CardioNerds guest host Dr. Colin Blumenthal joins Dr. Juma Bin Firos and Dr. Aishwarya Verma from the Trinity Health Livonia Hospital to discuss a fascinating case involving malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Expert commentary is provided by Dr. Mohammad-Ali Jazayeri. Audio editing for this episode was performed by CardioNerds Intern,Julia Marques Fernandes.
This case explores the puzzling presentation of exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia in a young, otherwise healthy male who suffered recurrent out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. With no traditional risk factors and an unremarkable ischemic workup, the challenge lay in uncovering the underlying cause of his malignant arrhythmias. Electrophysiology studies and advanced imaging played a pivotal role in systematically narrowing the differentials, revealing an unexpected arrhythmogenic substrate. This episode delves into the diagnostic dilemma, the role of EP testing, and the critical decision-making surrounding ICD placement in a patient with a concealed but life-threatening condition.
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Pearls- Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias
This case highlights the challenges and importance of diagnosing and managing ventricular arrhythmias in young, seemingly healthy individuals. Here are five key takeaways from the episode:
Electrophysiology (EP) studies play a crucial role in identifying arrhythmogenic substrates in patients with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia (VT) without obvious structural heart disease. In this case, substrate mapping revealed late abnormal ventricular afterdepolarizations in the basal inferior left ventricle, providing valuable insights into the underlying mechanism.
Cardiac MRI can be a powerful tool for detecting subtle myocardial abnormalities. The subepicardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in the lateral and inferior LV walls suggested an underlying myocardial process, even when other imaging modalities appeared normal.
The VT morphology can provide clues about the underlying mechanism. In this case, the right bundle branch block pattern with a northwest axis and shifting exit sites pointed towards a scar-mediated mechanism rather than a channelopathy or idiopathic VT.
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) placement is crucial for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients with malignant ventricular arrhythmias, even in young individuals. The patient's initial deferral of ICD implantation highlights the importance of shared decision-making and patient education in these complex cases.
"Scar-mediated VT introduces the risk of new arrhythmogenic substrates over time, reinforcing the need for ICD therapy even when catheter ablation is considered." This pearl emphasizes the dynamic nature of the arrhythmogenic substrate and the importance of long-term risk mitigation strategies.
Notes - Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias
Notes were drafted by Juma Bin Firos.
1. What underlying pathologies cause ventricular arrhythmias in young patients without overt structural heart disease?
Myocardial fibrosis:
Detected via late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiac MRI
Present in 38% of nonischemic cardiomyopathy cases
Increases sudden cardiac death (SCD) risk 5-fold
Often localized to subepicardial regions, particularly in the inferolateral left ventricle (LV)
May precede overt systolic dysfunction by years
Subclinical cardiomyopathy:
67% of young VT patients show subtle cardiac dysfunction
Suggests VT may be the first manifestation of cardiomyopathy
Can include early-stage genetic cardiomyopathies (e.g., ARVC, LMNA mutations)
Often associated with preserved ejection fraction (EF >50%)
Arrhythmogenic substrate:
EP studies localize re-entry circuits to specific regions:
Basal inferior LV near the mitral annulus (as in this case)
Right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) in idiopathic VT
Papillary muscles or fascicular regions
Substrate can exist even with normal EF and no visible structural abnormalities on echocardiography
Channelopathies:
Long QT syndrome (LQTS): QTc >460ms in males, >470ms in females
Brugada syndrome: Coved ST elevation in V1-V3
Catecholaminergic polymorphic VT (CPVT): Normal resting ECG, bidirectional VT with exercise
Short QT syndrome: QTc <330ms
Inflammatory conditions:
Myocarditis: Can cause transient or persistent arrhythmogenic substrate
Cardiac sarcoidosis: Patchy inflammation and fibrosis, often affecting the septum
2. How do electrophysiology studies differentiate scar-mediated VT from ch