August 19, 2020 • 14 mins
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
All right. Hello, my friends.
It's Mark from English on command and today, we are
reading a book, the brief history of humankind.
And today we are moving on to our next chapter.
The cost of thinking. Despite many differences all
human species, share several defining characteristics, and
(00:24):
most notably humans have extraordinarily large brains
compared to other animals. Mammals weighing about 60, kg
have an average brain size of 200, cubic centimeters and the
earliest, man, and women do not have million years ago, had
brains of about 600. Cubic centimeters, modern sea
(00:46):
beans, sport, a brain, a virgin 1214 hundred or one thousand two
hundred and one thousand four hundred.
Cubic centimeters Neanderthal, brains were even bigger.
That Evolution should select forlarger brains may seem to us
like, well, a no-brainer we are.So enamored of our high
(01:10):
intelligence that will assume that when it comes to cerebral,
power more must be better. But if that were the case, the
fell in the family would also have produced cats who could do
calculus, why is genus homo. The only one in the entire and
Kingdom to have come up with such massive thinking machines,
(01:33):
the fact is that a jumbo brain is a jumbo drain on the body.
It's not easy to carry around, especially when encased inside a
massive skull. Don't know how to fuel enormous
savings. The brain accounts for about 23
percent of total body weight butthe consumes 25% of the body's
(01:56):
energy when a body is at Rest bycomparison the Reigns of other
Apes require only 8% of rest time, energy or calc Youmans,
pay for their large brains. In two ways.
Firstly, they spend more time insearch for food and secondly,
there are muscles atrophy like agovernment Davern money from
(02:19):
defense to education. Humans divert energy from biceps
to neurons. It's hardly a foregone
conclusion that this is a good strategy for survival.
On the Savannah. The chimpanzee.
Can't we an argument? We Homo sapiens, but the, a can
read The Man Apart like a rag doll.
(02:41):
Today, our big brains pay off nicely because we can produce
cars and cons that neighbors to move much faster Trims and
should them from a safe distanceinstead of wrestling but cars
and guns are a recent phenomenonfor more than two million years,
human neural networks cap growing and growing but apart
(03:02):
from some fling nice and point six human had precious little to
show for it. What?
Then drove forward. The evolution of The massive
human brain during those two menyears.
Well, frankly, we don't know another singular human trait.
Is that we walk upright until that standing up.
(03:26):
It's easier to scan this Vanna for game or enemies and arms
that are unnecessary for the commotion of freed for other
purposes, like throwing stones or signaling.
The more things these hands could do.
The more successful. Their owners were so
evolutionary pressure brought about increasing concentration
(03:49):
of nerves and finely tuned muscles, and the palms and
fingers as a result, humans can be formed, very intricate tasks
with their hands and particular they can produce and use
sophisticated tools, the first evidence for to production dates
from about two and a half million years ago and the
manufacture and use. Tools are the criteria by which
(04:11):
archaeologists recognize engine humans.
Yet walking upright has its downside to the skeleton of our
primate. Ancestors developed for millions
of years, to support a creature that walked on all fours, and
had relatively small hat. Adjusting to an upright position
was quite a challenge, especially when the scaffolding
(04:34):
had to support an extra large Cranium, humankind paid for it.
A lot of vision and industrious hands with backaches and stiff
necks women. Paid extra a proud gay required
narrow hips constricting. The birth canal.
And this just when babies heads were getting bigger and bigger,
(04:59):
death and shall ever became a major Hazard.
For human females, women who gave birth earlier when infant's
brain and had we're still relatively small And supple
fared better and leave to have more children.
Natural selection consequently favored earlier, birds and
indeed it compared to other animals humans are born.
(05:21):
Prematurely when many of our of their vital systems are still
under developed called control shortly.
After perfect kitten leaves its mother to forage on its own when
it's just a few weeks. All human babies are helpless
dependent for many years. Their Elders for sustenance
protection and education. Now, this fact has contributed
(05:46):
greatly. Both the humankind
extraordinarily, social abilities and his unique social
problems loan mothers, who the hardly forage enough food for
their offspring and themselves with needy children in tow
raising children, required constant help from other family
members and neighbors. It took a tribe to raise a
(06:07):
human, a whole try. Evolution does favor, those
capable of forming, strong social ties, in addition since
humans are born underdeveloped they can be educated and
socialize too far greater extentthan any other animal.
Most mammals emerged from the womb like glazed earthenware
(06:28):
emerging from a colonel. Any attempt at Ramona in will
scratch a break them. Humans emerge from the womb like
molten glass from the furnace they can respond stretches
shape. This surprise in degree of
freedom of, this is why today wecan educate our children to
become Christian or Buddhist capital, is the Socialist
(06:49):
warlike or peace-loving. We assume that a large Brain,
the use of tools, Superior learning abilities, and complex
social structures are huge advantages.
It seems self-evident that this have made humankind the most
powerful animal on Earth, but the humans enjoy of this
advantages for a fool Two million years during which they
(07:12):
remained weak and marginal creatures.
Thus humans who lived a million years ago despite their big
brains and sharp stone tools, dwelled in constant fear of
predators, rarely haunted, largegame, and subsisted.
Mainly by gathering plans scooping up in six stock and
small animals, and it in the carrion left behind by other
(07:34):
more powerful carnivores. And of the most common uses of
early Stones tools were to crackopen bones in order to get the
the Mero Mero is the all sort oflike a brain inside the Stones.
Some researchers believe this was our original news just as
(07:57):
woodpecker specialize in extracting insects from the
trunks of trees. The first human specialized in
extract and Marrow from bones while mayor well.
Suppose you observe a pride of lions, take down.
And devour a giraffe, you wait patiently until they're done but
it's still not your turn becausefirst, they hyenas and jackals
(08:19):
and you wouldn't dare interfere with them, scavenge The
Leftovers, only then would you and your band?
They are even they approached the carcass look cautious to
left and right and dig into the edible tissue, that remained.
And this is a ketone. In your history and psychology,
(08:40):
do you just homeless position ina food chain was until quite
recently. Solidly in the middle for
millions of years, humans, haunted, smaller, Critters, and
gathered, what they could. All the while being hunted by
larger Predators, it was only 400,000 years ago, that several
species of man began to hunt large game.
(09:01):
On a regular basis, and only in the last 100,000 years with the
rise of homo sapiens. The men jumped to the top of the
food chain, that spectacular leap from the middle to the tar
had enormous consequences. Other animals at the top of the
pyramid, such as lies and sharksevolved into the position.
(09:23):
Very gradually over millions of years, this enabled the
ecosystem to develop checks and balances that prevent like the
sharks from Rockland too much. Havoc.
As lines became deadly. Gazelles revolves around faster.
I Enos to culprit better and rhinoceroses to be more
bad-tempered in contrast humankind has sent it to the
(09:46):
top. So quickly that the ecosystem
was not given time to adjust. Moreover, humans themselves
fail, to adjust the most of prayers to the planar majestic
creatures. Millions of years of domination
have filled them with self-confidence.
Sapiens by contrast is more likea Banana Republic dictator.
(10:07):
Having some recently, been one of The Underdogs of the
Savannah. We are fully fused and anxieties
of our position, which makes us doubt a cruel and dangerous.
When historical Calumet is from deadly worse to ecologically,
catastrophes have resulted from this over-hasty jump, Next
(10:28):
chapter, I raised off Cooks significant step on the way to
the top was domestication of fire subhuman.
Species may have made occasional, use the fires early
as 800,000 years ago. But by about 300,000 years ago,
Homo erectus neanderthals. And the forefathers of homo
(10:49):
sapiens were using fire on a daily basis humans.
Now had a Dependable source of light and warmth and a day.
New weapon against proud and lines, not long afterwards.
Humans, may even have started deliberately to torch their
neighborhoods. A carefully managed fire.
Could turn impassable Baron thickets into a prime.
(11:13):
Grasslands teaming with game. In addition, once the fire died
down, Stone Age enterpreneurs, could walk through smoking
remains and harvest. Charcoal animals knots and you
birth. But but the best thing fire did
was cook foods that humans cannot digest in their natural
(11:35):
form, such as wheat, or rice or potatoes became Staples of our
Daya things to cocaine far. Not only changed Foods,
chemistry changed it, biology aswell, cooking kill germs and
parasites. That infested food humans.
Also, had a far easier time chewing and digesting all
(11:55):
favorite such as fruits. Not since X and carried.
If they were cooked, whereas chimpanzee spend five hours a
day to draw food a single our sufficient for people eating
cooked food, the Advent of cooking, neighbor.
Humans to eat more kinds of foodto devote, less time to reading
and to make do with smaller teamand shorter intestines.
(12:20):
Some scholars believe there is adirect link between the Advent
of cooking, the shortening of the human.
Testing crack and the Grove of the human brain since honest
testings and large, brains are both massive energy consumers.
It's hard to have both by shortening the intestines and
decreasing their energy, consumption cooking.
(12:42):
Inevitably, open the way to the jumbo brains of Neanderthals and
sapiens fire. Also opened the first
significant Gulf between, man and the other animals, the power
of almost all animals, depends on the Body as a strength for
their muscles, the size of theirteeth, the breadth of their
wings today May harness winds and currents.
(13:07):
They are unable to control this natural forces and are always
constrained by their physical design, Eagles.
For example, if items, the identify thermal columns rising
from the ground spread their Jump Wings allowed the hot air
to leave them upwards yet. It goes cannot Roll the location
(13:28):
of the comes, and their maximum current capacity, is strictly
proportional to their wingspan. When humans, domesticated
domesticated fire, they can control of an obedient and
potentially Limitless force and,like, Leo's humans could choose
when and where to ignite the flame, they were able to exploit
(13:48):
fire for any number of tasks. Most importantly, the power of
fire was not limited by the formstructure strength of the human
body's signals, And the flame offire stick could burn down an
entire forest in a matter of hours, the domestication of Fire
or the sign of things to come. All right.
(14:10):
My brothers and my friends and my sisters were going to stop
here. Next chapter is our brothers
Keepers. As we established we were not
the only type the all not only the only race of people living
planet so we're going to talk about it next time.
That's all for now. Thank you for listening, have a
(14:31):
great day and goodbye.
All right. Hello, my friends.
It's Mark from English on command and today, we are
reading a book, the brief history of humankind.
And today we are moving on to our next chapter.
The cost of thinking. Despite many differences all
human species, share several defining characteristics, and
(00:24):
most notably humans have extraordinarily large brains
compared to other animals. Mammals weighing about 60, kg
have an average brain size of 200, cubic centimeters and the
earliest, man, and women do not have million years ago, had
brains of about 600. Cubic centimeters, modern sea
(00:46):
beans, sport, a brain, a virgin 1214 hundred or one thousand two
hundred and one thousand four hundred.
Cubic centimeters Neanderthal, brains were even bigger.
That Evolution should select forlarger brains may seem to us
like, well, a no-brainer we are.So enamored of our high
(01:10):
intelligence that will assume that when it comes to cerebral,
power more must be better. But if that were the case, the
fell in the family would also have produced cats who could do
calculus, why is genus homo. The only one in the entire and
Kingdom to have come up with such massive thinking machines,
(01:33):
the fact is that a jumbo brain is a jumbo drain on the body.
It's not easy to carry around, especially when encased inside a
massive skull. Don't know how to fuel enormous
savings. The brain accounts for about 23
percent of total body weight butthe consumes 25% of the body's
(01:56):
energy when a body is at Rest bycomparison the Reigns of other
Apes require only 8% of rest time, energy or calc Youmans,
pay for their large brains. In two ways.
Firstly, they spend more time insearch for food and secondly,
there are muscles atrophy like agovernment Davern money from
(02:19):
defense to education. Humans divert energy from biceps
to neurons. It's hardly a foregone
conclusion that this is a good strategy for survival.
On the Savannah. The chimpanzee.
Can't we an argument? We Homo sapiens, but the, a can
read The Man Apart like a rag doll.
(02:41):
Today, our big brains pay off nicely because we can produce
cars and cons that neighbors to move much faster Trims and
should them from a safe distanceinstead of wrestling but cars
and guns are a recent phenomenonfor more than two million years,
human neural networks cap growing and growing but apart
(03:02):
from some fling nice and point six human had precious little to
show for it. What?
Then drove forward. The evolution of The massive
human brain during those two menyears.
Well, frankly, we don't know another singular human trait.
Is that we walk upright until that standing up.
(03:26):
It's easier to scan this Vanna for game or enemies and arms
that are unnecessary for the commotion of freed for other
purposes, like throwing stones or signaling.
The more things these hands could do.
The more successful. Their owners were so
evolutionary pressure brought about increasing concentration
(03:49):
of nerves and finely tuned muscles, and the palms and
fingers as a result, humans can be formed, very intricate tasks
with their hands and particular they can produce and use
sophisticated tools, the first evidence for to production dates
from about two and a half million years ago and the
manufacture and use. Tools are the criteria by which
(04:11):
archaeologists recognize engine humans.
Yet walking upright has its downside to the skeleton of our
primate. Ancestors developed for millions
of years, to support a creature that walked on all fours, and
had relatively small hat. Adjusting to an upright position
was quite a challenge, especially when the scaffolding
(04:34):
had to support an extra large Cranium, humankind paid for it.
A lot of vision and industrious hands with backaches and stiff
necks women. Paid extra a proud gay required
narrow hips constricting. The birth canal.
And this just when babies heads were getting bigger and bigger,
(04:59):
death and shall ever became a major Hazard.
For human females, women who gave birth earlier when infant's
brain and had we're still relatively small And supple
fared better and leave to have more children.
Natural selection consequently favored earlier, birds and
indeed it compared to other animals humans are born.
(05:21):
Prematurely when many of our of their vital systems are still
under developed called control shortly.
After perfect kitten leaves its mother to forage on its own when
it's just a few weeks. All human babies are helpless
dependent for many years. Their Elders for sustenance
protection and education. Now, this fact has contributed
(05:46):
greatly. Both the humankind
extraordinarily, social abilities and his unique social
problems loan mothers, who the hardly forage enough food for
their offspring and themselves with needy children in tow
raising children, required constant help from other family
members and neighbors. It took a tribe to raise a
(06:07):
human, a whole try. Evolution does favor, those
capable of forming, strong social ties, in addition since
humans are born underdeveloped they can be educated and
socialize too far greater extentthan any other animal.
Most mammals emerged from the womb like glazed earthenware
(06:28):
emerging from a colonel. Any attempt at Ramona in will
scratch a break them. Humans emerge from the womb like
molten glass from the furnace they can respond stretches
shape. This surprise in degree of
freedom of, this is why today wecan educate our children to
become Christian or Buddhist capital, is the Socialist
(06:49):
warlike or peace-loving. We assume that a large Brain,
the use of tools, Superior learning abilities, and complex
social structures are huge advantages.
It seems self-evident that this have made humankind the most
powerful animal on Earth, but the humans enjoy of this
advantages for a fool Two million years during which they
(07:12):
remained weak and marginal creatures.
Thus humans who lived a million years ago despite their big
brains and sharp stone tools, dwelled in constant fear of
predators, rarely haunted, largegame, and subsisted.
Mainly by gathering plans scooping up in six stock and
small animals, and it in the carrion left behind by other
(07:34):
more powerful carnivores. And of the most common uses of
early Stones tools were to crackopen bones in order to get the
the Mero Mero is the all sort oflike a brain inside the Stones.
Some researchers believe this was our original news just as
(07:57):
woodpecker specialize in extracting insects from the
trunks of trees. The first human specialized in
extract and Marrow from bones while mayor well.
Suppose you observe a pride of lions, take down.
And devour a giraffe, you wait patiently until they're done but
it's still not your turn becausefirst, they hyenas and jackals
(08:19):
and you wouldn't dare interfere with them, scavenge The
Leftovers, only then would you and your band?
They are even they approached the carcass look cautious to
left and right and dig into the edible tissue, that remained.
And this is a ketone. In your history and psychology,
(08:40):
do you just homeless position ina food chain was until quite
recently. Solidly in the middle for
millions of years, humans, haunted, smaller, Critters, and
gathered, what they could. All the while being hunted by
larger Predators, it was only 400,000 years ago, that several
species of man began to hunt large game.
(09:01):
On a regular basis, and only in the last 100,000 years with the
rise of homo sapiens. The men jumped to the top of the
food chain, that spectacular leap from the middle to the tar
had enormous consequences. Other animals at the top of the
pyramid, such as lies and sharksevolved into the position.
(09:23):
Very gradually over millions of years, this enabled the
ecosystem to develop checks and balances that prevent like the
sharks from Rockland too much. Havoc.
As lines became deadly. Gazelles revolves around faster.
I Enos to culprit better and rhinoceroses to be more
bad-tempered in contrast humankind has sent it to the
(09:46):
top. So quickly that the ecosystem
was not given time to adjust. Moreover, humans themselves
fail, to adjust the most of prayers to the planar majestic
creatures. Millions of years of domination
have filled them with self-confidence.
Sapiens by contrast is more likea Banana Republic dictator.
(10:07):
Having some recently, been one of The Underdogs of the
Savannah. We are fully fused and anxieties
of our position, which makes us doubt a cruel and dangerous.
When historical Calumet is from deadly worse to ecologically,
catastrophes have resulted from this over-hasty jump, Next
(10:28):
chapter, I raised off Cooks significant step on the way to
the top was domestication of fire subhuman.
Species may have made occasional, use the fires early
as 800,000 years ago. But by about 300,000 years ago,
Homo erectus neanderthals. And the forefathers of homo
(10:49):
sapiens were using fire on a daily basis humans.
Now had a Dependable source of light and warmth and a day.
New weapon against proud and lines, not long afterwards.
Humans, may even have started deliberately to torch their
neighborhoods. A carefully managed fire.
Could turn impassable Baron thickets into a prime.
(11:13):
Grasslands teaming with game. In addition, once the fire died
down, Stone Age enterpreneurs, could walk through smoking
remains and harvest. Charcoal animals knots and you
birth. But but the best thing fire did
was cook foods that humans cannot digest in their natural
(11:35):
form, such as wheat, or rice or potatoes became Staples of our
Daya things to cocaine far. Not only changed Foods,
chemistry changed it, biology aswell, cooking kill germs and
parasites. That infested food humans.
Also, had a far easier time chewing and digesting all
(11:55):
favorite such as fruits. Not since X and carried.
If they were cooked, whereas chimpanzee spend five hours a
day to draw food a single our sufficient for people eating
cooked food, the Advent of cooking, neighbor.
Humans to eat more kinds of foodto devote, less time to reading
and to make do with smaller teamand shorter intestines.
(12:20):
Some scholars believe there is adirect link between the Advent
of cooking, the shortening of the human.
Testing crack and the Grove of the human brain since honest
testings and large, brains are both massive energy consumers.
It's hard to have both by shortening the intestines and
decreasing their energy, consumption cooking.
(12:42):
Inevitably, open the way to the jumbo brains of Neanderthals and
sapiens fire. Also opened the first
significant Gulf between, man and the other animals, the power
of almost all animals, depends on the Body as a strength for
their muscles, the size of theirteeth, the breadth of their
wings today May harness winds and currents.
(13:07):
They are unable to control this natural forces and are always
constrained by their physical design, Eagles.
For example, if items, the identify thermal columns rising
from the ground spread their Jump Wings allowed the hot air
to leave them upwards yet. It goes cannot Roll the location
(13:28):
of the comes, and their maximum current capacity, is strictly
proportional to their wingspan. When humans, domesticated
domesticated fire, they can control of an obedient and
potentially Limitless force and,like, Leo's humans could choose
when and where to ignite the flame, they were able to exploit
(13:48):
fire for any number of tasks. Most importantly, the power of
fire was not limited by the formstructure strength of the human
body's signals, And the flame offire stick could burn down an
entire forest in a matter of hours, the domestication of Fire
or the sign of things to come. All right.
(14:10):
My brothers and my friends and my sisters were going to stop
here. Next chapter is our brothers
Keepers. As we established we were not
the only type the all not only the only race of people living
planet so we're going to talk about it next time.
That's all for now. Thank you for listening, have a
(14:31):
great day and goodbye.
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