August 24, 2020 • 12 mins
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Transcript
Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
Hi chaps. It's Mark from English on
command. And today, we're going to
continue reading the book sapiens a brief history of
humankind. Today's chapter, the tree of
knowledge in the previous chapter was sold at all.
Those savings had already populated is Africa. 150,000
years ago. They began to overrun.
(00:22):
The rest of planet Earth and drive the other human species to
Extinction only about 70,000 years ago, in They intervene in
Millennia even though these archaic statements look just
like us and their brains were asbig as ours.
They did not enjoy any marked advantage over other human
species. They don't produce particularly
(00:44):
sophisticated tools and did not accomplish any other special
feet in fact, in the first recorded encounter between
sapiens and Neanderthals, didn'tyour thoughts one about 100,000
years ago, some savings Up migrated North to the Lavon
which was near the foul territory but fail to secure a
(01:06):
firm footing. It might have been due to Nestea
natives in inclement climate or in familiar, local parasite.
Whatever the reason this happenseventually retreated leaving
authorities, the masters of the Middle East, this poor record,
which even has that schoolers tospeculate that the internal
(01:26):
structure of the brains of the statements of probably the from
her mouth. They look like us but their
cognitive abilities learn. And remember it, and
communicate, and we're far more limited edition such an engine
sapiens English. Persuading him of the truth of
the Christian dogma or getting him to understand the theory of
(01:47):
evolution would probably have been hopeless undertaking.
Conversely, we would have had a very hard time during his
language and understanding his way of thinking but then
Beginning about 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started doing
a very special things around that day, seven bands that
(02:08):
Africa for a second time. This time they drove the
dinosaurs and all the other human species, not only from the
Middle East, but from the face of the Earth with in a
remarkably short period, sapiensreached Europe and East Asia
about 45,000 years ago, they somehow crossed the open, sea
and land Indians strela continent hit So Untouched by
(02:32):
humans, the period from about 70,000 years ago to about 30,000
years ago, witnessed the invention of boats oil lamps
boughs and arrows, needles essential for soon were
included. The first object that can
reliably be killed. Art did from this era as just
the first clear evidence for religion, Commerce and social
(02:55):
stratification. Most researchers believe that
this and president compliments were the product of a revolution
sapiens cognitive abilities. They maintained that the people
who drove the Neanderthals to Extinction settled in Australia
and car, the state align man were as intelligent creative
(03:17):
incentive as we are if we were to come across the artist of
this state of cave, we could learn their language and they
hours would be able to explain to them everything we know from
The Adventures of Allison Only lent to the Paradox of quantum
physics. They could teach us how their
people view the world. The appearance of new ways of
(03:39):
thinking and communicating between seventy thousand
thousand years ago, it constitutes the cognitive
Revolution what caused it. We're not sure the most commonly
believed Theory, argues that accidental genetic mutations
change. The inner wiring of the brains
of savings enable them to think in unprecedented ways.
(04:00):
And to communicate using an altogether, new type of
language, Let call it the tree of knowledge.
Mutation why did it occur insideBen's DNA?
Rather than that of none of us? It was a matter of pure chance
as far as we can tell. But it's more important to
understand the consequences of the tree of knowledge mutation
(04:22):
that it's causes what was so special about the new sapiens
language that it will enable us to conquer the world?
It was not the first language, every animal, has some kind of
language even insects such as bees and ants, know how to
communicate and sophisticated ways in forming one.
Another of the whereabouts of food neither was it the first
(04:46):
vocal language, many animals, including all able monkey
species have vocal languages. For example.
Green monkeys used cause of various kinds to communicate
zoologist. Have identified one call.
That means The careful, an Engel, a slightly different
color words, careful, a lion. When researchers played a
(05:07):
recording of this first call to groove Monica's, the Monk Is
stopped that they were doing andlooked upwards in fear.
When the singing group heard a recording of the second called
the line working, they quickly scrambled up a tree sapiens.
Can produce many more distinct sounds than green monkeys but
whales and elephants have equally impressive abilities, a
(05:29):
parrot. Can say anything Albert.
Einstein could say as well as mimicking with the sounds of
phone, phones, ringing door, slamming and silence wailing,
whatever Advantage Einstein had over a parrot.
It wasn't vocal what then is so special about our language.
The most common answer is that our language is amazingly
(05:52):
support, we can connect a limited number of sounds and
science to produce an infinite number of sentences each with a
distinct. Come in and we can thereby and
just store and communicate a prodigious amount of information
about the surrounding World. A green monkey.
Can yell to its comrades, careful a lion but the modern
(06:14):
human can tell her friends that this morning near the bad energy
versus alive and tracking a herdof bees on.
She can then describe the exact location could in the different
paths leading to the area with this information.
The members of How bad can put their heads together and discuss
(06:34):
whether they ought to approach the river in order to chase away
the line and haunt the bees on asecond theory agrees that our
unique language evolved as a means of shared information
about the world but the most important information that
needed to be conveyed. Was about humans, not about
lions and bees on our language evolved as a way of gossiping
(06:58):
according to this. Theory Homo sapiens is primarily
a social animal. Social cooperation is our key
for survival and reproduction isnot enough for individual men
and women to know they worried about of lines.
And these on, it's much more important to them know who in
their band. Hates whom who is sleeping with
(07:19):
whom, who is honest. And who is AG it.
The amount of information that one must obtain and stored on
the track, the other changing relationships of if you do As
individuals is staggering in a band of 15 divisions.
They are 1225 one-on-one relationships and countless more
(07:40):
complex, social combinations. All-ages, show a keen interest
in such social information, but they have trouble gossiping,
effectively, neanderthals and archaic, Homo sapiens.
Probably also had a hard time talking behind each other's
backs and much-maligned ability which is in fact it's Central
for cooperation, in large numbers, the new linguistic
(08:03):
skills that morning sapiens acquired about 70 Millennia ago.
Enabled them to gossip for hourson end, reliable information.
With who could be trusted man that small bands.
Could expand into larger bands and sapiens could develop
Tighter and more sophisticated. Type of cooperation, the gossip
(08:23):
Theory might sound like a joke but numerous artists supported
even today. The vast majority of
Communication, whether in the form of emails, phone calls or
newspaper columns, or what's happening is a gossip, it comes
to Natural. It was that it seems as if our
language evolved for this very purpose do you think that
(08:44):
history professors chat about the reasons for World War One
when they meet for lunch or thatnuclear physicist?
Spend their coffee breaks at scientific conferences, talking
about quarks sometimes they do but More often.
They gossip about their Professor who caught her husband
cheating. Well, the quarrel between the
(09:05):
head of the department and the Deep, all the rumors that it
caught accused, his research funds to buy Alexis gossip,
usually focuses on wrongdoings rumor, rumor mongers Harvey.
Original fourth estate journalists would inform Society
above the thus protected from cheat and freeloaders, most
(09:26):
likely both the ghost of theory and there is a line.
The river here. We are valid.
Yeah, the truly unique feature of our language is not its
ability to transmit information about man or lines brother.
It's the ability to transmit information about things that do
not exist at all. As far as we know, only sapiens
can talk about entire kinds of vendors that they have never
(09:49):
seen touch to smelt. Legends means gods and religions
appeared for the first time. The cognitive Revolution many
animals and human species could previously sake.
Careful and lion. Thanks to the cognitive
Revolution Homo sapiens acquire,the ability said, the line is
the guardian Spirit of our tribe.
This ability to speak about fictions, is the most unique
(10:12):
feature of sapiens language. It's relatively easy to agree
that only Homo sapiens can speakabout things that don't really
exist and believe, six impossible things before
breakfast. You could never convince the
market to give you a banana by promising him limit.
Bananas half to death in Mikey heaven.
(10:32):
But why is important after all fiction could be dangerously
misleading or distracting peoplewho got to the force looking for
fairies and unicorns would seem to have less chance of survival
than people who go looking for mushrooms and deer.
And if you spend hours, praying,not existing Guardian Spirit,
I'm sure wasting precious time time better spent, forages
(10:56):
fights in or fornicating. But fiction has enabled us.
Not merely to measure things butto do so collectively.
We can weave common leave such as the biblical questions story.
The Dreamtime is of abortional Australians and the national
Smith of modern states. Such me is gives sapiens the
(11:18):
unprecedented ability to cooperate flexibly in large
numbers and these can also work together in huge numbers but
they do. So in a very rigid They're only
with close relatives rules and chimpanzees corporate far more
flexible than ants but they can do.
(11:38):
So only with small numbers of their individuals that they know
intimately savings can cooperatein extremely flexible ways with
countless numbers of strangers. That's why sapiens rule the
world. Where's ants eat?
Our leftovers and chimps are locked up in zoos and research
that will happen. Bursaries.
(12:01):
Alright guys, that's all for today.
I'll talk to you tomorrow. Have a good one.
Bye bye. Alright guys, that's all for
today. I'll talk to you tomorrow.
Have a good one. Bye bye.
Hi chaps. It's Mark from English on
command. And today, we're going to
continue reading the book sapiens a brief history of
humankind. Today's chapter, the tree of
knowledge in the previous chapter was sold at all.
Those savings had already populated is Africa. 150,000
years ago. They began to overrun.
(00:22):
The rest of planet Earth and drive the other human species to
Extinction only about 70,000 years ago, in They intervene in
Millennia even though these archaic statements look just
like us and their brains were asbig as ours.
They did not enjoy any marked advantage over other human
species. They don't produce particularly
(00:44):
sophisticated tools and did not accomplish any other special
feet in fact, in the first recorded encounter between
sapiens and Neanderthals, didn'tyour thoughts one about 100,000
years ago, some savings Up migrated North to the Lavon
which was near the foul territory but fail to secure a
(01:06):
firm footing. It might have been due to Nestea
natives in inclement climate or in familiar, local parasite.
Whatever the reason this happenseventually retreated leaving
authorities, the masters of the Middle East, this poor record,
which even has that schoolers tospeculate that the internal
(01:26):
structure of the brains of the statements of probably the from
her mouth. They look like us but their
cognitive abilities learn. And remember it, and
communicate, and we're far more limited edition such an engine
sapiens English. Persuading him of the truth of
the Christian dogma or getting him to understand the theory of
(01:47):
evolution would probably have been hopeless undertaking.
Conversely, we would have had a very hard time during his
language and understanding his way of thinking but then
Beginning about 70,000 years ago, Homo sapiens started doing
a very special things around that day, seven bands that
(02:08):
Africa for a second time. This time they drove the
dinosaurs and all the other human species, not only from the
Middle East, but from the face of the Earth with in a
remarkably short period, sapiensreached Europe and East Asia
about 45,000 years ago, they somehow crossed the open, sea
and land Indians strela continent hit So Untouched by
(02:32):
humans, the period from about 70,000 years ago to about 30,000
years ago, witnessed the invention of boats oil lamps
boughs and arrows, needles essential for soon were
included. The first object that can
reliably be killed. Art did from this era as just
the first clear evidence for religion, Commerce and social
(02:55):
stratification. Most researchers believe that
this and president compliments were the product of a revolution
sapiens cognitive abilities. They maintained that the people
who drove the Neanderthals to Extinction settled in Australia
and car, the state align man were as intelligent creative
(03:17):
incentive as we are if we were to come across the artist of
this state of cave, we could learn their language and they
hours would be able to explain to them everything we know from
The Adventures of Allison Only lent to the Paradox of quantum
physics. They could teach us how their
people view the world. The appearance of new ways of
(03:39):
thinking and communicating between seventy thousand
thousand years ago, it constitutes the cognitive
Revolution what caused it. We're not sure the most commonly
believed Theory, argues that accidental genetic mutations
change. The inner wiring of the brains
of savings enable them to think in unprecedented ways.
(04:00):
And to communicate using an altogether, new type of
language, Let call it the tree of knowledge.
Mutation why did it occur insideBen's DNA?
Rather than that of none of us? It was a matter of pure chance
as far as we can tell. But it's more important to
understand the consequences of the tree of knowledge mutation
(04:22):
that it's causes what was so special about the new sapiens
language that it will enable us to conquer the world?
It was not the first language, every animal, has some kind of
language even insects such as bees and ants, know how to
communicate and sophisticated ways in forming one.
Another of the whereabouts of food neither was it the first
(04:46):
vocal language, many animals, including all able monkey
species have vocal languages. For example.
Green monkeys used cause of various kinds to communicate
zoologist. Have identified one call.
That means The careful, an Engel, a slightly different
color words, careful, a lion. When researchers played a
(05:07):
recording of this first call to groove Monica's, the Monk Is
stopped that they were doing andlooked upwards in fear.
When the singing group heard a recording of the second called
the line working, they quickly scrambled up a tree sapiens.
Can produce many more distinct sounds than green monkeys but
whales and elephants have equally impressive abilities, a
(05:29):
parrot. Can say anything Albert.
Einstein could say as well as mimicking with the sounds of
phone, phones, ringing door, slamming and silence wailing,
whatever Advantage Einstein had over a parrot.
It wasn't vocal what then is so special about our language.
The most common answer is that our language is amazingly
(05:52):
support, we can connect a limited number of sounds and
science to produce an infinite number of sentences each with a
distinct. Come in and we can thereby and
just store and communicate a prodigious amount of information
about the surrounding World. A green monkey.
Can yell to its comrades, careful a lion but the modern
(06:14):
human can tell her friends that this morning near the bad energy
versus alive and tracking a herdof bees on.
She can then describe the exact location could in the different
paths leading to the area with this information.
The members of How bad can put their heads together and discuss
(06:34):
whether they ought to approach the river in order to chase away
the line and haunt the bees on asecond theory agrees that our
unique language evolved as a means of shared information
about the world but the most important information that
needed to be conveyed. Was about humans, not about
lions and bees on our language evolved as a way of gossiping
(06:58):
according to this. Theory Homo sapiens is primarily
a social animal. Social cooperation is our key
for survival and reproduction isnot enough for individual men
and women to know they worried about of lines.
And these on, it's much more important to them know who in
their band. Hates whom who is sleeping with
(07:19):
whom, who is honest. And who is AG it.
The amount of information that one must obtain and stored on
the track, the other changing relationships of if you do As
individuals is staggering in a band of 15 divisions.
They are 1225 one-on-one relationships and countless more
(07:40):
complex, social combinations. All-ages, show a keen interest
in such social information, but they have trouble gossiping,
effectively, neanderthals and archaic, Homo sapiens.
Probably also had a hard time talking behind each other's
backs and much-maligned ability which is in fact it's Central
for cooperation, in large numbers, the new linguistic
(08:03):
skills that morning sapiens acquired about 70 Millennia ago.
Enabled them to gossip for hourson end, reliable information.
With who could be trusted man that small bands.
Could expand into larger bands and sapiens could develop
Tighter and more sophisticated. Type of cooperation, the gossip
(08:23):
Theory might sound like a joke but numerous artists supported
even today. The vast majority of
Communication, whether in the form of emails, phone calls or
newspaper columns, or what's happening is a gossip, it comes
to Natural. It was that it seems as if our
language evolved for this very purpose do you think that
(08:44):
history professors chat about the reasons for World War One
when they meet for lunch or thatnuclear physicist?
Spend their coffee breaks at scientific conferences, talking
about quarks sometimes they do but More often.
They gossip about their Professor who caught her husband
cheating. Well, the quarrel between the
(09:05):
head of the department and the Deep, all the rumors that it
caught accused, his research funds to buy Alexis gossip,
usually focuses on wrongdoings rumor, rumor mongers Harvey.
Original fourth estate journalists would inform Society
above the thus protected from cheat and freeloaders, most
(09:26):
likely both the ghost of theory and there is a line.
The river here. We are valid.
Yeah, the truly unique feature of our language is not its
ability to transmit information about man or lines brother.
It's the ability to transmit information about things that do
not exist at all. As far as we know, only sapiens
can talk about entire kinds of vendors that they have never
(09:49):
seen touch to smelt. Legends means gods and religions
appeared for the first time. The cognitive Revolution many
animals and human species could previously sake.
Careful and lion. Thanks to the cognitive
Revolution Homo sapiens acquire,the ability said, the line is
the guardian Spirit of our tribe.
This ability to speak about fictions, is the most unique
(10:12):
feature of sapiens language. It's relatively easy to agree
that only Homo sapiens can speakabout things that don't really
exist and believe, six impossible things before
breakfast. You could never convince the
market to give you a banana by promising him limit.
Bananas half to death in Mikey heaven.
(10:32):
But why is important after all fiction could be dangerously
misleading or distracting peoplewho got to the force looking for
fairies and unicorns would seem to have less chance of survival
than people who go looking for mushrooms and deer.
And if you spend hours, praying,not existing Guardian Spirit,
I'm sure wasting precious time time better spent, forages
(10:56):
fights in or fornicating. But fiction has enabled us.
Not merely to measure things butto do so collectively.
We can weave common leave such as the biblical questions story.
The Dreamtime is of abortional Australians and the national
Smith of modern states. Such me is gives sapiens the
(11:18):
unprecedented ability to cooperate flexibly in large
numbers and these can also work together in huge numbers but
they do. So in a very rigid They're only
with close relatives rules and chimpanzees corporate far more
flexible than ants but they can do.
(11:38):
So only with small numbers of their individuals that they know
intimately savings can cooperatein extremely flexible ways with
countless numbers of strangers. That's why sapiens rule the
world. Where's ants eat?
Our leftovers and chimps are locked up in zoos and research
that will happen. Bursaries.
(12:01):
Alright guys, that's all for today.
I'll talk to you tomorrow. Have a good one.
Bye bye. Alright guys, that's all for
today. I'll talk to you tomorrow.
Have a good one. Bye bye.
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