, don't, becausewe don't want all the people
(52:02):
coming here if you give us toonice a park. And they're like,
all right, fine. And then theywent everywhere else, and they
just made built all thesebeautiful parks, and then the
rich neighborhood came back.They're like, okay, yeah, now we
actually, can you give us one ofthose? And when I talked to him
about it, you know, he couldrattle off all the benefits of
civic pride, social fabric,equality, you feel less poor if
(52:23):
you're in a park with someonewho's rich, right? It's just
like everyone's in the samespace, he said. But when you
build these parks, what you getare all these restaurants, all
these local shops around theparks. It brings everything to
life. And he's like, and if youlook at all that activity, the
parks pay for themselves ineight to nine years, like they
this is not a right? This is aninvestment in a better city that
(52:44):
actually is a more thrivingcity, right? So there's so what
I try to do is bring thosestories to life, to say, Hey,
this is happening somewhere inthe world. We can all learn from
this. You know, it's, it'soptimistic to me to hear about
it. But we, if you can do thisin Byron Kia, Columbia, there's
a lot of other places you can dothat too that have far more
(53:05):
resources. Yeah, and so that'show we try to shift people's
mindsets. If we can, not easy,
no, it's not easy. And I thinkit's beautiful. The I've been
really connected to thismetaphor of like a flame, right?
A candles flame, and how itmight not seem like much, but
(53:25):
like that, one flame can light amillion candles, and the
original flame doesn't diminishat all. And I feel like it's a
lot of that when you're talkingabout growing up and trying to
scale yourself just in life,right, seeing all the people
that matter you and balancingwork and life, but to your point
of spreading the message likeyou're lighting these candles
(53:46):
for people that are listening inand watching and and to the
point the story in Colombia likethat, then lights so many
candles for people of just like,well, what is possible, and I
think that's so important, withhow Negative today can be is
just keep to keep lighting thosecandles and keeping that that
going. And you never know whatone person picking up on it is
(54:08):
going to do to the future.
Years ago, I had this othermedia company. It was
accidental. It was called thelazy environmentalist. It came
about because with that firstfurniture company, my first
employee, on her last dayworking for me, she was like,
Look, Josh, not my boss anymore.So I'm gonna tell you exactly
(54:30):
how I feel about you. And you'reselling all this eco friendly
stuff, but you're the worstenvironmentalist I've ever met.
You're always in the shower. Youbarely recycle, like you suck
and and I don't understandhypocrite. So I wrote this. She
was right. I wrote this blog,and I was like, I'm a lazy
environmentalist. I care. I needto be really easy. I take long
showers. I need a great, lowflow shower, right? And a radio
(54:51):
producer read my blog that Iguess there were far fewer
blogs, you know, 20 some oddyears ago. He found it. He's
like, ah, let's turn this into alittle radio show. So I said,
Great. And eventually went tosiriusx. Them, and that was
great. And eventually became arally TV show. And it was, it
was really fun. And I, you know,got to do some cool stuff. I was
working with Brita, you know,the water pitcher filter
(55:11):
company, and they had started acampaign called filter for good,
like, use a Brita water pitcherand a Nalgene bottle and don't
buy disposable water bottles.And I became spokesperson. We
went and did a lot of media. Andat one point, I was getting
ready to go on this radiostation in Knoxville, Tennessee.
I'm in New York, but I'm in thestudio, and they're piping me
around the country and and I'mgot my Brita talking points,
whatever else I'm going to talkabout. And I can hear these two
(55:33):
guys in Knoxville is they'relike, Okay, we're going to break
we come back. We got the lazyenvironmentals, right? So I can
hear them before they come bythe god, we gotta talk to this
guy, this Yankee, thisenvironment really good, like,
and so come back. They're like,and today we've got, you know,
Josh drawer from data. And Ithey're like, You're not here to
(55:56):
make us feel bad. Are you Josh?You know? And I was like, I'm
like, Hey, how's like, UT had apretty good win the other day.
We start talking about collegefootball, right? We go down this
college football, right? Andthey're like, Oh, all right,
yeah, you're not so bad. What doyou want to talk about? Josh?
And
so I feel like the best you cando is you try to relate, you try
(56:19):
to have a human connection withpeople, and then you share your
message. You can't control if itlands, you can't control if it
reacts, but you can find a way,at least, to, like, have that
human empathy, right, understandthat someone's going to be maybe
a little defensive about whatyou're trying to say, find the
way to, you know, hopefully getthrough. Maybe light that
(56:41):
candle. I don't know if you canalways light the candle, yeah,
but there's approaches thatwork, there's, there's some
approaches work better thanothers, yeah, and that's, that's
what I think it's important to,to lean into practice. You know,
self reflect. Am I? Am I doing?Am I breaking through? Am I
reaching people. Is it me or isit them? And if it's me, what
(57:04):
can I control to maybe try andtry and do it better?
I love that, Josh, you've beensuch a joy to talk to. I really
enjoy everything that you'redoing, and this mission of
climate that you're on that isso much more relatable than I
think so much that's out thereon it. So thank you for coming
(57:25):
on. Any final thoughts for thefolks at home?
Man, no, the final thought forme is, I just got to go listen
to more of your your, you know,your library, because now I'm
really intrigued. What I'm goingto take away from this
conversation what I'll bethinking about, and I appreciate
you giving me, you know, theopportunity to share what I'm
(57:46):
doing, but that connectionbetween, between what's
happening in space and what'shappening on Earth, and are they
kind of, is it harmonious inspace? Is it harmonious on
Earth? That that really struck achord with me. So I just, I in
all sincerity, I do feel, youknow, I appreciate the work that
(58:07):
you're doing where yourinterests lie, and it's
certainly, I think will enrichyou know, my perspective for
having had the chance
to talk to well. Thank you somuch. I don't know quite what to
do with that, but I reallyappreciate it. It's been crazy.
This is episode 384, wow. So,yeah, there's, there's a lot to
(58:30):
go to, stick, stick above 100maybe, maybe what you listen to
if you go back before 100 butyou know,
I mean, I'm gonna look foreverything Mars, everything
moon, and that'll be my thosewill be my entry points. I think
there's anywhere perfect. Yeah,
awesome. So where can the folksreach out to you or find out
more about super cool,
(58:52):
the hub for everything we do,which is a podcast, weekly
podcast, weekly newsletter isget super cool. The podcast
explores some of the contentthat I talk to you about the
newsletter every week. We go alittle bit deeper, get into a
little bit more analysis onwhatever that that subject might
be. And we're on all socialchannels. I tend to be most
(59:14):
active on LinkedIn, so iflisteners want to find me there,
that would be great,
awesome. Well, Josh, thank youso much for talking about
climate and your origin storyand and everything. We got to
talk more about Earth in thismassive universe that we live in
here, and really just focus inon some stuff that I think
really matters. And thank youfor joining us, folks, thank you
(59:36):
for being with us for anotherepisode of Today In Space. Make
sure to stay curious, spreadlove, spread science, and we'll
see you on the next episode.Thanks. You.