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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
(00:00):
Hello chaps. It's Mark from English on
command. And today, we are going to
continue read our book, Homo sapiens the history of world.
Let's go, despite the benefits of fire. 150,000 years ago,
humans were still marginal creatures.
They could now scare away, Lions, worm themselves during
(00:22):
cold nights and burn down the occasional Thor's yet.
Counting all species together. There were still no more Danby
haps, a million humans, laying between Indonesian archipelago
and the idea in Peninsula and mere blip on the ecological
Raider. Our own species Homo sapiens,
(00:43):
which means wise human were already present on the world
stage, but so far I was just minding its own business in a
little corner of Africa. What do you know, exactly where,
and when animals that can be classified?
As Homo sapiens, first evolved from some early type of humans,
(01:04):
but most scientists agree that by hundred fifty thousand years
ago. East Africa was populated by
sapiens that look, just like us.If one of them turned up in a
mordant, morgue, the local pathologist would notice nothing
peculiar thanks to the blessingsof fire, they had smaller teeth
(01:27):
and Jaws than their ancestors. Whereas they had Had massive,
brains equal size 2 hours. Sign is also agree that about
70,000 years ago. Sapiens are is Africa spread
into the Arabian Peninsula. And there they quickly overrun
the entire Eurasian landmass when Homo sapiens Lennon.
(01:49):
Arabia, most of your ratios are ready, salad by other humans,
but what happened to them? There are two conflicting
theories. The interbreeding theory tells a
story of Attraction sex and mingling as the African
immigrants Pride around the world they bred with other
(02:12):
human, populations and people. Today are the outcome of this,
inter Britain for example, when sapiens reached the Middle East,
and Europe, dating encountered, the Neanderthals, these - were
more muscular and sapiens had larger brains and were better
(02:32):
adapted to cold climates. They used the tools and fire.
They were great hunters and apparently took care of their
sick and infirm and calories have discovered the bones of
Neanderthals who live for many years with severe physical,
handicaps evidence that they were cared for.
(02:55):
But their relatives neon the Those are often depicted in
caricatures as the archetypical brutish and stupid cave people,
but recent evidence has changed their image according to the
interbreeding theory. When sapiens spread in the
Neanderthals land savings bread with neanderthals until the two
(03:17):
populations merge. This is the case.
Then today's eurasians are not pure sapiens.
They are a mixture of sapiens and Neanderthals.
Similarly, when sapiens reached East Asia?
They interbred the local reactors.
So the Chinese and Koreans are amixture of sapiens and erectus
(03:38):
the opposing view called the replacement Theory tells a very
different story, one of incompatibility revulsion.
And perhaps even Gina side, according to this Theory,
sapiens and other humans had different anatomies and most
likely different mating habits and even Nobody orders smells
(03:59):
they would have had little sexual interest in one another.
And even if the NFL Romeo and the safe is Juliet the love,
they could not produce fertile children because the genetic
golf separating the two. Populations was already
unbridgeable, the two, populations remained completely
distinct than when the other those died out or were killed
(04:21):
off that know their genes died them according to this view,
sleeping through. Place all the previous human
populations without merging them.
If that is the case, the line ofjuice of the Contemporary humans
can be traced back exclusively to East Africa. 70,000 years
ago, we we are all pure sapiens.Hello hinges on this debate from
(04:48):
an evolutionary perspective. 70,000 years is a relatively
short interval. If the replacement theory is
correct, all you need humans have roughly the same genetic
baggage and racial distinctions among them are negligible.
But if they interbreed new theories right there might, well
be genetic differences between Africans.
(05:09):
Europeans and Asian's that go back.
Hundreds of thousands of years. This is is political Dynamite
which would provide material forexplosive racial theories.
In recent decades, the replacement theory has been the
common wisdom in the field. It had firmer archaeological
back again towards more politically correct.
(05:31):
Scientist had no desire to open up the Pandora's box of racism
by claiming significant genetic diversity among modern human
populations. But that ended in 2010, when the
results of the four-year effort to map the Neanderthal genome
were published genetics, were able to collect enough in.
Act nerd little DNA from fossilsto make broad comparison between
(05:55):
it and the Danny DNA of contemporary humans.
The results, stunt isn't a community.
It turned out that 14 percent 124 percent of the unique human
DNA of one populations in the Middle East and Europe is
Neanderthal, DNA. That's not a huge amount but
(06:16):
significant a second shock came,several months later when DNA
extracted. From the fastest finger from
Denise Oba, was mapped the results.
Proved that up to 6% the new community of modern melanesians
and abortional Australians is denisovan DNA.
(06:37):
This results are valid and it's important to keep in mind that
further research is underway andmay either reinforce or modify
this conclusions they interpreters got at least some
things, right? But that Doesn't mean that
replacement theory is completelywrong.
Some nearly 1,000, diesel has contributed only a small amount
(06:58):
of DNA to our present-day genomeand it's impossible to speak of
a merger between sapiens and other human species.
Although differences between them were not large enough to
completely prevent fertile intercourse.
They were sufficient to make such contexts very rare.
How then should we understand the biological?
(07:21):
Relatedness of sapiens neanderthals and denisovans.
Clearly, they were not completely different species
like horses and donkeys. On the other hand, they were not
just different population of thesame species like bulldogs and
spaniels biological reality is not black and white.
There are also important gray areas every two species that
(07:43):
evolved from a common ancestor such as horses and donkeys were
at one time just to populations of the same species.
Bulldog and spaniels there must have been a point.
When the two populations were already quite different from one
another, but still capable on rare occasions of having sex and
producing fertile offspring. Then another mutations to V
(08:06):
ordered, this last connecting thread and they went their
separate evolutionary ways. It seems that about 50,000 years
ago, sepia neurath, wasn't doingit so ones where that board at
one point, they were all Almost but not quite entirely separate
species as we shall see. In the next chapter sapiens were
(08:27):
already very different from the other thoughts.
And they do ones, not only in their genetic code and physical
traits but also and their cognitive and social abilities.
Yet it appears, it was just still possible in rare occasions
for see, pins and needles to produce fertile offspring.
So, the populations did not merge, but if you like a
(08:47):
neanderthal, genes did hitch a ride and it's a Piazza.
For as it is unsettling and perhaps thrill into thing that
we see if it's covid-19 have sexwith an animal from a different
species and produced children together, but in the other
thoughts denisovans and other human species didn't Merchants
happens. Why did they vanish one
(09:11):
possibility? Is that homo sapiens?
Drove them to Extinction. Imagine sapiens band, reaching
balcon, Valley where noodles hadlived for Has of thousands of
years. They the newcomers began to
haunt the deer and gather the not and there's that were they
none of those traditional Staples.
Sapiens were more proficient hunters and gatherers.
(09:34):
Thanks to better technology and Superior social skills.
So they multiplied and spread the last resourceful and the
thoughts, find increasingly difficult to feed themselves.
Their population, doing deals and the slowly died at Perhaps
for one or two members who join the sapiens neighbors.
(09:56):
Another possibility. Is that competition for
resources, flared up into violence and genocide on
tolerance is not a sapiens trademark in modern times, a
small difference in skin color, dialect, or religion has been
enough to prompt one group of serpents to set about X.
Exterminate another group, with insurance savings, have been
(10:16):
more tolerant towards an entirely different human
species. And He that when seppies
encounter and whistles the result was the first and most
significant ethnic cleansing campaign history.
Whichever way it happened the Neanderthals and the other human
species pose, one of History's great what-ifs.
(10:37):
Imagine how things might have turned out that the Daniela
thousand results. Survive alongside Homo sapiens,
what kind of culture society andpolitical structures?
We have emerged in a world whereseveral You must possess
coexisted, how? For example, would religious
faiths have unfolded would the Book of Genesis have declared
(11:00):
that? None of those descended from
Adam? And Eve would just have died
from the Saints of the denisovans and what the core
runs have reserved seats in heaven for all righteous humans,
whatever their species, hmm. 100,000 have been able to serve
in a Roman Legions or in a sprawling bureaucracy of
Imperial China. Well the American Declaration of
(11:22):
Independence Hall as self-evident truth that all
members of the genus homo are creatures created equal with
Karl. Marx have heard workers of all
species to unite over the past 10,000 years.
Homo sapiens has grown so accustomed to be in the only you
must visit that it's hard for usto conceive of any other
(11:44):
possibility. Our lack of brothers and sisters
makes it easier to imagine that we are the epitome of Creation.
And that a Chasm separates us from the rest of the animal
kingdom. When Charles Darwin indicated
that homo sapiens was just another kind of animal.
People were outraged even today.Many refused to believe it had
(12:06):
the Neanderthal survived. But we're still imagine
ourselves to be a creature part.Perhaps, this is exactly why our
ancestors wiped out in Yonder. Thought they were too familiar
to ignore but two different tolerate weather.
Safe hands. Are to blame or not.
No, sooner had they arrived at anew location that they native
(12:27):
population. Became extinct the last remains
of homo. Floresiensis are dated to about
50,000 years ago, homo doing solo, disappear shortly,
thereafter, neanderthals made their exit roughly 30,000 years
ago. The last Borth, like, humans
vanished through floors Island from tooth 12,000 years ago.
(12:49):
Now that behind some bones, stone tools, a few genes that
are DNA and a lot of unanswered questions.
They also love behind us. Homo sapiens the last human
species. What was the sapin secret of
success? How they will manage to settle
so rapidly in so many distance and ecologically different
habitats. How did we push all other
(13:09):
humans? Visit inter Bolivian.
Why couldn't we even the strong brainy called proving your love
has survived. Our own slot the debate.
Continues to rage. The most likely answer is the
very thing that makes the debatepossible Homo sapiens conquer
the world. Thanks above all to it, in
English language. That's often a ghost iced guys
(13:34):
and girls next time we're going to talk about the language which
we invented. Alright I hope you enjoyed it.
I wish you to have a great greatday today.
See you next time. Bye.
Continues to rage. The most likely answer is the
very thing that makes the debatepossible Homo sapiens conquer
the world. Thanks above all to it, in
English language. That's often a ghost iced guys
and girls next time we're going to talk about the language which
we invented. Alright I hope you enjoyed it.
I wish you to have a great greatday today.
See you next time. Bye.
Hello chaps. It's Mark from English on
command. And today, we are going to
continue read our book, Homo sapiens the history of world.
Let's go, despite the benefits of fire. 150,000 years ago,
humans were still marginal creatures.
They could now scare away, Lions, worm themselves during
(00:22):
cold nights and burn down the occasional Thor's yet.
Counting all species together. There were still no more Danby
haps, a million humans, laying between Indonesian archipelago
and the idea in Peninsula and mere blip on the ecological
Raider. Our own species Homo sapiens,
(00:43):
which means wise human were already present on the world
stage, but so far I was just minding its own business in a
little corner of Africa. What do you know, exactly where,
and when animals that can be classified?
As Homo sapiens, first evolved from some early type of humans,
(01:04):
but most scientists agree that by hundred fifty thousand years
ago. East Africa was populated by
sapiens that look, just like us.If one of them turned up in a
mordant, morgue, the local pathologist would notice nothing
peculiar thanks to the blessingsof fire, they had smaller teeth
(01:27):
and Jaws than their ancestors. Whereas they had Had massive,
brains equal size 2 hours. Sign is also agree that about
70,000 years ago. Sapiens are is Africa spread
into the Arabian Peninsula. And there they quickly overrun
the entire Eurasian landmass when Homo sapiens Lennon.
(01:49):
Arabia, most of your ratios are ready, salad by other humans,
but what happened to them? There are two conflicting
theories. The interbreeding theory tells a
story of Attraction sex and mingling as the African
immigrants Pride around the world they bred with other
(02:12):
human, populations and people. Today are the outcome of this,
inter Britain for example, when sapiens reached the Middle East,
and Europe, dating encountered, the Neanderthals, these - were
more muscular and sapiens had larger brains and were better
(02:32):
adapted to cold climates. They used the tools and fire.
They were great hunters and apparently took care of their
sick and infirm and calories have discovered the bones of
Neanderthals who live for many years with severe physical,
handicaps evidence that they were cared for.
(02:55):
But their relatives neon the Those are often depicted in
caricatures as the archetypical brutish and stupid cave people,
but recent evidence has changed their image according to the
interbreeding theory. When sapiens spread in the
Neanderthals land savings bread with neanderthals until the two
(03:17):
populations merge. This is the case.
Then today's eurasians are not pure sapiens.
They are a mixture of sapiens and Neanderthals.
Similarly, when sapiens reached East Asia?
They interbred the local reactors.
So the Chinese and Koreans are amixture of sapiens and erectus
(03:38):
the opposing view called the replacement Theory tells a very
different story, one of incompatibility revulsion.
And perhaps even Gina side, according to this Theory,
sapiens and other humans had different anatomies and most
likely different mating habits and even Nobody orders smells
(03:59):
they would have had little sexual interest in one another.
And even if the NFL Romeo and the safe is Juliet the love,
they could not produce fertile children because the genetic
golf separating the two. Populations was already
unbridgeable, the two, populations remained completely
distinct than when the other those died out or were killed
(04:21):
off that know their genes died them according to this view,
sleeping through. Place all the previous human
populations without merging them.
If that is the case, the line ofjuice of the Contemporary humans
can be traced back exclusively to East Africa. 70,000 years
ago, we we are all pure sapiens.Hello hinges on this debate from
(04:48):
an evolutionary perspective. 70,000 years is a relatively
short interval. If the replacement theory is
correct, all you need humans have roughly the same genetic
baggage and racial distinctions among them are negligible.
But if they interbreed new theories right there might, well
be genetic differences between Africans.
(05:09):
Europeans and Asian's that go back.
Hundreds of thousands of years. This is is political Dynamite
which would provide material forexplosive racial theories.
In recent decades, the replacement theory has been the
common wisdom in the field. It had firmer archaeological
back again towards more politically correct.
(05:31):
Scientist had no desire to open up the Pandora's box of racism
by claiming significant genetic diversity among modern human
populations. But that ended in 2010, when the
results of the four-year effort to map the Neanderthal genome
were published genetics, were able to collect enough in.
Act nerd little DNA from fossilsto make broad comparison between
(05:55):
it and the Danny DNA of contemporary humans.
The results, stunt isn't a community.
It turned out that 14 percent 124 percent of the unique human
DNA of one populations in the Middle East and Europe is
Neanderthal, DNA. That's not a huge amount but
(06:16):
significant a second shock came,several months later when DNA
extracted. From the fastest finger from
Denise Oba, was mapped the results.
Proved that up to 6% the new community of modern melanesians
and abortional Australians is denisovan DNA.
(06:37):
This results are valid and it's important to keep in mind that
further research is underway andmay either reinforce or modify
this conclusions they interpreters got at least some
things, right? But that Doesn't mean that
replacement theory is completelywrong.
Some nearly 1,000, diesel has contributed only a small amount
(06:58):
of DNA to our present-day genomeand it's impossible to speak of
a merger between sapiens and other human species.
Although differences between them were not large enough to
completely prevent fertile intercourse.
They were sufficient to make such contexts very rare.
How then should we understand the biological?
(07:21):
Relatedness of sapiens neanderthals and denisovans.
Clearly, they were not completely different species
like horses and donkeys. On the other hand, they were not
just different population of thesame species like bulldogs and
spaniels biological reality is not black and white.
There are also important gray areas every two species that
(07:43):
evolved from a common ancestor such as horses and donkeys were
at one time just to populations of the same species.
Bulldog and spaniels there must have been a point.
When the two populations were already quite different from one
another, but still capable on rare occasions of having sex and
producing fertile offspring. Then another mutations to V
(08:06):
ordered, this last connecting thread and they went their
separate evolutionary ways. It seems that about 50,000 years
ago, sepia neurath, wasn't doingit so ones where that board at
one point, they were all Almost but not quite entirely separate
species as we shall see. In the next chapter sapiens were
(08:27):
already very different from the other thoughts.
And they do ones, not only in their genetic code and physical
traits but also and their cognitive and social abilities.
Yet it appears, it was just still possible in rare occasions
for see, pins and needles to produce fertile offspring.
So, the populations did not merge, but if you like a
(08:47):
neanderthal, genes did hitch a ride and it's a Piazza.
For as it is unsettling and perhaps thrill into thing that
we see if it's covid-19 have sexwith an animal from a different
species and produced children together, but in the other
thoughts denisovans and other human species didn't Merchants
happens. Why did they vanish one
(09:11):
possibility? Is that homo sapiens?
Drove them to Extinction. Imagine sapiens band, reaching
balcon, Valley where noodles hadlived for Has of thousands of
years. They the newcomers began to
haunt the deer and gather the not and there's that were they
none of those traditional Staples.
Sapiens were more proficient hunters and gatherers.
(09:34):
Thanks to better technology and Superior social skills.
So they multiplied and spread the last resourceful and the
thoughts, find increasingly difficult to feed themselves.
Their population, doing deals and the slowly died at Perhaps
for one or two members who join the sapiens neighbors.
(09:56):
Another possibility. Is that competition for
resources, flared up into violence and genocide on
tolerance is not a sapiens trademark in modern times, a
small difference in skin color, dialect, or religion has been
enough to prompt one group of serpents to set about X.
Exterminate another group, with insurance savings, have been
(10:16):
more tolerant towards an entirely different human
species. And He that when seppies
encounter and whistles the result was the first and most
significant ethnic cleansing campaign history.
Whichever way it happened the Neanderthals and the other human
species pose, one of History's great what-ifs.
(10:37):
Imagine how things might have turned out that the Daniela
thousand results. Survive alongside Homo sapiens,
what kind of culture society andpolitical structures?
We have emerged in a world whereseveral You must possess
coexisted, how? For example, would religious
faiths have unfolded would the Book of Genesis have declared
(11:00):
that? None of those descended from
Adam? And Eve would just have died
from the Saints of the denisovans and what the core
runs have reserved seats in heaven for all righteous humans,
whatever their species, hmm. 100,000 have been able to serve
in a Roman Legions or in a sprawling bureaucracy of
Imperial China. Well the American Declaration of
(11:22):
Independence Hall as self-evident truth that all
members of the genus homo are creatures created equal with
Karl. Marx have heard workers of all
species to unite over the past 10,000 years.
Homo sapiens has grown so accustomed to be in the only you
must visit that it's hard for usto conceive of any other
(11:44):
possibility. Our lack of brothers and sisters
makes it easier to imagine that we are the epitome of Creation.
And that a Chasm separates us from the rest of the animal
kingdom. When Charles Darwin indicated
that homo sapiens was just another kind of animal.
People were outraged even today.Many refused to believe it had
(12:06):
the Neanderthal survived. But we're still imagine
ourselves to be a creature part.Perhaps, this is exactly why our
ancestors wiped out in Yonder. Thought they were too familiar
to ignore but two different tolerate weather.
Safe hands. Are to blame or not.
No, sooner had they arrived at anew location that they native
(12:27):
population. Became extinct the last remains
of homo. Floresiensis are dated to about
50,000 years ago, homo doing solo, disappear shortly,
thereafter, neanderthals made their exit roughly 30,000 years
ago. The last Borth, like, humans
vanished through floors Island from tooth 12,000 years ago.
(12:49):
Now that behind some bones, stone tools, a few genes that
are DNA and a lot of unanswered questions.
They also love behind us. Homo sapiens the last human
species. What was the sapin secret of
success? How they will manage to settle
so rapidly in so many distance and ecologically different
habitats. How did we push all other
(13:09):
humans? Visit inter Bolivian.
Why couldn't we even the strong brainy called proving your love
has survived. Our own slot the debate.
Continues to rage. The most likely answer is the
very thing that makes the debatepossible Homo sapiens conquer
the world. Thanks above all to it, in
English language. That's often a ghost iced guys
(13:34):
and girls next time we're going to talk about the language which
we invented. Alright I hope you enjoyed it.
I wish you to have a great greatday today.
See you next time. Bye.
Continues to rage. The most likely answer is the
very thing that makes the debatepossible Homo sapiens conquer
the world. Thanks above all to it, in
English language. That's often a ghost iced guys
and girls next time we're going to talk about the language which
we invented. Alright I hope you enjoyed it.
I wish you to have a great greatday today.
See you next time. Bye.
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