The Fall of Rome

This episode provides an extensive analysis of the factors contributing to the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire between roughly 180 CE and 476 CE, emphasizing that the "fall" was a long process of transformation, not a single event. It identifies several interlocking internal weaknesses, including political instability (such as the Crisis of the Third Century and the division of the Empire), severe economic decay(rampant inflation, crushing taxation, and the end of expansion), and social and demographic stress (plagues, population decline, and the erosion of civic virtue). These internal issues, the source argues, made the West vulnerable to overwhelming external pressures from migrating barbarian groups like the Goths and Vandals, whose incursions severely depleted resources and manpower. Finally, the text explores historiographical debates regarding whether the collapse was inevitable and why the Eastern Roman Empire survived due to its superior economic resources, strategic advantages, and more effective leadership.