June 12, 2024 • 33 mins
In this episode, Carmina and Patch discuss why they bestowed the “Wooga” title on the ilustrados, an esteemed squad of Spanish-colonial-era Filipinos whose aspirations for their country transcended physical, intellectual, and societal borders. Learn how each of their important contributions, alongside fellow ilustrado Jose Rizal’s, became the foundation of Filipino national consciousness.
Learn more: Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism, Philippines' Resistance: The Last Allied Stronghold in the Pacific, Ilustrado, Revolutionaries or Accomplices of the Spanish Empire: The Contested Influence of Filipino Ilustrados on Philippine National Independence (1872-1898), Rizal and the Ilustrados in Spain, El Pacto de Sangre, and A Glimpse Into the Illustrious Life of Pedro Paterno | Tatler Asia.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Carmina (00:06):
Welcome to FilTrip, a podcast where we explore
everything fun, weird, and inbetween about the Philippines.
Today's trip is about theIllustra patch. Maybe we should
explain to our listeners whythe title of our
episode is what? It's
Patch (00:27):
. Okay . Are we
going to be honest or are we
going to pretend? Pretend likepretend something else.
.
Carmina (00:33):
No,
Patch (00:34):
Let's just be honest.
Carmina (00:36):
We're not pretending here. . So we have
Wooga in our title . And the background
about WGA is of course, as ourfellow BTS armies, are
going to understand is becausewe , one of the members of BTS
(00:59):
has a group of friends outsideof BTS basically, and he calls
them the Wooga Squad.
Patch (01:05):
Yes.
Carmina (01:05):
. And they're
composed of V, the Actors Park
Seo Joon, Park Hyung Sik, ChoiWoo Shik and hip hop artist
Peakboy .
Patch (01:17):
Getting googsebumps.
Carmina (01:18):
I love the Wooga Squad.
Patch (01:21):
For me, why I am so intrigued by that group of
friends is because each of themvery talented and they have
significant contributions inthe entertainment industry. And
that's of course the industrythat they chose to have their
career in.
Carmina (01:37):
Do you know what Wooga is actually?
Patch (01:39):
I don't remember what it is. Okay . Okay . Why don't you
enlighten us enlighten,quote and unquote , and we will
go from there.
Carmina (01:48):
I mean, hello. This is very important information.
. Of course . Before weclarified what it meant, there
was a lot of speculation aboutwhat it really meant. Wooga is
short for Woori-ga Gajok-inka,which means are we family?
Because they're all greatfriends. They do consider
(02:11):
themselves brothers.
Patch (02:13):
Oh, okay. That makes sense.
Carmina (02:16):
Now the bigger question is why did we
choose this title? So whenPatch and I were thinking about
an Independence Day episode,because this episode will be
released on PhilippineIndependence Day, we were
trying to think of a differenttake on the topic. And I'm not
(02:38):
even sure if we were or weren'ttalking about BTS .
Patch (02:42):
I'm sure we were. Hello.
Carmina (02:44):
Laugh
Patch (02:44):
We're always talking about BTS.
Carmina (02:46):
So, so we thought, well, who were the influential
people of that time? And wethought of the illustrators and
somehow in a very roundabout and really not really
directly connected way, wethought about putting the Wooga
title.
Patch (03:03):
Right, because essentially as you explained,
there's this brotherhood thatformed, right? Mm-Hmm.
. So that's whywe thought about that
connection ,
Carmina (03:14):
No matter how tenuous was . Okay. So to the
real topic of today, theIlustrados.
Patch (03:23):
So it derives from the Spanish word illustrado,
meaning enlightened or learned.
Mm-Hmm . . Thisreflects the Illustrado's
exposure to liberal andnationalist ideas during that
time due to their education andmany , uh, having studied
(03:43):
abroad in Europe, inparticular, Spain,
Carmina (03:46):
You mentioned education. Even if the
individual people who composethis group are from different
provinces, their education inManila was what formed that
thread that connected them intheir education in Manila's
institutions. They all learnedthe scholarly languages, Latin,
(04:08):
Greek, often French. And theywere all also exposed to
classical writing. In Manila,they were able to go to higher
institutions of learning likeAteneo and the University of
Santo Thomas and other schoolsof similar caliber. It's this
education that set them apartfrom the rest of the Filipino
(04:29):
masses.
Patch (04:30):
Well, it was interesting to me that a number of them
were Chinese mestizos .
Carmina (04:36):
These families were able to climb the economic
ladder in the Philippines inagriculture and commerce,
especially during the time whenSpain opened up trade to the
world. The other significantthing that was happening in the
world at that time is the 1868liberal revolution in Spain.
(04:58):
And during the time when thesemen were coming up, that was
the spark that apparentlyserved as the beginning of
Filipino nationalism. And ifour listeners recall, we talked
about this during our Gomburzaepisode, and the really
important role that thisliberal Governor, General
(05:19):
Carlos Maria Delatorre played,the Filipinos had a taste of
liberalism under him. Butunfortunately, he was only
there from 1869 to 1871. Andthen the political tides turned
over again in Spain, and he wasreplaced by Governor General
(05:40):
Rafael De Izquierdo. And ofcourse, this guy swung all the
way back to the other end ofthe spectrum again. And he was
responsible for the deaths ofGomburza. After the Cavite
mutiny,
Patch (05:53):
The ideas of liberalism evolved into more contributions
to the struggle or thePhilippine independence
movement.
Carmina (06:02):
So the Illustra , uh, logically would go to Spain.
However, it's really importantto also note that they were
probably more influenced byother European countries like
Germany, France, Italy, whoexperienced liberalism and
progression of ideas way, waybefore Spain did. Apparently
(06:25):
Spain was so much more behindthe other European countries
when it came to scholarship.
And in fact, there was moreknowledge about the Philippines
everywhere else. But Spain andSpain kind of became a joke in
its lack of knowledge about acolony that it had for
centuries. The other thing thatI also want to do is quote from
(06:47):
a book that I found about this.
The title of the book isOrientalists, Propagandists and
Illustrados. "Every singleGerman knows more about the
Philippines than manySpaniards." And another one,
"not even a singleinsignificant fact could be
presented regarding theisland's anthropology. While
(07:09):
Spain's Museum of NaturalHistory had only a few dozen
cranial and some photographs,those of Paris and Dresden had
thousands of specimens ofPhilippine anthropology." The
Illustrados actually formed thepropaganda movement. They had
five goals. One, incorporatingthe Philippines as a Spanish
(07:31):
province, two provision ofbasic human rights, three
representation at the SpanishCortez. Number four, education
that was independent from theSpanish friars. And number
five, secularization of theSpanish priesthood. So much of
their activities were insupport of these goals. They
(07:53):
had a lot of political writingsthat they contributed to
newspapers in both Spain andthe Philippines. They were all
politically active during thePhilippine Revolution in 1896.
And their writings mostimportantly, are associated
with the birth of Philippinenationalism. But that's really
just part of their work. Theywere also very scholarly, like
(08:16):
we mentioned earlier. So theydelved into other topics and
fields of study that were notso much political, but we're
also in support of this idea ofFilipinos as a unique entity
before the Spaniards colonizedus. And one interesting fact ,
it also Patch at that time, theconcept of being a Filipino was
(08:39):
not yet solidified in earliertimes. It was a term used to
describe people with Spanishparents who were born in the
Philippines. And I learned thatin other Spanish colonies, the
term Creole or Creole was usedto describe what the early
definition of being a Filipinowas. And the Filipino was used
(09:02):
as a way to distinguish thesepeople who had Spanish parents
who were born in thePhilippines from the peninsula,
who were the Spanish born inthe Peninsula. And of course,
there are other terms likemestizo that you mentioned
earlier. So it's mixedparentage of Spanish and Native
or Native and Chinese. So bythe time our illustra came into
(09:24):
being the term Filipino changedto anyone who came from the
Philippines regardless ofparentage. And that is how the
Filipinos referred tothemselves while in Spain. And
if our listeners recall, wetitled our episode about Rizal
the first Filipino for thisvery reason. 'cause really the
(09:45):
concept of Filipino wasdifferent.
Patch (09:47):
To your point, has Jose Rizal along with this fellow
student studying in Europeduring the 1890s dubbed
themselves Los Indios Bravosmeaning to reclaim the dignity
of Filipinos from thederogatory label Indio. So the
term Indio typified the imageof an uneducated peasant
(10:11):
laboring under Spanishdominion. But by the 19th
century, the Filipino societyhad evolved, and the emergence
of these wealthy, educatedmestizo class engaged in, as
you mentioned earlier, economicenterprises and land ownership,
didn't really represent thatderogatory description anymore.
Carmina (10:37):
Of course, Rizal the best known. Right? So we want
to devote some time to thisepisode mentioning his other
Wooga squad.
Patch (10:46):
. Yes. Okay. So
who is this squad that we keep
mentioning?
Carmina (10:52):
So one of them that I didn't really know a lot about
is Pardo De Tavera. So his fullname is Trinidad Herman
Hermenegildo Pardo De Tavera.
And his nickname was Trini . Socute.
Patch (11:06):
Oh,.
Carmina (11:08):
And his contributions were mainly in linguistic
writings. He had two importantpieces of work. One is the
contribution to the study ofancient Filipino alphabets. And
the second is the Sanskrit inthe Tagalog language. His
scholarly interest included thetheory that an ancient era of
(11:31):
Hindu conquest included thePhilippines. And he found a
connection between ancientTagalog and Sanskrit and
learned something new Patch. Imean, we know about prefixes
and suffixes, right? Yeah. TheWestern languages uses suffixes
in their conjugation bychanging the ending. According
to Trini , the ancient Tagaloglanguage used prefixes and
(11:53):
infixes. It was the first timeI've ever heard of infixes.
Have you heard about this?
Patch (12:00):
No. This is the first time.
Carmina (12:01):
So we're gonna use a Tagalog word to illustrate.
Okay. Kain means to eat. Andthe way we conjugate it to the
past tense is kinain. So theinfix is that addition of the
IN in the middle of the word.
Patch (12:18):
His background is in medicine. Really? Yes . Not
even linguistics. Right? Right.
Anyway, that's very impressive.
Carmina (12:28):
And the other contribution he had was to
basically revolutionize andchange the way we spelled
Tagalog words. Because when wewere colonized by the
Spaniards, the way we werebeing taught the alphabet was
based on the hispanizedspelling, which made it so hard
for Filipinos to learn. Thecommon Filipino people were not
(12:52):
allowed to learn Spanish, butthey were being forced to spell
words in Spanish. So forexample, if we were to spell
kain in the old hispanized way,it would not be spelled with
the way we spell it now, whichis KAIN. It would've been
spelled Q-U-A-I-N. So I mean,the mental gymnastics that
(13:18):
somebody who wouldn't have thecontext of the Spanish
language, it's re I can't evenimagine , right? So to
spell kinain would be
Patch (13:27):
QUIA.
Carmina (13:31):
Sorry, see, I'm not even able to do it
mentally. I have to look at it.
QUI and a IN so hard. Theinteresting part about this too
was that was working onsomething separate, but really
was so much more ahead of himthat he just adapted that work
(13:52):
instead. And this work was soimportant to both of them
because they wanted educationto be accessible to the
Filipino youth because thelearning would be just so much
more simplified in schools. Soone last thing about Trini and
this letter, K, I picked thatKain example. for a
reason, actually two yearsafter his system of spelling
(14:16):
was broadly introduced, letterK or in Tagalog, we pronounce
itn Ka became the symbol of thesecret revolutionary
organization. Katipunan, youknow the KKK.
Patch (14:29):
Oh, right. Mm-Hmm .
Carmina (14:30):
That we talk about a lot in all of our Independence
Day episodes. This wasespecially significant because
the KKK were already printingtheir documents , including
this letter, even when the typesets or printers during that
time did not commonly have it.
So they had to go through greatlengths to be able to print
(14:52):
their materials with thisletter.
Patch (14:55):
That in itself is a , a revolutionary idea. ,
so to speak,
Carmina (15:00):
. Right? And
so I have a new appreciation
for the KKK now knowing aboutthis history. And do you know
how the Katipunan was oftensaid to be a movement of the
masses right? And right .
Separating them from theefforts of this elite class,
the Illustrados, and this , uh,lingering question about
(15:21):
whether or not Rizal was reallyinvolved in it. This suggests
that there was an even closerconnection than we might think.
And lastly, before we leavethis topic of this , uh,
revolutionized way of spellingTagalog words, I also just
wanted to mention Pedro SerranoLaktaw, another member of the
Illustrado squad who developedthe dictionary according to
(15:46):
this new spelling system, hewas an elementary school
teacher when he was in thePhilippines. His motivation,
like Rizal and Trini was tomake learning easier. And he
saw it firsthand, right?
Because he was doing theteaching firsthand.
Patch (16:02):
He understood the struggles of the students
trying to learn in the Spanishway of learning, where in fact
it's not translating.
Carmina (16:12):
And the way this all ties into the propaganda
movement is they really sawthis as the start of creating a
space for Filipinos to expresstheir political opinions and
writing. They created a way fortheir ideas to be propagated to
the masses. And of course, thisis with a lot of controversy,
(16:36):
apparently to discredit thiseffort. There was an accusation
that the letter K was Germanand not Tagalog . And it was
being used by the Germans tofurther weaken Spain in the
global stage. There was alreadya struggle between Germany and
Spain because Germany waschallenging Spain's claim over
(16:57):
the Carolinas. And so the fakenews machinery was
alive back then. And becausemost of these illustra had
German associations, they werealso very easy targets for this
conspiracy theory.
Patch (17:14):
Okay, so Carimina, you were talking about , uh,
trainee , I was trying toremember why that name was so
familiar. , aside fromall those wonderful
contributions to Philippinehistory, , but I
remember the more salaciouspart of that name. So his
sister Paz Pardo De Tavera wasmarried to Juan Luna .
(17:39):
And that's not even the mostintriguing part of it. So,
Carmina (17:43):
But first of all, who is Juan Luna? For those of our
listeners who don't know him,
Patch (17:48):
Hu Juan Luna is one of our prominent artists or our
national artists , uh, mostnotably known for his painting.
The Spoliarium.
Carmina (17:57):
So Juan Luna was also in Spain,
Patch (18:01):
But he's also part of that squad.
Carmina (18:03):
Mm-Hmm.
. Yeah.
Patch (18:04):
Their marriage was not without controversy. Carmina,
apparently. Juan Luna had avery bad temper.
Carmina (18:12):
Mm-Hmm.
.
Patch (18:13):
Actually, their marriage ended quite tragically because
in September, 1892, Lunafatally shot his wife and his
mother-in-law during a heatedargument in Paris. And the
exact circumstances were kindof shady. It was because he was
(18:34):
accusing her of cheating onhim, basically. Hmm . And , um,
unfortunately it's tragic, butthe thing also is basically got
away with murder.
Carmina (18:46):
Oh, wow.
Patch (18:47):
Which was also not surprising during that time
because they , uh, always gavethe men the benefit of the
doubt. Mm-Hmm. .
And so , uh, he is a greatartist, but I have a different
view of him now as it relatesto that tragedy in his life.
Carmina (19:06):
That is very interesting. I mean, but since
you mentioned him, I also didfind something about Juan Luna
in terms of his contributionsto the propaganda movement. In
1885, the Spanish governmentcommissioned a painting from
him. By that time, he hadalready won so many prizes in
(19:27):
major competitions. So Luna forthis commission created the
Pacto de Sangre or the BloodCompact, which depicted the
indigenous ruler Sikatuna andthe Spaniard L egaspi and
sealing their pledge bydrinking each other's blood.
Sikatuna isn't facing theviewer, so we can't really see
(19:51):
his expression. During thisblood p act, the Spaniards
always interpreted the bloodcompact as a legal and moral
proof of their rule over thePhilippines. On the other hand,
the illustrators argued thatSikatuna granted l egaspi
privileges and thereforeSikatuna could also take them
(20:14):
away at any point. So what theywere trying to emphasize is it
was a compact of equals, not ofa colonizer on the colonized. I
just thought that wasinteresting. It's so hard to
follow, uh, < laugh> cheatingrumors with something like that
(20:34):
< laugh>.
Patch (20:37):
Oh, okay. It says here, Carimina in one of the sites
that Jose Rizal, who was afriend of Juan Luna , as we
established post as Sikatuna.
Carmina (20:49):
Wow,
Patch (20:50):
While Trinidad Pardo De Tavera, Trini, his future
brother-in-law, sat and posedas L egaspi.
Carmina (20:58):
That is so cool. Not as interesting as the cheating
rumor . Still , still cool.
Patch (21:07):
Well, speaking of Luna, there's also his brother, the
famous Antonio Luna, right?
Mm-Hmm.
Carmina (21:14):
apparently also had a temper.
Yes.
Patch (21:18):
Oh, really? Mm-Hmm.
Carmina (21:19):
. It
runs in the family. I mean, he
was a general during therevolution, wasn't he?
Patch (21:26):
Antonio Luna obtained a degree in pharmacy, and also he
pursued bacteriology andhistology. It's very
interesting that a lot of ourrevolutionary figures have this
background in the sciences.
Mm-Hmm. . Soinitially he was advocating
reform rather than outrightrebellion. However, after
(21:47):
witnessing the injustices thathad happened to his friends,
for example, the execution ofhis friend Jose Rizal , that's
when his stance started tochange and led him to embrace
the resistance movement againstthe Spanish colonial rule. Oh,
I think you were talking abouthis temper. I think we talked
(22:09):
about this in the past episodewhen he had the fight with
Rizal over
Carmina (22:13):
A girl
Patch (22:14):
Over a girl. Okay. I remember now. Okay.
Carmina (22:18):
Okay. Patch. I wanted to shift gears to one of the
apparently more quirkypersonalities in the squad.
It's Pedro Paterno.
Patch (22:28):
I'm curious as to why you're saying he's quirky
.
Carmina (22:32):
Before that I should just mention that his scholarly
work centered on ancientTagalog civilization. And he
also had produced a , a bookabout the Itas in his book,
"Ancient Tagalog Civilization."He argued that Bathalism, so
Bathala is referring to the Godthat the ancient Tagalog
(22:55):
revered. His argument was,Bathala was on par with
Catholicism.
Patch (23:01):
Oh , that's a no no .
Carmina (23:04):
Very controversial.
And not just that, he alsopresented proof of how the
ancient Tagalog civilization isa missing link between the
great civilizations of the Westand the ancient ones of the
East. And then in his bookabout the Itas, he theorized
that they were the firstsettlers of the Philippines.
(23:25):
And their line basically keptbeing diluted with all of the
waves of immigration thathappened. And how only a small
number of them survived as theykept moving inward by the
successive waves of migration.
This is the interesting part tome. He described that the I
Itas were able to survive for along time because their women
(23:49):
were tenacious in keeping theirancient ways of life alive. So
the quirky part of his story,Mm-Hmm . for a
period of time he acted likeroyalty and he wanted to be
addressed as Maginoo.
Patch (24:05):
Yeah. I think, I think I read something about this
. While he was inEurope, he traveled around
dressed as royalty. He even hadthe crest.
Carmina (24:16):
Yes. He even had his coat of arms. Maginoo is an
ancient Tagalog title ofnobility. And by that time it
was no longer recognized, buthe was trying to revive it. And
I'm gonna quote from the bookabout a description of this
code of arms that he put on allof his possessions, like his
(24:39):
coat, his , uh, coach hisbusiness card , and
even included it in his books.
So here's a quote from thebook, "A son as if half French
and half Japanese had above it,a salakot you know, this
salakot, the traditionalTagalog hat, right. Crowned
(25:01):
with a ducal or royal crownthat has a bird and beneath
tied by the chin strap ,instead of this chin strap are
two machetes or bolos insteadof swords."
Patch (25:14):
Mm . Okay .
Carmina (25:15):
And by the way, around the same time that he published
this book was also the 1887Madrid Philippine Exposition,
which reminded me so much ofour last episode about the St .
Louis World's Fair. Becausethere was also a display of
living Filipinos on a compound.
Patch (25:33):
Right.
Carmina (25:34):
And one of his objectives was to counter
basically that denigratingimage that was being shown all
around Europe.
Patch (25:42):
Okay. I'm not gonna lie, I am looking at the portrait.
Felix Resurrection Hidalgo ,one of our other famous
national artists . Mm-Hmm .
. He did aportrait of Pedro Paterno, I'm
not gonna lie, he's cute.
Carmina (25:58):
Really?
Patch (25:59):
Yes ,
Carmina (26:00):
You should, we should include that link in our show
notes so that people can seeit.
Patch (26:05):
Okay. Wait. 'cause I'm reading this article and it
says that Paterno was a thirdgeneration billionaire. His
grandfather was the son of aChinese immigrant who would
marry a young son , which is asclose to the Tagalog nobility
of old as they come.
Carmina (26:22):
Oh. So he had receipts.
Patch (26:25):
, a descendant
of Raja Suliman. Ah-Huh .
Carmina (26:31):
Wow.
Patch (26:32):
Why ? Well , at least we know where the delusion is
coming from.
Carmina (26:36):
. Well, maybe
it's not even a delusion to
him. Right. Very interesting.
Okay. I wanted to talk aboutone person who kind of doesn't
fit exactly the mold. His nameis Isabello de Los Reyes . He
was born in Vigan and he wasthere basically until he was 16
before he moved to Manila andstudied in San Juan De Letran.
(26:59):
He became a journalist . Youremember earlier when I would
say that Spain was so farbehind the other European
countries when it came toscholarly work. Mm-Hmm.
. Where they didnot lag behind is in folklore.
So Isabello, his work was verymuch centered on the folklore
and unlike the others, hedidn't go to Europe until he
(27:22):
was deported. After beingarrested during the revolution.
He also had a lot of notablework. So some of them, The
Tinguian, The Islands and theAge of Conquest, The History of
the Philippines, there's a partone in part two to it where he
focused on pre-HispanicFilipinos, most specifically
(27:44):
focusing on the fact that wewere of Malayan origin. But one
of his big passions was writingabout superstitious practices.
He wrote a book called ElFolklore Filipino. Fun fact,
the compilation of Filipinofolklore got started in the
Philippines because a manilapaper called La Oceana Espanola
(28:08):
called for contributors to acompetition called Folklore of
the Philippines. And this wasan attempt by a Spanish friar
to promote Catholic truthversus local beliefs. An d D e
L o s R e yes w as one of thecontributors. He was raised by
superstitious servants. And sothis area really fascinated
(28:31):
him. He won the competitionbecause he had the longest list
of superstitions compared toall of the other contestants
combined. So accidentally thisFriar, hi s p l an b
ackfired because this effortbasically began one of the most
(28:51):
remarkable folklore collectionsof the era. And his articles
about this attracted fans fromabroad. And so articles that he
published in the Philippineswere translated to German, to
French, Italian, et c e tera.
And it propagated in Europe
Patch (29:08):
The exact opposite of what that friar was meaning to
do, which was to suppress hiswork. Right?
Carmina (29:15):
Yeah. And some of the other foreign folklore sent him
all the published works fromEurope. And some of them were
even about Filipino folklore.
One of the other things that Ifound so funny, he was able to
show that some Ilocano beliefsthat the Spanish friars were
ridiculing and callingbackward, he was able to show
(29:38):
that they actually originatedfrom Spain. Because when Spain
first colonized thePhilippines, the Spanish friars
who went there were themselvesvery superstitious and passed
them on to the Filipinos .
Patch (29:54):
Mm-Hmm.
back at you.
Carmina (29:57):
De Los Reyes used this folklore, as commentary about
corruption and poor governanceby weaving them into the
framework of folklore. Anexample of this was a piece
called Meteorological Talesabout the belief among Ilocanos
that fire produced bythunderbolts and strokes of
(30:18):
lightning cannot be put outwith water, but only with
vinegar. And he explained whywhen the government House of
Abra burned down all of thehouses of Banguet suffered a
complete lack of vinegar.
Patch (30:34):
.
Carmina (30:35):
So I mean, it begged the question, did the people of
Banguet give up their vinegartrying to extinguish the fire?
Or did they claim to be withoutthis vinegar, which is a common
staple in a household whenhearing that it was the
government house that wasburning. Right. It was such a
smart way to weave propagandainto his work.
Patch (30:57):
But he's so smart in his writings that he basically made
it even more popular to hatethe clerics.
Carmina (31:04):
. Yes. That's
actually one thing that all of
these illustrados shared, aswell as some kind of
humiliation at the hands of ,um, of the Spanish friars. And
speaking of them as a group,there's so many more
illusdrados that we couldn'teven get to in this episode. We
didn't even talk about GracianoLópez Jaena , Marcelo H. Del
(31:24):
Pilar. I mean, there's so muchmore.
Patch (31:29):
Maximo Sison is another one.
Carmina (31:31):
I think just to also underline the point that I made
earlier, I mean, they arepeople with their own biases
and shortcomings. One of themajor criticisms of the
Ilustrados was that they leftout the Muslim part of our
history.
Patch (31:47):
Oh that's right. So,
Carmina (31:49):
You know, it's very notable that they didn't even
mention in any of theirscholarly works. There were
Muslim rulers who were theearly rulers of Luzon and
resisted many Spanishinvasions. But you know,
perhaps that was a step too farfor them for some reason. Yeah.
Patch (32:06):
Or as a result of their background in their education,
they were educated in theseCatholic universities.
Carmina (32:13):
But it still can't be denied that their contribution
to the awakening of theFilipino national movement was
very important
Patch (32:24):
To end Carmina. We're talking about a group of people
and how they engagedinternational audiences, not
only Filipinos. And I'm sohappy and privileged that we're
able to, to learn and sharewhat we learned .
Carmina (32:41):
Go illustrate Wooga. And with that, that's
our episode. We hope you joinus on our next trip, O siya,
siya.
Patch (32:50):
Ingat. Thanks for listening to FilTrip with
Carmina and Patch. SupportFilTrip through Patreon or
PayPal. And follow us onInstagram and Twitter.
Subscribe at Apple Podcasts,Spotify, or wherever all
podcasts are downloaded.
Carmina (33:10):
Thanks to FIltrip's sponsor Soul Pack . A
functional shoe accessory bag.
Visit the Soulpack.com for moredetails.
Patch (33:20):
Email us at the thefiltrip @gmail.com .
Welcome to FilTrip, a podcast where we explore
everything fun, weird, and inbetween about the Philippines.
Today's trip is about theIllustra patch. Maybe we should
explain to our listeners whythe title of our
episode
Patch (00:27):
going to pretend? Pretend likepretend something else.
.
Carmina (00:33):
No,
Patch (00:34):
Let's just be honest.
Carmina (00:36):
We're not pretending here.
Wooga
about WGA is of course, as ourfellow BTS armies,
going to understand is becausewe , one of the members of BTS
(00:59):
has a group of friends outsideof BTS basically, and he calls
them the Wooga Squad.
Patch (01:05):
Yes.
Carmina (01:05):
Seo Joon, Park Hyung Sik, ChoiWoo Shik and hip hop artist
Peakboy
Patch (01:17):
Getting googsebumps.
Carmina (01:18):
I love the Wooga Squad.
Patch (01:21):
For me, why I am so intrigued by that group of
friends is because each of themvery talented and they have
significant contributions inthe entertainment industry. And
that's of course the industrythat they chose to have their
career in.
Carmina (01:37):
Do you know what Wooga is actually?
Patch (01:39):
I don't remember what it is. Okay . Okay . Why don't you
enlighten us
go from there.
Carmina (01:48):
I mean, hello. This is very important information.
was a lot of speculation aboutwhat it really meant. Wooga is
short for Woori-ga Gajok-inka,which means are we family?
Because they're all greatfriends. They do consider
(02:11):
themselves brothers.
Patch (02:13):
Oh, okay. That makes sense.
Carmina (02:16):
Now the bigger question is why
choose this title? So whenPatch and I were thinking about
an Independence Day episode,because this episode will be
released on PhilippineIndependence Day, we were
trying to think of a differenttake on the topic. And I'm not
(02:38):
even sure if we were or weren'ttalking about BTS
Patch (02:42):
I'm sure we were. Hello.
Carmina (02:44):
Laugh
Patch (02:44):
We're always talking about BTS.
Carmina (02:46):
So, so we thought, well, who were the influential
people of that time? And wethought of the illustrators and
somehow in a very roundabout
directly connected way, wethought about putting the Wooga
title.
Patch (03:03):
Right, because essentially as you explained,
there's this brotherhood thatformed, right? Mm-Hmm.
connection
Carmina (03:14):
No matter how tenuous was
real topic of today, theIlustrados.
Patch (03:23):
So it derives from the Spanish word illustrado,
meaning enlightened or learned.
Mm-Hmm .
exposure to liberal andnationalist ideas during that
time due to their education andmany , uh, having studied
(03:43):
abroad in Europe, inparticular, Spain,
Carmina (03:46):
You mentioned education. Even if the
individual people who composethis group are from different
provinces, their education inManila was what formed that
thread that connected them intheir education in Manila's
institutions. They all learnedthe scholarly languages, Latin,
(04:08):
Greek, often French. And theywere all also exposed to
classical writing. In Manila,they were able to go to higher
institutions of learning likeAteneo and the University of
Santo Thomas and other schoolsof similar caliber. It's this
education that set them apartfrom the rest of the Filipino
(04:29):
masses.
Patch (04:30):
Well, it was interesting to me that a number of them
were Chinese mestizos .
Carmina (04:36):
These families were able to climb the economic
ladder in the Philippines inagriculture and commerce,
especially during the time whenSpain opened up trade to the
world. The other significantthing that was happening in the
world at that time is the 1868liberal revolution in Spain.
(04:58):
And during the time when thesemen were coming up, that was
the spark that apparentlyserved as the beginning of
Filipino nationalism. And ifour listeners recall, we talked
about this during our Gomburzaepisode, and the really
important role that thisliberal Governor, General
(05:19):
Carlos Maria Delatorre played,the Filipinos had a taste of
liberalism under him. Butunfortunately, he was only
there from 1869 to 1871. Andthen the political tides turned
over again in Spain, and he wasreplaced by Governor General
(05:40):
Rafael De Izquierdo. And ofcourse, this guy swung all the
way back to the other end ofthe spectrum again. And he was
responsible for the deaths ofGomburza. After the Cavite
mutiny,
Patch (05:53):
The ideas of liberalism evolved into more contributions
to the struggle or thePhilippine independence
movement.
Carmina (06:02):
So the Illustra , uh, logically would go to Spain.
However, it's really importantto also note that they were
probably more influenced byother European countries like
Germany, France, Italy, whoexperienced liberalism and
progression of ideas way, waybefore Spain did. Apparently
(06:25):
Spain was so much more behindthe other European countries
when it came to scholarship.
And in fact, there was moreknowledge about the Philippines
everywhere else. But Spain andSpain kind of became a joke in
its lack of knowledge about acolony that it had for
centuries. The other thing thatI also want to do is quote from
(06:47):
a book that I found about this.
The title of the book isOrientalists, Propagandists and
Illustrados. "Every singleGerman knows more about the
Philippines than manySpaniards." And another one,
"not even a singleinsignificant fact could be
presented regarding theisland's anthropology. While
(07:09):
Spain's Museum of NaturalHistory had only a few dozen
cranial and some photographs,those of Paris and Dresden had
thousands of specimens ofPhilippine anthropology." The
Illustrados actually formed thepropaganda movement. They had
five goals. One, incorporatingthe Philippines as a Spanish
(07:31):
province, two provision ofbasic human rights, three
representation at the SpanishCortez. Number four, education
that was independent from theSpanish friars. And number
five, secularization of theSpanish priesthood. So much of
their activities were insupport of these goals. They
(07:53):
had a lot of political writingsthat they contributed to
newspapers in both Spain andthe Philippines. They were all
politically active during thePhilippine Revolution in 1896.
And their writings mostimportantly, are associated
with the birth of Philippinenationalism. But that's really
just part of their work. Theywere also very scholarly, like
(08:16):
we mentioned earlier. So theydelved into other topics and
fields of study that were notso much political, but we're
also in support of this idea ofFilipinos as a unique entity
before the Spaniards colonizedus. And one interesting fact ,
it also Patch at that time, theconcept of being a Filipino was
(08:39):
not yet solidified in earliertimes. It was a term used to
describe people with Spanishparents who were born in the
Philippines. And I learned thatin other Spanish colonies, the
term Creole or Creole was usedto describe what the early
definition of being a Filipinowas. And the Filipino was used
(09:02):
as a way to distinguish thesepeople who had Spanish parents
who were born in thePhilippines from the peninsula,
who were the Spanish born inthe Peninsula. And of course,
there are other terms likemestizo that you mentioned
earlier. So it's mixedparentage of Spanish and Native
or Native and Chinese. So bythe time our illustra came into
(09:24):
being the term Filipino changedto anyone who came from the
Philippines regardless ofparentage. And that is how the
Filipinos referred tothemselves while in Spain. And
if our listeners recall, wetitled our episode about Rizal
the first Filipino for thisvery reason. 'cause really the
(09:45):
concept of Filipino wasdifferent.
Patch (09:47):
To your point, has Jose Rizal along with this fellow
student studying in Europeduring the 1890s dubbed
themselves Los Indios Bravosmeaning to reclaim the dignity
of Filipinos from thederogatory label Indio. So the
term Indio typified the imageof an uneducated peasant
(10:11):
laboring under Spanishdominion. But by the 19th
century, the Filipino societyhad evolved, and the emergence
of these wealthy, educatedmestizo class engaged in, as
you mentioned earlier, economicenterprises and land ownership,
didn't really represent thatderogatory description anymore.
Carmina (10:37):
Of course, Rizal the best known. Right? So we want
to devote some time to thisepisode mentioning his other
Wooga squad.
Patch (10:46):
mentioning?
Carmina (10:52):
So one of them that I didn't really know a lot about
is Pardo De Tavera. So his fullname is Trinidad Herman
Hermenegildo Pardo De Tavera.
And his nickname was Trini . Socute.
Patch (11:06):
Oh,
Carmina (11:08):
And his contributions were mainly in linguistic
writings. He had two importantpieces of work. One is the
contribution to the study ofancient Filipino alphabets. And
the second is the Sanskrit inthe Tagalog language. His
scholarly interest included thetheory that an ancient era of
(11:31):
Hindu conquest included thePhilippines. And he found a
connection between ancientTagalog and Sanskrit and
learned something new Patch. Imean, we know about prefixes
and suffixes, right? Yeah. TheWestern languages uses suffixes
in their conjugation bychanging the ending. According
to Trini , the ancient Tagaloglanguage used prefixes and
(11:53):
infixes. It was the first timeI've ever heard of infixes.
Have you heard about this?
Patch (12:00):
No. This is the first time.
Carmina (12:01):
So we're gonna use a Tagalog word to illustrate.
Okay. Kain means to eat. Andthe way we conjugate it to the
past tense is kinain. So theinfix is that addition of the
IN in the middle of the word.
Patch (12:18):
His background is in medicine. Really? Yes . Not
even linguistics. Right? Right.
Anyway, that's very impressive.
Carmina (12:28):
And the other contribution he had was to
basically revolutionize andchange the way we spelled
Tagalog words. Because when wewere colonized by the
Spaniards, the way we werebeing taught the alphabet was
based on the hispanizedspelling, which made it so hard
for Filipinos to learn. Thecommon Filipino people were not
(12:52):
allowed to learn Spanish, butthey were being forced to spell
words in Spanish. So forexample, if we were to spell
kain in the old hispanized way,it would not be spelled with
the way we spell it now, whichis KAIN. It would've been
spelled Q-U-A-I-N. So I mean,the mental gymnastics that
(13:18):
somebody who wouldn't have thecontext of the Spanish
language, it's re I can't evenimagine
spell kinain would be
Patch (13:27):
QUIA.
Carmina (13:31):
Sorry, see, I'm not even
mentally. I have to look at it.
QUI and a IN so hard. Theinteresting part about this too
was that was working onsomething separate, but really
was so much more ahead of himthat he just adapted that work
(13:52):
instead. And this work was soimportant to both of them
because they wanted educationto be accessible to the
Filipino youth because thelearning would be just so much
more simplified in schools. Soone last thing about Trini and
this letter, K, I picked thatKain example.
reason, actually two yearsafter his system of spelling
(14:16):
was broadly introduced, letterK or in Tagalog, we pronounce
itn Ka became the symbol of thesecret revolutionary
organization. Katipunan, youknow the KKK.
Patch (14:29):
Oh, right. Mm-Hmm .
Carmina (14:30):
That we talk about a lot in all of our Independence
Day episodes. This wasespecially significant because
the KKK were already printingtheir documents , including
this letter, even when the typesets or printers during that
time did not commonly have it.
So they had to go through greatlengths to be able to print
(14:52):
their materials with thisletter.
Patch (14:55):
That in itself is a , a revolutionary idea.
so to speak,
Carmina (15:00):
for the KKK now knowing aboutthis history. And do you know
how the Katipunan was oftensaid to be a movement of the
masses right? And right .
Separating them from theefforts of this elite class,
the Illustrados, and this , uh,lingering question about
(15:21):
whether or not Rizal was reallyinvolved in it. This suggests
that there was an even closerconnection than we might think.
And lastly, before we leavethis topic of this , uh,
revolutionized way of spellingTagalog words, I also just
wanted to mention Pedro SerranoLaktaw, another member of the
Illustrado squad who developedthe dictionary according to
(15:46):
this new spelling system, hewas an elementary school
teacher when he was in thePhilippines. His motivation,
like Rizal and Trini was tomake learning easier. And he
saw it firsthand, right?
Because he was doing theteaching firsthand.
Patch (16:02):
He understood the struggles of the students
trying to learn in the Spanishway of learning, where in fact
it's not translating.
Carmina (16:12):
And the way this all ties into the propaganda
movement is they really sawthis as the start of creating a
space for Filipinos to expresstheir political opinions and
writing. They created a way fortheir ideas to be propagated to
the masses. And of course, thisis with a lot of controversy,
(16:36):
apparently to discredit thiseffort. There was an accusation
that the letter K was Germanand not Tagalog . And it was
being used by the Germans tofurther weaken Spain in the
global stage. There was alreadya struggle between Germany and
Spain because Germany waschallenging Spain's claim over
(16:57):
the Carolinas. And so the fakenews machinery was
alive back then. And becausemost of these illustra had
German associations, they werealso very easy targets for this
conspiracy theory.
Patch (17:14):
Okay, so Carimina, you were talking about , uh,
trainee , I was trying toremember why that name was so
familiar.
contributions to Philippinehistory,
remember the more salaciouspart of that name. So his
sister Paz Pardo De Tavera wasmarried to Juan Luna
(17:39):
And that's not even the mostintriguing part of it. So,
Carmina (17:43):
But first of all, who is Juan Luna? For those of our
listeners who don't know him,
Patch (17:48):
Hu Juan Luna is one of our prominent artists or our
national artists , uh, mostnotably known for his painting.
The Spoliarium.
Carmina (17:57):
So Juan Luna was also in Spain,
Patch (18:01):
But he's also part of that squad.
Carmina (18:03):
Mm-Hmm.
Patch (18:04):
Their marriage was not without controversy. Carmina,
apparently. Juan Luna had avery bad temper.
Carmina (18:12):
Mm-Hmm.
Patch (18:13):
Actually, their marriage ended quite tragically because
in September, 1892, Lunafatally shot his wife and his
mother-in-law during a heatedargument in Paris. And the
exact circumstances were kindof shady. It was because he was
(18:34):
accusing her of cheating onhim, basically. Hmm . And , um,
unfortunately it's tragic, butthe thing also is basically got
away with murder.
Carmina (18:46):
Oh, wow.
Patch (18:47):
Which was also not surprising during that time
because they , uh, always gavethe men the benefit of the
doubt. Mm-Hmm.
And so , uh, he is a greatartist, but I have a different
view of him now as it relatesto that tragedy in his life.
Carmina (19:06):
That is very interesting. I mean, but since
you mentioned him, I also didfind something about Juan Luna
in terms of his contributionsto the propaganda movement. In
1885, the Spanish governmentcommissioned a painting from
him. By that time, he hadalready won so many prizes in
(19:27):
major competitions. So Luna forthis commission created the
Pacto de Sangre or the BloodCompact, which depicted the
indigenous ruler Sikatuna andthe Spaniard L egaspi and
sealing their pledge bydrinking each other's blood.
Sikatuna isn't facing theviewer, so we can't really see
(19:51):
his expression. During thisblood p act, the Spaniards
always interpreted the bloodcompact as a legal and moral
proof of their rule over thePhilippines. On the other hand,
the illustrators argued thatSikatuna granted l egaspi
privileges and thereforeSikatuna could also take them
(20:14):
away at any point. So what theywere trying to emphasize is it
was a compact of equals, not ofa colonizer on the colonized. I
just thought that wasinteresting. It's so hard to
follow, uh, < laugh> cheatingrumors with something like that
(20:34):
< laugh>.
Patch (20:37):
Oh, okay. It says here, Carimina in one of the sites
that Jose Rizal, who was afriend of Juan Luna , as we
established post as Sikatuna.
Carmina (20:49):
Wow
Patch (20:50):
While Trinidad Pardo De Tavera, Trini, his future
brother-in-law, sat and posedas L egaspi.
Carmina (20:58):
That is so cool. Not as interesting as the cheating
rumor . Still , still cool.
Patch (21:07):
Well, speaking of Luna, there's also his brother, the
famous Antonio Luna, right?
Mm-Hmm.
Carmina (21:14):
Yes.
Patch (21:18):
Oh, really? Mm-Hmm.
Carmina (21:19):
was a general during therevolution, wasn't he?
Patch (21:26):
Antonio Luna obtained a degree in pharmacy, and also he
pursued bacteriology andhistology. It's very
interesting that a lot of ourrevolutionary figures have this
background in the sciences.
Mm-Hmm.
reform rather than outrightrebellion. However, after
(21:47):
witnessing the injustices thathad happened to his friends,
for example, the execution ofhis friend Jose Rizal , that's
when his stance started tochange and led him to embrace
the resistance movement againstthe Spanish colonial rule. Oh,
I think you were talking abouthis temper. I think we talked
(22:09):
about this in the past episodewhen he had the fight with
Rizal over
Carmina (22:13):
A girl
Patch (22:14):
Over a girl. Okay. I remember now. Okay.
Carmina (22:18):
Okay. Patch. I wanted to shift gears to one of the
apparently more quirkypersonalities in the squad.
It's Pedro Paterno.
Patch (22:28):
I'm curious as to why you're saying he's quirky
Carmina (22:32):
Before that I should just mention that his scholarly
work centered on ancientTagalog civilization. And he
also had produced a , a bookabout the Itas in his book,
"Ancient Tagalog Civilization."He argued that Bathalism, so
Bathala is referring to the Godthat the ancient Tagalog
(22:55):
revered. His argument was,Bathala was on par with
Catholicism.
Patch (23:01):
Oh , that's a no no .
Carmina (23:04):
Very controversial.
And not just that, he alsopresented proof of how the
ancient Tagalog civilization isa missing link between the
great civilizations of the Westand the ancient ones of the
East. And then in his bookabout the Itas, he theorized
that they were the firstsettlers of the Philippines.
(23:25):
And their line basically keptbeing diluted with all of the
waves of immigration thathappened. And how only a small
number of them survived as theykept moving inward by the
successive waves of migration.
This is the interesting part tome. He described that the I
Itas were able to survive for along time because their women
(23:49):
were tenacious in keeping theirancient ways of life alive. So
the quirky part of his story,Mm-Hmm .
period of time he acted likeroyalty and he wanted to be
addressed as Maginoo.
Patch (24:05):
Yeah. I think, I think I read something about this
dressed as royalty. He even hadthe crest.
Carmina (24:16):
Yes. He even had his coat of arms. Maginoo is an
ancient Tagalog title ofnobility. And by that time it
was no longer recognized, buthe was trying to revive it. And
I'm gonna quote from the bookabout a description of this
code of arms that he put on allof his possessions, like his
(24:39):
coat, his , uh, coach hisbusiness card
even included it in his books.
So here's a quote from thebook, "A son as if half French
and half Japanese had above it,a salakot you know, this
salakot, the traditionalTagalog hat, right. Crowned
(25:01):
with a ducal or royal crownthat has a bird and beneath
tied by the chin strap ,instead of this chin strap are
two machetes or bolos insteadof swords."
Patch (25:14):
Mm . Okay .
Carmina (25:15):
And by the way, around the same time that he published
this book was also the 1887Madrid Philippine Exposition,
which reminded me so much ofour last episode about the St .
Louis World's Fair. Becausethere was also a display of
living Filipinos on a compound.
Patch (25:33):
Right.
Carmina (25:34):
And one of his objectives was to counter
basically that denigratingimage that was being shown all
around Europe.
Patch (25:42):
Okay. I'm not gonna lie, I am looking at the portrait.
Felix Resurrection Hidalgo ,one of our other famous
national artists . Mm-Hmm .
not gonna lie, he's cute
Carmina (25:58):
Really?
Patch (25:59):
Yes ,
Carmina (26:00):
You should, we should include that link in our show
notes so that people can seeit.
Patch (26:05):
Okay. Wait. 'cause I'm reading this article and it
says that Paterno was a thirdgeneration billionaire. His
grandfather was the son of aChinese immigrant who would
marry a young son , which is asclose to the Tagalog nobility
of old as they come.
Carmina (26:22):
Oh. So he had receipts.
Patch (26:25):
Carmina (26:31):
Wow.
Patch (26:32):
Why ? Well , at least we know where the delusion is
coming from.
Carmina (26:36):
him. Right. Very interesting.
Okay. I wanted to talk aboutone person who kind of doesn't
fit exactly the mold. His nameis Isabello de Los Reyes . He
was born in Vigan and he wasthere basically until he was 16
before he moved to Manila andstudied in San Juan De Letran.
(26:59):
He became a journalist . Youremember earlier when I would
say that Spain was so farbehind the other European
countries when it came toscholarly work. Mm-Hmm.
So Isabello, his work was verymuch centered on the folklore
and unlike the others, hedidn't go to Europe until he
(27:22):
was deported. After beingarrested during the revolution.
He also had a lot of notablework. So some of them, The
Tinguian, The Islands and theAge of Conquest, The History of
the Philippines, there's a partone in part two to it where he
focused on pre-HispanicFilipinos, most specifically
(27:44):
focusing on the fact that wewere of Malayan origin. But one
of his big passions was writingabout superstitious practices.
He wrote a book called ElFolklore Filipino. Fun fact,
the compilation of Filipinofolklore got started in the
Philippines because a manilapaper called La Oceana Espanola
(28:08):
called for contributors to acompetition called Folklore of
the Philippines. And this wasan attempt by a Spanish friar
to promote Catholic truthversus local beliefs. An d D e
L o s R e yes w as one of thecontributors. He was raised by
superstitious servants. And sothis area really fascinated
(28:31):
him. He won the competitionbecause he had the longest list
of superstitions compared toall of the other contestants
combined. So accidentally thisFriar
ackfired because this effortbasically began one of the most
(28:51):
remarkable folklore collectionsof the era. And his articles
about this attracted fans fromabroad. And so articles that he
published in the Philippineswere translated to German, to
French, Italian, et c e tera.
And it propagated in Europe
Patch (29:08):
The exact opposite of what that friar was meaning to
do, which was to suppress hiswork. Right?
Carmina (29:15):
Yeah. And some of the other foreign folklore sent him
all the published works fromEurope. And some of them were
even about Filipino folklore.
One of the other things that Ifound so funny, he was able to
show that some Ilocano beliefsthat the Spanish friars were
ridiculing and callingbackward, he was able to show
(29:38):
that they actually originatedfrom Spain. Because when Spain
first colonized thePhilippines, the Spanish friars
who went there were themselvesvery superstitious and passed
them on to the Filipinos
Patch (29:54):
Mm-Hmm.
Carmina (29:57):
De Los Reyes used this folklore, as commentary about
corruption and poor governanceby weaving them into the
framework of folklore. Anexample of this was a piece
called Meteorological Talesabout the belief among Ilocanos
that fire produced bythunderbolts and strokes of
(30:18):
lightning cannot be put outwith water, but only with
vinegar. And he explained whywhen the government House of
Abra burned down all of thehouses of Banguet suffered a
complete lack of vinegar.
Patch (30:34):
Carmina (30:35):
So I mean, it begged the question, did the people of
Banguet give up their vinegartrying to extinguish the fire?
Or did they claim to be withoutthis vinegar, which is a common
staple in a household whenhearing that it was the
government house that wasburning. Right. It was such a
smart way to weave propagandainto his work.
Patch (30:57):
But he's so smart in his writings that he basically made
it even more popular to hatethe clerics.
Carmina (31:04):
these illustrados shared, aswell as some kind of
humiliation at the hands of ,um, of the Spanish friars. And
speaking of them as a group,there's so many more
illusdrados that we couldn'teven get to in this episode. We
didn't even talk about GracianoLópez Jaena , Marcelo H. Del
(31:24):
Pilar. I mean, there's so muchmore.
Patch (31:29):
Maximo Sison is another one.
Carmina (31:31):
I think just to also underline the point that I made
earlier, I mean, they arepeople with their own biases
and shortcomings. One of themajor criticisms of the
Ilustrados was that they leftout the Muslim part of our
history.
Patch (31:47):
Oh that's right. So,
Carmina (31:49):
You know, it's very notable that they didn't even
mention in any of theirscholarly works. There were
Muslim rulers who were theearly rulers of Luzon and
resisted many Spanishinvasions. But you know,
perhaps that was a step too farfor them for some reason. Yeah.
Patch (32:06):
Or as a result of their background in their education,
they were educated in theseCatholic universities.
Carmina (32:13):
But it still can't be denied that their contribution
to the awakening of theFilipino national movement was
very important
Patch (32:24):
To end Carmina. We're talking about a group of people
and how they engagedinternational audiences, not
only Filipinos. And I'm sohappy and privileged that we're
able to, to learn and sharewhat we learned .
Carmina (32:41):
Go illustrate Wooga
our episode. We hope you joinus on our next trip, O siya,
siya.
Patch (32:50):
Ingat. Thanks for listening to FilTrip with
Carmina and Patch. SupportFilTrip through Patreon or
PayPal. And follow us onInstagram and Twitter.
Subscribe at Apple Podcasts,Spotify, or wherever all
podcasts are downloaded.
Carmina (33:10):
Thanks to FIltrip's sponsor Soul Pack . A
functional shoe accessory bag.
Visit the Soulpack.com for moredetails.
Patch (33:20):
Email us at the thefiltrip @gmail.com .
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