August 18, 2020 • 14 mins
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
How chaps it's Mark from Englishon command.
And today, we're going to read and you beautiful book is called
sapiens, a brief history of human kind.
The author of the book is, you will Noah Harari, it's a
best-seller. It has very, very good ratings
(00:23):
and this book about well basically about the history of
human kind and I hope you will. Enjoy it.
If you don't understand some words or Expressions, feel free
to text me, anytime the link to my Instagram is in the notes
that the podcast. All right, let's go once again.
(00:43):
Sapiens a brief history of humankind part 1.
An animal of no significance about 13 and a half billion
years ago matter energy time andspace. came into being in what
is known as the Big Bang, the story of this fundamental
(01:06):
features of our universe is called physics about 300,000
years after their appearance matter, and then just started to
coalesce into complex structurescalled atoms, which then
combined into molecules', the story of atoms molecules and
their interactions is called chemistry about 3.8 billion
(01:32):
years ago, on a planet called Earth, certain molecules combine
to form, particularly large and intricate structures called
organisms, the store organisms called biology about 70,000
years ago, organism belonging tothe species called Homo sapiens
(01:53):
started to form even more, elaborate even more complicated
structures called couch. Nurse the subsequent development
of this human cultures is calledhistory.
Three important revolutions shape.
The course of history. The cognitive revolution
(02:13):
kick-started history about 70,000 years ago, the
Agricultural Revolution, spit itup about 12,000 years ago, the
Scientific Revolution which got underway only 500 years ago May
well and history and start something completely different.
This book tells the story of howthis three Oceans have affect
(02:37):
humans and their fellow organisms.
There were humans long before there was history animals, much
like modern humans. First appeared about two and a
half million years ago, but for the countless Generations, they
did not stand out from the Myriad other organisms with
which they share their habitats.On a hike in East Africa, 2
(03:01):
million years ago, you might well have encountered.
If Amelia cast of human characteristics, anxious
mother's Coghlan their babies and clutches of Carefree
children playing in the mud temperamental, use chafing
against the dictates of society and weary Elders who just wanted
(03:22):
to be left in peace, just thumping, much as trying to
impress. The local Beauty.
And why? So, Old matriarchs who had
already seen it all these archaic humans.
Loved played formed close friendships and competing for
status and power, but so did chimpanzees baboons and
(03:43):
elephants it was nothing specialabout them.
Nobody least of all humans themselves.
Had any inkling that their descendants would one day walk
on the moon or split the atom fathom?
The genetic Code and write history books.
The most important thing to knowabout prehistoric humans is that
(04:06):
they were insignificant animals with no more impact on the
environment than gorillas fireflies or jellyfish.
Biologists classifier, using twospecies animals are said to
belong to the same species if they attempt to mate with each
other giving birth to fertile offspring.
(04:29):
Horses and donkeys, have a recent common, ancestor and
share, many physical traits, butthey show little sexual interest
in one another. They will mate if induced to do
so but their offspring called, mules are sterile.
It means they can't have babies mutations in Donkey DNA can
therefore, never cross over to ahorses or vice versa.
(04:53):
The two types of animals are consequently considered two
distinct species moving? Allowance separate evolutionary
paths by contrast, the bulldog in is spaniel may look very
different but they are members of the same species.
Sharing the same DNA pull. They will happily mate and their
(05:14):
purpose will grow up to pair offwith other dogs and produce more
puppies species. That evolved from a common
ancestor are bunched together Under The Heading genus plural.
General lions, tigers leopards and Jaguars are different
species within the genus panthera.
(05:38):
Biologists a lab label organs with a two-part Latin name
genius. Followed by species line.
For example are called panthera,Leo.
This piece is Leo of the genus panthera.
Presumably, everyone reading this book is a homo sapiens this
the species sapiens wise. It means wise of the genus homo,
(06:02):
man. Again, homo means man, sapiens
means wise Jenner in their turn are grouped into families such
as the cats lions cheetahs housecats, the dogs wolves foxes Jack
house and the elephants elephants mammoths mastodons.
All members of family. Trace their lineage back to
(06:25):
found in Matthew Mark or patriarch all cats.
For example, from the smallest house, kitten to the most
ferocious line. Share common fell in ancestor
who lived about 25. Five million years ago, Homo
sapiens to belong to family. This Banner simple fact is to be
(06:46):
one of History. Most closely guarded secrets.
Homo sapiens long prefer to viewitself as set apart from animals
and orphan bereft of family, lacking siblings or cousins and
most importantly without parents.
But that's just not the case. Like it or not.
(07:06):
We are members of a large and particularly noisy family called
the great apes. Our closest living relatives
include chimpanzees gorillas andorangutans.
The These are the closest just 6.
Million years ago, a single female app, hate two, daughters
(07:27):
one became the ancestor of all chimpanzees and the other is our
own grandmother. Skeletons in the Closet part to
Homo sapiens was kept hidden andeven more disturbing secret.
Only do we possess an abundance of uncivilized cousins.
Once upon a time, we had quite afew brothers and sisters as
(07:50):
well. We are used to thinking about
ourselves as the only humans because of our the last 10,000
years. Our species had indeed been the
only human species around yet. The real meaning of the word.
Human is an animal belonging to the genus homo.
And there used to be many other species of this genus besides
(08:11):
Homo sapiens. Moreover, as we shall see in the
last chapter of the book and notso distant future, we might
again have to contend with no sapiens humans to clarify this
point, I will often use the termsapiens to denote members of the
species, Homo sapiens while, reserving the term human.
(08:34):
To refer to all extend members of the genus homo humans.
First evolved in East Africa, about 2.5 million years ago from
an earlier, genus of apes calledAustralopithecus, which means
Southern about 2 million years ago, some of these archaic men
and women left their Homeland toJourney Through the and saddle
(08:57):
vast areas of North Africa, Europe, and Asia, since
survival, in the snowy Forest. Of Northern Europe, required
different traits, and those needed to stay alive.
Indonesia steaming jungles humans population's evolve in
different directions. The result was several distinct
species, the reach of which scientists have assigned a
(09:20):
pompous Latin name. Homo rudolfensis.
In East Africa, Homo erectus is Asia and Homo neanderthalensis,
Europe, and Western Asia. Are all humans, humans in Europe
(09:41):
and Western Asia evolved into Homo neanderthalensis man, from
the neander valley. Popularly, referred to Simply as
neanderthals neanderthals bulkier and more muscular than
us sapiens where. Well, adapted to the cold,
climate of Ice Age Western Eurasia.
(10:02):
The more is two regions of Asia were populated by Homo erectus,
which Means upright man walking upright, right?
Who survived there for close to two million years, making it the
most durable human species. Ever, let's record is unlikely
to be broken. Even by our own species, it is
(10:25):
doubtful whether Homo sapiens will still be around a thousand
years from now. So, 2 million years is really
out of our league only island ofjava in Indonesia.
Leave homo salensus man from hissolo Valley, who was suited to a
life in the tropics on another Indonesian Island.
(10:47):
The small island of floors. Are kike humans.
Underwent a process of dwarfing what becomes smaller humans.
First reached floors, when the sea level was exceptional.
Oh, and the island was easily acceptable accessible from the
mainland. When the Seas was against some
people were trapped on the island, which was was poor in
(11:08):
the resources. Big people who need a lot of
food diet. First smaller, phallus much
better over the generation. The people of floors became
dwarves. This unique species known by
soundness as homo Florence has reached a maximum head of only
one meter and waited no. More than 25 kilograms once
(11:30):
again to 1 meter and 25 kg, theywere nevertheless able to
produce stone tools and Manage occasionally to hunt down some
of the islands elephants. Well to be fair, the elephants
were divorced pieces as well in 2010 in another lost.
Even was rescued from Oblivion when scientists excavated in the
(11:52):
denisova cave in Siberia, discovered a fossil its first
silicide. I'm sorry guys fossilized finger
bone genetic analysis proved that the finger belong to To a
previously unknown humans twist,which was named homo denisova,
(12:13):
who knows how many lost relatives of ours are waiting to
be discovered. In other case, another islands
and another climbs While there'shumans were evolving in Europe
and Asia evolution in East Africa.
Did not stop the Cradle of humanity.
Continue to nurture numerous newspecies such as homo
(12:35):
rudolfensis, man from Lake, Rudolph Homer ergaster Working
Man and eventually our own species which we've even
modestly named Homo sapiens wiseman.
The members of some of these species were mess See you then.
Others were the worse. The some were fearsome hunters
(12:56):
and others make plan gatherers. Some lived only on a single
Island. While many roamed over
continents but all of them belong to the genus homo.
They were all human beings. It's a common fallacy to
Envision. This species has arranged in a
straight line of descent with ergaster biggie.
(13:20):
Beginning erectus reactors beganin the Neanderthals and the
Neanderthals involving into us. This linear model gives the
mistaken impression that at any particular moment, only one type
of human, inhabited, the Earth and that all early species were
merely older models of ours. Cells.
(13:41):
The truth is that from about 2 million years ago until around
10,000 years ago, the world was home at one and the same time to
several human species, and why not?
Today they are many species of foxes Bears than pigs.
There are over 100 million yearsago, was walk by at least six
(14:03):
different species of man. It's our car and exclusivity
know that multi-species path is pretty.
They're perhaps incriminating aswe will shortly.
See the recipients have good reasons to repress the memory
for our siblings? All right, guys, we're going to
stop at this point. Next chapter will be the cost of
(14:28):
thinking. Alright, I hope you enjoyed it
and you questions text me, anytime have a good day.
And bye. Alright, I hope you enjoyed it
and you questions text me, anytime have a good day.
And bye.
How chaps it's Mark from Englishon command.
And today, we're going to read and you beautiful book is called
sapiens, a brief history of human kind.
The author of the book is, you will Noah Harari, it's a
best-seller. It has very, very good ratings
(00:23):
and this book about well basically about the history of
human kind and I hope you will. Enjoy it.
If you don't understand some words or Expressions, feel free
to text me, anytime the link to my Instagram is in the notes
that the podcast. All right, let's go once again.
(00:43):
Sapiens a brief history of humankind part 1.
An animal of no significance about 13 and a half billion
years ago matter energy time andspace. came into being in what
is known as the Big Bang, the story of this fundamental
(01:06):
features of our universe is called physics about 300,000
years after their appearance matter, and then just started to
coalesce into complex structurescalled atoms, which then
combined into molecules', the story of atoms molecules and
their interactions is called chemistry about 3.8 billion
(01:32):
years ago, on a planet called Earth, certain molecules combine
to form, particularly large and intricate structures called
organisms, the store organisms called biology about 70,000
years ago, organism belonging tothe species called Homo sapiens
(01:53):
started to form even more, elaborate even more complicated
structures called couch. Nurse the subsequent development
of this human cultures is calledhistory.
Three important revolutions shape.
The course of history. The cognitive revolution
(02:13):
kick-started history about 70,000 years ago, the
Agricultural Revolution, spit itup about 12,000 years ago, the
Scientific Revolution which got underway only 500 years ago May
well and history and start something completely different.
This book tells the story of howthis three Oceans have affect
(02:37):
humans and their fellow organisms.
There were humans long before there was history animals, much
like modern humans. First appeared about two and a
half million years ago, but for the countless Generations, they
did not stand out from the Myriad other organisms with
which they share their habitats.On a hike in East Africa, 2
(03:01):
million years ago, you might well have encountered.
If Amelia cast of human characteristics, anxious
mother's Coghlan their babies and clutches of Carefree
children playing in the mud temperamental, use chafing
against the dictates of society and weary Elders who just wanted
(03:22):
to be left in peace, just thumping, much as trying to
impress. The local Beauty.
And why? So, Old matriarchs who had
already seen it all these archaic humans.
Loved played formed close friendships and competing for
status and power, but so did chimpanzees baboons and
(03:43):
elephants it was nothing specialabout them.
Nobody least of all humans themselves.
Had any inkling that their descendants would one day walk
on the moon or split the atom fathom?
The genetic Code and write history books.
The most important thing to knowabout prehistoric humans is that
(04:06):
they were insignificant animals with no more impact on the
environment than gorillas fireflies or jellyfish.
Biologists classifier, using twospecies animals are said to
belong to the same species if they attempt to mate with each
other giving birth to fertile offspring.
(04:29):
Horses and donkeys, have a recent common, ancestor and
share, many physical traits, butthey show little sexual interest
in one another. They will mate if induced to do
so but their offspring called, mules are sterile.
It means they can't have babies mutations in Donkey DNA can
therefore, never cross over to ahorses or vice versa.
(04:53):
The two types of animals are consequently considered two
distinct species moving? Allowance separate evolutionary
paths by contrast, the bulldog in is spaniel may look very
different but they are members of the same species.
Sharing the same DNA pull. They will happily mate and their
(05:14):
purpose will grow up to pair offwith other dogs and produce more
puppies species. That evolved from a common
ancestor are bunched together Under The Heading genus plural.
General lions, tigers leopards and Jaguars are different
species within the genus panthera.
(05:38):
Biologists a lab label organs with a two-part Latin name
genius. Followed by species line.
For example are called panthera,Leo.
This piece is Leo of the genus panthera.
Presumably, everyone reading this book is a homo sapiens this
the species sapiens wise. It means wise of the genus homo,
(06:02):
man. Again, homo means man, sapiens
means wise Jenner in their turn are grouped into families such
as the cats lions cheetahs housecats, the dogs wolves foxes Jack
house and the elephants elephants mammoths mastodons.
All members of family. Trace their lineage back to
(06:25):
found in Matthew Mark or patriarch all cats.
For example, from the smallest house, kitten to the most
ferocious line. Share common fell in ancestor
who lived about 25. Five million years ago, Homo
sapiens to belong to family. This Banner simple fact is to be
(06:46):
one of History. Most closely guarded secrets.
Homo sapiens long prefer to viewitself as set apart from animals
and orphan bereft of family, lacking siblings or cousins and
most importantly without parents.
But that's just not the case. Like it or not.
(07:06):
We are members of a large and particularly noisy family called
the great apes. Our closest living relatives
include chimpanzees gorillas andorangutans.
The These are the closest just 6.
Million years ago, a single female app, hate two, daughters
(07:27):
one became the ancestor of all chimpanzees and the other is our
own grandmother. Skeletons in the Closet part to
Homo sapiens was kept hidden andeven more disturbing secret.
Only do we possess an abundance of uncivilized cousins.
Once upon a time, we had quite afew brothers and sisters as
(07:50):
well. We are used to thinking about
ourselves as the only humans because of our the last 10,000
years. Our species had indeed been the
only human species around yet. The real meaning of the word.
Human is an animal belonging to the genus homo.
And there used to be many other species of this genus besides
(08:11):
Homo sapiens. Moreover, as we shall see in the
last chapter of the book and notso distant future, we might
again have to contend with no sapiens humans to clarify this
point, I will often use the termsapiens to denote members of the
species, Homo sapiens while, reserving the term human.
(08:34):
To refer to all extend members of the genus homo humans.
First evolved in East Africa, about 2.5 million years ago from
an earlier, genus of apes calledAustralopithecus, which means
Southern about 2 million years ago, some of these archaic men
and women left their Homeland toJourney Through the and saddle
(08:57):
vast areas of North Africa, Europe, and Asia, since
survival, in the snowy Forest. Of Northern Europe, required
different traits, and those needed to stay alive.
Indonesia steaming jungles humans population's evolve in
different directions. The result was several distinct
species, the reach of which scientists have assigned a
(09:20):
pompous Latin name. Homo rudolfensis.
In East Africa, Homo erectus is Asia and Homo neanderthalensis,
Europe, and Western Asia. Are all humans, humans in Europe
(09:41):
and Western Asia evolved into Homo neanderthalensis man, from
the neander valley. Popularly, referred to Simply as
neanderthals neanderthals bulkier and more muscular than
us sapiens where. Well, adapted to the cold,
climate of Ice Age Western Eurasia.
(10:02):
The more is two regions of Asia were populated by Homo erectus,
which Means upright man walking upright, right?
Who survived there for close to two million years, making it the
most durable human species. Ever, let's record is unlikely
to be broken. Even by our own species, it is
(10:25):
doubtful whether Homo sapiens will still be around a thousand
years from now. So, 2 million years is really
out of our league only island ofjava in Indonesia.
Leave homo salensus man from hissolo Valley, who was suited to a
life in the tropics on another Indonesian Island.
(10:47):
The small island of floors. Are kike humans.
Underwent a process of dwarfing what becomes smaller humans.
First reached floors, when the sea level was exceptional.
Oh, and the island was easily acceptable accessible from the
mainland. When the Seas was against some
people were trapped on the island, which was was poor in
(11:08):
the resources. Big people who need a lot of
food diet. First smaller, phallus much
better over the generation. The people of floors became
dwarves. This unique species known by
soundness as homo Florence has reached a maximum head of only
one meter and waited no. More than 25 kilograms once
(11:30):
again to 1 meter and 25 kg, theywere nevertheless able to
produce stone tools and Manage occasionally to hunt down some
of the islands elephants. Well to be fair, the elephants
were divorced pieces as well in 2010 in another lost.
Even was rescued from Oblivion when scientists excavated in the
(11:52):
denisova cave in Siberia, discovered a fossil its first
silicide. I'm sorry guys fossilized finger
bone genetic analysis proved that the finger belong to To a
previously unknown humans twist,which was named homo denisova,
(12:13):
who knows how many lost relatives of ours are waiting to
be discovered. In other case, another islands
and another climbs While there'shumans were evolving in Europe
and Asia evolution in East Africa.
Did not stop the Cradle of humanity.
Continue to nurture numerous newspecies such as homo
(12:35):
rudolfensis, man from Lake, Rudolph Homer ergaster Working
Man and eventually our own species which we've even
modestly named Homo sapiens wiseman.
The members of some of these species were mess See you then.
Others were the worse. The some were fearsome hunters
(12:56):
and others make plan gatherers. Some lived only on a single
Island. While many roamed over
continents but all of them belong to the genus homo.
They were all human beings. It's a common fallacy to
Envision. This species has arranged in a
straight line of descent with ergaster biggie.
(13:20):
Beginning erectus reactors beganin the Neanderthals and the
Neanderthals involving into us. This linear model gives the
mistaken impression that at any particular moment, only one type
of human, inhabited, the Earth and that all early species were
merely older models of ours. Cells.
(13:41):
The truth is that from about 2 million years ago until around
10,000 years ago, the world was home at one and the same time to
several human species, and why not?
Today they are many species of foxes Bears than pigs.
There are over 100 million yearsago, was walk by at least six
(14:03):
different species of man. It's our car and exclusivity
know that multi-species path is pretty.
They're perhaps incriminating aswe will shortly.
See the recipients have good reasons to repress the memory
for our siblings? All right, guys, we're going to
stop at this point. Next chapter will be the cost of
(14:28):
thinking. Alright, I hope you enjoyed it
and you questions text me, anytime have a good day.
And bye. Alright, I hope you enjoyed it
and you questions text me, anytime have a good day.
And bye.
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