Classic Stories Summarized

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Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, commonly known as Alice in Wonderland, is a beloved 1865 children's novel written by Lewis Carroll, the pseudonym of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an Oxford mathematics lecturer and Anglican deacon. The story originated on July 4, 1862, during a boating trip on the River Isis when Dodgson entertained the three young daughters of his friend Henry Liddell — Lorina, Alice, and Edit...

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King Lear is one of William Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, believed to have been written between 1605 and 1606 and first performed shortly thereafter. Drawing from the ancient legend of Leir of Britain—a mythical pre-Roman king found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136)—Shakespeare transforms the story into a profound exploration of familial betrayal, ingratitude, madness, and the...

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John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress from This World, to That Which Is to Come, a profound Christian allegory written in the form of a dream vision, was composed primarily during the author's imprisonment in Bedford jail from 1660 to 1672 (with possible completion in a later shorter stint around 1675) for refusing to cease unlicensed preaching under the restored monarchy's restrictions on nonconfor...

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Charles Dickens wrote and published A Christmas Carol in Prose, Being a Ghost Story of Christmas in December 1843, completing the manuscript in just six weeks. Prompted by urgent financial pressure and a deep anger at the widespread poverty he had recently witnessed (especially among children working in tin mines and the London poor), Dickens conceived the story as both a heartfelt plea for charity and a deliberate at...

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Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, first published in 1818 when the author was only nineteen, emerged from a famous ghost-story challenge issued during a rainy summer in 1816 at the Villa Diodati near Lake Geneva, where Shelley, her lover (later husband) Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron, and John Polidori spent nights reading German horror tales aloud. Unable to sleep after a discussion of ga...

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Candide, ou l’Optimisme (1759) is a satirical novella by the French Enlightenment philosopher Voltaire, written in response to the devastating Lisbon earthquake of 1755 and the optimistic philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, popularized by Alexander Pope’s line “Whatever is, is right.” Penned in just three days amid Voltaire’s exile in Switzerland, the work follows the naïve young Candide as he is expelled from an idyllic...

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Animal Farm, published in 1945 by George Orwell, is a satirical novella that serves as an allegorical critique of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the subsequent rise of Stalinism, using a seemingly simple tale of barnyard animals who overthrow their human farmer to establish a society based on equality, only to see it devolve into a new form of tyranny under the pigs’ leadership; inspired by Orwell’s observations o...

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Thomas More’s Utopia, published in Latin in 1516, emerged from the intellectual ferment of Renaissance humanism and More’s own complex life as a lawyer, scholar, and eventual Lord Chancellor under Henry VIII. Framed as a conversation in Antwerp between More, his friend Peter Giles, and the fictional traveler Raphael Hythloday, the work describes an imaginary island society whose rational, communal institutions critiqu...

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The Phaedo is one of Plato's Socratic dialogues, written around 360 BCE, which recounts the final hours of the philosopher Socrates before his execution by hemlock poisoning in Athens in 399 BCE. Set in Socrates' prison cell, the dialogue is narrated by Phaedo, a disciple of Socrates, to Echecrates, and it explores profound philosophical themes, particularly the immortality of the soul, the nature of death, ...

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The Book of Revelation, the final book of the New Testament, was written by the apostle John, traditionally identified as John the Evangelist, around 95-96 AD while he was exiled on the island of Patmos. Addressed to seven churches in Asia Minor, it is an apocalyptic work, rich in symbolic imagery, that unveils divine visions of God’s ultimate plan for humanity, including the return of Jesus Christ, the defeat of evil...

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The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg), published in 1924 by German author Thomas Mann, is a landmark novel of modernist literature, set in a Swiss tuberculosis sanatorium in the years before World War I. Drawing on Mann’s own experience visiting his wife at a similar facility, the novel follows Hans Castorp, a young engineer who arrives for a brief visit but stays for seven years, ensnared by the sanatorium’s timeless, ...

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"Romeo and Juliet", written by William Shakespeare around 1594–1596, is one of the most enduring tragedies in English literature, first published in a 1597 quarto edition. Likely inspired by Arthur Brooke’s 1562 poem "The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet" and Italian novellas, the play tells the story of two young lovers from feuding families in Verona, whose passionate romance ends in their u...

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"The Trial", written by Franz Kafka between 1914 and 1915 and published posthumously in 1925, is a seminal work of modernist literature, reflecting Kafka’s preoccupation with absurdity, bureaucracy, and existential dread. Set in an unnamed city, the novel follows Josef K., a bank clerk inexplicably arrested and prosecuted by a mysterious, opaque legal system for a crime never revealed. Left unfinished at Kaf...

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"Ulysses", written by Irish novelist James Joyce and first published in its entirety in 1922, is a modernist masterpiece that chronicles a single day—June 16, 1904—in the lives of Leopold Bloom, Stephen Dedalus, and Molly Bloom in Dublin, Ireland. Structured as a loose parallel to Homer’s *Odyssey*, the novel’s 18 episodes explore the mundane and profound through a revolutionary stream-of-consciousness narra...

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The Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known works of literature, originates from ancient Mesopotamia, likely composed around 2100 BCE in Sumerian, with later Akkadian versions, notably the Standard Babylonian version from the 13th–10th centuries BCE. Preserved on clay tablets in cuneiform script, the epic emerged from the city-state of Uruk (modern-day Iraq), reflecting the cultural, religious, and social values of...

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Wuthering Heights, by Emily Brontë

Wuthering Heights, published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, is Emily Brontë’s only novel and a cornerstone of English literature, renowned for its dark, passionate exploration of love, revenge, and social class on the desolate Yorkshire moors. Set in the late 18th to early 19th century, the story unfolds through the recollections of multiple narrators, primarily foc...

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Madame Bovary, published in 1856 by Gustave Flaubert, is a seminal French novel that follows the life of Emma Bovary, a young woman trapped in a stifling marriage to Charles Bovary, a dull and unambitious country doctor. Disenchanted with her provincial life and yearning for passion, luxury, and excitement inspired by romantic novels, Emma embarks on a series of adulterous affairs and reckless spending, leading to her...

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War and Peace, written by Leo Tolstoy and published serially between 1865 and 1869, is a monumental Russian novel that intertwines historical events with the lives of fictional characters during Napoleon’s invasion of Russia from 1805 to 1820. Set against the backdrop of the Napoleonic Wars, it explores the lives of aristocratic families, primarily the Bolkonskys, Rostovs, and Pierre Bezukhov, as they navigate love, l...

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Le Morte d'Arthur, written by Sir Thomas Malory in the late 15th century, is a seminal work of English literature that compiles and reimagines the Arthurian legends, drawing heavily from earlier French and English sources. Completed around 1470 and first printed by William Caxton in 1485, the book chronicles the rise and fall of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table, weaving tales of chivalry, romance, a...